The document summarizes the effects of the Little Ice Age between the 14th and 19th centuries, when global temperatures cooled by approximately 4 degrees Celsius. Key events included catastrophic rains and flooding that destroyed farmlands for 5 years, causing widespread famine and death of 1.5 million people. During this period, grape vines died out and beer production using grains became more common. The Maunder Minimum from 1645 to 1752 saw a significant drop in sunspots, further reducing temperatures by 3 degrees and advancing glaciers. The 1815 eruption of Mount Tambora caused a "year without a summer" in Europe and America due to extreme cold weather year-round.

1. NING POSTING BY: MELISSA GOODWIN The Little Ice Age

2. 700 Years Ago … Extreme & Volatile Climatic Shifts Cooling of 4 degrees from the climate we know today Severely Cold Fatal & history changing consequences Is it a recurring cycle? Will it happen again?

3. 14th and 19th Centuries … SEDIMENT CORES: Fossilized remains Oceanic creatures who have temperature preferences Gives clues to climate in different areas Proves a global cooling of 4 degrees

4. Cooling destroyed farm lands Crops that were the only source of nutrition were impossible to cultivate. Catastrophic rains for a period of 5 years flooded the farming areas Hunger and starvation killed approximately 1.5 million Famine Affects on humanity …

5. Global cooling killed grape vines that produced wine Beer and alcohol production began using cereal grains that survived This culture has stayed true through the ages Creating a culture of Beer Affects on Humanity …

6. The Maunder minimum During the years of 1645 to 1752 came the Maunder Minimum Sunspots dropped significantly, 400 to only 50 Reduced heat radiation for Earth Caused an additional 3 degree cooling Rapid advancing of large glaciers Continued suffering from destroyed farm lands

7. A Year Without a summer … Indonesian eruption of Tambora Cataclysmic eruption 100,000 times worse than Mt. St. Helen 15 ½ miles into the Earth’s atmosphere Severe famine caused riots and heightened crime Caused the year without a summer in Europe and America Extreme cold weather all year round