Droughts
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Drought is an extended period of deficient water supply whether from surface or underground sources. Prolonged drought can have severe impacts including drying up of natural reservoirs, reduced crop yields as plants do not receive enough water from the soil, and animals not having access to drinking water. Several regions around the world have experienced severe drought in recent years including Russia in 2010, Texas in the US, Brazil's northeast region, and parts of Kazakhstan in 2012, all resulting in major agricultural and economic losses as well as loss of animal and human life in some cases. Global warming is exacerbating drought conditions worldwide and increasing water scarcity which poses serious threats.
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Drought is an extended period of deficient water supply whether from surface or underground sources. When drought begins, plants do not receive water from the soil, natural reservoirs dry up and animals have no water to drink. This can lead to reduced crops and hamper agriculture. Recent droughts in Russia, Texas, Brazil, and Kazakhstan caused mass fires, loss of life, economic damage, destroyed crops and killed livestock as farmers lost their livelihoods. Global warming is increasing the world's average temperature and exacerbating drought conditions globally, which could reduce water resources by 20 percent and cause other problems if left unaddressed.
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Climate change is defined as a significant change in climate measures like temperature or precipitation lasting an extended period. Evidence shows the Earth is changing due to global warming. Climate change is affecting all regions - in North America there is less snow and more heat waves, South America is transforming from rainforest to savannah, Europe faces floods and species loss, Africa will have widespread water stress by 2020, and Asia will have decreased freshwater and coastal flooding. The 2003 European heat wave was the hottest since 1540 and led to over 70,000 deaths from heat-related causes and drought. Solutions include using energy efficiently, reducing waste, and increasing wind and solar power to limit greenhouse gases.
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Drought is caused by drier than normal conditions that can lead to water supply problems. The 2013 drought in Maharashtra, India was one of the worst in 40 years after low rainfall. Drought is caused by factors like high temperatures, low soil moisture, demand exceeding supply, and changes in weather patterns. Effects of drought include hunger, lack of drinking water, disease, impacts on wildlife, migration, social conflicts, and war. Precautions to prevent drought include conserving water usage and collecting excess water.
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The Dust Bowl was an environmental disaster that hit the midwest in the 1930s due to a severe drought combined with harsh farming techniques. High winds kicked up dry soil that had been exposed after crops failed, creating massive dust storms. The Dust Bowl affected areas from Texas to South Dakota, forcing many farmers out of business after their crops failed and dust buried their fields and homes. It wasn't until 1939 that significant rain finally returned to the region, ending the Dust Bowl.
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- In Africa, droughts will devastate agriculture and reduce water levels in rivers and lakes. Coastal areas face threats from rising seas. Species loss is a major concern.
- Australia and Oceania will see changing ecosystems with drier conditions and more fires and cyclones. The Great Barrier Reef is threatened with higher temperatures. Low-lying Pacific islands are at risk from sea level rise.
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Liquidity crisis; Water scarcity
Anonymous . The Economist ; London Vol. 421, Iss. 9014, (Nov 5, 2016): 17-19.
ProQuest document link
ABSTRACT
FULL TEXT
As water becomes ever more scant the world needs to conserve it, use it more efficiently and establish clear rights
over who owns the stuff
"NOTHING is more useful than water," observed Adam Smith, but "scarcely anything can be had in exchange for it."
The father of free-market economics noted this paradox in 18th-century Scotland, as rain-sodden and damp then
as it is today. Where water is in ample supply his words still hold true. But around the world billions of people
already struggle during dry seasons. Drought and deluge are a costly threat in many countries. If water is not
managed better, today's crisis will become a catastrophe. By the middle of the century more than half of the planet
will live in areas of "water stress", where supplies cannot sustainably meet demand. Lush pastures will turn to
barren desert and millions will be forced to flee in search of fresh water.
Where water is available, when and in what condition matters hugely. About 97% of the water on earth is salty; the
rest is replenished through seasonal rainfall or is stored in underground wells known as aquifers. Humans, who
once settled where water was plentiful, are now inclined to shift around to places that are less well endowed,
pulled by other economic forces.
Climate change is making some parts of the planet much drier and others far wetter. As people get richer, they use
more water. They also "consume" more of it, which means using it in such a way that it is not quickly returned to
the source from which it was extracted. (For example, if it is lost through evaporation or turned into a tomato.) The
big drivers of this are the world's increased desire for grain, meat, manufactured goods and electricity. Crops,
cows, power stations and factories all need lots of water.
To make matters worse, few places price water properly. Usually, it is artificially cheap, because politicians are
scared to charge much for something essential that falls from the sky. This means that consumers have little
incentive to conserve it and investors have little incentive to build pipes and other infrastructure to bring it to
where it is needed most. In South Africa, for example, households get some water free. In Sri Lanka they pay
initially a nominal 4 cents for a cubic metre. By contrast, in Adelaide in Australia, which takes water conservation
seriously, an initial batch costs $1.75 per cubic metre. Globally, spending on water infrastructure faces a huge
funding shortfall. A hole of $26trn will open up between 2010 and 2030, estimates the World Economic Forum, a
think-tank.
In many countries people can pump as much water as they like from underground aquifers, because rules are
either lax or not enforced. Water use by farmers has increased sharply in recent decades (see ...
Global warming
Global warming is having widespread impacts such as sea level rise, extreme weather events, and disruption of food production. If countries do not take urgent action to reduce emissions, global temperatures could rise between 2.6 and 4 degrees Celsius. Evidence of warming includes increased melting of ice worldwide, especially at the poles, and a decline in penguin populations in Antarctica. Future impacts may include stronger storms, more droughts and floods, species extinction, and threats to fresh water and ecosystems. Polar bear populations are already declining due to loss of sea ice.
China Drought
China has experienced its worst drought in 50 years since last winter. Over 18 million people have been affected, with some 670,000 lacking access to drinking water. Crops over nearly half of wheat-growing areas in northern provinces like Henan and Shanxi have been threatened, and approximately 43% of crops across China cannot be harvested. The drought has also killed livestock and forests are burning in the hot, dry conditions.
Global Warming
Global warming refers to the current rise in average global temperatures due to human-caused increases in greenhouse gases since the industrial revolution. Climate models project further global temperature increases of 1.1 to 6.4 degrees Celsius by 2100, which will have widespread effects. Regions most vulnerable to climate change impacts include the Caribbean (stronger hurricanes), Bangladesh (more flooding), Tuvalu and the Pacific Islands (rising sea levels), the Alps (less snow), Siberia (thawing permafrost), Sudan (desertification), Australia (more wildfires), and the Great Barrier Reef (coral bleaching from warming oceans). Individual actions like reducing energy usage and recycling can help address the problem.
Global warming and its long term implication on India
This is slide on global warmimg and its long term implications on India.
COVERED FACTORS REPONSIBLE FOR GLOBAL WARMIMG AND ITS EFFECTS.
Unit ii drought
Drought is an extended period of below average precipitation that can cause water shortages and impact ecosystems, agriculture, and local economies. It is defined as rainfall 20% or more below normal levels for a region. Drought leads to economic impacts like agricultural losses, higher costs for irrigation and fuel, and reduced business from industries tied to farming. It also causes environmental impacts such as loss of wildlife habitat and food sources, increased wildfires, and erosion. Socially, drought can negatively impact public health and safety, as well as cause conflicts over limited water resources. Major droughts in India have historically led to severe famines that caused millions of deaths from starvation and hunger.
Drought group 1
A drought is a prolonged period of dryness caused by lower than average precipitation that can last for months or years. It negatively impacts ecosystems, agriculture, and local economies. The longest recorded drought occurred in the Atacama Desert in Chile and lasted 400 years. Droughts are considered natural disasters that affect food production and societies. There are three main types of drought: meteorological from a lack of rain, agricultural that harms crop production, and hydrological when water reserves like lakes and reservoirs fall below normal levels. The document provides examples of current drought conditions in Tenerife, where agriculture is most affected, and parts of Poland.
Global warming
Global warming is having catastrophic effects such as accelerating sea level rise, droughts, floods, storms and heat waves. These impacts threaten some of the world's poorest people and vital species. While the scientific evidence is compelling, governments and businesses have responded slowly. Even if current mitigation pledges are met, the world will still face between 2.6 and 4°C of warming. Effects include melting ice worldwide, especially at the poles, and declining animal populations like Adélie penguins in Antarctica. Sea level rise has also accelerated over the last century.
Global warming
Global warming is having catastrophic effects such as accelerating sea level rise, droughts, floods, storms and heat waves. These impacts threaten some of the world's poorest people and vital species. While the scientific evidence is compelling, governments and businesses have responded too slowly. Even if current mitigation pledges are met, the world will still face between 2.6 and 4°C of warming. Effects include melting ice worldwide, especially at the poles, and declining animal populations like Adélie penguins in Antarctica. Sea level rise has also accelerated and some plants and animals are shifting ranges northward or to higher elevations.
Greenhouseeffect
The greenhouse effect describes how greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide trap heat in the lower atmosphere, keeping the global average temperature about 60°F warmer than it would otherwise be. Without this natural greenhouse effect, the earth's temperature would be about -18°C. However, human activities that release additional greenhouse gases like burning fossil fuels are enhancing the greenhouse effect and causing global warming, with potential consequences including rising sea levels, changes in weather patterns, and difficulties for plants and animals.
The Politics Of Water
The Earth is experiencing significant changes to its climate and weather patterns. Global temperatures are rising and weather is becoming more extreme and volatile. Areas like Australia and California are seeing less reliable rainfall and more severe droughts that threaten agriculture. As climate change continues to impact the environment and weather, communities will need to take steps to adapt, such as adopting more sustainable farming practices that protect ecosystems while allowing people to live sustainably. Non-profit organizations may be able to help facilitate programs that pay farmers for ecological services and support adaptation efforts.
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Droughts
- 1. Droughts Presentation by Catherine Avdeeva
- 2. What is drought? Drought is an extended period of months or years when a region notes a deficiency in its water supply whether surface or underground water. Home drought due to the immobility of the anticyclone. When drought begins, рlants are not gets water from the soil. Natural reservoirs dry up and animals can not drink. Reduced crop, and people can not engage in agriculture. This is very harmful to the planet!
- 3. Heat wave of 2010 in Russia In 2010 came the Russian heat wave. It was one of the causes of mass fires. It also, led to significant loss of life and economic damage. In the last few centuries, something similar was not observed!
- 4. Extreme drought in Texas Temperature did not fall below 40 ̊Celsius in Texas last summer. Because of the incredible heat and drought, farmers have had terrible losses. Dried up ponds and cattle had no place to drink. This has led the country to economic problems.
- 5. Drought in Brazil Now Northeast of Brazil is suffering from a very severe drought in decades. Suffer field corn, cotton and sugar cane. From drying pastures killed many goats and cattle. Thousands of farmers lost their livelihoods! In the disaster area are the cities in which the 2014 World Championship in football!
- 6. Kazakhstan drought 2012 The Government of Kazakhstan has allocated 1.8 billion tenge to help the villagers, whose crops affected by the drought. Killed crops on an area of about 1.5 million hectares. Government has allocated two million tenge to farmers to feed cattle to avoid extinction of animals.
- 7. Global warming The average temperature of the world is growing! World tolerates drought! Winters with little snow! The world is on the brink of global warming! This can lead to a reduction in the world's water resources by 20 percent and other problems! What do we do?!