Nikola Tesla detected faint radio signals in 1899 while experimenting in Colorado that he believed came from Mars. He published several accounts over subsequent decades reiterating his conviction that the signals were of planetary origin and not from any known terrestrial source. Researchers Kenneth and James Corum analyzed Tesla's receivers and experiments, finding that under certain conditions there exists an ionospheric window that could allow detection of signals in the lower very low frequency range Tesla's receivers functioned in. They believe Tesla may have made the original pioneering achievement in radio astronomy by detecting the first signals from another planet.
2009 presentation by Tom Valone of IRI.
More to research:
A.V.Frolov
Alcubierre drive
B. Paddock
C.R.Morton
Dirac holes
Floyd Sweet
G.F.Ignatyev
H.C.Dudley
Henry Wallace
Robert Forward (Antigravity)
Marcel J.J.Pages' French patent 1253902
Otis T. Carr's US patent 2912244
Mark R. Tomion's US patent 6404089
Flanagan's US patent 4743275
Nikola Tesla (Dynamic Theory of Gravity & "Flying Machine")
Orfeo Angelucci: "the disks were powered and controlled by tapping into universal magnetic forces" - (Princeton Plasma Physics Lab, 2018: "Magnetic forces ripple throughout the universe, from the fields surrounding planets to the gasses filling galaxies, and can be launched by a phenomenon called the Biermann battery effect.")
S.M.Poliakov
Victor Schauberger (Repulsine)
Subquantum Kinetics
T.T.Brown (Dielectrics, Winterhaven)
Athanassios A. Nassikas
Robert C. Groll
Jonathan W. Campbell
Rudolf G. Zinsser
Potkletnov
Tampere
Luke Fortune ("100 years of UFO patents") - U.S. patent office "Flying saucers" classification B64C39/001
Paul E. Potter
"Flying Saucer" by Postlinear Entertainment, 1998: "The Gravity Engine powering this craft works by expanding and contracting gravity waves around the Saucer - compression of local gravitational fields for propulsion. The craft is instantly pulled toward the "pockets" of dense gravity the engine creates."
Fields of interest:
Electrohydrodynamics
Magnetohydrodynamics
Fluid Dynamics
Electrochemistry
Vortical Implosion
Electrokinetics (Tesla & T.T. Brown)
Electrogravitics (John Searl)
Plasma Propulsion Physics (D.A. Frank-Kamenetskii)
Scalar waves
Torsion fields
Tesla shields
Myths:
Philadelphia Experiment
Project Pegasus
Kronos Project
Montauk Project
Dulce Base
The Nazi Bell & Nazi flying saucers (Vril/Haunebu)
TR-3B (Rotating Mercury-based Plasma)
Lockheed's "Fluxliner" or "Alien Reproduction Vehicle"
Vimāna of Hinduism
Patent list:
US patents by Thomas Townsend Brown:
1974483 - Electrostatic Motor
2207576 - Electric Precipitation Method (Air Cleaner-Pump)
2417347 - Vibration Damper
2949550 - Electrokinetic Apparatus
3018394 - Electrokinetic Transducer
3022430 - Electrokinetic Generator
3187206 - Electrokinetic Apparatus
3196296 - Electric Generator
3267860 - Electrohydrodynamic Fluid Pump
3296491 - Method and Apparatus for Producing Ions & Aerosols
3518462 - Fluid Flow Control System
British Patents:
300311 - Method and Apparatus for Producing Force or Motion
US patents by Agnew H. Bahnson Jr:
2958790, 3223038, 3227901, 3263102 - Electrical Thrust Producing Device
US patents by James F. King Jr:
3322374 - Magnetohydrodynamic Propulsion Apparatus
Conclusion: The gold must be separated from the excrement. "Disclosure" is an Anti-Christ (materialist) fraud. Most (black-eyed) aliens ARE extremely evil demons with very few exceptions (Orfeo's nordics for example). God (the love that kills ego) is the only truth that sets you free.
The document summarizes the contents of Nikola Tesla's lost journals that were rediscovered in 1976. The journals revealed that in 1899, while experimenting in Colorado Springs, Tesla intercepted radio signals from extraterrestrial beings who were secretly controlling humanity. Tesla spent years researching the signals and trying to warn authorities, but went unanswered. The journals also describe how Tesla confided in benefactors like Colonel John Jacob Astor about mankind's battle to regain control over its own destiny, which Tesla had set in motion through his research.
The document summarizes the contents of Nikola Tesla's lost journals that were rediscovered in 1976. The journals describe Tesla's secret life and intercepting communications from extraterrestrials in 1899 while in Colorado Springs. The aliens were controlling humanity and preparing them for conquest. Tesla spent years researching the signals and trying to warn authorities but went unanswered. He confided in benefactors who secretly funded Tesla's efforts to help humanity regain control of its destiny and battle the alien influence, according to his journals.
Obama plotting oil related terror, again—attack on keystone pipeline trendingPublicLeaker
The document speculates that the Obama administration is planning a terrorist attack on an oil-related target, most likely the Keystone Pipeline, in order to damage the US economy and environment. It cites recent media reports and political events that have highlighted the pipeline as signs that an attack may be imminent. The goal of the alleged planned attack would be to increase gasoline prices and opposition to oil infrastructure.
New orleans terror alert for mardi gras—fat tuesday attack trendingPublicLeaker
The document warns of a potential terror attack during Mardi Gras celebrations in New Orleans on Fat Tuesday, February 17, 2015. It cites several recent events in New Orleans and elsewhere as indications that an attack is being set up, including a shooting during a parade, a police staffing shortage, and increased crime. The document also references a 2006 film about a fictional Mardi Gras attack and suggests that local paramilitary groups could potentially carry out an attack that would be blamed on domestic terrorists or gun owners.
The student has learned significant improvements in magazine design between their preliminary and final tasks. For the preliminary magazine cover, key elements like a bold title, strap line, and attractive photography were missing. The contents page also lacked elements essential for magazines like a large cover image, magazine title, graphics, and detailed listings of page numbers and subtitles. Through research and practice, the student improved their understanding of magazine forms and conventions, and their final tasks demonstrated mastery of elements like font choice, image quality, and layout that create a professionally designed magazine.
Passport to magonia on uf os, folklore and parallel worlds - by jacques vallePublicLeaker
The document provides a summary of 3 chapters from a book that discusses evidence of contact between ancient humans and intelligent extraterrestrial beings. It describes several archaeological discoveries that suggest interactions, including a sarcophagus carved with an image resembling a space capsule and ancient Japanese statues resembling spacesuits. It also discusses descriptions of flying objects and beings in ancient literature and historical accounts from cultures around the world. The document speculates that these provide evidence that humans had contact with more advanced civilizations in antiquity.
2009 presentation by Tom Valone of IRI.
More to research:
A.V.Frolov
Alcubierre drive
B. Paddock
C.R.Morton
Dirac holes
Floyd Sweet
G.F.Ignatyev
H.C.Dudley
Henry Wallace
Robert Forward (Antigravity)
Marcel J.J.Pages' French patent 1253902
Otis T. Carr's US patent 2912244
Mark R. Tomion's US patent 6404089
Flanagan's US patent 4743275
Nikola Tesla (Dynamic Theory of Gravity & "Flying Machine")
Orfeo Angelucci: "the disks were powered and controlled by tapping into universal magnetic forces" - (Princeton Plasma Physics Lab, 2018: "Magnetic forces ripple throughout the universe, from the fields surrounding planets to the gasses filling galaxies, and can be launched by a phenomenon called the Biermann battery effect.")
S.M.Poliakov
Victor Schauberger (Repulsine)
Subquantum Kinetics
T.T.Brown (Dielectrics, Winterhaven)
Athanassios A. Nassikas
Robert C. Groll
Jonathan W. Campbell
Rudolf G. Zinsser
Potkletnov
Tampere
Luke Fortune ("100 years of UFO patents") - U.S. patent office "Flying saucers" classification B64C39/001
Paul E. Potter
"Flying Saucer" by Postlinear Entertainment, 1998: "The Gravity Engine powering this craft works by expanding and contracting gravity waves around the Saucer - compression of local gravitational fields for propulsion. The craft is instantly pulled toward the "pockets" of dense gravity the engine creates."
Fields of interest:
Electrohydrodynamics
Magnetohydrodynamics
Fluid Dynamics
Electrochemistry
Vortical Implosion
Electrokinetics (Tesla & T.T. Brown)
Electrogravitics (John Searl)
Plasma Propulsion Physics (D.A. Frank-Kamenetskii)
Scalar waves
Torsion fields
Tesla shields
Myths:
Philadelphia Experiment
Project Pegasus
Kronos Project
Montauk Project
Dulce Base
The Nazi Bell & Nazi flying saucers (Vril/Haunebu)
TR-3B (Rotating Mercury-based Plasma)
Lockheed's "Fluxliner" or "Alien Reproduction Vehicle"
Vimāna of Hinduism
Patent list:
US patents by Thomas Townsend Brown:
1974483 - Electrostatic Motor
2207576 - Electric Precipitation Method (Air Cleaner-Pump)
2417347 - Vibration Damper
2949550 - Electrokinetic Apparatus
3018394 - Electrokinetic Transducer
3022430 - Electrokinetic Generator
3187206 - Electrokinetic Apparatus
3196296 - Electric Generator
3267860 - Electrohydrodynamic Fluid Pump
3296491 - Method and Apparatus for Producing Ions & Aerosols
3518462 - Fluid Flow Control System
British Patents:
300311 - Method and Apparatus for Producing Force or Motion
US patents by Agnew H. Bahnson Jr:
2958790, 3223038, 3227901, 3263102 - Electrical Thrust Producing Device
US patents by James F. King Jr:
3322374 - Magnetohydrodynamic Propulsion Apparatus
Conclusion: The gold must be separated from the excrement. "Disclosure" is an Anti-Christ (materialist) fraud. Most (black-eyed) aliens ARE extremely evil demons with very few exceptions (Orfeo's nordics for example). God (the love that kills ego) is the only truth that sets you free.
The document summarizes the contents of Nikola Tesla's lost journals that were rediscovered in 1976. The journals revealed that in 1899, while experimenting in Colorado Springs, Tesla intercepted radio signals from extraterrestrial beings who were secretly controlling humanity. Tesla spent years researching the signals and trying to warn authorities, but went unanswered. The journals also describe how Tesla confided in benefactors like Colonel John Jacob Astor about mankind's battle to regain control over its own destiny, which Tesla had set in motion through his research.
The document summarizes the contents of Nikola Tesla's lost journals that were rediscovered in 1976. The journals describe Tesla's secret life and intercepting communications from extraterrestrials in 1899 while in Colorado Springs. The aliens were controlling humanity and preparing them for conquest. Tesla spent years researching the signals and trying to warn authorities but went unanswered. He confided in benefactors who secretly funded Tesla's efforts to help humanity regain control of its destiny and battle the alien influence, according to his journals.
Obama plotting oil related terror, again—attack on keystone pipeline trendingPublicLeaker
The document speculates that the Obama administration is planning a terrorist attack on an oil-related target, most likely the Keystone Pipeline, in order to damage the US economy and environment. It cites recent media reports and political events that have highlighted the pipeline as signs that an attack may be imminent. The goal of the alleged planned attack would be to increase gasoline prices and opposition to oil infrastructure.
New orleans terror alert for mardi gras—fat tuesday attack trendingPublicLeaker
The document warns of a potential terror attack during Mardi Gras celebrations in New Orleans on Fat Tuesday, February 17, 2015. It cites several recent events in New Orleans and elsewhere as indications that an attack is being set up, including a shooting during a parade, a police staffing shortage, and increased crime. The document also references a 2006 film about a fictional Mardi Gras attack and suggests that local paramilitary groups could potentially carry out an attack that would be blamed on domestic terrorists or gun owners.
The student has learned significant improvements in magazine design between their preliminary and final tasks. For the preliminary magazine cover, key elements like a bold title, strap line, and attractive photography were missing. The contents page also lacked elements essential for magazines like a large cover image, magazine title, graphics, and detailed listings of page numbers and subtitles. Through research and practice, the student improved their understanding of magazine forms and conventions, and their final tasks demonstrated mastery of elements like font choice, image quality, and layout that create a professionally designed magazine.
Passport to magonia on uf os, folklore and parallel worlds - by jacques vallePublicLeaker
The document provides a summary of 3 chapters from a book that discusses evidence of contact between ancient humans and intelligent extraterrestrial beings. It describes several archaeological discoveries that suggest interactions, including a sarcophagus carved with an image resembling a space capsule and ancient Japanese statues resembling spacesuits. It also discusses descriptions of flying objects and beings in ancient literature and historical accounts from cultures around the world. The document speculates that these provide evidence that humans had contact with more advanced civilizations in antiquity.
Robert Wood received two original UFO documents from Timothy Cooper in the 1990s. In the first, Cooper showed Wood copies of documents he obtained through FOIA requests about JFK's assassination and UFOs. In 1999, Cooper unexpectedly received the original 339-page 1961 manuscript "Encyclopaedia of Flying Saucers" by Charles Vernon Bowen, classified Top Secret. Cooper also received an original burned CIA memo linking the UFO cover-up to JFK's assassination. Wood analyzed both documents and found evidence they were genuinely leaked classified documents about the government UFO cover-up and project MJ-12.
Conversion of the vacuum energy of electromagnetic zero point oscillations in...PublicLeaker
This document provides a summary of a scientific work that proposes a method for converting vacuum energy into classical mechanical energy. It begins with an introduction and outlines the philosophical and theoretical background. It then describes experiments conducted to test a concept of an electrostatic rotor that successfully demonstrated the conversion of vacuum energy into rotational mechanical energy. The document concludes by discussing potential applications and opportunities for future development of the energy conversion method.
The document discusses the key hardware and software used to create a magazine. The main hardware included an iMac computer, Nikon D3100 camera, SD card, strobe lights, soft boxes, and backdrop. Photoshop and Word were the most important software. Photoshop was used to design the magazine layout and edit photos while Word was better for writing articles due to features like spell check.
Optical power output of an unidentified high altitude light source by bruc...PublicLeaker
- A Royal Canadian Air Force pilot photographed an unidentified bright disc-shaped object from his plane at an altitude of 11 km.
- Analysis of the photograph suggests the object was radiating over 1 gigawatt of power within the visible light spectrum captured by the film.
- Calculations estimate the object's radiance was around 2 watts per steradian per square centimeter, and if it was a Lambertian radiator, its total power output within the film's spectrum would have been over 1 billion watts.
I rode a flying saucer by george w. van tasselPublicLeaker
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive functioning. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against developing mental illness and improve symptoms for those who already have a condition.
A microwave metamaterial with integrated power harvesting functionalityPublicLeaker
This document describes a power harvesting metamaterial that can convert incident radio frequency (RF) power to direct current (DC) power. A maximum of 36.8% of incident 900 MHz power was experimentally converted by an array of split-ring resonator (SRR) unit cells. Both simulation and experiment showed that maximum harvested power occurs for a resistive load close to 70 ohms. The power harvesting metamaterial demonstrates the potential for metamaterials to integrate power conversion functionality.
The document discusses the ways in which the media product uses, develops, or challenges conventions of real magazines.
It summarizes that the masthead, cover image, cover lines, headline, selling line, and features pages generally follow conventions through use of bold fonts, sizing, positioning, and content.
Some conventions were developed from magazines like NME, particularly through graphic elements.
Some conventions were potentially challenged through only using one large cover image rather than multiple, and through the shape of the headline graphic.
Overall, most of the magazine follows conventions, but some conventions were challenged when wanting to show a particular style.
Nikola tesla (The master of Lightening)Shishir Aryal
Nikola Tesla was a Serbian-American inventor, electrical engineer, mechanical engineer, and futurist best known for his contributions to the design of the modern alternating current (AC) electricity supply system. Some of his key accomplishments included developing the AC induction motor and contributions to the design of radio, remote control, X-rays, and wireless power. However, he struggled financially in later life as some of his ideas were seen as impractical or were ahead of their time. He died in 1943 in New York at the age of 86.
The document discusses three mysteries: auroras, black holes and cosmic X-rays, and comets. It provides background on each mystery and notes that auroras involve distinct magnetosphere processes, black holes can be studied through polarized X-ray measurements, and comets may have brought water to Earth and studying comet material may reveal secrets about the origins of the universe.
Cosmic Search Vol. 1, No. 1Little Green Men, White Dwarfs or Pul.docxvanesaburnand
Cosmic Search Vol. 1, No. 1
Little Green Men, White Dwarfs or Pulsars?
By S. Jocelyn Bell Burnell
"We did all the work ourselves and cheerfully sledgehammered all one summer." Burnell and the antenna.
In all the history of radio astronomy the pulsing signals discovered at Cambridge, England, in 1967 were the most suggestive of an extraterrestrial intelligent origin that have ever been detected. In this article, Jocelyn Bell Burnell tells a delightful, personal story of how she first encountered the signals and what ensued.-Eds.
Ladies and Gentlemen: Before you discover for yourselves let me tell you that I am no expert at after dinner speeches. The nearest I have come was writing a Ph.D. thesis; my supervisor kindly read a draft of it and advised me that it read more like an after-dinner speech than a Cambridge University dissertation. He was right, of course, but it has taken me years to see the funny side of his remark.
There has been a lot of interest shown in the discovery of pulsars, and also some misunderstanding. I would like to take this opportunity of setting the record straight. However, it all happened 8 or 9 years ago, and after such a time there is some difficulty in remembering it all accurately.
The story began in the mid-1960's, when the technique of interplanetary scintillation (IPS) was discovered. IPS is the apparent fluctuation in intensity of the radio emission from a compact radio source. It is due to diffraction of the radio waves as they pass through the turbulent solar wind in interplanetary space. Compact radio sources, e.g. quasars, scintillate more than extended radio sources. Professor Tony Hewish realized this technique would be a useful way of picking out quasars, and designed a large radio telescope to do this. I joined him as a Ph.D. student when construction of this telescope was about to start.
The telescope covered an area of 41/2 acres - an area that would accommodate 57 tennis courts. In this area we put up over a thousand posts, and strung more than 2000 dipoles between them. The whole was connected up by 120 miles of wire and cable. We did the work ourselves - about five of us - with the help of several very keen vacation students who cheerfully sledge-hammered all one summer. It took two years to build and cost about E15,000, which was cheap even then. We started operating it in July 1967, although it was several months more before the construction was completely finished.
I had sole responsibility for operating the telescope and analyzing the data, with supervision from Tony Hewish. We operated it with four beams simultaneously, and scanned all the sky between declinations +50' and -10' once every four days. The output appeared on four 3-track pen recorders, and between them they produced 96 feet of chart paper every day. The charts were analyzed by hand by me. We decided initially not to computerize the output because until we were familiar with the behavior of our telescope and receivers we th.
Lattice Energy LLC-LENRs ca 1950s-Sternglass Expts-Einstein & Bethe-Nov 25 2011Lewis Larsen
Readers may enjoy reading this amazing tale of a brilliant LENR-related experimental discovery back in 1951 --- followed by its descent into total obscurity. Simply lost and forgotten by mainstream physics. In the history of science, it seems that experimental results that don't somehow fit within some sort of contemporary conceptual paradigm often tend to get ignored. Sadly, in many cases such results are never reported anywhere in peer-reviewed journals for posterity. In that regard, this cover note is combined with scanned page images from Chapter 6 in Dr. Ernest Sternglass' little 1997 book, “Before the Big Bang - the Origin of the Universe.”
Horizons (Prelims with Answers) - Astronomy Quiz - IIITDMJ2018Arnav Deep
This is the Prelims (with answers) of Horizons. For the finals, please find "Horizons (Finals) - Astronomy Quiz - IIITDMJ2018".
Visit Page for more: https://www.facebook.com/astronomyclub.iiitdmj
Horizons was an Astronomy Quiz conducted by the Astronomy and Physics Society on 6 November 2018. The Quiz Masters are Arnav Deep and Aditya Baurai, members of the Astronomy Club.
Nikola Tesla was a Serbian-American inventor, electrical engineer, mechanical engineer, and futurist best known for his contributions to the design of the modern alternating current (AC) electricity supply system. Some of his key contributions and inventions discussed in the document include developing AC hydroelectric power at Niagara Falls, his work on wireless transmission of electricity and development of radio, and his experiments with high-frequency alternating currents and coils. However, some of Tesla's ideas and inventions such as wireless power transmission were not fully realized during his lifetime.
The document discusses the discoveries of Takaaki Kajita and Arthur B. McDonald, who were awarded the 2015 Nobel Prize in Physics. Their research groups at Super-Kamiokande (Japan) and Sudbury Neutrino Observatory (Canada) discovered that neutrinos change identities in flight through a process called neutrino oscillation. This revealed that neutrinos must have a small but non-zero mass, challenging the Standard Model of particle physics. The experiments found that muon neutrinos transformed into tau neutrinos over long distances, and that solar electron neutrinos transformed into other types of neutrinos during their journey from the Sun to Earth. These findings opened a new realm in particle physics and transformed understanding of the universe.
This is an 1880 gouache painting by the British artist Edward Burne-Jones titled The Magic Circle. This is how
I want to introduce you to Merlin -- our gardener, mariner guide, and astronomer extraordinaire.
Anthropologists place him in all sorts of teacher guises in the stretch of history. Here Merlin shows up as a
Mariner attracted by the inner call of the astonished person on the right.
http://wynnwolfe.com
"Sensational data obtained from the inventor's most private papers and kept under wraps by military and big business concerns."
But I really felt that there was a message coming through strongly from something that was touching me saying: "Be free, have joy and live!" and you know, that something here was trying to keep us down, keep us in darkness, keep us under control, keep us away from the magic, keep us away from the knowledge which is the greatest power of all.
Another message is about time, that we are caught up in linear time and a perception of linear time which we look at in moments. What they tell is that that's not how it really is, that in the stream of particles which make up the atomic structure we perceive as reality, that when you really break it down at the subatomic level, there is nothing solid, there's nothing that's solid in nature, and so really based on that there can't be time the way we perceive it, at least this is what they tell me, this is the kind of communications I get.
―Alien Contactee via Nina Smith, 1998
(NOTE: Americans are so indoctrinated with capitalism that the right-wing conspiracy/spirituality scene creates phantoms like "the cabal" or "Illuminati" to lead away from libertarian/anarchist theory and class consciousness which would use the proper terms like the proletariat against the bourgeoisie or ruling class. The problem with right-wing conspiracy/spirituality is the inability to question market civilization, capitalism and the state themselves or their origins - it has no solid theory and as such relies on putting the blame on scapegoats and minority groups which can be extremely dangerous. The market and the state are the two devil horns of this world. Satan/Saturn/666 is the reason why the same system governs everywhere and why people are enslaved to it in a hive mind state of trance or sleep.
The worst evil is to put a meter on everything: water, electricity, communication, transportation, food, housing etc. - things that are FREE in nature.)
The work of the Demiurge produced corruption and death. Then the Ophis-Christos, born to the Virgin Mariaumne, intervened. The universe and the individual knew an experience subjected to astral influences that the Perates identified with the power of the Archons, agents of the Demiurge. The art of the Serpent-Logos consisted in escaping from it. ―Vaneigem
Corruption is water and nothing destroys the cosmos as rapidly as water; water extends itself under the spherical form of the world (NOTE: Archimedean Dynasty, 1996). It is Chronos (understood to be the external planetary sphere of Saturn, that which encloses all the others). It is a power the color of water and, from this power, that is to say, from Chronos, no creature can escape, because it is thanks to Chronos that all creatures incur corruption and no generation has a place that doesn’t have Chronos as an obstacle along its route. ―Odyssey
We move from lead to gold: Saturn to Sun.
The document summarizes Nikola Tesla's discovery of stationary waves while experimenting with wireless electricity transmission at his Colorado Springs laboratory in 1899. He observed that electrical signals could be detected from storms hundreds of miles away, demonstrating that the Earth itself could transmit energy and information globally through resonant standing waves. However, Tesla's Wardenclyffe Tower project to build a worldwide wireless power and communication system was sabotaged when funding from JP Morgan was withdrawn. The document also discusses Nazi espionage efforts targeting Tesla's wireless technologies and an uncovered Nazi spy operation involving Tesla's assistant George Scherff Sr. and son who controlled Tesla's finances and papers after his death.
This chapter provides background on Nikola Tesla and discusses some of his previously unknown papers that have recently resurfaced. It describes how Tesla was often forced to leave behind trunks of documents when he couldn't pay hotel bills. After his death, the US government seized his belongings. Some boxes were auctioned off and discovered by a man in 1976. The papers revealed that in 1899, Tesla intercepted alien communications and believed extraterrestrials were secretly controlling humanity. The papers also discussed Tesla's attempts to warn the government of this discovery.
Space Quiz (Finals) - VIT Vellore by DBQCUjjwal Nath
The quiz will have 3 rounds testing knowledge about space topics. It will follow a bounce/pounce format with +10/-10 points for correct/incorrect answers on the bounce round and +10 points for correct answers on the pounce round. The quiz master's decisions are final unless they make obvious mistakes. Winners can gift the quiz master a Buddhist scripture.
The first two images show the designs of Sputnik 1 and Sputnik 2, with the change in design being to add an extra compartment to Sputnik 2 for an animal passenger.
The document describes the James Webb Space Telescope, which will replace the Hubble Space Telescope in 2022. It will observe in the infrared spectrum
This document provides information about black holes from an engineering physics course. It contains the following key points:
1) A black hole is a region of space where the gravitational field is so strong that nothing, not even light, can escape. It is formed when a massive star collapses under its own gravity.
2) Around a black hole is an event horizon, which marks the point of no return. Beyond this, not even light can escape the black hole's gravitational pull.
3) There are several theories about how black holes form, but most commonly it is believed they are formed when a massive star over 3 times the sun's mass reaches the end of its life and collapses.
Robert Wood received two original UFO documents from Timothy Cooper in the 1990s. In the first, Cooper showed Wood copies of documents he obtained through FOIA requests about JFK's assassination and UFOs. In 1999, Cooper unexpectedly received the original 339-page 1961 manuscript "Encyclopaedia of Flying Saucers" by Charles Vernon Bowen, classified Top Secret. Cooper also received an original burned CIA memo linking the UFO cover-up to JFK's assassination. Wood analyzed both documents and found evidence they were genuinely leaked classified documents about the government UFO cover-up and project MJ-12.
Conversion of the vacuum energy of electromagnetic zero point oscillations in...PublicLeaker
This document provides a summary of a scientific work that proposes a method for converting vacuum energy into classical mechanical energy. It begins with an introduction and outlines the philosophical and theoretical background. It then describes experiments conducted to test a concept of an electrostatic rotor that successfully demonstrated the conversion of vacuum energy into rotational mechanical energy. The document concludes by discussing potential applications and opportunities for future development of the energy conversion method.
The document discusses the key hardware and software used to create a magazine. The main hardware included an iMac computer, Nikon D3100 camera, SD card, strobe lights, soft boxes, and backdrop. Photoshop and Word were the most important software. Photoshop was used to design the magazine layout and edit photos while Word was better for writing articles due to features like spell check.
Optical power output of an unidentified high altitude light source by bruc...PublicLeaker
- A Royal Canadian Air Force pilot photographed an unidentified bright disc-shaped object from his plane at an altitude of 11 km.
- Analysis of the photograph suggests the object was radiating over 1 gigawatt of power within the visible light spectrum captured by the film.
- Calculations estimate the object's radiance was around 2 watts per steradian per square centimeter, and if it was a Lambertian radiator, its total power output within the film's spectrum would have been over 1 billion watts.
I rode a flying saucer by george w. van tasselPublicLeaker
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive functioning. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against developing mental illness and improve symptoms for those who already have a condition.
A microwave metamaterial with integrated power harvesting functionalityPublicLeaker
This document describes a power harvesting metamaterial that can convert incident radio frequency (RF) power to direct current (DC) power. A maximum of 36.8% of incident 900 MHz power was experimentally converted by an array of split-ring resonator (SRR) unit cells. Both simulation and experiment showed that maximum harvested power occurs for a resistive load close to 70 ohms. The power harvesting metamaterial demonstrates the potential for metamaterials to integrate power conversion functionality.
The document discusses the ways in which the media product uses, develops, or challenges conventions of real magazines.
It summarizes that the masthead, cover image, cover lines, headline, selling line, and features pages generally follow conventions through use of bold fonts, sizing, positioning, and content.
Some conventions were developed from magazines like NME, particularly through graphic elements.
Some conventions were potentially challenged through only using one large cover image rather than multiple, and through the shape of the headline graphic.
Overall, most of the magazine follows conventions, but some conventions were challenged when wanting to show a particular style.
Nikola tesla (The master of Lightening)Shishir Aryal
Nikola Tesla was a Serbian-American inventor, electrical engineer, mechanical engineer, and futurist best known for his contributions to the design of the modern alternating current (AC) electricity supply system. Some of his key accomplishments included developing the AC induction motor and contributions to the design of radio, remote control, X-rays, and wireless power. However, he struggled financially in later life as some of his ideas were seen as impractical or were ahead of their time. He died in 1943 in New York at the age of 86.
The document discusses three mysteries: auroras, black holes and cosmic X-rays, and comets. It provides background on each mystery and notes that auroras involve distinct magnetosphere processes, black holes can be studied through polarized X-ray measurements, and comets may have brought water to Earth and studying comet material may reveal secrets about the origins of the universe.
Cosmic Search Vol. 1, No. 1Little Green Men, White Dwarfs or Pul.docxvanesaburnand
Cosmic Search Vol. 1, No. 1
Little Green Men, White Dwarfs or Pulsars?
By S. Jocelyn Bell Burnell
"We did all the work ourselves and cheerfully sledgehammered all one summer." Burnell and the antenna.
In all the history of radio astronomy the pulsing signals discovered at Cambridge, England, in 1967 were the most suggestive of an extraterrestrial intelligent origin that have ever been detected. In this article, Jocelyn Bell Burnell tells a delightful, personal story of how she first encountered the signals and what ensued.-Eds.
Ladies and Gentlemen: Before you discover for yourselves let me tell you that I am no expert at after dinner speeches. The nearest I have come was writing a Ph.D. thesis; my supervisor kindly read a draft of it and advised me that it read more like an after-dinner speech than a Cambridge University dissertation. He was right, of course, but it has taken me years to see the funny side of his remark.
There has been a lot of interest shown in the discovery of pulsars, and also some misunderstanding. I would like to take this opportunity of setting the record straight. However, it all happened 8 or 9 years ago, and after such a time there is some difficulty in remembering it all accurately.
The story began in the mid-1960's, when the technique of interplanetary scintillation (IPS) was discovered. IPS is the apparent fluctuation in intensity of the radio emission from a compact radio source. It is due to diffraction of the radio waves as they pass through the turbulent solar wind in interplanetary space. Compact radio sources, e.g. quasars, scintillate more than extended radio sources. Professor Tony Hewish realized this technique would be a useful way of picking out quasars, and designed a large radio telescope to do this. I joined him as a Ph.D. student when construction of this telescope was about to start.
The telescope covered an area of 41/2 acres - an area that would accommodate 57 tennis courts. In this area we put up over a thousand posts, and strung more than 2000 dipoles between them. The whole was connected up by 120 miles of wire and cable. We did the work ourselves - about five of us - with the help of several very keen vacation students who cheerfully sledge-hammered all one summer. It took two years to build and cost about E15,000, which was cheap even then. We started operating it in July 1967, although it was several months more before the construction was completely finished.
I had sole responsibility for operating the telescope and analyzing the data, with supervision from Tony Hewish. We operated it with four beams simultaneously, and scanned all the sky between declinations +50' and -10' once every four days. The output appeared on four 3-track pen recorders, and between them they produced 96 feet of chart paper every day. The charts were analyzed by hand by me. We decided initially not to computerize the output because until we were familiar with the behavior of our telescope and receivers we th.
Lattice Energy LLC-LENRs ca 1950s-Sternglass Expts-Einstein & Bethe-Nov 25 2011Lewis Larsen
Readers may enjoy reading this amazing tale of a brilliant LENR-related experimental discovery back in 1951 --- followed by its descent into total obscurity. Simply lost and forgotten by mainstream physics. In the history of science, it seems that experimental results that don't somehow fit within some sort of contemporary conceptual paradigm often tend to get ignored. Sadly, in many cases such results are never reported anywhere in peer-reviewed journals for posterity. In that regard, this cover note is combined with scanned page images from Chapter 6 in Dr. Ernest Sternglass' little 1997 book, “Before the Big Bang - the Origin of the Universe.”
Horizons (Prelims with Answers) - Astronomy Quiz - IIITDMJ2018Arnav Deep
This is the Prelims (with answers) of Horizons. For the finals, please find "Horizons (Finals) - Astronomy Quiz - IIITDMJ2018".
Visit Page for more: https://www.facebook.com/astronomyclub.iiitdmj
Horizons was an Astronomy Quiz conducted by the Astronomy and Physics Society on 6 November 2018. The Quiz Masters are Arnav Deep and Aditya Baurai, members of the Astronomy Club.
Nikola Tesla was a Serbian-American inventor, electrical engineer, mechanical engineer, and futurist best known for his contributions to the design of the modern alternating current (AC) electricity supply system. Some of his key contributions and inventions discussed in the document include developing AC hydroelectric power at Niagara Falls, his work on wireless transmission of electricity and development of radio, and his experiments with high-frequency alternating currents and coils. However, some of Tesla's ideas and inventions such as wireless power transmission were not fully realized during his lifetime.
The document discusses the discoveries of Takaaki Kajita and Arthur B. McDonald, who were awarded the 2015 Nobel Prize in Physics. Their research groups at Super-Kamiokande (Japan) and Sudbury Neutrino Observatory (Canada) discovered that neutrinos change identities in flight through a process called neutrino oscillation. This revealed that neutrinos must have a small but non-zero mass, challenging the Standard Model of particle physics. The experiments found that muon neutrinos transformed into tau neutrinos over long distances, and that solar electron neutrinos transformed into other types of neutrinos during their journey from the Sun to Earth. These findings opened a new realm in particle physics and transformed understanding of the universe.
This is an 1880 gouache painting by the British artist Edward Burne-Jones titled The Magic Circle. This is how
I want to introduce you to Merlin -- our gardener, mariner guide, and astronomer extraordinaire.
Anthropologists place him in all sorts of teacher guises in the stretch of history. Here Merlin shows up as a
Mariner attracted by the inner call of the astonished person on the right.
http://wynnwolfe.com
"Sensational data obtained from the inventor's most private papers and kept under wraps by military and big business concerns."
But I really felt that there was a message coming through strongly from something that was touching me saying: "Be free, have joy and live!" and you know, that something here was trying to keep us down, keep us in darkness, keep us under control, keep us away from the magic, keep us away from the knowledge which is the greatest power of all.
Another message is about time, that we are caught up in linear time and a perception of linear time which we look at in moments. What they tell is that that's not how it really is, that in the stream of particles which make up the atomic structure we perceive as reality, that when you really break it down at the subatomic level, there is nothing solid, there's nothing that's solid in nature, and so really based on that there can't be time the way we perceive it, at least this is what they tell me, this is the kind of communications I get.
―Alien Contactee via Nina Smith, 1998
(NOTE: Americans are so indoctrinated with capitalism that the right-wing conspiracy/spirituality scene creates phantoms like "the cabal" or "Illuminati" to lead away from libertarian/anarchist theory and class consciousness which would use the proper terms like the proletariat against the bourgeoisie or ruling class. The problem with right-wing conspiracy/spirituality is the inability to question market civilization, capitalism and the state themselves or their origins - it has no solid theory and as such relies on putting the blame on scapegoats and minority groups which can be extremely dangerous. The market and the state are the two devil horns of this world. Satan/Saturn/666 is the reason why the same system governs everywhere and why people are enslaved to it in a hive mind state of trance or sleep.
The worst evil is to put a meter on everything: water, electricity, communication, transportation, food, housing etc. - things that are FREE in nature.)
The work of the Demiurge produced corruption and death. Then the Ophis-Christos, born to the Virgin Mariaumne, intervened. The universe and the individual knew an experience subjected to astral influences that the Perates identified with the power of the Archons, agents of the Demiurge. The art of the Serpent-Logos consisted in escaping from it. ―Vaneigem
Corruption is water and nothing destroys the cosmos as rapidly as water; water extends itself under the spherical form of the world (NOTE: Archimedean Dynasty, 1996). It is Chronos (understood to be the external planetary sphere of Saturn, that which encloses all the others). It is a power the color of water and, from this power, that is to say, from Chronos, no creature can escape, because it is thanks to Chronos that all creatures incur corruption and no generation has a place that doesn’t have Chronos as an obstacle along its route. ―Odyssey
We move from lead to gold: Saturn to Sun.
The document summarizes Nikola Tesla's discovery of stationary waves while experimenting with wireless electricity transmission at his Colorado Springs laboratory in 1899. He observed that electrical signals could be detected from storms hundreds of miles away, demonstrating that the Earth itself could transmit energy and information globally through resonant standing waves. However, Tesla's Wardenclyffe Tower project to build a worldwide wireless power and communication system was sabotaged when funding from JP Morgan was withdrawn. The document also discusses Nazi espionage efforts targeting Tesla's wireless technologies and an uncovered Nazi spy operation involving Tesla's assistant George Scherff Sr. and son who controlled Tesla's finances and papers after his death.
This chapter provides background on Nikola Tesla and discusses some of his previously unknown papers that have recently resurfaced. It describes how Tesla was often forced to leave behind trunks of documents when he couldn't pay hotel bills. After his death, the US government seized his belongings. Some boxes were auctioned off and discovered by a man in 1976. The papers revealed that in 1899, Tesla intercepted alien communications and believed extraterrestrials were secretly controlling humanity. The papers also discussed Tesla's attempts to warn the government of this discovery.
Space Quiz (Finals) - VIT Vellore by DBQCUjjwal Nath
The quiz will have 3 rounds testing knowledge about space topics. It will follow a bounce/pounce format with +10/-10 points for correct/incorrect answers on the bounce round and +10 points for correct answers on the pounce round. The quiz master's decisions are final unless they make obvious mistakes. Winners can gift the quiz master a Buddhist scripture.
The first two images show the designs of Sputnik 1 and Sputnik 2, with the change in design being to add an extra compartment to Sputnik 2 for an animal passenger.
The document describes the James Webb Space Telescope, which will replace the Hubble Space Telescope in 2022. It will observe in the infrared spectrum
This document provides information about black holes from an engineering physics course. It contains the following key points:
1) A black hole is a region of space where the gravitational field is so strong that nothing, not even light, can escape. It is formed when a massive star collapses under its own gravity.
2) Around a black hole is an event horizon, which marks the point of no return. Beyond this, not even light can escape the black hole's gravitational pull.
3) There are several theories about how black holes form, but most commonly it is believed they are formed when a massive star over 3 times the sun's mass reaches the end of its life and collapses.
QRIOUS Finals for Relativity, 2019, La Martiniere for BoysRahoulBanerjeeGhosh
This document provides information and rules for a quiz competition called Qurious Finals. It states there are 40 questions worth 10 points each, with a bonus or penalty for answering connect questions correctly or incorrectly. Questions 4, 11, 18, 20, 24, 29, 33, and 37 are connected in a "long connect" related to a specific topic. The document wishes participants good luck.
Nebulae are clouds of gas and dust in space. There are several types including dark nebulae which appear black, reflection nebulae which glow blue from reflected starlight, and emission nebulae which glow in specific colors due to ionized gas. Quasars are extremely bright active galactic nuclei containing supermassive black holes. The first quasar, 3C 273, was discovered in the 1960s and found to be billions of light years away. Blazars are a type of quasar that emit most of their energy as gamma rays and X-rays. Quasars can be thousands of times brighter than entire galaxies and contain disks of superhot gas and jets of matter near supermassive black holes.
LECTURE 14 ATOMIC STRUCTURE ELECTRONS, PROTONS and NEUTRONS.docxmanningchassidy
LECTURE 14 ATOMIC STRUCTURE: ELECTRONS, PROTONS and NEUTRONS
The above figure displays a cathode-ray tube (CRT). Today, a CRT is described as a vacuum tube that contains one or more electron guns and a phosphorescent screen, and is used to display images. It modulates, accelerates, and deflects electron beams onto a screen tocreate the images. The images may represent electrical waveforms (in an oscilloscope), pictures (a television screen, computer monitor), radar targets, or other phenomena.
We now know that cathode rays are streams of electrons observed in discharge tubes. If an evacuated glass tube (upper image) is equipped with two electrodes and a voltage is applied, glass behind the positive electrode is observed to glow (lower image), due to electrons emitted from the negative cathode.
The above “official” account presupposes that one knows what an electron is and what are its physical properties (mass and charge). The discovery of the electron opened up a whole new chapter in the understanding of matter. This led to the realization that light and matter could not be fully understood using the classicallaws of physics, and that a totally different way of understanding nature was needed. Thus emerged, beginning in the last years of the 19th century, a completely new description of light and matter. This new description became known as quantum mechanics, and resulted in the quantum theory of atoms, molecules and the chemical bond. This is the historical journey on which we shall embark in this Lecture.
Cathode rays were discovered by Julius Plücker (1801-1868) and Johann Wilhelm Hittorf(1824-1914). Their experimental apparatus depended on two earlier inventions: 1) Volta’s battery; and, 2) a sealed glass tube in which a partial vacuum was maintained. The latter was invented by a German physicist and glassblower, Heinrich Geissler, in 1857.
Hittorf observed that some unknown rays were emitted from the cathode (negative electrode) which could cast shadows on the glowing wall of the tube, indicating the rays were traveling in straight lines. In 1890, Arthur Schuster demonstrated cathode rays could be deflected by electric fields, and William Crookes showed they could be deflected by magnetic fields.
It was these experiments on cathode rays inside the cathode ray tube that drew the attention of Röntgen. After repeating the above experiments, he began to study the radiation emitted outside the cathode ray tube, using fluorescent chemical sensors, e.g., barium platinocyanide, to detect radiation. His discovery of x-rays on November 8, 1895 was communicated to the Physico-Medical Society of Würzburg later in November, 1895. A translation of his paper appeared two months later on January 23, 1896 in the English journal, Nature. (You can dial up this article on Gallica and read it for yourself).
Paraphrasing Louis XV(1710 – 1774) of France, were he not such a humble, unassuming man,Röntgenmight have said "A.
CA 10.01 Discovery of CMB (Cosmic Microwave Background)Stephen Kwong
Discovery of Cosmic Microwave Background by Arno Penzias and Robert Wilson in the 1960s. Found to be the relic radiation from the beginning of the Universe. One of the greatest discovery in science history so far.
Nikola Tesla was a Serbian-American inventor born in 1856 in Croatia. He is renowned for his contributions to the development of modern alternating current electricity supply systems. Some of his most important inventions include the alternating current motor, the Tesla coil, and wireless energy transmission. He spent most of his later life in the United States, working for Westinghouse Electric and developing innovative technologies until his death in 1943 in New York City.
New microsoft office power point presentationSalman Ahmad
A black hole is formed when a massive star collapses under its own gravity at the end of its life. It creates a region of space where the gravitational pull is so strong that nothing, not even light, can escape. Black holes were first theorized in the 18th century and their existence was predicted by Einstein's theory of general relativity. They have been observed through their effects on nearby stars and gas and the emission of x-rays. Black holes come in different sizes, from stellar black holes formed by collapsed stars to supermassive black holes millions of times the sun's mass at the center of galaxies.
Similar to Nikola tesla and the electrical signals of planetary origin (20)
A empresa de tecnologia anunciou um novo smartphone com câmera aprimorada, maior tela e bateria de longa duração. O dispositivo também possui processador mais rápido e armazenamento expansível. O novo modelo será lançado em outubro por um preço inicial de US$799.
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive functioning. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms.
Alec wi hale_emails_baseball_game_tf_appointmentsPublicLeaker
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive functioning. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help boost feelings of calmness, happiness and focus.
This document provides an overview of the American Legislative Exchange Council (ALEC) and its influence in New Jersey. It finds that ALEC has introduced model legislation on issues like worker rights, education, voting rights, consumer rights, immigration, and the environment. Some key findings are that 11 New Jersey legislators have ties to ALEC leadership and hundreds of ALEC's model bills have been introduced in New Jersey, though few have passed. It also lists several major corporations with ties to ALEC that have dropped their support in recent years.
This document provides information about ALEC's influence in Arizona state politics. It finds that ALEC, which is funded primarily by corporations, has a significant presence in the Arizona legislature. Many legislators are ALEC members and some have received funding from an ALEC-affiliated "scholarship" fund to attend conferences, with the funds coming from corporate donors but not requiring disclosure of their sources. The report analyzes bills introduced in Arizona in 2013 and finds examples both directly from ALEC's legislative agenda and with similar intent to ALEC model bills. It concludes that ALEC continues to exert influence in shaping legislation in Arizona to benefit its corporate members.
This document provides an overview of StingRay surveillance devices ("IMSI catchers") and discusses legal issues related to their use by law enforcement. It describes how StingRays work by mimicking cell towers and collecting identifying information from cell phones. It also notes that the level of authorization the government obtains varies, from no authorization to pen register orders, and discusses potential legal arguments against their warrantless use, including that it amounts to unconstitutional general searches. The document aims to help criminal defense attorneys assess whether StingRays were used in their cases and argue for suppression.
This document is a complaint filed by investigative reporter Beau Hodai against the City of Tucson and Tucson Police Department. Hodai submitted three public records requests seeking information about TPD's purchase and use of cell phone tracking equipment from Harris Corporation, but TPD failed to fully respond and improperly withheld records. The complaint alleges TPD's actions violated Arizona public records law by allowing Harris to dictate the records TPD would disclose and failing to sufficiently justify withholding records. It seeks court intervention to address TPD's refusal to comply with its obligations under the public records statute.
The document provides an overview of state legislative activities in 2009 related to issues that affect the construction industry. Some key points:
- State budgets faced large deficits as revenues declined, which will dominate 2010 legislative sessions.
- 38 states considered legislation related to the proposed Employee Free Choice Act. Five states and two chambers passed measures opposing it.
- Only three states passed bills on hiring undocumented workers, with most states less active on immigration in 2009.
- 36 states debated independent contractor classification issues due to concerns about misclassification and ensuring worker protections.
- Organized labor pushed to expand prevailing wage laws but were defeated in Iowa and Colorado. New Mexico tied rates to union contracts.
- 16 states debated project labor agreement
The document discusses the results of a study on the effects of a new drug on memory and cognitive function in older adults. The double-blind study involved giving either the new drug or a placebo to 100 volunteers aged 65-80 over a 6 month period. Testing showed those receiving the drug experienced statistically significant improvements in short-term memory retention and processing speed compared to the placebo group.
The Central Regional Advisory Council will hold a public meeting on December 9, 2011 at 1:00 pm at the MCSO Training Facility in Phoenix, Arizona. The agenda includes welcoming remarks, approving previous meeting minutes, updates from the Arizona Department of Homeland Security and ACTIC, discussing RAC guidelines and strategies, and grant extensions/modifications/reallocations. Time will also be provided for public comment and discussion of the next meeting date before adjourning.
2. TESLA SPEAKS . . .
"We are getting messages from the clouds one hundred miles away, possibly many times that distance. Do not leak it
to the reporters." Nikola Tesla, 18991
"My measurements and calculations have shown that it is perfectly practicable to produce on our globe, by the use of
these principles, an electrical movement of such magnitude that, without the slightest doubt, its effect will be
perceptible on some of our nearer planets, as Venus and Mars. Thus, from mere possibility, interplanetary
communication has entered the stage of probability." Nikola Tesla, 19002
"Movements on instrument repeated many times. Concludes it to be a message from another planet."3
Newspaper Interview, 1901
"I did not state that I had obtained a message from Mars, I only expressed my conviction that the disturbances that I
obtained were of planetary origin." Nikola Tesla, 19014
"The feeling is constantly growing on me that I had been the first to hear the greetings of one planet to another."5
Nikola Tesla, 1901
"I refer to the strange electrical disturbances, the discovery which I announced six years ago. At that time I was only
certain that they were of planetary origin. Now, after mature thought and study, I have come to the positive
conclusion that they must emanate from Mars." Nikola Tesla, 19076
"To be sure, we have no absolute proof that Mars is inhabited. . . Personally, I base my faith on the feeble planetary
electrical disturbances which I discoveredin the summer of 1899, and which, according to my investigations, could not
have originated from the sun, the moon, or Venus. Further study since has satisfied me they must have emanated from
Mars." Nikola Tesla, 19097
"During my experiments there [Colorado Springs, 1899], Mars was at a relatively small distance from us and, in that
dry and rarefied air, Venus appeared so large and bright that it might have been mistaken for one of those military
signaling lights. . . I came to the conclusion that [Mars] was sufficient to exert a noticeable influence on a delicate
receiver of the kind I was perfecting. . . my ear barely caught signals coming in regular succession which could not have
been produced on earth, caused by any solar or lunar action or by the influence of Venus, and the possibility that
they might have come from Mars flashed upon my mind." Nikola Tesla, 19198
"The arrangement of my receiving apparatus and the characterof the disturbances recorded precluded the possibility of
their being of terrestrial origin, and I also eliminated the influence of the sun, moon and Venus. As I announced, the
signals consisted in a regular repetition of numbers, and subsequent study convinced me that they must have emanated
from Mars, this planet having been just then close to the earth." Nikola Tesla, 19219
"Twenty-two years ago, while experimenting in Colorado with a wireless power plant, I obtained extraordinary
experimental evidence of the existence of life on Mars. I had perfected a wireless receiver of extraordinary sensitiveness,
far beyond anything known, and I caught signals which I interpreted as meaning 1 -- 2 -- 3 -- 4. I believe the Martians
used numbers for communication because numbers are universal." Nikola Tesla, 192210
"In 1899, while experimenting with a wireless receiver of extraordinary sensitivity, I detected faint signals from Mars,
our brother planet. I could not interpret the signals, but they seemed to suggest a numerical code, one - two - three -
four." NikolaTesla,193511
[Fig. 1. Mars]
3.
4. The date would appear to be Orthodox Christmas, January 7, 1900. Tesla died on this very night, exactly 43 years later. This is also the
*
date of the last entry made in the Colorado Springs notes.
To the
American Red Cross
New York City.
The retrospect is glorious, the prospect inspiring: Much might be said of both. But
one idea dominates my mind. This - my best, my dearest - is for your noble cause.
I have observed electrical actions, which have appeared inexplicable. Faint
and uncertain though they were, they have given me a deep conviction and
foreknowledge that ere long all human beings on this globe, as one, will turn their
eyes to the firmament above, with feelings of love and reverence, thrilled by the glad
news: "Brethren! We have a message from another world, unknown and remote. It
reads: one ... two ... three ..."
Christmas 1900*
Nikola Tesla
5. 1
Prefatory Statement by the Authors:
The puzzling disclosures made by Nikola Tesla concerning the reception of extraterrestrial signals in 1899 have been a vexing dilemma and source of embarrassment
to even the most ardent of Tesla's supporters in the scientific community. It is with some degree of trepidation that we even approach this subject. Initially, we were
almost embarrassed to address such a controversial topic for fear of being misunderstood by our professional colleagues, or perhaps even causing damage to Tesla's
reputation. However, we believe that the investigation reported on below will resolve specific technical objections to Tesla's assertions, and will lend strong support
to the scientific credibility of Tesla's profound contributions to science and engineering. This paper is a brief summary of an 81 page engineering report from 1996
documenting the detailed analysis. As we approach the next Martian encounter (Mars will be only 34.6 million miles away on August 27, 2003 - the closest since 1719)
our thoughts again turn to the faint radio emissions detected by Tesla in 1899.
NIKOLA TESLA AND THE PLANETARY RADIO SIGNALS
by K.L. Corum and J.F. Corum, Ph.D.
"Even these star-gazers stonisht are... and curse their lying bookes." Edmund Spenser, Faerie Queene, Bk. 7, Canto7
§ 1.0 Introduction.
Surrounded by a cloud of sensationalism, the controversial
question of cosmic radio signals has probably spawned the
greatest test of Tesla's credibility among professional scientists.
In spite of the fact that Lord Kelvin, himself, stood with his old
friend and proclaimed that he was in complete agreement with
Tesla on this matter, the issue of "the Martian signals" is still12,13
exploited by misguided cynics to ridicule Nikola Tesla today.
Tragically, many of Tesla's severest critics are woefully unaware
of his professional credentials, activities, and stature in the
scientific and industrial communities of his day.14
We believe that there is a sound explanation for the incident.
Conducting both an experimental and a theoretical analysis, we
discussed Tesla's 1899 receivers in considerable detail in a
paper presented at the 1994 Colorado Springs Symposium, and15
we believe that both the operation and limitations of his
Colorado Springs receivers are now well understood. Unlike his
Extra Coil resonator (which operated with an output of 12-18
MV in the region of 88 kHz to 100 kHz [Fig.2]), the RF
detectors functioned primarily in the 8 kHz to 22 kHz range.
Initially, one might suppose that no extraterrestrial signals could
ever be detected in this spectral regime because the ionosphere
is opaque at these frequencies. Analytically and experimentally,
this is demonstrably not the case. Under the appropriate
conditions there does indeed exist an ionospheric window in the
lower VLF regime, and surprising results have been obtained
with receivers reconstructed as described by Tesla in 1899.
§ 2. Some History.
Before we launch into a technical discussion of the "Martian
signals", we would first like to recall Tesla's actual published
reports of the summer night that he made the initial observations
of what may be asserted as the original pioneering achievement
in radio astronomy. He described the discovery as follows:16
". . . Even now, at times, I can vividly recall the incident, and
see my apparatus as though it were actually before me. My
first observations positively terrified me, as there was present
in them something mysterious, not to say supernatural, and I
was alone in my laboratory at night ... [Fig. 3] The changes
I noted were taking place periodically, and with such a clear
suggestion of number and order that they were not traceable to
any cause then known to me. I was familiar, of course, with such
electrical disturbances as are produced by the sun, Aurora*
Borealis and earth currents, and I was sure as I could be of any17
fact that these variations were due to none of these causes ... It
was sometime afterward when the thought flashed upon my mind
that the disturbances I had observed might be due to an
intelligent control. Although I could not decipher their meaning,
it was impossible for me to think of them as having been entirely
accidental. The feeling is constantly growing on me that I had
been the first to hear the greeting of one planet to another. A
purpose was behind these electrical signals; and it was with this
conviction that I announced to the Red Cross Society [see
above], when it asked me to identify one of the great possible
achievements of the next hundred years, that it would probably
be the confirmation and interpretation of this planetary challenge
to us. Since my return to New York more urgent work has
consumed all my attention; but I never cease to think of those
experiences and of the observations made in Colorado. I am
constantly endeavoring to improve and perfect my apparatus, and
just as soon as practicable I shall again take up my investigations
at the point where I have been forced to lay it down for a time ...
Absolute certitude as to thereceipt and interchange of messages
would be reached as soonas we could respond with the number
'four,' say, in reply to the signal 'one, two, three.'"
To the informed mind of the early 20th century, however, the
existence of a Kennelly-Heaviside layer precluded the
possibility of radio astronomy and extraterrestrial radio
communication. In his classic 1919 paper, G.N. Watson
observed,18
"A consequence of [the existence of an ionospheric shell
surrounding the Earth] places grave obstacles in the way of
communications with Mars or Venus, if the desirability of
communications with those planets should ever arise."
While it is understood that certain high frequency propagation
windows exist through the ionospheric envelop, it is still
commonly thought, even today, that the transparency of the
The sunspot cycle was a minimum in 1901, and the Zurich sunspot*
number was 10, or less, from 1898 to 1902. [See Fig. 4.2.]
8. 2
ionosphere is negligible at Tesla's frequencies of observation.
[See Fig. 4.1] This misconception is not unequivocally correct.
While it is possible that what Tesla heard was attributable to
natural VLF phenomena, in this paper we will explore the
possibility that the signals were extraterrestrial. In particular, we
will explore the possibility that the radio signals heard by Tesla
were actually of planetary origin.
§ 3. Transparency and Ionospheric Windows.
The radio exploration of the universe has been conducted
primarily at frequencies from 6 MHz to 30 GHz. At lower
frequencies, the ionosphere becomes dramatically opaque. At
shorter wavelengths, the atmosphere selectively absorbs
radiation in the millimeter, infrared and ultraviolet regions but
possesses a remarkable window in the optical region that
permits us to visibly look out into space and behold, as Milton
has so eloquently expressed, "this fair moon and these the gems
of Heaven, her starry train".*
A variety of techniques have been examined in an effort to
combat the problems of radio transmission through plasmas
below the plasma frequency. One of the most interesting
methods is to employ a small static magnetic field to open a
'spectral window' to permit wave propagation. Hodara has
noted that,19
"The results are not new, as they stem from the classical
Appleton-Hartree formula . . . [There exists] a window below
the gyro frequency when a right-handed (RH) circularly
polarized wave propagates in the direction ofB (longitudinalo
field). This mode of propagation is of interest since the
location of the window is not dependent on the plasma
resonant frequency. The window's location is determined
solely by the strength of the static magnetic field independent
of the electron density . . ."
These results led us to ponder the possibility that the Earth's
magnetic field might open a radio astronomy window well
below the ionospheric plasma frequency (f - 3 Mhz).p
§ 4. The Influence of a Superposed Magnetic Field.
Because of the presence of the Earth's magnetic field, the
velocity of charged particles will not be parallel to the electric
field vector of the incident wave, but will exhibit cyclotron
oscillations about the B vector at a "gyrofrequency" given by
(1)
The peak value of the Earth's magnetic induction is about
0.5×10 Tesla so, typically, the Earth's gyrofrequency is taken-4
to be on the order of f = 1.4 MHz, which is somewhat belowg
the 3 MHz plasma frequency of the ionosphere. It is common
practice to define the following parameters relating to plasma
frequency, gyrofrequency, and collision frequency:
(2)
Further, one defines the normalized transverse and longitudinal
gyrofrequencies
(3)
where > is the angle between the direction of the wave
propagation and the magnetic field. Consequently B is theL
component of B along the direction of wave propagation, and
B is the component of B transverse to the direction of the wave.T
The complex index of refraction for a magnetically biased
plasma is easily expressed as
(4)
This is the famous Appleton-Hartree equation for a magnetically
biased magneto-ionic medium. When the wave propagates20,21
parallel to the magnetic field the index of refraction will be real,
and therefore wave propagation will be possible for
frequencies below the plasma frequency for the right-handed
polarized wave (which corresponds to the - sign) in the
longitudinal case. The Appleton-Hartree equation for the index
of refraction permits the calculation of ionospheric transparency
in the magnetically biased case. The complex propagation
factor is related to the complex index of refraction as
(5)
and the propagation attenuation varies as e . Since " varies-"R
with the electron density profile, the total absorption along a
propagation path may be expressed in dB as
(6)
This permits one to calculate and plot the ionospheric
transparency. [See Fig. 5.4] The result specifically exhibits an
Extraordinary wave VLF window for the kilometric
wavelengths at which NASA now asserts that Jupiter and
Saturn radiate sporadic signals toward the Earth. These are also
the very frequencies to which Nikola Tesla's Colorado Springs
receivers were tuned.
§ 5. Project LOFTI.
The presence of a magnetic field, such as that of the Earth's,
will create a "window" for some band of frequencies below the
plasma frequency. Fillipowsky and Muehldorf have noted that
the idea of a terrestrial magnetically biased VLF window
occurred to Navy scientists at NRL (the US Naval ResearchMilton, "Paradise Lost," Book IV, line 648.
*
11. 3
Laboratory), and experimental measurements were actually
conducted at a frequency of 18 kHz, where VLF transmitting
station NBA in the Panama Canal Zone served as a convenient
RF source. A receiver and translator were mounted on a low
orbiting satellite, which orbited just above the ionosphere, and
the transparency of the ionosphere was measured during the
time of a solar sunspot minimum. The experiment has been
described as follows:22
"Earth's magnetic field and collisions make it possible to use
VLF for satellitecommunications. An experiment conducted
to test the feasibility of this concept showed good penetration
of the ionosphere at 18 kHz.
In order to evaluate the attenuation, the Appleton-Hartree
formula must be evaluated for longitudinal propagation.
Under condition that N > 10 electrons/m , < < 10 collisions9 3 6
c
per second, and f = 1 MHz, the attenuation for 18 kHz maybep
[calculated]. For the experiment an exact evaluation of the
Appleton-Hartree equation was used. From this, the least
possible cumulative attenuation for the ionosphere at 18 kHz
was computed. The cumulative attenuation is a function of
altitude. For 18 kHz the least cumulative attenuation at night
is constant above 200 km and totals about 2 dB; during the
daytime it is 28 dB above 200 km.
The experiment was implemented by launching the LOFTI -
I satellite. The launch took place at Cape Canaveral on
February 21, 1961. . . An 18 kHz signal was transmitted to the
LOFTI satellite and the satellite receiver output was
telemetered on a 136 MHz carrier back to Earth-based stations.
The results of this experiment reveal that a considerable
portion of the VLF energy penetrates into the ionosphere.
Most of the loss occurs at low altitudes (below 100 km). . .
Evaluation of the measurements showed that, for the magnetic
field component, the night-attenuation [at 18 kHz] is less than
13 dB and the day-attenuation is less than 38 dB, 50% of the
time."
In spite of the fact that the details of the LOFTI (LOw
Frequency Trans-Ionospheric) experiments are well
documented, this information about the VLF ionospheric
window is not common knowledge among radio astronomers,
even today. Using conventional models for the concentration of
electrons in the night and day ionosphere, from 50 km out to
1000 km, and for the electron collision frequency profile, the
cumulative attenuation was calculated at 18 kHz and plotted by
NRL and is reproduced here asFigure 6.3.23
"[This figure] shows the cumulative least possible attenuation
of an 18 kHz signal traversing the ionosphere radially outward
from the Earth. . . It appears that most of the absorption loss
attributable to the ionosphere is accumulated in passing
through the D region between 60 and 130 km altitude and that
there is little further attenuation with further increase in
altitude. The calculated total attenuation caused by
absorption in the model ionosphere in its mid-day state is less
than 30 dB (about 27 dB). . . The corresponding least
possible loss in passing through the model night ionosphere
is about 2 dB."
This is a rather astonishing result. The experimentally measured
values by the Navy were as follows:24
"The signal intensity data so far reduced to statistical form
indicates that 50% of the time the magnetic field intensity of the
VLF wave is reduced less than 13 dB at night and less than 38
dB by day because of passage through the ionosphere. The
corresponding figures for 10% and 90% of the time are 4 dB and
29 dB at night, and 33 dB and 45 dB by day. . . Satellite
communication using VLF radio waves is feasible and affords
some interesting possibilities for future applications."
§ 6. Tesla's Receivers.
No progress is to be made in resolving the "Martian"
controversy without first possessing an understanding of the
mode of operation of Tesla's receivers. Space does not permit
an adequate discussion of Tesla's receiver architecture in this
brief review. As part of a 1990's study of Tesla's 1899 lightning
observations, we performed a fairly extensive investigation of25
Tesla's Colorado Springs receivers, and the reader is invited to26
turn to the latter for complete details. Tesla's receiver employed
a coherer stressed to breakdown (avalanche), not by DC but
rather by locally generated RF injected into the detector stage,
for greater sensitivity. In the correspondence following
Armstrong's 1917 regeneration paper, Carl Ort provided27
further insight, pointing out that he and his colleagues found that
coherers could be made "very sensitive" by local oscillator RF
injection. (This is not the superheterodyne principle. )28,29 30
However, according to Ort's remarks the reason for the great
gain was never understood until Armstrong's landmark
regeneration investigation.31
"Mr. Armstrong's experiments have shed new light on these
phenomena and have indicated that the amplification obtained
with a rectifying detector depends on the energy of the local
oscillations which are applied to the detector, and that while the
energy received is not magnified at all, the sensitiveness of the
detector is increased. This increase is independent of the
frequency of oscillation of the local source."
Ort continued his comments with a personal experience, that
occurred in Austria in December of 1912, in which a remarkable
gain was obtained from a simple detector.
"I investigated the phenomenon, applying sustained oscillations
directly to the detector andfound that the amplification was due
to the increase of sensitiveness of the detector. Every...
rectifying detector showed this characteristic. I found that the
amplification could be obtained with any frequency not audible
to the human ear. The limit of amplification was determined by
the maximum impressed voltage of sustained RF at which the
detector burned out. I was able to obtain amplifications of about
2000." [66 dB]
Again, we recognize Tesla's pioneering research and priority in
this remarkable development of sensitive RF detection. Tesla
took Branley's existing high impedance coherer element (with
sensitivities on the order of 10 volts) and placed them at the high
impedance end (the top) of his tuned resonators, which had
voltage magnifications proportional to Q, and in so doing he
increased the voltage sensitivity of the detector by a factor on
the order of 100 (i.e., 40 dB). (It also gave the detector
selectivity, which was something new.) He then injected a local
13. 4
oscillator RF voltage across the coherer (by tightly link coupling
the local oscillator to the resonator) for the purpose of bringing
the coherer's operating point near avalanche, to further increase
the sensitivity another 66 dB. Tesla discovered a technique by
which the nonlinear resistance of a coherer (as a function of
injected locally generated RF) could be triggered and exploited
by an exterior pulse signal. The receiver is not an envelope
detector!! Having a weak signal initiate the process and using
the resulting (voltage controlled) resistance decrease to
regeneratively "ratchet up" the Local Oscillator RF, which
further decreased the coherer resistance (repeating over and
over) so that ultimately the relay would be triggered, gave Tesla
an overall improvement of 106 dB in sensitivity over
contemporary (1899) receiver technology - and an audio
"Beep" each time the receiver is pulsed by an RF transient
signal in the passband of its grounded helical resonator stage:
the earphone response is a triggered tone at the coupled
oscillator beat frequency. This response is not heard with a
conventional receiver because envelope and synchronous
demodulators do not give a triggered tone. They replicate the
envelope of the RF pulses. Where Tesla's receivers give
"Beeps", modern communications receiver respond with clicks
and static.
Why have Tesla's receivers not enjoyed popularity in the
engineering community? Why didn't Tesla continue his receiver
research? Although extremely sensitive as RF indicators,
Tesla's regenerative coherer detectors were not appropriate for
envelope detection such as was required by the subsequent
evolution of AM broadcasting and wireless communications.
For this reason, the development of his receiver technology did
not progress much beyond his early patents. Again, even by
today's commercial standards, Tesla's receivers were more than
adequate to detect the presence of RF signals in the 30 - 300 µV
range. (Nothing this sensitive appeared until the advent of
Armstrong's superregenerative detectors, which work right down
to the thermal noise floor.) What set Tesla's limit is the
terrestrial atmospheric noise field, not receiver sensitivity.
While it is true that lightning and atmospherics peak in this
region, and Tesla certainly tracked electrical storms with his
receivers (and, therefore, knew the distinction between
atmospherics and the signals in question), one asks, "What
might have been the physical origin of the sequential signals that
gave the appearance of conveying intelligence at these
kilometric wavelengths?"
§ 7. Decametric and Kilometric Radiation from Jupiter.
Today it is known that both Saturn [Fig. 7] and Jupiter
[Fig. 8] behave as powerful electromagnetic sources,
transmitting average powers of 1 GW and 10 GW, respectively.
The discovery of decametric radiation from Jupiter was first
announced in 1955 by Burke and Franklin at 22 MHz where32
the ionosphere is readily transparent at night and for a
substantial portion of the day. Actually, most shortwave
listeners and amateur radio operators have heard the Jovian
signals without grasping what they are hearing.
Recall that in his 1610 book, Message from the Stars
(Sidereus Nuncius), Galileo (1564-1642) reported his discovery
that Jupiter has 4 moons revolving about it, which he named Io,
Europa, Gannymede, and Callisto. (No more Jovian moons
were discovered for another 282 years!) John Milton (1608-
1674) met Galileo in Florence in 1637 and refers to the Tuscan
astronomer and his "optic tube" at least three times in Paradise
Lost. There is a striking 1711 painting by the artist Donato
Creti (1671-1749), which integrates a lavish pastoral landscape
with the excitement of the new astronomy. It shows
astronomers observing Jupiter in the evening sky, but Jupiter
and its four moons are portrayed (magnified and inverted) as
they would be seen through a Galilean telescope! [Fig. 9]33
§ 7.1 Early Observations of Jupiter's HF Radiation.
The radiation, which originally was thought to come from
localized regions on Jupiter and now seems to be associated
with the planet's magnetic field configuration and the angular
position of its satellite Io [Fig. 10], almost always has a duration
of 2 hours or less and a period of variable activity that may last
for several days. Describing the early reception of the
decametric Jupiter signals at 27 MHz in the landmark special
issue of the Proceedings of the IRE devoted to radio astronomy,
Dr. Kraus of the Ohio State Radio Observatory has written,34
"The Jupiter signals are characterized by their impulsive or
pulse-like nature, in many respects appearing similar to static
from a terrestrial thunderstorm. . . The clicks may be of only a
few milliseconds duration and may be single or multiple. The
multiple clicks are usually double with an occasional triplet.
The spacing between these multiple clicks isof the order of one-
fourth second or less."
Professor Kraus' initial 1956 observations were actually
performed at wavelengths of 10 to 15 meters using relatively
modest conventional wire antennas, and his receiver consisted
of an RF preamp ahead of a standard communications receiver.
The existence of these doublet and triplet events puzzled Kraus,
and he even went so far as to hypothesize that,35
" . . . the second and third pulses are echoes of the first. The
triple pulse with approximately 0.3 second spacing is particularly
significant in this connection since each succeeding pulse not
only becomes smaller in amplitude, but more spread out in time."
We mention these multiple-impulse events because they are the
very kind of signals which would initiate a 400 Hz "Beep-Beep-
Beep" tone sequence in the earphones of Tesla's triggered
receivers. The Reader may turn to the Appendix, which gives
an overview of the Jupiter-Io system and how Jovian storm
forecasts are presently performed.
§ 7.2. Cosmic Kilometric Radiation.
The Jovian kilometric flux density reaching the Earth has
been estimated to be on the order of 10 Jy, i.e. 107 -19
watts/m /Hz. The VLF radiation was observed by Voyager 12 36
to be narrowband, physically centered near 200E CML III, and
often came in individual bursts of less than 6 seconds duration
(which was the shortest duration that the VLF receivers on
Voyager 1 could measure). These would certainly be
14.
15. Fig. 8 Jupiter, son of Saturn, vanquisher of the Titans, father of gods and men, whose weapon
was thunder. [Jupiter, Io, Europa (right), and Callisto (lower middle).]
16.
17.
18. 5
consistent with Tesla's observations. It has been suggested that
the Jovian kilometric radio source is probably a localized region
of the high density plasma torus encircling Jupiter near the orbit
of Io.37
While others have suggested that Tesla's observations might
somehow be linked to Jovian radiation, it has always been a
mystery to us how such fields generated at 22 MHz (and
detected in 1955 with modern communication receivers) could
ever be related to fields at the frequencies that Tesla used (5 to
20 kHz), or how these VLF fields could ever have penetrated
the ionosphere. However, it is now known that Jupiter and
Saturn radiate RCP waves in the kilometric range, as well as in
the decametric range discovered in the 1950's. That is, these
planets appear to be sources of kilometric radiation at the very
frequencies where Tesla's receivers were the most sensitive,
and where a VLF ionospheric radio astronomy window
exists during a solar minimum.
§ 8. Astronomical Predictions for 1899.
Software predictions don't have to be run forward in time
only. They can be used to predict the past. Using The
American Ephemeris and Nautical Almanac for 1899, several38
software packages for predicting Jovian radio storms, and
conventional desktop planetarium software, we have examined
the correlation of Jovian emissions and the night-time skies as
observed from Colorado Springs during the summer of 1899.
1899-1901 was a time of solar minimum and not only was
the MUF considerably reduced, but the ionospheric
transparency for RCP kilometric waves was about as good as it
gets. Tesla reported that he started his atmospheric storm
electrical observations in mid-June of 1899 (when both Mars
and Jupiter set late at night), so our search for correlated Jovian
storms begins in mid-June. By December of 1899, both Jupiter
and Mars set late in the afternoon. We have selected five
possible events occurring over the summer of 1899 that might
lead an observer to conclude that Mars was intermittently
transmitting signals to the Earth and, because we are constrained
by publication room, we will comment on only one evening in
July. What we looked for was an answer to the question, "Is
there any correlation of the cessation of the Jovian signals with
the disappearance of Mars below the horizon?" (This would
give the appearance of radio signals from Mars.)
§ 8.1. The Io Events of July 22, 1899.
There is an interesting coincidence between the termination
of several predicted Jovian events and the disappearance of
Mars on the western horizon on the night of July21, 1899. The
ephemeris gives the Martian set time as 05:45 GMT July 22,
1899 (9:44 PM on July 21, 1899 local standard time) at an
azimuth of almost 270E exactly. Such a time would appear to
meet Tesla's remark that he heard the signals when "alone in my
laboratory at night" and "in the summer of 1899". The Martian
set time is given for an unobstructed sky. Mars would actually
disappear earlier than 9:44 PM because of the high mountains
to the west of Colorado Springs. Tesla's laboratory (at the
intersection of Kiowa and Foote Streets) was at an elevation of
6060 feet. At an azimuth of 270E the mountains rise to an
elevation of 10,245 feet at a distance of 6.67 miles from the
laboratory. This would give Tesla's laboratory site a western
visual horizon at an elevation angle of 6.78E. [See Fig. 11(15).]
Noting this visual western horizon, Mars drops below the
western mountains at 9:05 PM local standard time. [See
Figure 12(16).] Is there any correlation of Mars' set time with
the cessation of radio signals from Jupiter? [See Fig. 13(17).]
There is a dramatic double-event correlation on this night.
An Io-A event is predicted to occur between 02:56 - 03:55
GMT July 22, 1899 (7:56 to 8:55 PM July 21, 1899 local
standard time). That is, the Jovian Io-A signals are predicted to
cease about 10 minutes prior to Mars' disappearance below the
visual horizon in the western sky. Furthermore, there is a Non-
Io event predicted to occur between 02:47 - 0:4:12 GMT (7:47
to 9:12 PM July 21, 1899 local standard time). This Jovian
event is predicted to cease 7 minutes after Mars sets.
(Interestingly, the criteria employed in "Radio Jupiter 2.0"
software package predicts that both the Io-A and the non-Io-A
events cease at exactly 9:00 PM local standard time, i.e. 5
minutes prior to the disappearance of Mars below the western
horizon.) Again, to an alert observer, it would not appear
unreasonable to associate the radio signals with the planetMars,
which was just disappearing below the western visual horizon at
the very time that the radio signals ceased. This event would
seem to strongly correlate with Tesla's description of his
discovery of cosmic radio waves. Two days later, Tesla's diary
gives a fairly thorough documentation of the construction and
performance of his coherers.
We believe that there is a remarkable correlation of Martian
set times with the predicted cessation of radio signals from
Jupiter. (With some imagination, it might even have been
construed that Mars was broadcasting to cities on the longitude
of Colorado Springs, where Tesla's transmitting station was
located!) To an alert observer, it would not have appeared
unreasonable to associate the radio signals with the planetMars.
§ 8.2. Jovian Radiation Events Predicted for 1899.
From our analyses, we conclude that there were at least five
occasions that could possibly fit Tesla's description of his
detection of extraterrestrial radiation. (These are summarized
in Table I below.) And, all of these would clearly point to the
planet Mars as a probable source. What we infer is the apparent
concurrence and cessation of Jovian radiation pulses with the
position of Mars as it set on the horizon. At the time of the first
five examples Mercury, Venus and the Sun were below the
horizon, so they could readily be eliminated as the source of the
sequential pulses (as Tesla noted). This would leave Mars,
Jupiter and Saturn as possible sources. The cessation of
reception as Mars passed below the horizon, with Jupiter and
Saturn still in the sky, would appear to eliminate those major
planets, again suggesting that Mars was the probable source.
Since the signals were not correlated with the weather, which
produced an entirely different type of signal in Tesla's receivers
(see our discussion of Tesla's weather-related observations ),39
and since the research was performed during a solar minimum,
it would seem admissible to eliminate the aurora as the source
22. 6
TABLE I. SUMMARY OF SELECTED JOVIAN STORM PREDICTIONS
DATE (Local) Storm Type Predicted Cease
(Rad-Jup 1.0)*
Predicted Cease
(Rad-Jup 2.0)**
Mars Sets
(Local Time)
June 22, 1899 Non-Io-A 10:22 PM T 10:20 PM T 10:22 PM
July 1, 1899 Io-D
Io-B
10:31 PM
9:34 PM
10:00 PM T
9:40 PM
10:00 PM
10:00 PM
July 7, 1899 Io-C 9:45 PM T 9:40 PM T 9:43 PM
July 17, 1899 Io-D 10:10 PM 9:00 PM 9:18 PM
July 21, 1899 Io-A
Non-Io-A
8:55 PM T
9:12 PM T
9:00 PM T
9:00 PM T
9:05 PM
9:05 PM
* Rad-Jup 1.0 = Radio-Jupiter for Windows, Version 1.0, (February, 1996), Radio-Sky Publishing.
**Rad-Jup 2.0 = Radio-Jupiter 2.0, (1994), Radio-Sky Publishing.
The T mark indicates a strong correlation between the cessation of a predicted storm and the setting of Mars.
of these signals that conveyed the notion of intelligent
communication. Return to 1899 and ask yourself, "What is
left?" (At VLF, certainly not Marconi in the English Channel!)
Finally, we call attention to the fact that although these
astronomical predictions provide support for Tesla's assertions,
we think that the strongest argument in his favor is that there is
a demonstrable ionospheric window at the very frequencies
where his receivers functioned and kilometric radiation is now
known to be emitted sporadically by Jupiter and Saturn.
§ 9. What Would You Have Done?
Before you answer that question, consider the time frame in
which Nikola Tesla (1856-1943) labored. He arrived at
Colorado Springs in May of 1899. (He had been there
previously, conducting experiments on Pike's Peak in 1896.)
During June and July the western panorama visible in the late
evening hours from the laboratory's double doors was presided
over in the southwest by Mars, Arcturus and blue-white Spica,
while Jupiter and red giant Antares were almost directly on the
meridian, and the bright first magnitude stars Deneb, Altair and
Vega were raining their own celestial fire as they, and the Milky
Way, rose in the East. In the warm evening air, clearly, the
spectacular brilliant rusty hue of Mars would not only dominate
the western skies, but also the thoughts and speculationsof even
the most casual observer. Any alert scientist watching the
evening skies from Tesla's laboratory at Colorado Springs and
hearing such astonishing signals on his apparatus, with no
identifiable terrestrial source, would surely have been taken by
the enchanting spell of the brilliant starry sky.
Tesla reports that he started receiving atmospheric static in
mid-June with his receivers. (From his notes it is evident that
his sensitive regenerative receiver designs continued to evolve
from mid-June to late September.) Put yourself in Tesla's place.
There were no wireless stations on our planet other than his own
(certainly none operating in the 10 kHz range where his
receivers were tuned). His receivers were detecting code-like
bursts which appeared only at certain times that were
uncorrelated with diurnal variations, and they occurred only
while Mars (and Jupiter and Saturn) appeared in the visible sky.
We think that we've documented that the kilometric signals from
Jupiter could have terminated when Mars was just passing
below the curtain of mountains viewed on the western horizon
from Tesla's laboratory.
In 1902, Lord Kelvin (1824-1907), himself a believer in the
Martian signals, proclaimed that he was in complete agreement
with Tesla on this issue. Oliver Lodge (1851-1940) was then40,41
attempting to detect RF solar emissions but he was listening at
the wrong frequencies and with detectors far too insensitive.42
Twenty years later, Guglielmo Marconi (1874-1937) claimed
that he, too, had heard the signals from Mars. [Marconi and43
Kelvin never drew the ridicule and resentment for their remarks
that Tesla received.] Tesla's assessment was that Marconi had
heard RFI: Marconi's receiver was merely responding to
transmitter "undertones".44*
Ever a focal point of mystery and speculation, even Jonathan
Swift's fictional masterpiece puzzles us. In 1726 he not only
tells us that Mars has two satellites, but also that their periods
are 10 hours and 21.5 hours. Remarkably, Mars' two moons,45
Phobos ("fear") and Deimos ("panic"), were not discovered until
1877, and with periods determined as 7.65 hours and 30.28
hours, respectively. It was also in 1877 that Schiaparelli first
*Unlike Marconi, whose 1919 receivers performed in the LF/MF region,
undertone reception would not have been the case for Tesla's Colorado Springs
10 kHz observations: undertones (subharmonic beats) require the presence of
strong local transmitter signals (which Tesla did not have to contend with in
1899) and nonlinear mixing. Furthermore, VLF undertones are not radiated
by antennas whose lengths are short relativeto the wavelength, so there would
have been no 1899 VLF signals emanating from the English Channel capable
of being received in Colorado Springs, as some have mistakenly asserted.
23. 7
observed the controversial "canali".
In 1883, Simon Newcomb (1835-1909), then director of the
American Nautical Almanac, wrote the following:46
"The early telescopic observers noticed that the disk of Mars
did not appear uniform in color and brightness, but had a
variegated aspect. . . The most interesting result of these
markings on Mars is the probability that its surface is
diversified by land and water, covered by an atmosphere, and
altogether very similar to the surface of the earth. Some
portions of the surface are of a decided red color, and thus give
rise to the well-known fiery aspect of the planet. Other parts
are of a greenish hue, and are therefore supposed to be seas.
The most striking features are two brilliant white regions, one
lying around each pole of the planet. It has been supposed that
this appearance is due to immense masses of snow and ice
surrounding the poles. If this were so, it would indicate that
the processes of evaporation, cloud formation, and
condensation of vapor into rain and snow go on at the surface
of Mars as at the surface of the earth."
It was Harvard Observatory's William Pickering who first
reported seeing dark spots where the Martian "canals"
intersected. Astronomer Percival Lowell (1855-1914), on
whose 1905 calculations Pluto was discovered by Clyde
Tombaugh in 1930, described his contemporaneous optical
observations of Mars in the most vivid of terms in his 1895
book, Mars. Through the 18" and 24" refractingtelescopes at
Lowell Observatory in Flagstaff, Arizona [Fig. 14], Mars
appeared to Lowell as "a shimmering orange ball" with white
polar caps and a system of dark green lines configured "like a
spider's web" across the planet [Fig 15]. Three years later,
fantasy writer, H.G. Wells was inspired to pen the Martian
invasion story, "War of the Worlds" (1898), and later, "Star
Begotten".
Tesla, in his 1907 article for Harvard Illustrated Magazine,
acknowledged the strong predilection toward Mars that Lowell's
work had contributed to his own conclusions:47
"Chief among the stimulating influences was the revelatory
work of Percival Lowell, described in a volume with which the
observatory bearing his name has honored me."
Is it unreasonable to assume, as Tesla did,that the reception
of "one - two - three" from an apparently identifiable
extraterrestrial radio source could originate from some center of
intelligence? Tesla interpreted the systematic sequence of
pulses as an attempt to communicate intelligence through the
universal concept of numbers. Interestingly, modern
professional astronomers involved with the SETI (Search for
Extra-Terrestrial Intelligence) program have embraced the
identical concept. Concerning the search for extra-terrestrial
intelligence funded at the Ohio State Radio Observatory,
Professor Kraus writes,48
"Our Big Ear was now listening for other-men on other planets
circling other stars who might have built beacon stations to
announce their presence... We are searching for some kind of
narrow-band signal that would appear ... If, in addition, it
turned off and on in some systematic way this would be
suggestive of an intelligent origin ... Suppose we do detect a
beacon signal? How could it be possible to understand the
other-men about whom we know absolutely nothing? Is there
anything that we and the dwellers on another planet even have in
common? Is there any common semantic frame of reference? ...
The idea of numbers or counting would be common. We might
suppose that the other-men could initiate their beacon
transmission with a series of dots:
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! etc.
The very narrow-band beacon signal would have alerted us to
their presence and their slow dots and dashes taught us a
language with which to understand them."
So, after a century of scientific progress, Tesla's speculations
concerning a "Lingua Cosmica" have come to possess some
degree of formal credibility in academic circles.
§ 10. What Really Happened?
It is now clear that Tesla's receivers can easily be stimulated
by kilometric singlet, doublet, and triplet events (which occur
quite frequently). Because of the 400 Hz beat frequency
inherent in this receiver's coupled oscillation transformer, the
400 Hz audio response at the earphones (which re-initiates every
time the receiver is stimulated) sounds like "Beep-Beep-Beep".
For those of us that have heard the phenomenon, it is perfectly
logical to describe the sound exactly as Tesla did on Orthodox
Christmas of 1900 (January 7, 1900): "one ... two ... three
...". [Would you like to hear a recorded response of a Tesla
VLF receiver? Audio recordings were made at the Tesla
receiver earphone during Jovian storms in the late Spring of
1996 (a solar minimum), and played at the 1996 ITS
Symposium. A short audio clip, recorded from a Tesla
receiver, has been inserted, here. Listen closely. A faint
sequence of code-like pulses can be heard through the static. ("I
could not interpret the signals, but they seemed to suggest a
numerical code..." Tesla, 1935) You must agree that, whatever
the mechanism, a numerical sequence clearly suggests itself to
the listener. These are not inherent in the receiver, nor are they
present at all times. (Incidentally, the Teslareceiver response
during an electrical storm can be heard by clicking here.)]
We conclude that the observations of Percival Lowell and his
assertions concerning the possibility of life on Mars, the
nearness of the red planet (Mars was in opposition on Jan. 20,
1899), the night-time signals when Venus and the sun were
below the horizon, the coincidence of the cessation of the radio
signals as Mars disappeared below the observational horizon at
Tesla' laboratory, the apparent implication of intelligence in the
signals, etc., all provided supporting evidence for Tesla to
subsequently mistakenly ascribe the signals to the red planet
rather than some other cosmic source. Dr. Kraus and the Ohio
State Radio Observatory, in a remarkably similar example of
mistaken identity, reported receiving distinct separated pulses
from Venus in 1956:49
"While monitoring for radiation from Venus, I also heard
signals that came in distinct separated pulses. They seemed to
be strongest when Venus was in the beam and seemed to follow
Venus across the sky. I wrote a brief note about them published
in Nature and suggested that they might come from Venus. It
26. 8
was a blunder, which taught me a lesson... It was something
that has happened to other astronomers, physicists and
chemists, including Nobel laureates, and continues to happen
. . . When you dare to publish a new scientific observation or
calculation ... you don't want to be found in error but you can
be so cautious that you never publish."
Enchanting Urania, inspirational Muse and nymph-goddess of
Astronomy, seems to playfully practice innocent deception on
her most impassioned suitors: sic itur ad astra. ("Such is the
way to the stars.")
§ 11. Summary and Final Remarks.
Certainly, not everyone will agree with us. There may be
other acceptable explanations. But, it is our opinion that it is
entirely within reason to identify Tesla's signals as the detection
of intense kilometric (VLF) emissions originating from Jupiter.
Considerable work still needs to be done to convince the
skeptical. However, the bottom line is that when you listen to
the kilometric signals from Jupiter with one of Tesla's Colorado
Springs receivers you occasionally hear "Beep... Beep-Beep...
Beep-Beep-Beep"! Furthermore, extraterrestrial right circularly
polarized kilometric signals penetrate the Earth's ionosphere
during the time of sunspot minima. Tesla was at the right place,
at the right time, doing the right thing, with the right equipment
to be able to detect these unusual electrical signals of planetary
origin. It was the scientific community that was unprepared.
In the early 1930s Karl G. Jansky (1905-1950) [Fig. 16],
like Nikola Tesla before him, had been monitoring electrical
disturbances due to thunderstorms. Using a vertically polarized
rotatable modified Bruce array, he noted three distinct types of
static at 20 MHz: that from local thunderstorms, that from
distant thunderstorms, and "a steady hiss static, the origin of
which is not known." Jansky was able to identify the latter as
coming from the Milky Way [Fig. 17] and for this he has been50
popularly recognized as the "father of radio astronomy".
Concerning cosmic radio signals, Tesla wrote in 1921,51
"Others may scoff at this suggestion or treat it as a practical
joke, but I have been in deep earnest about it ever since I made
the first observations at my wireless plant in Colorado from
1899 to 1900. . . . At the time I carried on those
investigations there existed no other wireless plant on the
globe other than mine, at least none that could produce a
disturbance perceptible in a radius more than a few miles."
Tesla's pre-1900 radio astronomical observations haunted him
the rest of his life, and he expressed a great desire to follow up
on his remarkable discovery. In 1919 (fourteen years before
Jansky's landmark paper), Tesla said,52
"In later years, I have bitterly regretted that I yielded to the
excitement of ideas and pressure of business instead of
concentrating all my energies on that investigation."
In an unpublished 1935 interview, at age 79, Tesla said,53
"Some of my discoveries and inventions have made electric
history. They were practical devices, susceptible of
commercial exploitation."
[The discoveries were the rotating magnetic field and coupled
tuned RF systems. The inventions for which he holds legal
priority include the AC motor and generator, the AC polyphase
power distribution system, and radio communications. Consider
NASA's awesome 2002 photograph , "Earth at Night".54
[Fig.18] (What a breath-taking tribute to the genius and
achievements of Nikola Tesla!) Can the reader identify even
one pinpoint of light, anywhere in the photo, not operated
through the electrical system given birth by Tesla? (And, the
photograph only shows the optical spectrum - it reveals neither
electromechanicalapplications nor radiowave communications.)
Is there even one Noble Laureate since then that can be named
who has contributed so much to relieve toil, dispel gloom and
darkness, and harness the forces of nature for the benefit of
humanity?] Tesla continues,
"... but my chief recreation was to study the universe, and the
place of the earth in the starry system... [a method of
communicating with other planets] ... Iwould willingly sacrifice
all my other achievements to realize this dream."
This is the tragic story of a scientist that had to formulate
theories and then devise his own hand-made sensitive
instruments to delicately explore the enchanting wonders of the
physical universe [Fig. 19], - authentic wonders that previously
went undetected and existed only within the visions and dreams
of his own creative mind, - electrical wonders and visions that
few scientists would be able to perceive or comprehend until
generations after their discovery was declared before a
community of visionless skeptics. Not since the time of
Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519) has the world witnessed the
energy, insight and achievements of such a gifted thinker and
versatile genius. In an eloquent moment of reflection, Neils
Bohr once said, "With deepest admiration, we think of how
Tesla could accomplish such great achievements ..."55
We hope that this little study will raise legitimate interest and
elevate the controversy surrounding Tesla's "Martian signals"
to quantifiable terms. Certainly, he was the first to detect,
observe and study natural VLF radio waves from atmospheric
storms. It is our conclusion that, under extremely favorable (but
entirely feasible) circumstances, Tesla could have also heard the
audio reaction of his regenerative detectors responding to the
impulsive kilometric noise emanating from the planet Jupiter.
_________________________________________________
APPENDIX I. Radio Signals of Planetary Origin.
In this brief Appendix, we want to provide a concise
introduction to the issues and concepts employed in the
prediction of the non-thermal Jovian signals for 1899.
1. A Description of the Jovian System.
Jupiter is encircled by a system of light and dark bands of
clouds parallel to its equator, which rotate differentially. Since
no physical surface features can be used for reference purposes
two coordinate standards have been adopted for Jupiter: System
I has the rotational period of 09h 50m 30s corresponding to the
Equatorial band of clouds, and System II moves a little slower
28. Fig. 17. Jansky identified the static as coming from the Milky Way.
29.
30.
31. 9
TABLE III.
REGION CML III
A 200E - 290E
B 100E - 200E
C 290E - 320E
D 20E - 100E
with the rotational period of 09h 55m 40.6s corresponding to the
rotational period of the mid-latitude (temperate zone) clouds.
(a) CML III.
Jupiter's magnetic poles are tilted about 10E relative to its
axis of rotation and, with the advent of radio observations, it was
found that the planet's magnetic field, which appears to have a
rotational period of 09h 55m 29.710s, could provide a
coordinate reference system attached to the planet's surface.56
The corresponding angular speed of a longitudinal line attached
to the planet is 99.249 sec/deg. The International Astronomical
Union subsequently designated this reference frame as System
III. The Sub-Earth longitude or Central Meridian Longitude
(denoted as CML III) of the system rotating with the above
period coincides with the System II longitude facing the Earth
at 0 Universal Time on January 1, 1965. Such a system ofh
coordinates permits the specification of various features in
Jupiter's magnetic field as they rotate with the planet. James
Sky has noted that,57
"It became apparent when plotting radio emission occurrences
vs. CML III that the probability of detecting a radio event is
greatly enhanced when any of three particular longitudes turns
to face the Earth. These areas of enhanced probability have
been named regions A, B, and C. . . region A, which peaks
around 260E CML III, is the region of highest correlation.
Regions B and C, at about 170E and 320E respectively, are
somewhat less reliable, but certainly distinct and important
predictors."
In addition to the Central Meridian Longitude of the planet, a
correlation was also found with the angular position of one of
Jupiter's moons.
(b) SGC: The Io Phase.
From a catalogue of Jovian radio observations made
between 1961 and 1963, E.K. Bigg deduced in 1964 that
Jupiter's inner satellite, Io, appears to control the decametric
emissions, which reach the Earth, to a remarkable degree.58
[See Figure 20-I.1. The dependence of Jupiter's decametric radio
signal strength on the angular position of the satellite Io.]
This figure, taken from Bigg, shows that there is a great
probability of Jovian radiation whenever Io approaches two
angular positions: 93E and 246E after Io's Superior Geocentric
Conjunction (SGC). [The Superior Geocentric Conjunction
is that position of Io when it is directly on the far side of Jupiter
when Jupiter and Io lie in a straight line to the Earth. The Io
phase, or SGC angle, is measured from that reference
orientation as Io revolves around Jupiter. (See Figure 21-I.3.)]
Io has a mean period of 2,548.5 minutes and moves angularly at
424.75 sec/deg.
2. Prediction of Decametric Radiation from Jupiter.
Realizing that both the CML III and Io's angular position
relative to the SGC correlate with radio emissions from Jupiter,
Bigg plotted the intensity of the radiation on a graph with the
SGC angle as ordinate and the CML III as abscissa.
[See Figure 20-I.2. This is a sketch of radio signal strength on a
plot of the Io phase (Io's angular position with respect to the SGC)
versus the rotational orientation of Jupiter (the angle between
Jupiter's CML III and an Earth-Jupiter reference line).]
A procedure for the prediction of decametric radiation from
Jupiter was then readily deduced. The Figure clearly reveals
patterns where a high probability of signal reception exists.
These configurations of activity may be summarized as shown
in Table II:
TABLE II.
STORM CML III SGC CHARACTER
Io-A 200E-270E 205E-260E RH polarized
L Bursts
Io-B 105E-185E 80E-110E RH polarized
S Bursts
Io-C 285E-370E 225E-260E LH polarized
L & S Bursts
Io-D 100E-200E 95E-130E
Non-Io-A 200E-280E 0E-360E
The CML III regions on the plot can be defined as shown in
Table III.
Figures I.1 and I.2 reveal that two phenomena are actually
occurring. Clearly, the radio signal strength depends upon the
departure of Io from the superior geocentric conjunction: Io
strongly influences the emission of radio signals from Jupiter.
But it is also apparent that the angular orientation of Jupiter's
magnetic poles relative to the Earth also govern the radiation we
receive. Jupiter's magnetic poles are tilted slightly with respect
to its axis of rotation and so, as Jupiter's Central Meridian
Longitude rotates, the changing aspect of Jupiter's magnetic
equator as viewed from the Earth causes variations in the
observed field strength and polarization. Moore observes th at,59
"The total intensity goes through two maxima and two minima
per revolution, the maxima occurring when the magnetic equator
34. 10
1. Letter to George Scherff, dated July 4, 1899.
2. Nikola Tesla, "The Problem of Increasing Human Energy,"
The Century Illustrated Magazine, June, 1900, pp. 175-
211. (See p. 209.)
3. Nikola Tesla, "Some Planet Affected His Machine," NY
Sun, January 3, 1901.
4. Nikola Tesla, letter to the Editor of the NY Sun, dated
January 9, 1901. (Tesla Museum, Beograd, Yugoslavia,
3/4 #627.)
5. Nikola Tesla, "Talking with Planets," Collier's Weekly,
February 9, 1901, pp. 4-5. [Reprinted as Chapter XVI -
Electrical Communication With The Planets - in the book
is viewed edge on, and the minima when the equatorial plane
is viewed from extreme positive and negative latitudes."
[There is another phenomenon which comes into play for
determining the variation of the Jupiter signals on Earth. The
observed width of the Jovian radiation pattern is fairly narrow
(on the order of 6E). Furthermore, Jupiter's orbit is slightly
tilted with respect to the ecliptic plane (the plane of the Earth's
orbit around the sun). To view it another way, from Jupiter's
position, the plane of the Earth's orbit tilts slightly above and
below Jupiter's orbital plane as the Earth revolves about the sun.
The inclination is about 3.3E and this "Jovicentric Declination
of the Earth" ( D ) moves the Earth into and slightly back out ofe
the beam of radiation emanating from Jupiter. As a result, the
probability of radio reception varies with D .]e
While the above observations imply a procedure for
predicting when the Earth receives radio signals from Jupiter,
they do not yet explain the physics of why the Jovian system
should radiate at all. We will turn to that topic next.
3. Radiation Mechanisms: Plasma Torus &Io's Flux Tube.
It is now known that both Jupiter and Saturn possess
substantial magnetic fields: B - 10×10 Teslas (tipped about-4
10E with respect to the axis of rotation) for Jupiter and B -
2.5×10 Teslas (tipped less than 1E with respect to the axis of-5
rotation) for Saturn. (By way of comparison, the Earth's
magnetic field is on the order of 5×10 Teslas.) It is also known-5
that these planets radiate nonthermal emissions at various
wavelengths corresponding to frequencies extending from 3
kHz up to about 30 MHz.
While there exist a vast collection of hypotheses for the
radiation from Jupiter and Saturn, it appears that the radio
emissions are linked to electrical charges accelerated through
the planets' magnetic field structure. Gyro radiation is produced
when electrons spiral about magnetic fields under the influence
of the Lorentz force at relatively low velocities. The frequency
of the gyro radiation is given by
I.1
Radiation from Jupiter at 22 MHz by this mechanism would
seem to imply emission from a magnetospheric region where B
- 7.86 gauss (1 Tesla = 1 Weber/m = 10 Gauss), while2 4
radiation at 10 kHz would seem to imply emission from a
magnetospheric region where B - 3.57 milligauss. However, a
simple application of conventional gyro radiation theory does
not seem to explain the Jovian radiation spectrum. As pointed
out above, it has long been recognized that the position of Io
and its orbit plays some role in explaining Jovian radiation.
Io has a diameter of 3640 km and orbits Jupiter at a distance
of 5.9 R (421.6 Mm; the equatorial radius of Jupiter is R =J J
71,398 km, and Jupiter's mass is M = 1.901× 10 kg.), wellJ
27
within Jupiter's magnetosphere, with a period of 1.769 days. It
has an atmosphere and at least seven active volcanoes, with
plumes extending up to 250 km above the surface of the Jovian
satellite.
Apparently, due to the sputtering action of material ejected
from Io and high energy particles bombarding this moon, a
toroidal ring of charged plasma particles has been created
around Jupiter at the radius of Io's orbit. The "plasma torus" is
slightly inclined to the orbit of Io due to the presence of Jupiter's
strong magnetic field. (See Figure 21-I.4.) The kilometric
radiation detected by Voyager 1 appeared to have been
generated by plasma oscillations in the Io plasma torus.60
It has been hypothesized that the Io-Jupiter system forms an
enormous electrical generator. The Jovian magnetic field at Io61
is about 1900 nT and the motion of Io through Jupiter's
magnetic field induces a v×B voltage across Io of about 400
kV. As a result, plasma electrons are driven along Jovian62
magnetic field lines forming a "flux tube" that connects Io and
Jupiter's conducting ionosphere. The current flowing between
Jupiter and Io along this flux tube is in excess of 5 million
amperes, and this gravitationally driven natural electrical
generator (which would excite the enthusiasm of any electrical
engineer) has been estimated to operate at a power level in
excess of 10 watts. There are many other issues associated12
with radio emissions from Jupiter and Saturn, and the reader is
invited to turn to the literature of radio astronomy.
Technical issues related to the construction of Tesla's
receivers, the parameters associated with the operation of his
facility as a VLF radio telescope, atmospheric noise fields, and
further detectable radio emission events are treated in greater
detail in the engineering report mentioned at the beginning of
this paper. Karl Jansky probably detected decametric radiation
from Jupiter, although that can't be documented. Again, it is our
conclusion that, under extremely favorable (but entirely
feasible) circumstances, Tesla could have readily heard the
audio reaction of his regenerative peak detectors responding to
the impulsive kilometric noise emanating from the planet
Jupiter [Fig. 22].
_________________________________________________
REFERENCES
35.
36. 11
Polyphase Electric Currentsand Alternate-Current Motors,
by Silvanus P. Thompson, Volume 4 of The Library of
Electrical Science, Collier and Son, New York, 1902, pp.
225-235.]
6. Nikola Tesla, "Signalling to Mars - A Problem in
Electrical Engineering," Harvard Illustrated, March, 1907,
pp. 119-121.
7. Nikola Tesla, "How to Signal to Mars," New York Times,
May 23, 1909, p. 10, col. 6, 7.
8. Nikola Tesla, "Signals to Mars based on Hope of Life on
Planet," New York Herald, Sunday, October 12, 1919,
Magazine Section.
9. Nikola Tesla, "Interplanetary Communication," Electrical
World, September 24, 1921, p. 620.
10. Nikola Tesla, "A Giant Eye to See Round the World,"
Albany Telegram, February 25, 1923.
11. Nikola Tesla, "I Expect to Talk to Mars," an interview
with George Sylvester Viereck, September 11, 1935.
(Courtesy of Leland I. Anderson)
12. "Lord Kelvin Believes Mars Now Signaling America,"
Philadelphia North American, May 18, 1902, Mag. Sect.
V.
13. Cheney, M, Tesla: Man Out of Time, Prentice-Hall,
1981, pg. 162.
14. Wysock, W., J. Hardesty, K.L. Corum, and J.F. Corum,
"Who was the Real Dr. Nikola Tesla?," AMTA (Antenna
Measurement Techniques Association) Conference, Oct.
22-25, 2001, Denver, CO. The paper is available at
http://www.ttr.com/what's_new.htm (Click on "Who was
the Real Dr. Nikola Tesla?" to download the 137 kb file).
15. Corum, K.L., J.F. Corum, and A.H. Aidinejad,
"Atmospheric Fields, Tesla's Receivers and Regenerative
Detectors," Proceedings of the 1994 International Tesla
Symposium, International Tesla Society, Colorado
Springs, CO, 1994.
16. Nikola Tesla, "Talking with Planets," Collier's Weekly,
February 9, 1901, pp. 4-5;reprinted in Polyphase Electric
Currents, Chapter XIV of Volume 4 of The Library of
Electrical Science, S.P. Thompson, Editor, Collier & Son,
NY, 1902, pp. 225-235.
17. Nikola Tesla, “Experiments with Alternate Currents of
High Potential and High Frequency,” a lecture delivered
before the Institution of Electrical Engineers in London,
and then before the Royal Institution on Thursday,
February 4, 1892. Published as Chapter XXVII in
Inventions, Researches and Writings of Nikola Tesla, by
T.C. Martin, 1894, reprintedby Barnes and Noble Books,
1992, pp. 198-293.
18. Watson, G.N., "The Transmission of Electric Waves round
the Earth," Proceedings of the Royal Society, Vol. 95,
1919, pp. 546-563.
19. Hodara, H., "The Use of Magnetic Fields in the
Elimination of the Re-Entry Radio Blackout," Proceedings
of the IRE, Vol. 49,1961, pp. 1825-1830. (See p. 1826.)
20. Appleton, E.V., "Wireless Studies of the Ionosphere,"
Journal of the IEE (London), Vol. 71, 1932, pp. 642-650.
21. Hartree, D.R., "The Propagation of Electromagnetic
Waves in a Refracting Medium in a Magnetic Field,"
Proceedings of the Cambridge Philosophical Society, Vol.
27, 1931, pp. 143-162.
22. Fillipowsky, R.F. and E.I. Muehldorf, Space
Communications Systems, Prentice-Hall, 1965, pp. 168-
169.
22. Leiphart, J.P., R.W. Zeek, L.S. Bearce, and E. Toth,
"Penetration of the Ionosphere by Very-Low-Frequency
Radio Signals: Interim Results of the LOFTI I
Experiment," Proceedings of the IRE, Vol. 50, 1962, pp.
6-17. (See Figure 4, p. 8.)
24. Ibid.
25. Corum, K.L. and J.F. Corum, "Nikola Tesla, Lightning
Observations and Stationary Waves," Proceedings of the
1994 International Tesla Symposium, International Tesla
Society, Colorado Springs, Colorado, 1994.
26. Corum, K.L., J.F. Corum, and A.H. Aidinejad,
"Atmospheric Fields, Tesla's Receivers and Regenerative
Detectors," Proceedings of the 1994 International Tesla
Symposium, International Tesla Society, Colorado
Springs, CO, 1994.
27. Ort, C., "Discussion," Proceedings of the IRE, Vol. 5,
1917, pp. 163-166.
28. Ort, C., Elektrotechnische Zeitschrift, 1909, pg. 655.
29. Ort, C., Archive fur Elektrotechnik, Vol. 1,1912, pg. 192.
30. Armstrong, E.H., (Superheterodyne Receiver), US Patent
#1,342,885, June 8, 1920.
31. Ort, C., "Discussion," Proceedings of the IRE, Vol. 5,
1917, pp. 163-166.
32. Burke, B.F. and K.L. Franklin, "Observations of a
Variable Radio Source Associated with the Planet
Jupiter," Journal of Geophysical Research, Vol. 60, 1955,
pp. 213-217.
33. Donato Creti, 1711, Musei e Gallerie Pontificie,
Photographic Archives of the Vatican Museums and
Galleries.
34. Kraus, J.D., "Planetary and Solar Radio Emission at 11
Meters Wavelength," Proceedings of the IRE, Vol. 46,
January, 1958, pp. 266-274.
37. 12
35. Ibid.
36. Warwick, J.W., J.B. Pearce, A.C. Riddle, J.K. Alexander,
M.D. Desch, M.L. Kaiser, J.R. Thieman, T.D, Carr, S.
Gulkis, A. Boischot, C.C. Harvey, and B.M. Pederson,
"Voyager 1 Planetary Radio Astronomy Observations
Near Jupiter," Science, Vol. 204, June 1, 1979, pp. 995-
998.
37. Ibid.
38. The American Ephemeris and Nautical Almanac,
Washington Bureau of Equipment (now the US
Government Printing Office). The 1899 volume was
published in 1898, and 1900 was published in 1899.
39. Corum, K.L. and J.F. Corum, "Nikola Tesla, Lightning
Observations and Stationary Waves," Proceedings of the
1994 International Tesla Symposium, International Tesla
Society, Colorado Springs, Colorado, 1994.
40. "Lord Kelvin Believes Mars Now Signaling America,"
Philadelphia North American, May 18, 1902, Mag.
Section V.
41. Cheney, M., Tesla: Man Out of Time, Prentice-Hall, 1981,
pg. 162.
42. Lodge, Oliver, Signalling Across Space Without Wires,
The Electrician Printing and Publishing Co., London,
1900.
43. "Messages from Mars Scouted by Experts," New York
Times, September 3, 1921, p. 4, Col. 4.
44. Nikola Tesla, "Interplanetary Communication," Electrical
World, September 24, 1921, p. 620.
45. Swift, Jonathan, Gulliver's Travels, 1726, Part III, Chapt.
3.
46. Newcomb, S. and E.S. Holden, Astronomy, Holt and Co.,
1883, pp. 234-235.
47. Nikola Tesla, "Signalling to Mars - A Problem in
Electrical Engineering," Harvard Illustrated, March, 1907,
pp. 119-121.
48. Kraus, J.D., Big Ear, Cygnus-Quasar Books, Powell, Ohio,
1976, pp. 204-205.
49. Ibid, pp. 116-120.
50. Jansky, K.G., "Electrical Disturbances Apparently of
Extraterrestrial Origin," Proc. IRE, Vol. 21, 1933, pp.
1387-1398.
51. Nikola Tesla, "Interplanetary Communication," Electrical
World, September 24, 1921, pg. 620.
52. Nikola Tesla, "Signals to Mars based on Hope of Life on
Planet," New York Herald, Sunday, October 12, 1919,
Magazine Section.
53. Ref. 10, loc cit.
54. For a larger version, go to the following web site:
http://antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov/apod/image/0208/earthlights
02_dmsp_big.jpg
55. Bohr, N., Remarks presented at the Beograd Centenary
Symposium of the Birth of Nikola Tesla, July 10, 1956,
published in Tribute to Nikola Tesla, Nikola Tesla
Museum, Beograd, Yugoslavia, 1961, p. LS-83.
56. Gulkis, S. and T.D. Carr, "Radio Rotation Period of
Jupiter," Science, Vol. 154, October 14, 1966, pp. 257-
259.
57. Sky, J., "Radio-Jupiter 2.0 Observer's Guide," Radio-Sky
Publishing (P.O. Box 3552, Louisville, KY, 40201-3552),
1994, pp. 3-4.
58. Bigg, E.K., "Influence of the Satellite Io on Jupiter's
Decametric Emission," Nature, Vol. 203, September 5,
1964, pp. 1008-1010.
59. Moore, P. and G. Hunt, Atlas of the Solar System, Rand
McNally, 1983, p. 259.
60. Stone, E.C. and A.L. Lane, "Voyager 1 Encounter with the
Jovian System," Science, Vol. 204, June 1,1979, pp. 945-
948.
61. Goldreich, P. and D. Lyndon-Bell, "Io - aJovian Unipolar
Inductor," Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 156, 1969, p. 59 .
62. Smoluchowski, R., "Jupiter 1975," American Scientist,
Vol. 63, 1975, pp. 638-648.