New research methods in Business History
1. Business History is an open discipline that can include issues related to the evolution of the economy, enterprises, markets, and the business world as well as other institutional, cultural, and social areas related to industrialization. A historical perspective is vital to studying companies and entrepreneurship given their uncertainty and variability over time and place.
2. The development of new technologies like computers and the internet have created new sources of data and methodologies for Business History research. Telematics networks allow researchers to access electronic sources and digital resources to study topics like the transition to a knowledge economy and the impact of long tail markets.
3. Open innovation models and new economies of knowledge represent
Masses, Crowds, Communities, Movements. Collective Formations in the Digital ...University of Stuttgart
From prosumers to swarms, crowds, e-movements and e-communities, the Internet allows for new forms of collective behavior and action anywhere on the spectrum between individ- uals and organizations. In all of these cases, online technologies function as connectivity- enhancing tools and have prompted the search for novel or inherently different collective formations and actors on the web.
However, research to date on these new collective formations on the web lacks a sociologi- cally informed and theoretical focus. Instead, loosely defined terms such as “swarm”, “crowd” or “network” are readily used as a catch-all for any formation that cannot be charac- terized as a stable corporate actor. Such terms contribute little to an understanding of the vast range of collective activities on the Internet, namely because the various collective for- mations differ significantly from each other with regard to their size, internal structure, inter- action, institutional dynamics, stability and strategic capability.
In order to bridge this gap, this study investigates two questions: One, how might the very dif- ferently structured collectives on the Internet be classified and distinguished along actor- or action-centered theory? And two, what influence do the technological infrastructures in which they operate have on their formation, structure and activities? For this we distinguish between two main types of collectives: non-organized collectives, which exhibit loosely-coupled col- lective behavior, and collective actors with a separate identity and strategic capability. Further, we examine the newness, or distinctive traits, of online-based collectives, which we identify as being the strong and hitherto non-existent interplay between the technological infrastruc- tures that these collectives are embedded in and the social processes of coordination and insti- tutionalization they must engage in in order to maintain their viability over time. Convention- al patterns of social dynamics in the development and stabilization of collective action are now systematically intertwined with technology-induced processes of structuration.
Social Media and the global marketplace Web 2.0 Business .docxpbilly1
Social Media and the global marketplace: Web 2.0
Business Models
Readings:
Wirtz, B.W., Schilke, O. and Ullrich, S., 2010. Strategic development of
business models: implications of the Web 2.0 for creating value on the
internet. Long Range Planning, 43(2), pp.272-290.
INB 20009 Managing the Global Marketplace
Lesson plan
• Social Media and digital business models
• Socio-cultural research (Verstehen school of thought)
1) Socio-Cultural Research: The social as capital
2) Socio-Cultural Research: The social as theatre
• Stages of Internationalisation
• A Strategic Approach to Internationalisation: A Traditional Versus a
‘Born-Global’ Approach :
• Implications and recommendations
PART 1
CONCEPTS
A BUSINESS MODEL
• The business model is a holistic management
approach that reflects the fundamental value
creation logic, value creation architecture and the
functioning of a company (Timmers 1998).
• A representation of a firm’s underlying core logic and
strategic choices for creating and capturing value
within a value network (Shafer, S.M., Smith, H.J.
and Linder, J.C., 2005 p.202).
A BUSINESS MODEL…contd
• Porter (1985) distinguishes nine value chain elements. Namely, as
primary elements inbound logistics, operations, outbound logistics,
marketing & sales, service; and as support activities technology
development, procurement, human resource management,
corporate infrastructure.
Components of a business model
Source: (Shafer, S.M., Smith, H.J. and Linder, J.C., 2005 p.202).
The 4C-Net-Business-Model typology
(Wirtz 2000; Wirtz and Lihotzky 2003, p. 522)
• A typology to structure the different business
models on the Internet within the B2C sector.
• Four basic business models are characterised
by different service offerings across Content,
Commerce, Context and Connection.
• The classification is considered as 4C-Net-
Business-Model typology (Wirtz 2000, p. 218).
Content, Commerce, Context and
Connection
• Content-orientated business models are used by firms -
such as The Wall Street Journal Online - that focus on
the collection, selection, compilation, distribution, and/or
presentation of online content.
• Their value proposition is to provide convenient, user-
friendly online access to various types of relevant
content.
Content, Commerce, Context and
Connection
• Commerce-orientated business models focus primarily
on the initiation, negotiation, payment and delivery
aspects of trade transactions using online media.
• Commerce-oriented firms, such as Amazon and Dell,
offer cost-efficient transactions for buyers and sellers of
goods and services.
• Companies focusing on this type of business model use
electronic Internet-based processes to substitute or
support traditional transaction functions and arenas,
creating direct revenue streams in the form of sales
revenues, as well as indirect revenue streams such as
commissions.
Content, Commer.
Masses, Crowds, Communities, Movements. Collective Formations in the Digital ...University of Stuttgart
From prosumers to swarms, crowds, e-movements and e-communities, the Internet allows for new forms of collective behavior and action anywhere on the spectrum between individ- uals and organizations. In all of these cases, online technologies function as connectivity- enhancing tools and have prompted the search for novel or inherently different collective formations and actors on the web.
However, research to date on these new collective formations on the web lacks a sociologi- cally informed and theoretical focus. Instead, loosely defined terms such as “swarm”, “crowd” or “network” are readily used as a catch-all for any formation that cannot be charac- terized as a stable corporate actor. Such terms contribute little to an understanding of the vast range of collective activities on the Internet, namely because the various collective for- mations differ significantly from each other with regard to their size, internal structure, inter- action, institutional dynamics, stability and strategic capability.
In order to bridge this gap, this study investigates two questions: One, how might the very dif- ferently structured collectives on the Internet be classified and distinguished along actor- or action-centered theory? And two, what influence do the technological infrastructures in which they operate have on their formation, structure and activities? For this we distinguish between two main types of collectives: non-organized collectives, which exhibit loosely-coupled col- lective behavior, and collective actors with a separate identity and strategic capability. Further, we examine the newness, or distinctive traits, of online-based collectives, which we identify as being the strong and hitherto non-existent interplay between the technological infrastruc- tures that these collectives are embedded in and the social processes of coordination and insti- tutionalization they must engage in in order to maintain their viability over time. Convention- al patterns of social dynamics in the development and stabilization of collective action are now systematically intertwined with technology-induced processes of structuration.
Social Media and the global marketplace Web 2.0 Business .docxpbilly1
Social Media and the global marketplace: Web 2.0
Business Models
Readings:
Wirtz, B.W., Schilke, O. and Ullrich, S., 2010. Strategic development of
business models: implications of the Web 2.0 for creating value on the
internet. Long Range Planning, 43(2), pp.272-290.
INB 20009 Managing the Global Marketplace
Lesson plan
• Social Media and digital business models
• Socio-cultural research (Verstehen school of thought)
1) Socio-Cultural Research: The social as capital
2) Socio-Cultural Research: The social as theatre
• Stages of Internationalisation
• A Strategic Approach to Internationalisation: A Traditional Versus a
‘Born-Global’ Approach :
• Implications and recommendations
PART 1
CONCEPTS
A BUSINESS MODEL
• The business model is a holistic management
approach that reflects the fundamental value
creation logic, value creation architecture and the
functioning of a company (Timmers 1998).
• A representation of a firm’s underlying core logic and
strategic choices for creating and capturing value
within a value network (Shafer, S.M., Smith, H.J.
and Linder, J.C., 2005 p.202).
A BUSINESS MODEL…contd
• Porter (1985) distinguishes nine value chain elements. Namely, as
primary elements inbound logistics, operations, outbound logistics,
marketing & sales, service; and as support activities technology
development, procurement, human resource management,
corporate infrastructure.
Components of a business model
Source: (Shafer, S.M., Smith, H.J. and Linder, J.C., 2005 p.202).
The 4C-Net-Business-Model typology
(Wirtz 2000; Wirtz and Lihotzky 2003, p. 522)
• A typology to structure the different business
models on the Internet within the B2C sector.
• Four basic business models are characterised
by different service offerings across Content,
Commerce, Context and Connection.
• The classification is considered as 4C-Net-
Business-Model typology (Wirtz 2000, p. 218).
Content, Commerce, Context and
Connection
• Content-orientated business models are used by firms -
such as The Wall Street Journal Online - that focus on
the collection, selection, compilation, distribution, and/or
presentation of online content.
• Their value proposition is to provide convenient, user-
friendly online access to various types of relevant
content.
Content, Commerce, Context and
Connection
• Commerce-orientated business models focus primarily
on the initiation, negotiation, payment and delivery
aspects of trade transactions using online media.
• Commerce-oriented firms, such as Amazon and Dell,
offer cost-efficient transactions for buyers and sellers of
goods and services.
• Companies focusing on this type of business model use
electronic Internet-based processes to substitute or
support traditional transaction functions and arenas,
creating direct revenue streams in the form of sales
revenues, as well as indirect revenue streams such as
commissions.
Content, Commer.
Mutation of Capital in the Information Age: Insights from the Music IndustrySergej Lugovic
Mutation of Capital in the Information Age: Insights from the Music Industry. INFuture2013-Information Governance.
Lugović, S., & Špiranec, S. (2013).
ABSTRACT Whereas at one time the decisive factor of production was the land, and later capital – today the decisive factor is increasingly man himself, that is, his knowledge. Pope John Paul II (1991). Centesimus Annus Summary The question this paper addresses is whether more variety in meaning of capital could increase the value of capital as one of the factors of production. Methodology used is based on observation, and in this stage of research of this phenomenon we believe that detailed observations are needed with aim to provide enough qualitative data for further development of qualitative methods. Based on a case study from the music industry, the authors have tried to determine whether the extensive use of technology, relationship, knowledge and emotions can be used as a resource for value production in today's economy? These four factors, under complex system analyses of their relationship, could provide enough variety to respond to increasing variety (diversity) developed in music industry environment. In the first part of the paper the on-going rise of importance of intangible values and their relationship with tangible one is discussed. After that, value theories are observed and their relationship to information science is being examined. In the last section, the authors will assert that increasing complexity, coupled (combined/conjoined) with faster changes in the music industry should directly be related to the development of new factors of production used to generate value which can be exchanged on the market. The proposed changes will be tested on a case study.
Mutation of Capital in the Information Age: Insights from the Music Industry. Available from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/262637541_Mutation_of_Capital_in_the_Information_Age_Insights_from_the_Music_Industry [accessed May 21, 2015].
The book presents a series of articles on hidden innovation in different sectors and with different implications both for public policy and for social and organizational dynamics.
4.If we are to develop an understanding of culture through ‘feedba.docxtroutmanboris
4.If we are to develop an understanding of culture through ‘feedback’, what does it mean for forms of organisation, aesthetics and practice?
如果我们要通过“反馈”来理解文化,这对组织、美学和实践的形式意味着什么?
Week 9: Feedback and Systems Wednesday, 13.03.2019
Through the application of mechanical and scientific models for the understanding of social and political life, cybernetic theory – in particular notions of feedback – informed the development of many cultural, artistic and political projects in the mid-late 20th century, yet its influence is still under-recognized, especially in contemporary techno-political debates. This session will address cybernetic genealogies of information theory and systems thinking to see how current ideas around ‘planetary computation’ and ‘artificial intelligence’ draw on much longer and more equivocal histories than is often recognised.
6.Hacking is seen as a paradigmatic form of innovation, but also of political resistance and of contemporary knowledge politics. Working through some examples, discuss how these might come together.
黑客行为被视为一种创新的典范形式,但也被视为一种政治阻力和当代知识政治。通过一些例子,讨论它们是如何组合在一起的。
Week 4: The Hacker Wednesday, 06.02.2019
As a figure of the culture industry, the hacker is both symbol of ultimate innovation, of a free- thinking high-skilled rebel, but also as the avatar of destruction and chaos. This lecture will survey some of the claims made around the figure of the hacker, in particular examine Mackenzie Wark's reading of the political economy of hacking as a general theory of the production of the new in 'A Hacker Manifesto'. We will also open up the concept of ‘hacking’ as an intervention into the nuts-and-bolts of a technological system to interventions on the very structures of cognition, as in Catherine Malabou’s concept of neuroplasticity, and a metaphorical cannibalism as post-colonial ‘culture hacking’.
7.The figure of the user has become increasingly important in contemporary culture, how has this come about and what effects does it have?
在当代文化中,用户的形象变得越来越重要,它是如何产生的,产生了什么影响?
Week 2: Users-Things-Machines Wednesday, 23.01.2019
Alongside the consumer, the figure of the user is one of the casts of the culture industry that is most incessantly modelled and pre-figured. As cultural processes are often interwoven with computational and networked digital media and as design might be said to provide if not a general theory of culture but a 'general practice' of entities, processes and events, this lecture traces some of the ways in which users, consumers and audiences have been theorised, created and invented. At the same time, the technologically and ecologically inspired shift in social theory from subjects to objects, from masses to networks, and from people to things means we need to re-visit some of our assumptions about the agents of cultural production, also viewing the production of culture in line with other shifts in social approaches to knowledge, technics and labour.
.
Disintermediation is a concept well-understood in almost all industries. At its simplest, it refers to the process by which intermediaries in a supply chain are eliminated, most often by digital re-engineering of process and workflow. It can often result in streamlined processes that appear more customer-focused. It can also result in the destruction of almost entire industries and occupations, and the re-design of almost every aspect of customer and client-facing activity. To date, HE and legal education in particular has not given much attention to the process. In this article I explore some of the theory that has been constructed around the concept in other industries. I then examine some of the consequences that disintermediation is having upon our teaching and learning, and on our research on legal education, as part of the general landscape of digital media churn; evaluate its effects (particularly with regard to regulation) and show how we might use aspects of it in one version of the future of legal education.
A review of the growth of the Israel Genealogy Research Association Database Collection for the last 12 months. Our collection is now passed the 3 million mark and still growing. See which archives have contributed the most. See the different types of records we have, and which years have had records added. You can also see what we have for the future.
Thinking of getting a dog? Be aware that breeds like Pit Bulls, Rottweilers, and German Shepherds can be loyal and dangerous. Proper training and socialization are crucial to preventing aggressive behaviors. Ensure safety by understanding their needs and always supervising interactions. Stay safe, and enjoy your furry friends!
A workshop hosted by the South African Journal of Science aimed at postgraduate students and early career researchers with little or no experience in writing and publishing journal articles.
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty,
International FDP on Fundamentals of Research in Social Sciences
at Integral University, Lucknow, 06.06.2024
By Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
Normal Labour/ Stages of Labour/ Mechanism of LabourWasim Ak
Normal labor is also termed spontaneous labor, defined as the natural physiological process through which the fetus, placenta, and membranes are expelled from the uterus through the birth canal at term (37 to 42 weeks
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
বাংলাদেশের অর্থনৈতিক সমীক্ষা ২০২৪ [Bangladesh Economic Review 2024 Bangla.pdf] কম্পিউটার , ট্যাব ও স্মার্ট ফোন ভার্সন সহ সম্পূর্ণ বাংলা ই-বুক বা pdf বই " সুচিপত্র ...বুকমার্ক মেনু 🔖 ও হাইপার লিংক মেনু 📝👆 যুক্ত ..
আমাদের সবার জন্য খুব খুব গুরুত্বপূর্ণ একটি বই ..বিসিএস, ব্যাংক, ইউনিভার্সিটি ভর্তি ও যে কোন প্রতিযোগিতা মূলক পরীক্ষার জন্য এর খুব ইম্পরট্যান্ট একটি বিষয় ...তাছাড়া বাংলাদেশের সাম্প্রতিক যে কোন ডাটা বা তথ্য এই বইতে পাবেন ...
তাই একজন নাগরিক হিসাবে এই তথ্য গুলো আপনার জানা প্রয়োজন ...।
বিসিএস ও ব্যাংক এর লিখিত পরীক্ষা ...+এছাড়া মাধ্যমিক ও উচ্চমাধ্যমিকের স্টুডেন্টদের জন্য অনেক কাজে আসবে ...
it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
This slide is special for master students (MIBS & MIFB) in UUM. Also useful for readers who are interested in the topic of contemporary Islamic banking.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
Executive Directors Chat Leveraging AI for Diversity, Equity, and InclusionTechSoup
Let’s explore the intersection of technology and equity in the final session of our DEI series. Discover how AI tools, like ChatGPT, can be used to support and enhance your nonprofit's DEI initiatives. Participants will gain insights into practical AI applications and get tips for leveraging technology to advance their DEI goals.
Executive Directors Chat Leveraging AI for Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion
New research methods of Business History
1. New research methods
of Business History
Presentation to 2nd Balkans and Middle East Countries
Conference on Auditing and Accounting History
Istanbul, September 16, 2010
Amedeo Lepore, Università degli Studi
di Bari “Aldo Moro”
2. Business History, while not clearly established or widely
recognized, is an open discipline that can include, in addition to the
issues related to the evolution of economy, enterprises, market and
business world, other institutional, cultural and social areas, related to
contemporary implications derived from the long process of
industrialization. As stressed by Joseph Schumpeter, History is an
essential tool for the study of business and entrepreneurship:
«Economic historians and economic theorists can make an interesting
and socially valuable journey together, if they will. It would be an
investigation into the sadly neglected area of economic change».
According to this approach, the extensive use of historical methodology
(i.e., that comparative) is a fundamental element for the analysis of the
company, the entrepreneurship and its dynamics. It is the nature of
entrepreneurship - in relation to the uncertainty of the definition of the
preparatory phase of the business, the long-term perspective of its
activities and the diversification of its character from place to place, as
well as over time - that underscores the vital importance of a historical
vision for the study of the company and its operation within the
capitalist system.
3.
4. The main stages of industrialization
1 The phase of Hydraulic and Localized energy
mechanization thermal energy source
2 The phase of mass Electric energy Energy
production. “Fordism” distribution
networks
3 The phase of Computational Computers
automation information connected to
machines
4 The phase of Internet Connected
knowledge networks of
knowledge
5. Enterprise characteristics for stages
1780-1840: Individual entrepreneurs, small business, local
capitals
1840-1880: First large-scale enterprises, first joint stock
companies
1880-1930: Development of cartels, trusts, monopolies,
finance capital, middle management
1930-1990: Multinational companies, oligopolistic
competition, multi-plants, subcontracting
1990-2010: Enterprise networking, telematics, quality, just
in time…
10. Business History after World War II
«Our post-war generation could have learned much from observing how Commons’s concepts of
legal rights and of economic transactions permitted him to generalize about economic processes and
how Mitchell and later Schumpeter used their massive data to generalize about the dynamics of business
cycles. In the late 1940s, however, the institutionalists were out of favour among economists. The
driving edge of their discipline was in the new Keynesian macroeconomic analyses and the new
mathematical techniques of econometrics. Historians dealing with complex human actions found both
the new approaches and the methods of the economists difficult to apply. Too often such quantitative
techniques demanded the isolation of a relatively small number of quantifiable variables, an isolation
which distorted the reality of the situation under analysis. In micro-economics, for example, the
business enterprise continued to be defined primarily as a unit of production (that is, a factory), one that
responded dutifully to the motive of profit maximization, rather than as a complex human organization
that co-ordinated productions with distribution, finance and changing technology. The theory of the
firm remained a theory of production. And in econometrics, individuals - their thought and action -
simply disappeared from the scene. On the other hand, in the late 1940s other social sciences,
particularly sociology, had much to offer younger historians seeking to do something with their case-
studies. In sociology the thought and action of individuals still remained at the centre of analysis. In
observing men and women at work at play, sociologists had generated valuable ideas about the structure
and process of human organizations and action. They had demonstrated that such generalizations,
typologies and concepts need not be tied to a specific time, place or culture» (Alfred D. Chandler).
19. 2. Object of the discipline and
traditional methods of study
20. Business History deals, primarily, with large
enterprises and, through a careful evaluation, can trace
not only corporate events, but fundamental issues
pertaining to the industry and the general context in which
they operate. The corporation, in fact, while performing its
activities in the goods and services market, i.e., the circuit
of production and distribution, is a complex business
organization, which has acquired increasing importance
and role in society and in collective action every day and,
therefore, has exceeded the boundaries of its original
scope. However, in many realities, particularly in Italy, the
analysis takes into consideration the evolution of a
different system, based on midsize, small and micro
enterprises, perfectly in line with the expansion of the
niche market.
25. As has been highlighted by Ralph W. Hidy: «Business
history has come a long way in the near half-century since
that slow start; the small stream of publications has
become a veritable flood of books and articles of varying
quality, content, and approach. Despite the great mass of
available material, there are still significant gaps in
subject matter and methodology, and coming to grips with
them will keep historians of business occupied for many
decades to come».
26. 3. The new methodologies for research
and telematics network
27.
28.
29. The appearance of the web on the stage of
scientific activity, studies and research marked the
opening of a completely new phase for Business History.
The use of electronic sources, in fact, requires an original
methodology and a theoretical approach of specialized
type, in order to offer appropriate solutions to the
questions posed by the phenomenal development of the
network, its segmentation and its practical applications,
involving an activity of selection, evaluation, interpretation
and exegesis of the documentation and digital resources,
unique.
30.
31.
32.
33.
34.
35. “Laymen - that is to say, non-academic friends or friends from other academic
disciplines - sometimes ask me how the historian goes to work when he writes history.
The commonest assumption appears to be that the historian divides his work into two
sharply distinguishable phases or periods. First, he spends a long preliminary period
reading his source and filling his notebooks with facts: then, when this is over, he puts
away his sources, takes out his notebooks, and writes his book from beginning to end.
This is to me an unconvincing and unplausible picture. For myself, as soon as I have
got going on a few of what I take to be the capital sources, the itch becomes too strong
and I begin to write - not necessarily at the beginning, but somewhere, anywhere.
Thereafter, reading and writing go on simultaneously. The writing is added to,
subtracted from, re-shaped, cancelled, as I go on reading. The reading is guided and
directed and made fruitful by the writing: the more I write, the more I know what I am
looking for, the better I understand the significance and relevance of what I find. Some
historians probably do all this preliminary writing in their head without using pen,
paper, or typewriter, just as some people play chess in their heads without recourse to
board and chess-men: this is a talent which I envy, but cannot emulate. But I am
convinced that, for any historian worth the name, the two processes of what economists
call “input” and “output” go on simultaneously and are, in practice, parts of a single
process. If you try to separate them, or to give one priority over the other, you fall into
one of two heresies. Either you write scissors-and-paste history without meaning or
significance; or you write propaganda or historical fiction, and merely use facts of the
past to embroider a kind of writing which has nothing to do with history” (Edward H.
Carr, What Is History?, 1961).
41. Strategies for extending product:
user relationships
high quality, good design
reliable, upgradable, maintainable
making social
extended connections
performance labels
durability increasing
tax relief for extended
life sensorial
value for variety personalisation
shift from products to money customisation
services (PSS) or shared
products
creating personal memory
sharing narratives
products
retention of
co-designers narrative & use-personalisation
& aesthetic appeal ageing with dignity
producer/co-producer of
narrative co-producers
overall aesthetic
producer/co-producer of cultural semiotics –
product status, identity
42.
43.
44.
45.
46.
47.
48.
49.
50.
51.
52.
53.
54. 4. The open innovation, the new
markets of the “long tail” and the
Business History
73. From the definition of globalization which was coined by Theodore
Levitt («the emergence of global markets for standardized consumer
products on a previously unimagined scale of magnitude») to the
emergence of new theories related to overcoming trend of the mass
market, through the dissemination of a niche “mass of markets”, it seems
a lot of water has passed under the bridge, yet it is only a few years, less a
quarter of a century. The diffusion of the model of the so-called “long tail”,
i.e., a tool that can provide a new interpretative key for understanding the
transition from Fordist society to the “post-industrial”, represents a
significant opportunity to examine the phenomenon of the enterprise
evolution, using the latest sources, able to provide an overview, as the
electronics. In any case, the path is traced and it is reasonable to initiate
new elaborations, able to pick the records, materials, databases and
knowledge spread, that, thanks to the telematic network and an updated
survey methodology, can be fully put to good use, opening new
perspectives of study for many different themes of Business History, a
discipline came from afar, but very current and intended to draw a not
short future.