New Perspectives on the Definition of Pain
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El documento describe diferentes patologías no tumorales de la mucosa oral, incluyendo aftas y úlceras orales, estomatitis erosivas e infecciosas. Se detalla la estomatitis aftosa recurrente, sus tipos de lesiones y tratamiento. También se describen úlceras de origen físico, medicamentoso e infeccioso como herpes, candidiasis y enfermedades sistémicas que pueden causar úlceras orales.
Congress on fetal pain
This bill seeks to ensure that women seeking abortions after 20 weeks of fertilization are informed about evidence that unborn children at this stage of development can experience pain during certain abortion procedures. The bill cites several findings regarding the capacity for unborn children to feel pain after 20 weeks of development, as well as existing laws and regulations that aim to protect animals and fetuses from unnecessary pain and discomfort. If passed, it would add a new title to the Public Health Service Act requiring abortion providers to inform women of the pain the unborn child could experience during the procedure.
Fetal pain and implications for research and practice
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The document discusses evidence related to whether a fetus can experience pain. It summarizes the development of anatomical structures and pathways involved in pain perception in a fetus from 8 weeks gestation onwards. It also discusses physiological evidence from preterm infants that suggests nociceptive pathways are functional from 24-26 weeks gestation. The document considers arguments that a fetus may experience pain in a primitive way without requiring consciousness, self-consciousness, or previous experience. It notes evidence that early painful experiences can have long-term effects on stress responses and sensitivity to pain.Pain of the unborn factsheet
An unborn child has the capacity to feel pain by 20 weeks gestation according to scientific evidence. By this point in development, the neural pathways, nerve tracts, thalamus, and cortex necessary to feel pain are all present. Studies show the unborn child responds to touch as early as 6 weeks and releases stress hormones when injected with a needle at 18 weeks, similar to the stress response in adults feeling pain. While abortion methods do not provide anesthesia to the unborn child, commercial livestock must be rendered insensible to pain before slaughter according to federal law.
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Lesiones de cavidad oral
El documento describe diferentes patologías no tumorales de la mucosa oral, incluyendo aftas y úlceras orales, estomatitis erosivas e infecciosas. Se detalla la estomatitis aftosa recurrente, sus tipos de lesiones y tratamiento. También se describen úlceras de origen físico, medicamentoso e infeccioso como herpes, candidiasis y enfermedades sistémicas que pueden causar úlceras orales.
Congress on fetal pain
This bill seeks to ensure that women seeking abortions after 20 weeks of fertilization are informed about evidence that unborn children at this stage of development can experience pain during certain abortion procedures. The bill cites several findings regarding the capacity for unborn children to feel pain after 20 weeks of development, as well as existing laws and regulations that aim to protect animals and fetuses from unnecessary pain and discomfort. If passed, it would add a new title to the Public Health Service Act requiring abortion providers to inform women of the pain the unborn child could experience during the procedure.
Fetal pain and implications for research and practice
Fetal pain and implications for research and practiceSouth Dakota Pain Capable Unborn Child Protection Act
The document discusses evidence related to whether a fetus can experience pain. It summarizes the development of anatomical structures and pathways involved in pain perception in a fetus from 8 weeks gestation onwards. It also discusses physiological evidence from preterm infants that suggests nociceptive pathways are functional from 24-26 weeks gestation. The document considers arguments that a fetus may experience pain in a primitive way without requiring consciousness, self-consciousness, or previous experience. It notes evidence that early painful experiences can have long-term effects on stress responses and sensitivity to pain.Pain of the unborn factsheet
An unborn child has the capacity to feel pain by 20 weeks gestation according to scientific evidence. By this point in development, the neural pathways, nerve tracts, thalamus, and cortex necessary to feel pain are all present. Studies show the unborn child responds to touch as early as 6 weeks and releases stress hormones when injected with a needle at 18 weeks, similar to the stress response in adults feeling pain. While abortion methods do not provide anesthesia to the unborn child, commercial livestock must be rendered insensible to pain before slaughter according to federal law.
The propositional nature of human associative learning
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This document discusses two approaches to understanding associative learning: the propositional approach and the dual-system approach. The propositional approach argues that associative learning results from controlled reasoning processes, while the dual-system approach argues it results from both controlled reasoning and the automatic formation of links between mental representations. The authors review evidence from past research and conclude that there is little support for the automatic link-formation mechanism proposed by the dual-system approach. Instead, they argue learning is better understood as resulting from propositional reasoning processes.Van and scheltema on fetal pain
This document discusses the concept of fetal pain and whether a fetus is capable of perceiving pain. It explores definitions of pain, the anatomical and neurophysiological development of the fetal nervous system, and behavioral responses to stimuli. While connections from the spinal cord to the thalamus develop by 20 weeks, and thalamocortical connections are present from around 26 weeks, the document notes debate around whether these are necessary for pain perception. It concludes that while the very young fetus is likely incapable of feeling pain, the capacity for pain perception likely develops before full term birth.
Vanhatalo & niewenhuizen on fetal pain
The document reviews the development of the fetal pain system and debates whether a fetus can feel pain. It finds that:
1) While reflex reactions to noxious stimuli can occur very early in development, cortical processing required for the emotional experience of pain likely only emerges after 26 weeks of gestation with the development of thalamo-cortical connections.
2) Before the cortex is involved, noxious stimuli can still trigger stress responses that affect development.
3) Rather than speculate on fetal pain, the clinically relevant aim is to avoid noxious stimuli to prevent their potential adverse effects on development.
What is it like to be a person who knows nothing
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This document summarizes a research article about the mental capacities of newborn infants. It argues that while newborns appear helpless, research shows they have an integrated consciousness and can engage in synchronized interactions with caregivers. This suggests newborns have intersubjective minds, emotions, and motives for social engagement. The study of infant cognition required moving beyond theories of the mind as developing through experience and language alone, to recognize innate capacities for shared intentionality and cultural learning from birth.The primary function of consciousness in the nervous system
The primary function of consciousness in the nervous systemSouth Dakota Pain Capable Unborn Child Protection Act
1) The article proposes that the primary function of consciousness is to integrate competing demands from specialized systems in the nervous system that influence skeletal muscle plans.
2) These "supramodular systems" operate in parallel to control actions like breathing, pain response, elimination, but can only collectively influence action through consciousness.
3) During a "supramodular conflict", when different systems demand opposing skeletal muscle actions, consciousness is necessary to integrate the systems and determine the appropriate response.The power of the word may reside in the power to affect
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This commentary agrees with Shanahan's view that language acquisition has an emotional basis. It provides a supplementary neuroscience perspective, arguing that:
1) Primary-process emotional systems in subcortical brain regions like the central amygdala generate affective intensity, not just secondary cognitive processes.
2) Social-emotional systems like separation distress, nurturance, play, and lust motivated the development of inter-subjective communication between mothers and infants, which may have promoted linguistic prosody.
3) Early affective communication through melodic "motherese" engages infants more than cognitive thought, and music is tightly linked to language in brain and development. Language may have evolved from our emotional nature throughThe importance of awareness for understanding fetal pain
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The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive function. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against developing mental illness and improve symptoms for those who already suffer from conditions like anxiety and depression.The human thalamus is crucially involved in executive control operations
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The study recorded EEG signals simultaneously from the scalp and thalamus of 7 patients undergoing deep brain stimulation for essential tremor. The patients performed a go/no-go task where they had to either execute or withhold a cued finger movement based on subsequent go or no-go cues. Event-related potentials differentiated between go and no-go conditions earlier at thalamic recording sites compared to scalp sites, suggesting the thalamus is involved in early classification of go and no-go instructions. Correlations between thalamic and frontal scalp responses were stronger for no-go activities, indicating the thalamus provides information to frontal areas involved in inhibiting prepared actions. The findings support a role for the thalamusThe fetus may feel pain by 20 weeks
The document discusses whether a fetus can feel pain and at what gestational age. It examines the anatomical, physiological, and behavioral evidence. While the fetus's experience of pain cannot be directly measured, the neural pathways for pain are developed by 20 weeks gestation. The fetus shows stress responses to invasive procedures from 16 weeks onward. Therefore, it is possible the fetus can feel pain from 20 weeks of gestation. More research is needed to fully understand fetal pain and how to provide appropriate analgesia during invasive prenatal procedures.
The development of nociceptive circuits
This document summarizes recent research on the development of nociceptive (pain-sensing) circuits in infants. It discusses how:
1) Nociceptive neurons are specified early in development through molecular pathways involving tyrosine kinase receptors and neurotrophic factors.
2) Functional synapses and neural circuits in the dorsal horn develop over the first postnatal weeks through changes in excitatory and inhibitory synaptic transmission.
3) Sensory activity, both non-nociceptive and excessive nociceptive inputs, can influence the development of pain processing circuits in early life.
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This randomized, double-blind study compared remifentanil and diazepam for fetal immobilization and maternal sedation during fetoscopic surgery. The study found that remifentanil produced better fetal immobilization with mild maternal respiratory depression, allowing for shorter surgeries, while diazepam resulted in greater maternal sedation but less fetal immobilization and longer surgeries. Remifentanil may thus be superior to diazepam for fetal immobilization during fetoscopic procedures.Pain and stress in the human fetus
The article discusses pain and stress responses in the human fetus. It notes that fetuses likely develop the physiological capacity to feel pain between 20-26 weeks gestation as the connections between the thalamus and cortex develop during this period. The article references evidence that fetuses as young as 18 weeks can experience rises in stress hormones in response to noxious stimuli like invasive medical procedures. While cortical involvement is thought necessary for a conscious pain experience, the fetus may experience pain prior to full cortical development due to subplate zone connections between 20-26 weeks gestation.
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This summary provides the key details from the document in 3 sentences:
The document discusses an experimental drug that has shown promise in stopping the hepatitis C virus from replicating and reducing virus levels in test subjects by over 1000 times. It also mentions that surveys found some tanning bed users exhibited behaviors indicating addiction to tanning, and interventions are needed to address addiction and anxiety regarding skin cancer risks. Additionally, it briefly outlines the debate around a new Nebraska law restricting abortion claiming fetuses can feel pain at 20 weeks, which is contradicted by experts saying the structures and ability to feel pain do not exist until later in development.Neurologizing the psychology of affects
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This article proposes that focusing research on the minimal brain regions necessary for consciousness can help reach a consensus on the neural basis of consciousness. The authors suggest (1) cataloging regions whose absence does not eliminate consciousness, such as the cerebellum and amygdala, and (2) investigating the long-overlooked olfactory system, which may generate a "microconsciousness". Critical questions remain about whether olfactory consciousness requires interactions with other brain regions or stimulation sufficient to induce hallucinations. This "brutally reductionistic" approach could isolate the physical basis of consciousness or illuminate what is required if its assumptions are invalidated.
Mapping and sequencing of gangliosides from anencephaly by electrospray ioniz...
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This document summarizes a study that analyzed and compared the ganglioside composition of anencephalic fetal brain tissue to normal fetal brain tissue through mass spectrometry. Gangliosides are sialylated glycosphingolipids that play important roles in cell signaling and central nervous system development. The study found differences in the expression of certain ganglioside species between the anencephalic and normal tissue, indicating disturbed cell differentiation and maturation processes in anencephaly where brain development is severely impaired. Specifically, some gangliosides were expressed at higher rates in the anencephalic tissue compared to normal tissue, demonstrating the value of anencephaly as a model for studying ganglioside involvementWound healing PPT
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This document discusses two approaches to understanding associative learning: the propositional approach and the dual-system approach. The propositional approach argues that associative learning results from controlled reasoning processes, while the dual-system approach argues it results from both controlled reasoning and the automatic formation of links between mental representations. The authors review evidence from past research and conclude that there is little support for the automatic link-formation mechanism proposed by the dual-system approach. Instead, they argue learning is better understood as resulting from propositional reasoning processes.Van and scheltema on fetal pain
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Vanhatalo & niewenhuizen on fetal pain
The document reviews the development of the fetal pain system and debates whether a fetus can feel pain. It finds that:
1) While reflex reactions to noxious stimuli can occur very early in development, cortical processing required for the emotional experience of pain likely only emerges after 26 weeks of gestation with the development of thalamo-cortical connections.
2) Before the cortex is involved, noxious stimuli can still trigger stress responses that affect development.
3) Rather than speculate on fetal pain, the clinically relevant aim is to avoid noxious stimuli to prevent their potential adverse effects on development.
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2) These "supramodular systems" operate in parallel to control actions like breathing, pain response, elimination, but can only collectively influence action through consciousness.
3) During a "supramodular conflict", when different systems demand opposing skeletal muscle actions, consciousness is necessary to integrate the systems and determine the appropriate response.The power of the word may reside in the power to affect
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This commentary agrees with Shanahan's view that language acquisition has an emotional basis. It provides a supplementary neuroscience perspective, arguing that:
1) Primary-process emotional systems in subcortical brain regions like the central amygdala generate affective intensity, not just secondary cognitive processes.
2) Social-emotional systems like separation distress, nurturance, play, and lust motivated the development of inter-subjective communication between mothers and infants, which may have promoted linguistic prosody.
3) Early affective communication through melodic "motherese" engages infants more than cognitive thought, and music is tightly linked to language in brain and development. Language may have evolved from our emotional nature throughThe importance of awareness for understanding fetal pain
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The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive function. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against developing mental illness and improve symptoms for those who already suffer from conditions like anxiety and depression.The human thalamus is crucially involved in executive control operations
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The study recorded EEG signals simultaneously from the scalp and thalamus of 7 patients undergoing deep brain stimulation for essential tremor. The patients performed a go/no-go task where they had to either execute or withhold a cued finger movement based on subsequent go or no-go cues. Event-related potentials differentiated between go and no-go conditions earlier at thalamic recording sites compared to scalp sites, suggesting the thalamus is involved in early classification of go and no-go instructions. Correlations between thalamic and frontal scalp responses were stronger for no-go activities, indicating the thalamus provides information to frontal areas involved in inhibiting prepared actions. The findings support a role for the thalamusThe fetus may feel pain by 20 weeks
The document discusses whether a fetus can feel pain and at what gestational age. It examines the anatomical, physiological, and behavioral evidence. While the fetus's experience of pain cannot be directly measured, the neural pathways for pain are developed by 20 weeks gestation. The fetus shows stress responses to invasive procedures from 16 weeks onward. Therefore, it is possible the fetus can feel pain from 20 weeks of gestation. More research is needed to fully understand fetal pain and how to provide appropriate analgesia during invasive prenatal procedures.
The development of nociceptive circuits
This document summarizes recent research on the development of nociceptive (pain-sensing) circuits in infants. It discusses how:
1) Nociceptive neurons are specified early in development through molecular pathways involving tyrosine kinase receptors and neurotrophic factors.
2) Functional synapses and neural circuits in the dorsal horn develop over the first postnatal weeks through changes in excitatory and inhibitory synaptic transmission.
3) Sensory activity, both non-nociceptive and excessive nociceptive inputs, can influence the development of pain processing circuits in early life.
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This randomized, double-blind study compared remifentanil and diazepam for fetal immobilization and maternal sedation during fetoscopic surgery. The study found that remifentanil produced better fetal immobilization with mild maternal respiratory depression, allowing for shorter surgeries, while diazepam resulted in greater maternal sedation but less fetal immobilization and longer surgeries. Remifentanil may thus be superior to diazepam for fetal immobilization during fetoscopic procedures.Pain and stress in the human fetus
The article discusses pain and stress responses in the human fetus. It notes that fetuses likely develop the physiological capacity to feel pain between 20-26 weeks gestation as the connections between the thalamus and cortex develop during this period. The article references evidence that fetuses as young as 18 weeks can experience rises in stress hormones in response to noxious stimuli like invasive medical procedures. While cortical involvement is thought necessary for a conscious pain experience, the fetus may experience pain prior to full cortical development due to subplate zone connections between 20-26 weeks gestation.
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This summary provides the key details from the document in 3 sentences:
The document discusses an experimental drug that has shown promise in stopping the hepatitis C virus from replicating and reducing virus levels in test subjects by over 1000 times. It also mentions that surveys found some tanning bed users exhibited behaviors indicating addiction to tanning, and interventions are needed to address addiction and anxiety regarding skin cancer risks. Additionally, it briefly outlines the debate around a new Nebraska law restricting abortion claiming fetuses can feel pain at 20 weeks, which is contradicted by experts saying the structures and ability to feel pain do not exist until later in development.Neurologizing the psychology of affects
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Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
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Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
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Chapter 6
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