This document summarizes a study that analyzed and compared the ganglioside composition of anencephalic fetal brain tissue to normal fetal brain tissue through mass spectrometry. Gangliosides are sialylated glycosphingolipids that play important roles in cell signaling and central nervous system development. The study found differences in the expression of certain ganglioside species between the anencephalic and normal tissue, indicating disturbed cell differentiation and maturation processes in anencephaly where brain development is severely impaired. Specifically, some gangliosides were expressed at higher rates in the anencephalic tissue compared to normal tissue, demonstrating the value of anencephaly as a model for studying ganglioside involvement
This document discusses 3 common myths about fetal pain and the use of fetal analgesia during procedures:
1) That fetuses do not feel pain or remember pain. However, research shows fetuses may feel pain as early as 20 weeks and have stress responses to invasive procedures.
2) That fetal analgesia is not possible or safe and there is no data to support it. Some studies have shown fetal analgesia is possible and safe in short term use and reduces stress responses.
3) That maternal analgesia is sufficient to cover fetal pain needs. However, not all maternal analgesia crosses the placenta and individual variation exists, so direct fetal analgesia should be considered.
The document argues
This commentary agrees with Shanahan's view that language acquisition has an emotional basis. It provides a supplementary neuroscience perspective, arguing that:
1) Primary-process emotional systems in subcortical brain regions like the central amygdala generate affective intensity, not just secondary cognitive processes.
2) Social-emotional systems like separation distress, nurturance, play, and lust motivated the development of inter-subjective communication between mothers and infants, which may have promoted linguistic prosody.
3) Early affective communication through melodic "motherese" engages infants more than cognitive thought, and music is tightly linked to language in brain and development. Language may have evolved from our emotional nature through
This document discusses two approaches to understanding associative learning: the propositional approach and the dual-system approach. The propositional approach argues that associative learning results from controlled reasoning processes, while the dual-system approach argues it results from both controlled reasoning and the automatic formation of links between mental representations. The authors review evidence from past research and conclude that there is little support for the automatic link-formation mechanism proposed by the dual-system approach. Instead, they argue learning is better understood as resulting from propositional reasoning processes.
Barrett et al. incorrectly argued that emotion feelings stem from conceptual acts rather than evolution and neurobiological development. Izard critiques several claims made by Barrett et al., including that they misattributed the idea of distinct brain circuits for each basic emotion to Izard, when he actually conceptualized emotion substrates in terms of multiple brain regions. Barrett et al. also failed to adequately consider evidence that supports basic negative emotions and their origins, and conflated data on emotion schemas with data on basic emotions. Current differential emotions theory recognizes the interdependence of emotion and cognition in schemas but holds that basic negative emotions are relatively rare.
This document advertises various promotions and specials for a business including receiving text coupons, earning cash back on purchases, accepting competitor coupons, family night deals on pizza and pitchers, half priced second pizzas on Tuesdays, and double coupon nights.
This document discusses whether a fetus can experience consciousness or pain. It explores the development of fetal neurology and the minimal requirements for consciousness. While fetuses develop stress responses to stimuli early in gestation, consciousness requires integrated processing and coordination between brain structures and rhythms. The fetal brain structures and electrical rhythms involved in consciousness in newborns are present in utero by the third trimester, suggesting fetuses could potentially experience a rudimentary form of consciousness late in development. However, more research is needed to fully understand fetal neurology and experience.
This document discusses disagreements between Lisa Feldman Barrett's view of emotions and Jaak Panksepp's theory of basic emotions. Panksepp argues that Barrett does not adequately consider evidence from animal studies of how stimulating specific brain regions produces distinct emotional states. He believes multiple basic emotional systems exist in the brain beyond just positive and negative affect. Panksepp claims human brain imaging and physiology are not robust enough on their own to determine basic vs complex emotions. He advocates considering causal evidence from animal models to better understand the neural bases of human emotion.
This document discusses the idea that natural minds are information-processing virtual machines that have been produced by evolution. It argues that to truly understand natural minds, we need to describe them with sufficient precision to enable the design of artificial minds. The key challenges are determining what concepts to use in theories of the mind and deciding whether producing artificial minds similar to natural ones will require new computing machinery. The document also discusses how virtual machines in computers can have causal powers and how psychotherapy can be viewed as debugging the "virtual machine" of the mind.
This document discusses 3 common myths about fetal pain and the use of fetal analgesia during procedures:
1) That fetuses do not feel pain or remember pain. However, research shows fetuses may feel pain as early as 20 weeks and have stress responses to invasive procedures.
2) That fetal analgesia is not possible or safe and there is no data to support it. Some studies have shown fetal analgesia is possible and safe in short term use and reduces stress responses.
3) That maternal analgesia is sufficient to cover fetal pain needs. However, not all maternal analgesia crosses the placenta and individual variation exists, so direct fetal analgesia should be considered.
The document argues
This commentary agrees with Shanahan's view that language acquisition has an emotional basis. It provides a supplementary neuroscience perspective, arguing that:
1) Primary-process emotional systems in subcortical brain regions like the central amygdala generate affective intensity, not just secondary cognitive processes.
2) Social-emotional systems like separation distress, nurturance, play, and lust motivated the development of inter-subjective communication between mothers and infants, which may have promoted linguistic prosody.
3) Early affective communication through melodic "motherese" engages infants more than cognitive thought, and music is tightly linked to language in brain and development. Language may have evolved from our emotional nature through
This document discusses two approaches to understanding associative learning: the propositional approach and the dual-system approach. The propositional approach argues that associative learning results from controlled reasoning processes, while the dual-system approach argues it results from both controlled reasoning and the automatic formation of links between mental representations. The authors review evidence from past research and conclude that there is little support for the automatic link-formation mechanism proposed by the dual-system approach. Instead, they argue learning is better understood as resulting from propositional reasoning processes.
Barrett et al. incorrectly argued that emotion feelings stem from conceptual acts rather than evolution and neurobiological development. Izard critiques several claims made by Barrett et al., including that they misattributed the idea of distinct brain circuits for each basic emotion to Izard, when he actually conceptualized emotion substrates in terms of multiple brain regions. Barrett et al. also failed to adequately consider evidence that supports basic negative emotions and their origins, and conflated data on emotion schemas with data on basic emotions. Current differential emotions theory recognizes the interdependence of emotion and cognition in schemas but holds that basic negative emotions are relatively rare.
This document advertises various promotions and specials for a business including receiving text coupons, earning cash back on purchases, accepting competitor coupons, family night deals on pizza and pitchers, half priced second pizzas on Tuesdays, and double coupon nights.
This document discusses whether a fetus can experience consciousness or pain. It explores the development of fetal neurology and the minimal requirements for consciousness. While fetuses develop stress responses to stimuli early in gestation, consciousness requires integrated processing and coordination between brain structures and rhythms. The fetal brain structures and electrical rhythms involved in consciousness in newborns are present in utero by the third trimester, suggesting fetuses could potentially experience a rudimentary form of consciousness late in development. However, more research is needed to fully understand fetal neurology and experience.
This document discusses disagreements between Lisa Feldman Barrett's view of emotions and Jaak Panksepp's theory of basic emotions. Panksepp argues that Barrett does not adequately consider evidence from animal studies of how stimulating specific brain regions produces distinct emotional states. He believes multiple basic emotional systems exist in the brain beyond just positive and negative affect. Panksepp claims human brain imaging and physiology are not robust enough on their own to determine basic vs complex emotions. He advocates considering causal evidence from animal models to better understand the neural bases of human emotion.
This document discusses the idea that natural minds are information-processing virtual machines that have been produced by evolution. It argues that to truly understand natural minds, we need to describe them with sufficient precision to enable the design of artificial minds. The key challenges are determining what concepts to use in theories of the mind and deciding whether producing artificial minds similar to natural ones will require new computing machinery. The document also discusses how virtual machines in computers can have causal powers and how psychotherapy can be viewed as debugging the "virtual machine" of the mind.
This document discusses the concept of fetal pain and whether a fetus is capable of perceiving pain. It explores definitions of pain, the anatomical and neurophysiological development of the fetal nervous system, and behavioral responses to stimuli. While connections from the spinal cord to the thalamus develop by 20 weeks, and thalamocortical connections are present from around 26 weeks, the document notes debate around whether these are necessary for pain perception. It concludes that while the very young fetus is likely incapable of feeling pain, the capacity for pain perception likely develops before full term birth.
This document discusses ongoing debates in psychology around defining emotions. It addresses five key issues: 1) Whether basic emotions can be considered natural kinds. 2) The nature of emotion schemas and how they develop from basic emotions. 3) How discrete emotions relate to broader affective dimensions. 4) A new paradigm where emotions continuously organize consciousness. 5) Building a theory that incorporates both basic emotions and emotion schemas. The author argues this provides a viable framework that complements more holistic approaches to studying emotions.
1. The document provides a study guide for physics vocabulary review terms and concepts.
2. It contains fill-in-the-blank questions to test understanding of key physics terms like scientific method, dependent and independent variables, and significant digits.
3. The study guide also reviews SI units and how to determine the number of significant digits in measurements and calculations.
This document proposes a neurobiological model for understanding the effects of early brainstem functioning on the development of behavior and emotion regulation in infants. The model incorporates three integrated levels: (1) brainstem-related physiological regulation, (2) emotion and attention regulation drawing on brainstem-limbic integration, and (3) higher-level outcomes drawing on intact brainstem-limbic networks. Prenatal and perinatal risk factors can disrupt brainstem functioning, which may impact later regulatory capacities. Assessing brainstem dysfunction in high-risk neonates could help identify infants at risk of self-regulatory deficits and inform longitudinal studies of developmental outcomes.
The document discusses whether there is sufficient evidence to support the concept that a fetus can experience pain. It outlines key developments in fetal neurobiology and the anatomical pathways involved in pain processing. While certain pathways are intact by 7 weeks gestation, the brain is not fully developed and lacks key features, such as cortical lamination, until later in gestation. The document concludes that the neurological systems necessary for pain experience are not fully intact and functional until around 26 weeks gestation.
This document summarizes key points from a research article about emotion theory and research. It discusses several principles of emotion, including that emotion feeling is a key component of emotions and emotion-cognition interactions. Emotion schemas are dynamic interactions between emotion and cognition that can be momentary responses or enduring personality traits. Emotions play a critical role in the evolution of consciousness and all mental processes. The relationship between memes, the mirror neuron system, empathy, sympathy, and cultural influences on socioemotional development are presented as unresolved issues for future research.
The document discusses fetal pain and the neural pathways involved in the experience of pain. It summarizes that while there is general agreement that the neural pathways necessary for pain are present by 24 weeks gestation, debates remain about the possibility of fetal pain before or after this point. Some argue fetal pain is possible earlier due to sub-cortical structures, while others argue it is not possible at any stage due to lack of development and sedation in the womb. The document also notes increasing interest in fetal pain from legislation and more invasive fetal surgeries and medical procedures.
1) The document discusses the development of the fetal pain pathway and whether the fetus can feel pain from invasive procedures.
2) It notes that the necessary neuroanatomical structures for pain perception, like intact thalamocortical connections, do not develop until 26 weeks of gestation.
3) While the fetus reacts to stimuli through stress responses, there is no evidence these reactions involve conscious awareness or feeling of pain. However, providing fetal analgesia can reduce the stress response caused by invasive procedures.
Notice d'utilisation Centrifugeuse Riviera et Bar PR 886 Ahabiague
Retrouvez le mode d'emploi de la centrifugeuse Riviera et Bar PR886A Class 800. Acheter la centrifugeuse sur notre site habiague.com ou dans notre magasin à Toulouse.
http://www.habiague.com/centrifugeuse/1906-centrifugeuse-riviera-et-bar-class-800.html
Notice turbine à glace Rviera et Bar Virtuo Gelato habiague
Notice et mode d'emploi. La turbine à glace PG 820A Riviera et Bar Virtuo Gelato permet de réaliser des glaces fait maison comme chez un glacier professionnel. Acheter la turbine à glace Riviera&Bar sur notre site habiague.com ou dans notre magasin à Toulouse.
This resume is for Farzan Khan, who is currently pursuing a B.Com degree. He has 10 years of experience working in accounts and finance roles. His responsibilities have included maintaining accounts, handling cash and bank transactions, preparing various reports, and coordinating other office work. He aims to join a challenging and innovative team that provides career development opportunities.
This document provides information about obtaining a Commercial Pilot's License (CPL) for helicopters. There are two routes to obtain the license - an integrated course where flying and ground school are completed together, or a modular route where elements can be completed separately. At Phoenix Helicopters, they offer the modular route which involves first obtaining a Private Pilot's License, building flight hours experience, and completing ground exams. Their CPL flying course then focuses on building skills in areas like navigation, instruments, and night flying to pass the final license exam.
This 3 sentence summary provides the essential information about the document:
The document is a tutorial that outlines the steps to prepare and fly an Airbus A320 aircraft with CFM engines in Microsoft Flight Simulator, including starting the aircraft with a cold and dark cockpit, entering and following a flight plan from LDZA to LDPL, managing speeds and modes during takeoff, climb, cruise, descent and approach phases of flight.
The cartoon depicts Hitler and Stalin meeting in the rubble of Poland after invading and dividing the country between them. While greeting each other with smiles, they exchange insults under their breath, revealing their alliance is one of convenience based on mutual hatred and that they are only pretending to like each other. The cartoonist David Low created it to criticize the Nazi-Soviet pact and show the true nature of Hitler and Stalin's relationship.
This bill seeks to ensure that women seeking abortions after 20 weeks of fertilization are informed about evidence that unborn children at this stage of development can experience pain during certain abortion procedures. The bill cites several findings regarding the capacity for unborn children to feel pain after 20 weeks of development, as well as existing laws and regulations that aim to protect animals and fetuses from unnecessary pain and discomfort. If passed, it would add a new title to the Public Health Service Act requiring abortion providers to inform women of the pain the unborn child could experience during the procedure.
The document discusses evidence related to whether a fetus can experience pain. It summarizes the development of anatomical structures and pathways involved in pain perception in a fetus from 8 weeks gestation onwards. It also discusses physiological evidence from preterm infants that suggests nociceptive pathways are functional from 24-26 weeks gestation. The document considers arguments that a fetus may experience pain in a primitive way without requiring consciousness, self-consciousness, or previous experience. It notes evidence that early painful experiences can have long-term effects on stress responses and sensitivity to pain.
An unborn child has the capacity to feel pain by 20 weeks gestation according to scientific evidence. By this point in development, the neural pathways, nerve tracts, thalamus, and cortex necessary to feel pain are all present. Studies show the unborn child responds to touch as early as 6 weeks and releases stress hormones when injected with a needle at 18 weeks, similar to the stress response in adults feeling pain. While abortion methods do not provide anesthesia to the unborn child, commercial livestock must be rendered insensible to pain before slaughter according to federal law.
This document discusses the concept of fetal pain and whether a fetus is capable of perceiving pain. It explores definitions of pain, the anatomical and neurophysiological development of the fetal nervous system, and behavioral responses to stimuli. While connections from the spinal cord to the thalamus develop by 20 weeks, and thalamocortical connections are present from around 26 weeks, the document notes debate around whether these are necessary for pain perception. It concludes that while the very young fetus is likely incapable of feeling pain, the capacity for pain perception likely develops before full term birth.
This document discusses ongoing debates in psychology around defining emotions. It addresses five key issues: 1) Whether basic emotions can be considered natural kinds. 2) The nature of emotion schemas and how they develop from basic emotions. 3) How discrete emotions relate to broader affective dimensions. 4) A new paradigm where emotions continuously organize consciousness. 5) Building a theory that incorporates both basic emotions and emotion schemas. The author argues this provides a viable framework that complements more holistic approaches to studying emotions.
1. The document provides a study guide for physics vocabulary review terms and concepts.
2. It contains fill-in-the-blank questions to test understanding of key physics terms like scientific method, dependent and independent variables, and significant digits.
3. The study guide also reviews SI units and how to determine the number of significant digits in measurements and calculations.
This document proposes a neurobiological model for understanding the effects of early brainstem functioning on the development of behavior and emotion regulation in infants. The model incorporates three integrated levels: (1) brainstem-related physiological regulation, (2) emotion and attention regulation drawing on brainstem-limbic integration, and (3) higher-level outcomes drawing on intact brainstem-limbic networks. Prenatal and perinatal risk factors can disrupt brainstem functioning, which may impact later regulatory capacities. Assessing brainstem dysfunction in high-risk neonates could help identify infants at risk of self-regulatory deficits and inform longitudinal studies of developmental outcomes.
The document discusses whether there is sufficient evidence to support the concept that a fetus can experience pain. It outlines key developments in fetal neurobiology and the anatomical pathways involved in pain processing. While certain pathways are intact by 7 weeks gestation, the brain is not fully developed and lacks key features, such as cortical lamination, until later in gestation. The document concludes that the neurological systems necessary for pain experience are not fully intact and functional until around 26 weeks gestation.
This document summarizes key points from a research article about emotion theory and research. It discusses several principles of emotion, including that emotion feeling is a key component of emotions and emotion-cognition interactions. Emotion schemas are dynamic interactions between emotion and cognition that can be momentary responses or enduring personality traits. Emotions play a critical role in the evolution of consciousness and all mental processes. The relationship between memes, the mirror neuron system, empathy, sympathy, and cultural influences on socioemotional development are presented as unresolved issues for future research.
The document discusses fetal pain and the neural pathways involved in the experience of pain. It summarizes that while there is general agreement that the neural pathways necessary for pain are present by 24 weeks gestation, debates remain about the possibility of fetal pain before or after this point. Some argue fetal pain is possible earlier due to sub-cortical structures, while others argue it is not possible at any stage due to lack of development and sedation in the womb. The document also notes increasing interest in fetal pain from legislation and more invasive fetal surgeries and medical procedures.
1) The document discusses the development of the fetal pain pathway and whether the fetus can feel pain from invasive procedures.
2) It notes that the necessary neuroanatomical structures for pain perception, like intact thalamocortical connections, do not develop until 26 weeks of gestation.
3) While the fetus reacts to stimuli through stress responses, there is no evidence these reactions involve conscious awareness or feeling of pain. However, providing fetal analgesia can reduce the stress response caused by invasive procedures.
Notice d'utilisation Centrifugeuse Riviera et Bar PR 886 Ahabiague
Retrouvez le mode d'emploi de la centrifugeuse Riviera et Bar PR886A Class 800. Acheter la centrifugeuse sur notre site habiague.com ou dans notre magasin à Toulouse.
http://www.habiague.com/centrifugeuse/1906-centrifugeuse-riviera-et-bar-class-800.html
Notice turbine à glace Rviera et Bar Virtuo Gelato habiague
Notice et mode d'emploi. La turbine à glace PG 820A Riviera et Bar Virtuo Gelato permet de réaliser des glaces fait maison comme chez un glacier professionnel. Acheter la turbine à glace Riviera&Bar sur notre site habiague.com ou dans notre magasin à Toulouse.
This resume is for Farzan Khan, who is currently pursuing a B.Com degree. He has 10 years of experience working in accounts and finance roles. His responsibilities have included maintaining accounts, handling cash and bank transactions, preparing various reports, and coordinating other office work. He aims to join a challenging and innovative team that provides career development opportunities.
This document provides information about obtaining a Commercial Pilot's License (CPL) for helicopters. There are two routes to obtain the license - an integrated course where flying and ground school are completed together, or a modular route where elements can be completed separately. At Phoenix Helicopters, they offer the modular route which involves first obtaining a Private Pilot's License, building flight hours experience, and completing ground exams. Their CPL flying course then focuses on building skills in areas like navigation, instruments, and night flying to pass the final license exam.
This 3 sentence summary provides the essential information about the document:
The document is a tutorial that outlines the steps to prepare and fly an Airbus A320 aircraft with CFM engines in Microsoft Flight Simulator, including starting the aircraft with a cold and dark cockpit, entering and following a flight plan from LDZA to LDPL, managing speeds and modes during takeoff, climb, cruise, descent and approach phases of flight.
The cartoon depicts Hitler and Stalin meeting in the rubble of Poland after invading and dividing the country between them. While greeting each other with smiles, they exchange insults under their breath, revealing their alliance is one of convenience based on mutual hatred and that they are only pretending to like each other. The cartoonist David Low created it to criticize the Nazi-Soviet pact and show the true nature of Hitler and Stalin's relationship.
This bill seeks to ensure that women seeking abortions after 20 weeks of fertilization are informed about evidence that unborn children at this stage of development can experience pain during certain abortion procedures. The bill cites several findings regarding the capacity for unborn children to feel pain after 20 weeks of development, as well as existing laws and regulations that aim to protect animals and fetuses from unnecessary pain and discomfort. If passed, it would add a new title to the Public Health Service Act requiring abortion providers to inform women of the pain the unborn child could experience during the procedure.
The document discusses evidence related to whether a fetus can experience pain. It summarizes the development of anatomical structures and pathways involved in pain perception in a fetus from 8 weeks gestation onwards. It also discusses physiological evidence from preterm infants that suggests nociceptive pathways are functional from 24-26 weeks gestation. The document considers arguments that a fetus may experience pain in a primitive way without requiring consciousness, self-consciousness, or previous experience. It notes evidence that early painful experiences can have long-term effects on stress responses and sensitivity to pain.
An unborn child has the capacity to feel pain by 20 weeks gestation according to scientific evidence. By this point in development, the neural pathways, nerve tracts, thalamus, and cortex necessary to feel pain are all present. Studies show the unborn child responds to touch as early as 6 weeks and releases stress hormones when injected with a needle at 18 weeks, similar to the stress response in adults feeling pain. While abortion methods do not provide anesthesia to the unborn child, commercial livestock must be rendered insensible to pain before slaughter according to federal law.
The document reviews the development of the fetal pain system and debates whether a fetus can feel pain. It finds that:
1) While reflex reactions to noxious stimuli can occur very early in development, cortical processing required for the emotional experience of pain likely only emerges after 26 weeks of gestation with the development of thalamo-cortical connections.
2) Before the cortex is involved, noxious stimuli can still trigger stress responses that affect development.
3) Rather than speculate on fetal pain, the clinically relevant aim is to avoid noxious stimuli to prevent their potential adverse effects on development.
This document summarizes a research article about the mental capacities of newborn infants. It argues that while newborns appear helpless, research shows they have an integrated consciousness and can engage in synchronized interactions with caregivers. This suggests newborns have intersubjective minds, emotions, and motives for social engagement. The study of infant cognition required moving beyond theories of the mind as developing through experience and language alone, to recognize innate capacities for shared intentionality and cultural learning from birth.
1) The article proposes that the primary function of consciousness is to integrate competing demands from specialized systems in the nervous system that influence skeletal muscle plans.
2) These "supramodular systems" operate in parallel to control actions like breathing, pain response, elimination, but can only collectively influence action through consciousness.
3) During a "supramodular conflict", when different systems demand opposing skeletal muscle actions, consciousness is necessary to integrate the systems and determine the appropriate response.
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive function. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against developing mental illness and improve symptoms for those who already suffer from conditions like anxiety and depression.
The study recorded EEG signals simultaneously from the scalp and thalamus of 7 patients undergoing deep brain stimulation for essential tremor. The patients performed a go/no-go task where they had to either execute or withhold a cued finger movement based on subsequent go or no-go cues. Event-related potentials differentiated between go and no-go conditions earlier at thalamic recording sites compared to scalp sites, suggesting the thalamus is involved in early classification of go and no-go instructions. Correlations between thalamic and frontal scalp responses were stronger for no-go activities, indicating the thalamus provides information to frontal areas involved in inhibiting prepared actions. The findings support a role for the thalamus
The document discusses whether a fetus can feel pain and at what gestational age. It examines the anatomical, physiological, and behavioral evidence. While the fetus's experience of pain cannot be directly measured, the neural pathways for pain are developed by 20 weeks gestation. The fetus shows stress responses to invasive procedures from 16 weeks onward. Therefore, it is possible the fetus can feel pain from 20 weeks of gestation. More research is needed to fully understand fetal pain and how to provide appropriate analgesia during invasive prenatal procedures.
This document summarizes recent research on the development of nociceptive (pain-sensing) circuits in infants. It discusses how:
1) Nociceptive neurons are specified early in development through molecular pathways involving tyrosine kinase receptors and neurotrophic factors.
2) Functional synapses and neural circuits in the dorsal horn develop over the first postnatal weeks through changes in excitatory and inhibitory synaptic transmission.
3) Sensory activity, both non-nociceptive and excessive nociceptive inputs, can influence the development of pain processing circuits in early life.
This randomized, double-blind study compared remifentanil and diazepam for fetal immobilization and maternal sedation during fetoscopic surgery. The study found that remifentanil produced better fetal immobilization with mild maternal respiratory depression, allowing for shorter surgeries, while diazepam resulted in greater maternal sedation but less fetal immobilization and longer surgeries. Remifentanil may thus be superior to diazepam for fetal immobilization during fetoscopic procedures.
The article discusses pain and stress responses in the human fetus. It notes that fetuses likely develop the physiological capacity to feel pain between 20-26 weeks gestation as the connections between the thalamus and cortex develop during this period. The article references evidence that fetuses as young as 18 weeks can experience rises in stress hormones in response to noxious stimuli like invasive medical procedures. While cortical involvement is thought necessary for a conscious pain experience, the fetus may experience pain prior to full cortical development due to subplate zone connections between 20-26 weeks gestation.
This summary provides the key details from the document in 3 sentences:
The document discusses an experimental drug that has shown promise in stopping the hepatitis C virus from replicating and reducing virus levels in test subjects by over 1000 times. It also mentions that surveys found some tanning bed users exhibited behaviors indicating addiction to tanning, and interventions are needed to address addiction and anxiety regarding skin cancer risks. Additionally, it briefly outlines the debate around a new Nebraska law restricting abortion claiming fetuses can feel pain at 20 weeks, which is contradicted by experts saying the structures and ability to feel pain do not exist until later in development.
More from South Dakota Pain Capable Unborn Child Protection Act (20)
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty,
International FDP on Fundamentals of Research in Social Sciences
at Integral University, Lucknow, 06.06.2024
By Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Main Java[All of the Base Concepts}.docxadhitya5119
This is part 1 of my Java Learning Journey. This Contains Custom methods, classes, constructors, packages, multithreading , try- catch block, finally block and more.
A workshop hosted by the South African Journal of Science aimed at postgraduate students and early career researchers with little or no experience in writing and publishing journal articles.
This slide is special for master students (MIBS & MIFB) in UUM. Also useful for readers who are interested in the topic of contemporary Islamic banking.
বাংলাদেশের অর্থনৈতিক সমীক্ষা ২০২৪ [Bangladesh Economic Review 2024 Bangla.pdf] কম্পিউটার , ট্যাব ও স্মার্ট ফোন ভার্সন সহ সম্পূর্ণ বাংলা ই-বুক বা pdf বই " সুচিপত্র ...বুকমার্ক মেনু 🔖 ও হাইপার লিংক মেনু 📝👆 যুক্ত ..
আমাদের সবার জন্য খুব খুব গুরুত্বপূর্ণ একটি বই ..বিসিএস, ব্যাংক, ইউনিভার্সিটি ভর্তি ও যে কোন প্রতিযোগিতা মূলক পরীক্ষার জন্য এর খুব ইম্পরট্যান্ট একটি বিষয় ...তাছাড়া বাংলাদেশের সাম্প্রতিক যে কোন ডাটা বা তথ্য এই বইতে পাবেন ...
তাই একজন নাগরিক হিসাবে এই তথ্য গুলো আপনার জানা প্রয়োজন ...।
বিসিএস ও ব্যাংক এর লিখিত পরীক্ষা ...+এছাড়া মাধ্যমিক ও উচ্চমাধ্যমিকের স্টুডেন্টদের জন্য অনেক কাজে আসবে ...
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
A review of the growth of the Israel Genealogy Research Association Database Collection for the last 12 months. Our collection is now passed the 3 million mark and still growing. See which archives have contributed the most. See the different types of records we have, and which years have had records added. You can also see what we have for the future.
Executive Directors Chat Leveraging AI for Diversity, Equity, and InclusionTechSoup
Let’s explore the intersection of technology and equity in the final session of our DEI series. Discover how AI tools, like ChatGPT, can be used to support and enhance your nonprofit's DEI initiatives. Participants will gain insights into practical AI applications and get tips for leveraging technology to advance their DEI goals.
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
MATATAG CURRICULUM: ASSESSING THE READINESS OF ELEM. PUBLIC SCHOOL TEACHERS I...NelTorrente
In this research, it concludes that while the readiness of teachers in Caloocan City to implement the MATATAG Curriculum is generally positive, targeted efforts in professional development, resource distribution, support networks, and comprehensive preparation can address the existing gaps and ensure successful curriculum implementation.
This presentation includes basic of PCOS their pathology and treatment and also Ayurveda correlation of PCOS and Ayurvedic line of treatment mentioned in classics.
Mapping and sequencing of gangliosides from anencephaly by electrospray ionization
1. Article lead Auth or: Mosoarca, Cristina Date: 2008
Article: 5. Mapping an d Sequencing of Gangliosides from Anencephaly by Electrospray
Ionizati on High Capacity Ion Trap Mass Spectrometry.
1. Pain felt at:
a. If the articl e specifically asserts unborn children feel pain, at what post
fe rtilization age?
b. Page: 72, First paragraph. "Infa nts born w ith anencephaly are usually blind,
deaf, unco nscious, and unable to fee l pain."
2. Nociceptors:
a. Ift he article states nociceptors are present, at what post-fertilization age?
b. Page:
3. Tha lamus link:
a. Ifthe article states nerves link nociceptors to the thalamus, at what post
fert ilization age?
b. Page:
4. Subcortical plate link:
a. If the article states ne rves link to the subcortical plate, at what post-fertilization
age?
b. Page:
5. Noxious stim uli reaction:
a . Does the article refer to reaction to noxious stimuli? At what post-fertilization
age?
b. Page:
6. Stress hormones:
a. Does the article refer to increase in stress hormones with noxious stimuli? At
what post-fertilization age?
b. Page:
7. Long-term effects:
a. Does the article' describe long term harmful effects from exposure to noxious
sti muli?
b. Page:
8. Fetal anesthesia:
a. Does the article refer to use of fetal anesthesia and its effect? At what post
fertilization age?
b. Page:
9. Cortex:
a. Does the article relate to the asserted need for cortical involvement to
experience pain? How?
2. b. Page: 72, First Paragraph. i I ••• the lack of a functioning cerebrum permanently
rules out the possibility of ever gaining consciousness. Reflex actions such as
breathing and responses to sound or touch may occur."
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Abstract. Congenital malformation referred to as anencephaly is a neural tube defect that occurs ' (3
when the cephalic end of the neural tube fails to close, resulting in the absence of a major portion '6
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of the brain, skull, and scalp. Infants with this disorder are born without a forebrain-the largest 2
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part of the brain consisting mainly of the cerebrum, which is responsible for thinking and coordi o
nation. Although some individuals with anencephaly may be born with a rudimentary brain stem, e:
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the lack of a functioning cerebrum permanently rules out the possibility of ever gaining con .0
sciousness. Gangliosides (GGs) are sialylated glycosphingolipids present in the cell plasma :.:J
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membrane, responsible for the modulation of the cell signal transduction events. GGs act as re c:
ceptors of interferon, epidermal growth factor, nerve growth factor and are differently expressed .Q
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in various patbological states of central nervous system (CNS) acting as biomarkers of CNS dis z
orders. In this study a native GG mixture extracted and purified from a histopathoJogically-defined Q)
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anencephalic fetal brain remnant was analyzed by electrospray ionization high capacity ion trap "
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mass spectrometry. Structural data upon disease-associated species were collected by multiple c:
stage collision-induced dissociation of the molecular ions. As a control a native GG mixture o
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from a nonnal fetal brain in the same developmental stage was used. Comparative screening and Q)
Sequencing revealed the differential expression of the'CJGg in aberrant vs. healthy tissue and pro 8
vided accurate inforination upon the structure of several anencephaly-associated species. Q)
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1.' Introduction
Anencephaly, a severe congenital malformation, is frequently associated with other
m alformations not involving the central nervous system. Diagnosis is usually anten
atal and expectation of life is very short [1,2]. Anencephaly is a cephalic disorder
that results from a neural tube defect that occurs when the cephalic (head) end ofthe
neural tube fails to close, usually between the 23rd and 26th day of pregnancy,
resulting in the absence of a major portion of the br~ skull, and scalp. Infants with
this disorder (Figure 1) are born without a forebrain, the largest part of the brain
consisting mainly of the cerebral hemispheres (which include the isocortex, which
is responsible for higher level cognition, i.e., thinking).
C. Popescu et al , (eds.), Applications ofMass Spectrometry in Life Safety. 71
o Spriilger Science + Business Media B.V, 2008
4. 72 C. MOSOARCA, Z. VUKELIC, AND A. D. ZAMFIR
Figure 1. Morphoanatomic structure of an anencephalic fetal head
The remaining brain tissue is often exposed - not covered by bone or skin.
Infants born with anencephaly are usually blind, deaf, unconscious, and unable to
feel pain. Although some individuals with anencephaly may be born with a rudi
mentary brainstem, which controls autonomic and regulatory function, the lack
of a functioning cerebrum pennanently rules out the possibility of ever gaining
consciousness [3]. Reflex actions such as breathing and responses to sound or
touch may occur.
The disorder is one of the most common disorders of the fetal central nervous
system. Anencephaly can often be diagnosed before birth through an ultrasound
examination. The maternal serum alpha-fetoprotein (AFP screening) and detailed
fetal ultrasound [2] can be useful for screening for neural tube defects such as
spina bifida or anencephaly. There are many false diagnoses for anencephaly, as it
is not a common diagnosis, often confused with exencephaly or microcephaly.
Also, sometimes a false prognosis stating that an anencephalic baby can live for
years is given, but this cannot occur because the brain is open, meaning that infec
tion sets in rapidly. The anencephalic brain is also usually very disorganised on a
cellular level.
There is no cure or standard treatment for anencephaly and the prognosis
for affected individuals is poor. Most anencephalic babies do not survive birth,
accounting for 55% of non-aborted cases. If the infant is not stillborn, then he or
she will usually die within a few hours or days after birth from cardiorespiratory
arrest. In a1most all cases anencephalic infants are not aggressively resuscitated
since there is no chance of the infant ever achieving a conscious existence. Instead,
the usual clinical practice is to offer hydration, nutrition and comfort measures and
to "let nature take its course". Artificial ventilation, surgery (to fiX any co-existing
congenital defects), and drug therapy (such as antibiotics) are usually regarded
as futil e efforts. Some clinicians and medical ethicists even view the provision of
nutrition and hydration as medically futile, arguing that euthanasia is morally and
clinically appropriate in such cases. In the United States, approximately 1,000 to
2,000 babies are born with anencephaly each year. Female babies are more likely
to be affected by the disorder.
5. MAPPING AND .EQUENCING OF GANGLIOSIDES 73
About 95% of women who leam that they will have an anencephalic baby choose
to have an abortion. The cause of anencephaly is unknown. Neural tube defects
do not follow direct patterns of heredity [4], and recent animal models indicating
a possible association with deficiencies of the transcription factor 1EAD2 [4].
Studies show that a woman who has had one child with a neural tube defect such
as anencepha1y, has about a 3% risk to have another child with a neural tube defect.
This risk can be reduced to about 1% if the woman takes high dose (4 mg/day) of
folic acid before and during pregnancy. It is known that women taking certain
medication for epilepsy and women with insulin dependent diabetes have a higher
chance of having a child witb a neuraJ tube defect. Genetic counseling is usually
offered to women at a higher risk of having a child with a neural tube defect to
discuss available testing.
Recent studies have shown that the addition of folic acid to the diet of women
of child-bearing age may significantly reduce, although not eliminate, the inci
dence of neural tube defects. Therefore, it is recommended that all women of child
bearing age consume 0.4 mg of foli c acid daily, especially those attempting to
conceive or who m ay possibly conceive. It is not advisable to wait until pregnancy
bas begun, since by the time a woman knows she is pregnant, the critical time for
the formation of a neural tube defect has usually already passed. A physician may
prescribe even higher dosages of folic acid (4 mg/day) for women who have had a
previous pregnancy with a neural tube defect.
Gangliosides [5-9] are acid glycosphingolipids widely distributed in most
vertebrate tissues and fluids. They are present in mammalian milk, where they are
almost exclusively associated with the membrane fraction of the fat globule. In
human milk, the content and individual distribution of gangliosides changes during
lactation, OD3 being the most abundant ganglioside in colostrum, while in mature
milk GM3 is the major individual species. Gangliosides function as "unintended"
target receptors for bacterial adhesion in specific tissues. After oral administration,
they can be putative decoys that interfere with pathogenic binding in the intestine,
this being the main mechanism by which these compounds can prevent infection.
Ganglioside-supplemented infant formula has been reported to modifY the intestinal
ecology of preterm newborns, increasing the Bifidobacteria content and lowering
that of Escherichia coli. In addition, the influence of dietary gangliosides on
several parameters related to the development of intestinal immune system, such
as cytokine and intestinal IgA production, has also been described in animal
models. Recently , the influence of OM3 and GD3 on dendritic cell maturation and
effector functionalities has also been reported, suggesting a role for these milk
gangliosides, especially GD3, in modulating the process of oral tolerance during
first stages of life. Dietary gangliosides may have an important role in the modification
of intestinal microflora and the promotion of intestinal immunity development in
the neonate, and consequently in the prevention of infections during early infancy. [8]
Gangliosides (GGs) are sialylated glycosphiugolipids present in the cell plasma
mem brane, responsible for the modulation of the cell signal transduction events.
6. 74 c. MOSOARCA, Z. VUKELlC. AND A. D. ZAMFIR
GGs act as receptors of interferon, epidelmal growth factor, nerve growth factor
and are differently expressed in various pathological states of central nervous system
(CNS) acting as biomarkers ofCNS disorders [10-17].
In this study a native GG mixture extracted and purified from a hystopatologically
defined anencephalic fetal brain remnant was analyzed by electrospray ionization
high capacity ion trap mass spectrometry. Structural data upon disease-associated
species were collected by multiple stage collision-induced dissociation of the mole
cular ions.
The anencephalic cerebral remnant, as a primitive brain structure, represents a
model to study the ganglioside involvement in induction of aberrant brain deve
lopement. We have chosen human anencephalic brain-like formed structures, as a
potentially useful physiological system to study the ganglioside invovement in
brain developement and etiology of brain developmental arrest. H~re we present
the detailed ganglioside composition and quantification in histologically defmed
human brain-resembling anencephalic tissue structures in· comparison to respec
tive normal fetal brain regions.
A difference in the expression of ganglia-series gangliosides with GMla core
was found between anencephalic and normal fetal brain, with less expression of
GMla and GDIa in anencephaly compared with normal fetal brain, in which these
gangliosides dominate. Small amOlmts of GMI b were detected in fetal brain whereas
onJy traces were found in anencephalic brain. Lactosamine-containing ganglia
sides were present in fetal and in anencephalic brain as alpha 2-3 as well as alpha
2-6 sialylated nLcOse4Cer structures. A heterogeneous group of neolacta-series
gangtiosides was expressed in anencephalic brain in both the monosialo- and pre
sumed disialoganglioside range. TIlese findings demonstrate a significant change
in ganglioside pattern in anencephaly where the process of cell differentiation and
maturation has been severely disturbed [11].
In anencephalic tissue, GMlb, GDIalpha, nLMl and nLDI were expressed at a
higher rate in relation to nOlmal tissue. It can be demonstrated that the anencephalic
cerebral remnant, as a prinlitive brain structure, represents a naturally-occurring
model to study the ganglioside involvement in induction of aberrant brain devel
opment.
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. MASS SPECTROMETRY
Mass spectrometry was performed on a High Capacity Ion Trap Ultra (HCT Ultra,
PTM discovery) mass spectrometer from Bruker Daltonics, Bremen, Germany.
HCT MS is interfaced to a PC ruJUling the CompassTM 1.2. integrated software
package, which includes the HystarlM 3.2.37 module for instrument controlling
and spectrum acquisition, Esquire 6.1. 512 and Data Analysis 3.4.179 modules for
7. MAPPING AND SEQUENCING OF GANGUOSIDE S 7S
storing the ion chromatograms and processing the MS data. All mass spectra were
acquired using on-line (- ) microESI infusion.
2.2. GANGLIOSIDE SAMPLE
The native mixture of gangliosides from a hystopatologically-defined anencephalic
fetal brain remnant (36 g.w.) was extracted and purified as described in detail
elsewhere [14,18,1 9]. The GG stock solution at approximately 1 mg/ml was pre
pared by dissolving the dried material in MeOH. For MS analysis, the solution
was evaporated (dig ital SpeedVac Concentrator SPD 111 V -230, Thermo Electron
Corporation, Milford, MA, USA) and the resulting dry substrate was dissolved in
MeOH (HPLC grade, Merck, Darmstadt, Gennany) to the final concentration of
approximately 20 pmol/~I (calculated for an average molecular weight of 2,000).
3. Results and Discussions
In the past decade, the studies aiming at determination of GG composition, quan
tity, distribution and cell surface expression were almost exclusively conducted on
chromatographic, immunochemical and immunohistochemical methods [18,19];
however, the information acquired by these techniques is based merely on com
parisons and, because of the detection boundaries, it is restricted to the major
species. Therefore, fast atom bombardment (FAB) mass spectrometry (MS) was
introduced as the fIrst MS method in human brain GG analysis, and showed its
ability to provide closer insights into the expression pattern at nanomolar sensi '0
tivities [20].
Nowadays, modem protocols for detection and sequencing of different types of
glycospbingolipids (GSLs) including GGs and sulfated G1cA-GSLs, based on either
matrix assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) MS [21-23] or electrospray
ionization (ESI) in combination with different analyzers are available [24-27].
TLC-MALDI MS [28-30], liquid chromatography [31] and capillary electrophoresis
(CE) E SI MS [32-34] couplings were also developed for efficient separation of
complex mixtures followed by direct MS analysis. These innovative methods allowed
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not only detection of individually isolated fractions but also a reproducible mapping ro
3:
and MSIMS sequencing of single components in complex tissue extracts that are <D
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accessible only in very low amounts (pico to attomoles). ro
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In earlier w ork, to improve the ESI process, increase the experiment throughput,
sensitivity and reproducibility, we have implemented fully automated chip-based c
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nanoESI MS in glycolipidornics [35,36] and multistage sequencing [37]. ro
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8. 76 C. MOSOARCA, Z. VUKELIC, AND A. D. ZAMFIR
In the present work we applied the novel protocol based on BCT multistage
sequencing for strucutral analysis of GG from fetal anencephaJic brain-like residue.
Screening of the anencephaly GG mixture indicated the dominance of structures
exhibiting short oligosaccharide chains, with sialylation degree 1 and 2. The most
abundant species are GM3, GMl, GDI and GD2. A notable aspect is that the do
minant structures mono- and disialotetraoses are bearing different cerami de resi
dues and that several structures appear associated to anencephaly. Under optimized
solution and instrumental conditions, the abundances of the ions corresponding to
mono- and disialylated GM and GD components dominate while asialo species
were not found. We and others [38,39] have demonstrated before that a direct
correlation between ganglioside sialylation degree and brain developmental stage
exists. Higher sialylation extent was found specific for incipient developmental
stages. Consequently, this elevated expression of sialylated structures represents
a marker of brain development stagnation, which occurs in anencephaly. Addi
tionally, GG chains modified by labile attachments such as Fuc or O-Ac were
earlier reported as associated to the tissue in its later fetal developmental phase
[38,39]. Present data render interesting infonnation also from this point of view.
While several modified structures were eari ler detected in normal fetal brain, only
two O-Ac species exhibiting (d I8:1120:0) and (dI 8:0/22:0) ceramide compositions
were identified in anencephalic remnant.
For structural elucidation GMI (d18:1/18:0) detected as singly charged ion at
m/z 1544.48 and GD2 (d18:1118:0), singly charged ion at mlz 1,383.00 were sub
mitted to multistage CID MS experiments (Figures 2-5).
-
•
•
8.98.20
1092.12
125320
'. 1544.48
• YD 726.80
...
..
1347.60
• ... - 1282.80
-
1432.00
Figure 2. Negative ESI HeT MS2 of the singly charged ion at mlz 1,544.48 corresponding
...
to the GMI (d18:1118:0) ganglioside species detected in the GG mixture from anencephalic
remnant Assignment of the product ions is according to Ref [40,41]
9. MAPPING AND SE QUENCING OF GANGLJOSIDES 77
Ga lGlcCer
Z1 1. . Z, I. "
In t G O~G alN A alto~G Ictotc
Qli ctotG tr
668 65
" ;
Y ~. Y. Yl:t
800
1211 .73
600
400 B,
1. 0· 1 ,0 i
- 1
119
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I
i
i
1025 . 7
~
200
I !
i
3 63 .9 2 52847
i 56'4 ..415
!
400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 m/z
Figure 3. Negative ESI HCT MS 3 of the singly charged ion at m/z 1,253.82 corresponding
to the desialylated GMt fragment ion detected in the MS2 mode Assignment of the product
ions is according to Ref [40,4 1]
NeuAc
~a 3 64 8 16 290 ~ 1253 Y
~ I I I 2~
Gal r alNAC Gall- Glc - Ger
1091 888 726 564
Y 20 /8 1 1' Y1
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Figure 4. Fragmentation pathway of the GM l a species under low energy CID conditions in a
rn
tb n egative ion mode o
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10. 78 C. MOSOARCA, Z. VUKELIC, AND A. D. ZAMFIR
a) -MS2(1383.0). 17.6-18.2min #(452-457)
Inlens.
109191.'/'/ Y3/ Bla
3000
2000
~..~, ~ ~.: 888.80
1000
, .
'I.
~
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. ...
564 .68 . 726 .75 1184.93
o I , , I , , I I I
• , , , I I I
250 500
1000
b) -MS3(1383.0->1092.0). 18.7-19.3min #(461-465)
Intens.
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250
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200
564 .65
150
. X271fl ' Y3
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0
t I ,
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I
250 500 750
1250 m/z
c)
In tens . -MS4(1383 . 0->1092 . 0~888 . 8). 20.1-21.0min #(470-475)
Y o ..,-......
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ro .._ Yl
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Figure 5. Negative ESI HCT multistage CID MS of the singly charged ion at mlz 1,383.00
corresponding to the GD2 (d18:1118:0) ganglioside species detected in the GG mixture
from anencepbalic remnant: (a) MS2; (b) MS 3 ; (c) MS4 Assignment of the product ions is
according to R ef [40,41]
11. MAPPING AND SEQUENCING F GANGLlOSIDES 79
"
'."
4. C onclusions
We developed here a novel strategy in glycolipidomics based on electrospray
sample infusion followed by MS detection and multistage sequencing of ganglio
side components in a native mixture extracted from anencephalic fetal brain.
ESI MS screening of the native GG mixture from anencephalic fetal brain rem
nant revealed a series of structures exhibiting shorter oligosaccharide chains as
compared to healthy controls in the same developmental stage. GMI and GD2 were
found as dominant structures, a feature which is in agreement with the data collec
ted by thin layer chromatography and immunochemical analyses.
Data upon these disease-associated species, obtained by multiple stage collision
induced dissociation of the molecular ions, indicated the structures of the sugar
chains as well as the composition of the ceramide moieties. Moreover, the presence
of the GMla structural isomer could be discovered by this method.
Applied gallg!ioside nomenclature
Gangliosides and the precursor glycosphingolipids are abbreviated according to
the system introduced by Svennerholm in 1980 [42] and the recommendations of
IUPAC-TIJB Commission on Biochemical Nomenclature [43] as follows: LacCer,
Galf34G1cP1 Cer; GA2, Gg 3 Cer, GalNAcp4Galp4Gfcf31Cer; GAl, Gg4 Cer,
Gal p3GalNAcj34Galp4Glcp1Cer; nLc4Cer, Galp4GlcNAcp3Galp4Glcp1Cer;
LC4Cer, Galf33G1cNAcp3Galp4Glcp 1Cer; GM3, n3 -a -Neu5Ac-LacCer; GD3, nJ_
a-(Neu5Ach-LacCer; GT3, IIJ-a-(Neu5Ac)rLacCer; GM2, n 3-a-Neu5Ac
Gg3 Cer; GD2, n J-o.-(Neu5Ac)rGg3Cer; GM1a or GM1, n3-o.-Neu5Ac-G~Cer;
GMlb, IV3-a-Neu5Ac-Gg 4 Cer; GalNAc-GMlb, rv 3-o.-Neu5Ac-Gg sCer; GDla,
IV3-a-NeuSAc,ll3-0.-Neu5Ac-Gg 4Cer; GDI b, II3-o.-(Neu5Ac h-Gg4Cer; GT1 b,
3 . 3 3
IV -a-N eu5Ac,ll -o.-(Neu5Ac)r G~Cer; GQl b, ]V -o.-(Neu5Ach,n -o.-(Neu5Ach
Gg 4Cer; nLMl or 3'-nLM1, rv3-o.-Neu5Ac-nLc4Cer; LMI of 3'-isoLM1, ]V3_o.
Neu5Ac-Lc4Cer; nLD1, disialo-nLc 4Cer
Acknowledgem ents en
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1his work was supported by the Romanian National Authority for Scientific Re 0:
m
search through the projects CEx. 14/2005, 98/2006 and 11112006 and the Croatian 0.
(J)
Ministry of Science and Technology under the project no. 108120/20 .
12. 80 C. MOSOARCA, Z. VUKELIC, AND A. D. ZAMFIR
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