The document summarizes 24 chapters from Book 2 of The Analects of Confucius. The chapters discuss topics like governance, leadership, learning, and filial piety. Confucius provides teachings to disciples like Zilu and Zigong on these matters, emphasizing virtues like goodness, righteousness, and trustworthiness. He also answers questions from other figures like Duke Ai on how to govern effectively and win people's support.

1. The Analects of Confucius
Book 2
論語
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2. Key Themes
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Book 2Governance Filial Piety
Learning
Leadership

3. Supporting Cast
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• Fan Chi/樊遲
• Ziyou/子游
• Zixia/子夏
• Yan Hui/顏回
• Zigong/子貢
• Zilu/子路
• Zizhang / 子張
Disciples Contemporary
Figures
• Meng Yizi/孟懿子
• Meng Wubo/孟武伯
• Duke Ai/哀公
• Ji Kangzi/季康子

4. Chapter I
Confucius said: “A ruler who governs by the power of virtue is
like the Pole Star, which remains fixed in place while
all the other stars orbit respectfully around it.”
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子曰：「為政以德，譬如北辰，
居其所而眾星共之。」
Book 2, The Analects

5. Chapter II
Confucius said: “There are three hundred poems in the Book of Songs,
but the meaning of them can be summed up in a single phrase:
‘Hey, do not stray from the right path.’”
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子曰：「詩三百，一言以蔽之，曰：思無邪。」
Book 2, The Analects

6. Chapter III
Confucius said: “If you govern people by laws and regulations and keep
them under control through punishments, they will evade them and
have no sense of shame. If you govern them by the power of virtue and
keep them in line with the rites, they will develop a sense of
shame and unite behind you of their own accord.”
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子曰：「道之以政，齊之以刑，民免而無恥；
道之以德，齊之以禮，有恥且格。」
Book 2, The Analects

7. Chapter IV
Confucius said: At fifteen, I applied my mind to learning. At thirty,
I set my course. At forty, I had no doubts. At fifty,
I knew the will of Heaven. At sixty, my ear was attuned.
At seventy, I followed all my heart’s desires without
overstepping the line.”
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子曰：「吾十有五而志于學，三十而立，
四十而不惑，五十而知天命，六十而耳順，
七十而從心所欲，不踰矩。」
Book 2, The Analects

8. Chapter V Part 1
Meng Yizi asked Confucius about filial piety.
Confucius said: “Never disobey.” While Fan Chi was driving him
in his chariot, Confucius told him: “Meng Yizi asked me about
filial piety and I replied: ‘Never disobey.’”
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孟懿子問孝。子曰：「無違。」樊遲御，
子告之曰：「孟孫問孝於我，我對曰，『無違。』」
Book 2, The Analects

9. Chapter V Part 2
Fan Chi asked: “What does that mean?”
Confucius replied: “When your parents are alive,
serve them according to the rites. When they die,
bury them according to the rites,
and make sacrifices to them according to the rites.”
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樊遲曰：「何謂也？」
子曰：「生，事之以禮；死，葬之以禮，
祭之以禮。」
Book 2, The Analects

10. Chapter VI
Meng Wubo asked about filial piety.
Confucius said: “The only time a son should make
his parents worried is when he is sick.”
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孟武伯問孝。子曰：「父母唯其疾之憂。」
Book 2, The Analects

11. Chapter VII
Ziyou asked about filial piety. Confucius said: “These days, men regard
themselves as dutiful sons simply by feeding their parents.
But they also feed their dogs and horses.
Unless they show their parents due respect, what’s the difference?”
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子游問孝。子曰：「今之孝者，是謂能養。
至於犬馬，皆能有養；不敬，何以別乎。」
Book 2, The Analects

12. Chapter VIII
Zixia asked about filial piety. Confucius said: “It is the attitude that
counts. If young people just offer their help when there is work to do,
or serve their elders wine and food when they need to drink and eat,
how could this ever be considered as filial piety?”
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子夏問孝。子曰：「色難。有事，弟子服其勞；
有酒食，先生饌，曾是以為孝乎？」
Book 2, The Analects

13. Chapter IX
Confucius said: “I can talk to Yan Hui all day without him ever arguing
with me, as if he is stupid. But when I take a close look at how he
behaves in private after he has retired from my presence,
I can see that he has learned everything I have taught him.
Indeed, Hui is not stupid at all.”
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子曰：「吾與回言終日，不違如愚。退而省其私，
亦足以發，回也不愚。」
Book 2, The Analects

14. Chapter X
Confucius said: “Observe a man’s motives, examine how he pursues
them, and find out what makes him feel at peace.
How then can he conceal his true character?
How then can he conceal his true character?”
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子曰：「視其所以，觀其所由，察其所安。
人焉廋哉？人焉廋哉？」
Book 2, The Analects

15. Chapter XI
Confucius said: “A man who brings new meaning to the old
in order to understand the new is worthy of being a teacher.”
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子曰：「溫故而知新，可以為師矣。」
Book 2, The Analects

16. Chapter XII
Confucius said: “A leader is not a vessel.”
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子曰：「君子不器。」
Book 2, The Analects

17. Chapter XIII
Zigong asked what constitutes a leader.
Confucius said: “A man who practices what he preaches.”
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子貢問君子。
子曰：「先行其言，而後從之。」
Book 2, The Analects

18. Chapter XIV
Confucius said: “A leader looks at a question from every perspective.
A small-minded man looks at a question from his own perspective.”
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子曰：「君子周而不比，小人比而不周。」
Book 2, The Analects

19. Chapter XV
Confucius said: “Learning without thinking is futile. Thinking without
learning is perilous.”
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子曰：「學而不思則罔，思而不學則殆。」
Book 2, The Analects

20. Chapter XVI
Confucius said: “To attack a question from the wrong starting point
is harmful.”
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子曰：「攻乎異端，斯害也己。」
Book 2, The Analects

21. Chapter XVII
Confucius said: “Zilu, let me teach you what knowledge is.
Recognize what you know as what you know and what
you don’t know as what you don’t know. That is knowledge.”
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子曰：「由！誨女知之乎！知之為知之，
不知為不知，是知也。」
Book 2, The Analects

22. Chapter XVIII Part 1
Zizhang was studying with the aim of securing an official position.
Confucius said: “Listen for as much information as possible,
but ignore anything that is suspect, and be cautious when talking about
the rest; that way you will only rarely say anything out of place.”
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子張學干祿。
子曰：「多聞闕疑，慎言其餘，則寡尤。
Book 2, The Analects

23. Chapter XVIII Part 2
Observe as much as possible, ignore anything that is dangerous,
and be cautious about applying the rest to your actions;
that way you will rarely have reason for regret.
By making few mistakes in what you say and minimizing the
number regrets for missteps, your career is set.”
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「多見闕殆，慎行其餘，則寡悔。
言寡尤，行寡悔，祿在其中矣。」
Book 2, The Analects

24. Chapter XIX
Duke Ai asked: “What should I do to win the support of the people?”
Confucius replied: “Promote the ethical and place them above the
unethical, and the people will support you.
Promote the unethical and place them above the ethical,
and the people will not support you.”
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哀公問曰：「何為則民服？」
孔子對曰：「舉直錯諸枉，則民服；
舉枉錯諸直，則民不服。」
Book 2, The Analects

25. Chapter XX
Ji Kangzi asked: “What should I do to make the people respectful, loyal,
and eager to follow me? Confucius said: “Treat them with dignity, and
they will be respectful. Show you are a good son and a loving father, and
they will be loyal. Promote the good and teach those who lack ability,
and they will be eager to follow you.”
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季康子問：「使民敬忠以勸，如之何？」
子曰：「臨之以莊則敬，孝慈則忠，
舉善而教不能則勸。」
Book 2, The Analects

26. Chapter XXI
Someone asked Confucius: “Sir, why don’t you take part in
government?” Confucius replied: “In the Book of Documents it says:
‘Simply by acting as a good son and being kind to your brothers, you will
be contributing to the smooth running of the government.’ In doing this,
you are already engaging in government; why do you need to make a
conscious effort to actively take part in government?”
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或謂孔子曰：「子奚不為政？」
子曰：「書云：『孝乎惟孝，友于兄弟，
施於有政。』是亦為政，奚其為為政？」
Book 2, The Analects

27. Chapter XXII
Confucius said: “I wouldn’t know what to do with someone whose
word cannot be trusted. How would you pull a wagon without a
yoke-bar or a chariot without a collar-bar?”
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子曰：「人而無信，不知其可也。
大車無輗，小車無軏，其何以行之哉？」
Book 2, The Analects

28. Chapter XXIII
Zizhang asked: “Can we predict the future ten generations from now?”
Confucius said: “The Yin dynasty adopted the rites of the Xia dynasty;
we know what was discarded and what was added. The Zhou dynasty
adopted the rites of the Yin dynasty: we know what was discarded and
what was added. If the Zhou dynasty has successors, we know what
they will be like, even a hundred generations from now.”
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子張問：「十世可知也？」
子曰：「殷因於夏禮，所損益可知也；周因於殷禮，
所損益可知也。其或繼周者，雖百世，可知也。」
Book 2, The Analects

29. Chapter XXIV
Confucius said: “To sacrifice to spirits that don’t belong to
your ancestors is presumptuous.
To do nothing when rightness demands action is cowardice.”
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子曰：「非其鬼而祭之，諂也。
見義不為，無勇也。」
Book 2, The Analects

30. Appendix
Book 2
論語
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31. Appearance Analysis
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Confucius
(子)
Fan Chi
(樊遲)
Ziyou
(子游)
Zixia
(子夏)
Yan Hui
(顏回)
Zigong
(子貢)
Zilu
(子路
Zizhang
(子張)
Chapter I Y
Chapter II Y
Chapter III Y
Chapter IV Y
Chapter V Y Y
Chapter VI Y
Chapter VII Y Y
Chapter VIII Y Y
Chapter IX Y Y
Chapter X Y
Chapter XI Y
Chapter XII Y
Chapter XIII Y Y
Chapter XIV Y
Chapter XV Y
Chapter XVI Y
Chapter XVII Y Y
Chapter XVIII Y Y
Chapter XIX Y
Chapter XX Y
Chapter XXI Y
Chapter XXII Y
Chapter XXIII Y Y
Chapter XXIV Y
Appearances (number) 24 1 1 1 1 1 1 2
Appearances (percentage) 100.00% 4.17% 4.17% 4.17% 4.17% 4.17% 4.17% 8.33%

32. Themes Analysis
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Leader
(君子)
Learning
(學)
Governance
(政)
Chapter I Y
Chapter II
Chapter III Y
Chapter IV Y
Chapter V
Chapter VI
Chapter VII
Chapter VIII
Chapter IX
Chapter X
Chapter XI
Chapter XII Y
Chapter XIII Y
Chapter XIV Y
Chapter XV Y
Chapter XVI
Chapter XVII
Chapter XVIII Y
Chapter XIX
Chapter XX
Chapter XXI Y
Chapter XXII
Chapter XXIII
Chapter XXIV
Appearances (no) 3 3 3
Appearances (%) 12.50% 12.50% 12.50%

33. Primary Values Analysis
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Goodness
(仁)
Virtue
(德)
Rites
(禮)
Chapter I Y
Chapter II
Chapter III Y Y
Chapter IV
Chapter V Y
Chapter VI
Chapter VII
Chapter VIII
Chapter IX
Chapter X
Chapter XI
Chapter XII
Chapter XIII
Chapter XIV
Chapter XV
Chapter XVI
Chapter XVII
Chapter XVIII
Chapter XIX
Chapter XX
Chapter XXI
Chapter XXII
Chapter XXIII Y
Chapter XXIV
Appearances (no) 0 2 3
Appearances (%) 0.00% 8.33% 12.50%

34. Secondary Values Analysis
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Filial Piety
(孝)
Loyalty
(忠)
Trustworthiness
(信)
Rightness
(義)
Chapter I
Chapter II
Chapter III
Chapter IV
Chapter V Y
Chapter VI Y
Chapter VII Y
Chapter VIII Y
Chapter IX
Chapter X
Chapter XI
Chapter XII
Chapter XIII
Chapter XIV
Chapter XV
Chapter XVI
Chapter XVII
Chapter XVIII
Chapter XIX
Chapter XX Y Y
Chapter XXI Y
Chapter XXII Y
Chapter XXIII
Chapter XXIV Y
Appearances (no) 6 1 1 1
Appearances (%) 25.00% 4.17% 4.17% 4.17%