Beginner level discussion about networking along with Ethernet cable.

2. Introduction to Networks
• A network consists of two or more entities
or objects sharing resources and
information.
• A computer network consists of two or
more computing devices connected to
each other to share resources and
information.

3. Introduction to Networks
• Computers on a network can act as a
client or a server.
• A client is a computer that requests for
resources.
• A server is a computer that controls and
provides access to resources.

4. Need for Networks
• Enhance communication.
• Share resources.
• Facilitate centralized management.

5. Classification of Networks
1. Classification by network geography.
2. Classification by component roles.

6. Classification by Network
Geography
• Networks are frequently classified
according to the geographical boundaries
spanned by the network itself.
• LAN, WAN, and MAN are the basic types
of classification, of which LAN and WAN
are frequently used.

7. Local area network (LAN):
– A LAN covers a relatively small area such as
a classroom, school, or a single building.
– LANs are inexpensive to install and also
provide higher speeds.
Classification by Network
Geography

8. Local area network
Classification by Network
Geography

9. Metropolitan area network (MAN):
– A MAN spans the distance of a typical
metropolitan city.
– The cost of installation and operation is
higher.
– MANs use high-speed connections such as
fiber optics to achieve higher speeds.
Classification by Network
Geography

10. Metropolitan area network
Classification by Network
Geography

11. Wide area network (WAN):
– WANs span a larger area than a single city.
– These use long distance telecommunication
networks for connection, thereby increasing
the cost.
– The Internet is a good example of a WAN.
Classification by Network
Geography

12. Wide area network
Classification by Network
Geography

13. Classification by Component Roles
• Networks can also be classified according
to the roles that the networked computers
play in the network’s operation.
• Peer-to-peer, server-based, and client-
based are the types of roles into which
networks are classified.

14. Classification by Component Roles
Peer-to-peer:
•In a peer-to-peer network, all computers are
considered equal.
•Each computer controls its own information and
is capable of functioning as either a client or a
server depending upon the requirement.
•Peer-to-peer networks are inexpensive and easy
to install.
•They are popular as home networks and for use
in small companies.

15. Classification by Component Roles
Peer-to-peer network

16. Classification by Component Roles
Server-based:
– A server-based network offers centralized
control and is designed for secure operations.
– In a server-based network, a dedicated server
controls the network.
– A dedicated server is one that services the
network by storing data, applications,
resources, and also provides access to
resources required by the client.

17. Classification by Component Roles
Server-based network

18. Classification by Component Roles
Client-based:
– Client-based network servers process
requests from clients and return just the
results.
– These networks take advantage of the
powerful processing capabilities of both the
client and the server.
– Application servers and communications
servers are examples of client-based
networks.

19. Classification by Component Roles
Client-based network

20. Network Topology
• Topology refers to the layout of connected
devices on a network.
Here, some logical layout of topology.
• Mesh
• Star
• Bus
• Ring
• Tree and Hybrid

21. Network Topology

22. Mesh Topology
• Here every device has a point to point link
to every other device.
• Node 1 node must be connected with n-1
nodes.
• A fully connected mesh can have n(n-1)/2
physical channels to link n devices.
• It must have n-1 I/O ports.

23. Mesh Topology

24. Star Topology
• Here each device has a dedicated point-
to-point link to the central controller called
“Hub”(Act as a Exchange).
• There is no direct traffic between devices.
• The transmission are occurred only
through the central “hub”.
• When device 1 wants to send data to
device 2; First sends the data to hub.
Which then relays the data to the other
connected device.

25. Star Topology

26. Bus Topology
• A bus topology is multipoint.
• Here one long cable act as a backbone to
link all the devices are connected to the
backbone by drop lines and taps.
• Drop line- is the connection between the
devices and the cable.
• Tap- is the splitter that cut the main link.
• This allows only one device to transmit at
a time.

27. Bus Topology

28. Ring Topology
• Here each device has a dedicated
connection with two devices on either side.
• The signal is passed in one direction from
device to device until it reaches the
destination and each device have
repeater.
• When one device received signals instead
of intended another device, its repeater
then regenerates the data and passes
them along.

29. Ring Topology

30. Tree Topology
• Alternatively referred to as a star bus
topology.
• Tree topology is one of the most common
network setups that is similar to a bus
topology and a star topology.
• A tree topology connects multiple star
networks to other star networks. Below is
a visual example of a simple computer
setup on a network using the star topology

31. Tree Topology

32. Hybrid Topology
• A network which contain all type of
physical structure and connected under a
single backbone channel.

33. Hybrid Topology

34. Networking Devices
• Network devices are components used to
connect computers or other electronic
devices together so that they can share files
or resources like printers or fax machines

35. Different Networking Devices
• Hub
• Switch
• Gateway
• Bridge
• Router
• Repeater

36. Switch
• A network switch (also called switching
hub, bridging hub, officially MAC bridge) is
a computer networking device that
connects devices together on a computer
network by using packet switching to
receive, process, and forward data to the
destination device.

37. A Network Switch

39. Types of Cable
• Straight Cable
• Crossed Cable

41. Straight Through Cable
• For a straight through cable both wires use
the same schematics.

42. Straight Through Cable

43. Crossover Cable
• For a crossover cable both ends use
different wiring schematics.

44. Crossover Cable