ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. Morbi pretium elit eget sapien euismod iaculis. Phasellus consectetur ornare pellentesque. Nulla vulputate leo erat, sed laoreet mauris ultrices et. Integer ultricies ex risus, vitae commodo risus congue eu. Fusce aliquet lacus non quam ullamcorper, at posuere nulla lacinia. Duis gravida velit nisi, ut dictum felis mollis in. In eu iaculis nunc. Fusce nisi nisi, sollicitudin sed magna non, dapibus pellentesque odio. Nam malesuada urna a risus tincidunt hendrerit. Pellentesque a vestibulum neque, ac aliquet arcu. Donec placerat semper pretium. Ut consequat maximus rhoncus. Curabitur mollis mauris ac aliquet laoreet.
Vestibulum rutrum ut est nec pulvinar. Sed nec gravida velit. Nam ultricies orci vel odio lacinia malesuada ac at libero. Nulla magna erat, sollicitudin sit amet dolor quis, tempor pulvinar lorem. Cras sed orci sit amet nibh porta sodales. Maecenas pharetra, tortor et sodales tristique, dui nulla malesuada libero, nec pretium tortor libero quis nisi. In facilisis euismod urna eget finibus.
Praesent sit amet ex eu sapien cursus molestie in sit amet ipsum. Integer dignissim diam nec odio congue hendrerit. Nullam vitae nulla sollicitudin, egestas urna vitae, finibus justo. Nulla sollicitudin convallis elit, et aliquet nibh sagittis sed. In dictum quis libero eleifend venenatis. Aliquam rutrum ornare lacus, id feugiat urna placerat sed. Curabitur sit amet leo turpis. Sed ac condimentum lectus. Ut eget mauris eu mi tempor porttitor. Nam et consectetur nibh, eu aliqu
This presentation briefly describes the different types of computer networks along with their advantages and disadvantages and comparison between them.
This presentation briefly describes the different types of computer networks along with their advantages and disadvantages and comparison between them.
Networking are the backbone of business today. Computing devices exchange data from each other in computer networking. The best commonly known computer network is the internet.
A computer network is a group of interconnected devices, such as computers, servers, routers, switches, and other network-enabled devices, that communicate and share resources with each other. Computer networks can be categorized into two types, namely, local area network (LAN) and wide area network (WAN).
Fundamentals of Computer Networking - Shift Education of TechnologyRaphaff
Power Point Presentation on Computer Networking - Assignment on Networking Module of QA - Software Tester Course - Provided by Shift Education of Technology
Fundamentals of Computer Networking - Rafael SA
This presentation incorporates subjects such as TCP/IP, Networks Classification, OSI Model, DHCP, DNS Protocols and IPv4 and IPv6 Addressing schemes and more.
Utilocate offers a comprehensive solution for locate ticket management by automating and streamlining the entire process. By integrating with Geospatial Information Systems (GIS), it provides accurate mapping and visualization of utility locations, enhancing decision-making and reducing the risk of errors. The system's advanced data analytics tools help identify trends, predict potential issues, and optimize resource allocation, making the locate ticket management process smarter and more efficient. Additionally, automated ticket management ensures consistency and reduces human error, while real-time notifications keep all relevant personnel informed and ready to respond promptly.
The system's ability to streamline workflows and automate ticket routing significantly reduces the time taken to process each ticket, making the process faster and more efficient. Mobile access allows field technicians to update ticket information on the go, ensuring that the latest information is always available and accelerating the locate process. Overall, Utilocate not only enhances the efficiency and accuracy of locate ticket management but also improves safety by minimizing the risk of utility damage through precise and timely locates.
Networking are the backbone of business today. Computing devices exchange data from each other in computer networking. The best commonly known computer network is the internet.
A computer network is a group of interconnected devices, such as computers, servers, routers, switches, and other network-enabled devices, that communicate and share resources with each other. Computer networks can be categorized into two types, namely, local area network (LAN) and wide area network (WAN).
Fundamentals of Computer Networking - Shift Education of TechnologyRaphaff
Power Point Presentation on Computer Networking - Assignment on Networking Module of QA - Software Tester Course - Provided by Shift Education of Technology
Fundamentals of Computer Networking - Rafael SA
This presentation incorporates subjects such as TCP/IP, Networks Classification, OSI Model, DHCP, DNS Protocols and IPv4 and IPv6 Addressing schemes and more.
Utilocate offers a comprehensive solution for locate ticket management by automating and streamlining the entire process. By integrating with Geospatial Information Systems (GIS), it provides accurate mapping and visualization of utility locations, enhancing decision-making and reducing the risk of errors. The system's advanced data analytics tools help identify trends, predict potential issues, and optimize resource allocation, making the locate ticket management process smarter and more efficient. Additionally, automated ticket management ensures consistency and reduces human error, while real-time notifications keep all relevant personnel informed and ready to respond promptly.
The system's ability to streamline workflows and automate ticket routing significantly reduces the time taken to process each ticket, making the process faster and more efficient. Mobile access allows field technicians to update ticket information on the go, ensuring that the latest information is always available and accelerating the locate process. Overall, Utilocate not only enhances the efficiency and accuracy of locate ticket management but also improves safety by minimizing the risk of utility damage through precise and timely locates.
Introducing Crescat - Event Management Software for Venues, Festivals and Eve...Crescat
Crescat is industry-trusted event management software, built by event professionals for event professionals. Founded in 2017, we have three key products tailored for the live event industry.
Crescat Event for concert promoters and event agencies. Crescat Venue for music venues, conference centers, wedding venues, concert halls and more. And Crescat Festival for festivals, conferences and complex events.
With a wide range of popular features such as event scheduling, shift management, volunteer and crew coordination, artist booking and much more, Crescat is designed for customisation and ease-of-use.
Over 125,000 events have been planned in Crescat and with hundreds of customers of all shapes and sizes, from boutique event agencies through to international concert promoters, Crescat is rigged for success. What's more, we highly value feedback from our users and we are constantly improving our software with updates, new features and improvements.
If you plan events, run a venue or produce festivals and you're looking for ways to make your life easier, then we have a solution for you. Try our software for free or schedule a no-obligation demo with one of our product specialists today at crescat.io
E-commerce Application Development Company.pdfHornet Dynamics
Your business can reach new heights with our assistance as we design solutions that are specifically appropriate for your goals and vision. Our eCommerce application solutions can digitally coordinate all retail operations processes to meet the demands of the marketplace while maintaining business continuity.
AI Pilot Review: The World’s First Virtual Assistant Marketing SuiteGoogle
AI Pilot Review: The World’s First Virtual Assistant Marketing Suite
👉👉 Click Here To Get More Info 👇👇
https://sumonreview.com/ai-pilot-review/
AI Pilot Review: Key Features
✅Deploy AI expert bots in Any Niche With Just A Click
✅With one keyword, generate complete funnels, websites, landing pages, and more.
✅More than 85 AI features are included in the AI pilot.
✅No setup or configuration; use your voice (like Siri) to do whatever you want.
✅You Can Use AI Pilot To Create your version of AI Pilot And Charge People For It…
✅ZERO Manual Work With AI Pilot. Never write, Design, Or Code Again.
✅ZERO Limits On Features Or Usages
✅Use Our AI-powered Traffic To Get Hundreds Of Customers
✅No Complicated Setup: Get Up And Running In 2 Minutes
✅99.99% Up-Time Guaranteed
✅30 Days Money-Back Guarantee
✅ZERO Upfront Cost
See My Other Reviews Article:
(1) TubeTrivia AI Review: https://sumonreview.com/tubetrivia-ai-review
(2) SocioWave Review: https://sumonreview.com/sociowave-review
(3) AI Partner & Profit Review: https://sumonreview.com/ai-partner-profit-review
(4) AI Ebook Suite Review: https://sumonreview.com/ai-ebook-suite-review
Software Engineering, Software Consulting, Tech Lead, Spring Boot, Spring Cloud, Spring Core, Spring JDBC, Spring Transaction, Spring MVC, OpenShift Cloud Platform, Kafka, REST, SOAP, LLD & HLD.
OpenMetadata Community Meeting - 5th June 2024OpenMetadata
The OpenMetadata Community Meeting was held on June 5th, 2024. In this meeting, we discussed about the data quality capabilities that are integrated with the Incident Manager, providing a complete solution to handle your data observability needs. Watch the end-to-end demo of the data quality features.
* How to run your own data quality framework
* What is the performance impact of running data quality frameworks
* How to run the test cases in your own ETL pipelines
* How the Incident Manager is integrated
* Get notified with alerts when test cases fail
Watch the meeting recording here - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UbNOje0kf6E
Transform Your Communication with Cloud-Based IVR SolutionsTheSMSPoint
Discover the power of Cloud-Based IVR Solutions to streamline communication processes. Embrace scalability and cost-efficiency while enhancing customer experiences with features like automated call routing and voice recognition. Accessible from anywhere, these solutions integrate seamlessly with existing systems, providing real-time analytics for continuous improvement. Revolutionize your communication strategy today with Cloud-Based IVR Solutions. Learn more at: https://thesmspoint.com/channel/cloud-telephony
A Study of Variable-Role-based Feature Enrichment in Neural Models of CodeAftab Hussain
Understanding variable roles in code has been found to be helpful by students
in learning programming -- could variable roles help deep neural models in
performing coding tasks? We do an exploratory study.
- These are slides of the talk given at InteNSE'23: The 1st International Workshop on Interpretability and Robustness in Neural Software Engineering, co-located with the 45th International Conference on Software Engineering, ICSE 2023, Melbourne Australia
AI Genie Review: World’s First Open AI WordPress Website CreatorGoogle
AI Genie Review: World’s First Open AI WordPress Website Creator
👉👉 Click Here To Get More Info 👇👇
https://sumonreview.com/ai-genie-review
AI Genie Review: Key Features
✅Creates Limitless Real-Time Unique Content, auto-publishing Posts, Pages & Images directly from Chat GPT & Open AI on WordPress in any Niche
✅First & Only Google Bard Approved Software That Publishes 100% Original, SEO Friendly Content using Open AI
✅Publish Automated Posts and Pages using AI Genie directly on Your website
✅50 DFY Websites Included Without Adding Any Images, Content Or Doing Anything Yourself
✅Integrated Chat GPT Bot gives Instant Answers on Your Website to Visitors
✅Just Enter the title, and your Content for Pages and Posts will be ready on your website
✅Automatically insert visually appealing images into posts based on keywords and titles.
✅Choose the temperature of the content and control its randomness.
✅Control the length of the content to be generated.
✅Never Worry About Paying Huge Money Monthly To Top Content Creation Platforms
✅100% Easy-to-Use, Newbie-Friendly Technology
✅30-Days Money-Back Guarantee
See My Other Reviews Article:
(1) TubeTrivia AI Review: https://sumonreview.com/tubetrivia-ai-review
(2) SocioWave Review: https://sumonreview.com/sociowave-review
(3) AI Partner & Profit Review: https://sumonreview.com/ai-partner-profit-review
(4) AI Ebook Suite Review: https://sumonreview.com/ai-ebook-suite-review
#AIGenieApp #AIGenieBonus #AIGenieBonuses #AIGenieDemo #AIGenieDownload #AIGenieLegit #AIGenieLiveDemo #AIGenieOTO #AIGeniePreview #AIGenieReview #AIGenieReviewandBonus #AIGenieScamorLegit #AIGenieSoftware #AIGenieUpgrades #AIGenieUpsells #HowDoesAlGenie #HowtoBuyAIGenie #HowtoMakeMoneywithAIGenie #MakeMoneyOnline #MakeMoneywithAIGenie
Zoom is a comprehensive platform designed to connect individuals and teams efficiently. With its user-friendly interface and powerful features, Zoom has become a go-to solution for virtual communication and collaboration. It offers a range of tools, including virtual meetings, team chat, VoIP phone systems, online whiteboards, and AI companions, to streamline workflows and enhance productivity.
Quarkus Hidden and Forbidden ExtensionsMax Andersen
Quarkus has a vast extension ecosystem and is known for its subsonic and subatomic feature set. Some of these features are not as well known, and some extensions are less talked about, but that does not make them less interesting - quite the opposite.
Come join this talk to see some tips and tricks for using Quarkus and some of the lesser known features, extensions and development techniques.
Custom Healthcare Software for Managing Chronic Conditions and Remote Patient...Mind IT Systems
Healthcare providers often struggle with the complexities of chronic conditions and remote patient monitoring, as each patient requires personalized care and ongoing monitoring. Off-the-shelf solutions may not meet these diverse needs, leading to inefficiencies and gaps in care. It’s here, custom healthcare software offers a tailored solution, ensuring improved care and effectiveness.
Enterprise Resource Planning System includes various modules that reduce any business's workload. Additionally, it organizes the workflows, which drives towards enhancing productivity. Here are a detailed explanation of the ERP modules. Going through the points will help you understand how the software is changing the work dynamics.
To know more details here: https://blogs.nyggs.com/nyggs/enterprise-resource-planning-erp-system-modules/
AI Fusion Buddy Review: Brand New, Groundbreaking Gemini-Powered AI AppGoogle
AI Fusion Buddy Review: Brand New, Groundbreaking Gemini-Powered AI App
👉👉 Click Here To Get More Info 👇👇
https://sumonreview.com/ai-fusion-buddy-review
AI Fusion Buddy Review: Key Features
✅Create Stunning AI App Suite Fully Powered By Google's Latest AI technology, Gemini
✅Use Gemini to Build high-converting Converting Sales Video Scripts, ad copies, Trending Articles, blogs, etc.100% unique!
✅Create Ultra-HD graphics with a single keyword or phrase that commands 10x eyeballs!
✅Fully automated AI articles bulk generation!
✅Auto-post or schedule stunning AI content across all your accounts at once—WordPress, Facebook, LinkedIn, Blogger, and more.
✅With one keyword or URL, generate complete websites, landing pages, and more…
✅Automatically create & sell AI content, graphics, websites, landing pages, & all that gets you paid non-stop 24*7.
✅Pre-built High-Converting 100+ website Templates and 2000+ graphic templates logos, banners, and thumbnail images in Trending Niches.
✅Say goodbye to wasting time logging into multiple Chat GPT & AI Apps once & for all!
✅Save over $5000 per year and kick out dependency on third parties completely!
✅Brand New App: Not available anywhere else!
✅ Beginner-friendly!
✅ZERO upfront cost or any extra expenses
✅Risk-Free: 30-Day Money-Back Guarantee!
✅Commercial License included!
See My Other Reviews Article:
(1) AI Genie Review: https://sumonreview.com/ai-genie-review
(2) SocioWave Review: https://sumonreview.com/sociowave-review
(3) AI Partner & Profit Review: https://sumonreview.com/ai-partner-profit-review
(4) AI Ebook Suite Review: https://sumonreview.com/ai-ebook-suite-review
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Atelier - Innover avec l’IA Générative et les graphes de connaissancesNeo4j
Atelier - Innover avec l’IA Générative et les graphes de connaissances
Allez au-delà du battage médiatique autour de l’IA et découvrez des techniques pratiques pour utiliser l’IA de manière responsable à travers les données de votre organisation. Explorez comment utiliser les graphes de connaissances pour augmenter la précision, la transparence et la capacité d’explication dans les systèmes d’IA générative. Vous partirez avec une expérience pratique combinant les relations entre les données et les LLM pour apporter du contexte spécifique à votre domaine et améliorer votre raisonnement.
Amenez votre ordinateur portable et nous vous guiderons sur la mise en place de votre propre pile d’IA générative, en vous fournissant des exemples pratiques et codés pour démarrer en quelques minutes.
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INTRODUCTION TO
COMMUNICATION
SYSTEM
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What is a communication system?
• A communication system is a set of interconnected devices or
nodes that transmit, receive, and process information or data
between individuals, groups, or machines.
• The primary purpose of a communication system is to convey
meaningful information reliably and efficiently from a sender to
one or more receivers.
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COMPONENTS OF DATA COMMUNICATION
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• Data
• Sender
• Receiver
• Protocols
• Transmission media
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COMMUNICATION MODES
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•Simplex mode
•Half duplex mode
•Full duplex mode
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COMPUTER NETWORK
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What is a Computer Network?
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A computer network is a collection of interconnected
computers and other devices (such as servers, routers,
switches, and wireless access points) that can
communicate with each other to share resources,
exchange data, and collaborate on tasks. These
networks can vary in size and complexity, ranging from
small local area networks (LANs) within a single building
to vast global networks like the internet.
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Uses of Computer Network
1. Communication
2. Resource Sharing
3. Data Sharing and Collaboration
4. Internet Access
5. Remote Access and Telecommuting
6. Distributed Computing
7. E-commerce and Online Transactions
8. Entertainment and Media Streaming
9. Education and E-learning
10. Healthcare and Telemedicine
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Advantages & Disadvantages of
Computer Network
ADVANTAGES
• Communication
• Resource Sharing
• Data Sharing and
Collaboration
• Internet Access
• Remote Access
• Distributed Computing
• E-commerce
• Entertainment
• Education
• Healthcare
DISADVANTAGES
• Security Risks
• Dependency
• Complexity
• Compatibility Issues
• Bandwidth Limitations
• Privacy Concerns
• Cost
• Network Congestion
• Dependency on
Infrastructure
• Potential for Misuse
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Types of network on the basis of
geographical spread
1. LAN (Local Area Network)
2. MAN (Metropolitan Area
Network)
3. WAN (Wide Area Network)
Types of network on the basis
of use of computer
nodes(Services/architecture)
1. Client Server Network
2. Peer to peer network(PPN)
3. Value- Added
Network(VAN)
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On the basis of
geographical spread
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LAN(Local Area Network)
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LAN is a network that connects devices in a relatively
small geographic area, such as a single building, office,
school, or home.
Characteristics:
• Limited geographic area: Typically covers a small
area, such as a building or campus.
• High data transfer rates: Offers high-speed data
transfer rates compared to wide area networks
(WANs).
• Private ownership: Often owned, operated, and
maintained by a single organization or individual.
• Low cost: Generally less expensive to set up and
maintain compared to larger networks like WANs.
• High reliability: Usually more reliable and less prone to
congestion or network failures due to its smaller size.
Uses:
• Resource sharing: Allows users to
share files, printers, scanners, and
other resources within the network.
• Internet access: Provides connectivity
to the internet for accessing online
services, websites, and communication
tools.
• Collaboration: Facilitates
communication and collaboration
between users through email,
messaging, and shared documents.
• Local applications: Supports locally
hosted applications, databases, and
services used within the organization.
• Gaming: Enables multiplayer gaming
experiences by connecting gaming
consoles or computers within the same
LAN.
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Advantages & Disadvantages of LAN
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Advantages Disadvantages
• Fast data transfer rates
• Low cost of implementation and maintenance
• High level of security and privacy
• Easy resource sharing and collaboration
among users
• Local control and management of network
resources
• Limited geographic coverage
• Potential for network congestion in larger LANs
• Reliance on physical infrastructure (cables,
switches)
• Limited scalability compared to WANs
• Vulnerable to localized disruptions (power
outages, hardware failures
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MAN(Metropolitan Area Network)
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A Metropolitan Area Network (MAN) is a network that spans
a larger geographic area than a LAN but is smaller than a
WAN. It typically covers a city or metropolitan area.
Characteristics:
• Covers a metropolitan area: Spans a larger geographic region
than a LAN but smaller than a WAN, such as a city or town.
• High-speed connectivity: Offers high-speed data transfer
rates, often comparable to LANs, within the metropolitan area.
• Multiple interconnected LANs: Consists of interconnected
LANs at different locations within the metropolitan area.
• Can be privately owned or operated by service providers:
MANs may be owned and operated by private organizations,
municipalities, or telecommunications companies.
• Provides connectivity to multiple locations: Connects multiple
offices, campuses, or facilities within the metropolitan area.
Uses:
• Interconnecting multiple LANs: Provides
connectivity between multiple local area
networks (LANs) located within different parts
of the metropolitan area.
• Connecting branch offices: Allows
organizations with multiple offices or
branches within a city to share resources,
data, and services.
• Internet access: Provides high-speed internet
connectivity to businesses, institutions, and
residents within the metropolitan area.
• Telecommunication services: Supports voice,
data, and video communication services for
businesses, government agencies, and
residents.
• Disaster recovery: MANs can be used to
establish redundant connections between
geographically dispersed locations for
disaster recovery and business continuity
purposes.
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Advantages & Disadvantages of MAN
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Advantages Disadvantages
• High-speed connectivity over a larger
geographic area than LANs
• Enables efficient communication and data
transfer between multiple locations within the
metropolitan area
• Supports centralized management and control
of network resources
• Provides high reliability and redundancy
through redundant connections and failover
mechanisms
• Facilitates interconnection with wider area
networks (WANs) for global connectivity
• Higher cost of implementation and
maintenance compared to LANs
• Limited coverage area compared to WANs
• Vulnerable to disruptions from natural disasters
or man-made events within the metropolitan
area
• Reliance on service providers for connectivity
and infrastructure
• Potential security risks associated with data
transmission over a wider area
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WAN(Wide Area Network)
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A Wide Area Network (WAN) is a network that spans a large
geographic area, connecting multiple LANs, MANs, or other
networks across cities, countries, or even continents.
Characteristics:
• Large geographic coverage: Spans a wide geographic area,
such as multiple cities, states, countries, or continents.
• Interconnects multiple LANs or MANs: Connects multiple
local area networks (LANs) or metropolitan area networks
(MANs) over long distances.
• Uses public or private infrastructure: Can utilize public
telecommunications infrastructure (such as the internet) or
private leased lines for connectivity.
• Provides long-distance communication: Enables
communication and data transfer between geographically
dispersed locations.
• Supports various transmission technologies: Utilizes a wide
range of transmission technologies, including leased lines,
fiber optics, satellite links, and wireless connections.
Uses:
• Interconnecting geographically dispersed
locations: Allows organizations with
multiple offices, branches, or facilities in
different locations to communicate and
share resources.
• Internet connectivity: Provides access to
the internet for businesses, institutions,
and individuals in remote or rural areas.
• Global communication: Facilitates
international communication and
collaboration between organizations,
partners, and customers located in
different countries or continents.
• Cloud computing: Enables access to
cloud-based services and resources
hosted in data centers located across the
globe.
• Disaster recovery: WANs can be used to
establish redundant connections between
geographically dispersed locations for
disaster recovery and business continuity
purposes.
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Advantages & Disadvantages of MAN
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Advantages Disadvantages
• Wide geographic coverage for global
connectivity
• Enables communication and data transfer
between remote locations
• Supports centralized management and control
of network resources
• Provides scalability to accommodate growth
and expansion
• Facilitates access to cloud-based services and
resources
• High cost of implementation and maintenance
• Reliance on public or private
telecommunications infrastructure
• Vulnerable to disruptions from natural
disasters, network outages, or cyberattacks
• Potential security risks associated with data
transmission over public networks
• Complexity in managing and troubleshooting
WANs due to their size and complexity
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Types of Computer Network on
the basis of Computer Nodes
(Services/Architecture)
1. Client Server Network
2. Peer to Peer Network
3. Value- Added Network
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Client Server Network
Client Server Network also known as request-response network. In
this network, clients makes a request to the server, an server will
fulfill the response. Server provides backup, security, storage to
computer system and peripheral devices. Its also provides 24*7 fast
services due to connection of high speed internet.
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Advantages & Disadvantages of Client-Server Network
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Advantages Disadvantages
• It has a centralized system, from which data
can be easily backed up.
• Security is better in this network.
• Entire system is maintained by the server.
• It also increases the speed of resources
sharing.
• In case of server failure entire network will be
failed.
• Server maintainance cost is high.
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Peer to Peer Network
Peer to Peer Network also known as point-to-point network in which
all the computers are directly linked together with equal privileges
and responsibities for sharing the data. There is no server in it.
(Directly connected, No Server, Less than 10 computer devices, No
Security)
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Advantages & Disadvantages of Peer to Peer Network
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Advantages Disadvantages
• It is a cheaper network, as it has non server.
• If one computer stops working it will have no
effect on the other computer.
• Its setup and maintenance is also easy.
• Security issues.
• We cannot backup the data because there is
no server in this network.
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Value-Added Network
A value-added network(VAN) is a private hosted service that
provides companies with a secure way to send and share data with
its counterparties. Generally used by company.
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Advantages & Disadvantages of Value- Added Network
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Advantages Disadvantages
• VANs make communication faster and more
efficient.
• They offer strong security measures,
safeguarding sensitive data during
transmission.
• They easily adapt to growing business needs
for increased communication and data
exchange.
• Setting up and keeping VANs operational can
be costly, particularly for small businesses.
• Businesses rely on service providers, and
problems can interrupt communication.
• Some VANs may not offer many options for
customization, which could be a drawback for
businesses with specific needs.
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Network Topologies
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What is a Computer Network Topology?
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Network topology is the physical or logical arrangement of devices and
connections in a network. It defines how devices are connected to each other and
how data flows through the network.
Types of Network Topology
1. Hierarchical topology
2. Bus topology
3. Ring topology
4. Star topology
5. Mesh topology
6. Hybrid topology
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Hierarchical Topology
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Hierarchical topology, also known as tree topology, is a network topology
that combines multiple levels of connectivity in a tree-like structure. It
organizes devices in a hierarchical fashion with the top level being the root,
and subsequent levels branching out like the branches of a tree.
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Advantages and Disadvantages of Hierarchical Topology
37
Advantages:
• It allows more devices to be attached to
a single central hub thus it decreases
the distance that is traveled by the
signal to come to the devices.
• It allows the network to get isolated and
also prioritize from different computers.
• We can add new devices to the existing
network.
• Error detection and error correction are
very easy in a tree topology.
Disadvantages:
• If the central hub fails the entire system
fails.
• The cost is high because of the cabling.
• If new devices are added, it becomes
difficult to reconfigure.
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Bus Topology
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Bus topology is a type of network topology in which all devices are
connected to a single central cable called the "backbone cable". This central
cable serves as the communication medium, and each device shares the
same communication line. It is a simple and straightforward arrangement
that is commonly used in small to medium-sized networks.
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Advantages and Disadvantages of Bus Topology
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Advantages:
• If N devices are connected to each
other in a bus topology, then the number
of cables required to connect them is 1,
known as backbone cable, and N drop
lines are required.
• Coaxial or twisted pair cables are
mainly used in bus-based networks that
support up to 10 Mbps.
• The cost of the cable is less compared
to other topologies, but it is used to build
small networks.
• Bus topology is familiar technology as
installation and troubleshooting
techniques are well known.
Disadvantages:
• A bus topology is quite simple, but still, it
requires a lot of cabling.
• If the common cable fails, then the whole
system will crash down.
• If the network traffic is heavy, it increases
collisions in the network. To avoid this,
various protocols are used in the MAC
layer known as Pure Aloha, Slotted Aloha,
CSMA/CD, etc.
• Adding new devices to the network would
slow down networks.
• Security is very low.
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Ring Topology
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Ring topology is a network configuration in which each device is connected
to exactly two other devices, forming a closed loop or ring. Data travels in
one direction around the ring, passing through each device until it reaches
its destination.
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Ring Topology
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Advantages and Disadvantages of Ring Topology
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Advantages:
• The data transmission is high-speed.
• The possibility of collision is minimum in
this type of topology.
• Cheap to install and expand.
• It is less costly than a star topology.
Disadvantages:
• The failure of a single node in the network
can cause the entire network to fail.
• Troubleshooting is difficult in this topology.
• The addition of stations in between or the
removal of stations can disturb the whole
topology.
• Less secure.
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Star Topology
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Star topology is a network configuration in which all devices are connected
to a central hub or switch. Each device communicates directly with the
central hub, and there is no direct connection between devices in the
network. The central hub acts as a mediator, managing and controlling the
flow of data between devices.
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Advantages and Disadvantages of Star Topology
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Advantages:
• If N devices are connected to each
other in a star topology, then the
number of cables required to connect
them is N. So, it is easy to set up.
• Each device requires only 1 port i.e. to
connect to the hub, therefore the total
number of ports required is N.
• It is Robust. If one link fails only that link
will affect and not other than that.
• Easy to fault identification and fault
isolation.
• Star topology is cost-effective as it uses
inexpensive coaxial cable.
Disadvantages:
• If the concentrator (hub) on which the
whole topology relies fails, the whole
system will crash down.
• The cost of installation is high.
• Performance is based on the single
concentrator i.e. hub.
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Mesh Topology
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Mesh topology is a network configuration in which each device is
connected to every other device in the network. It creates a point-to-point
connection between every pair of devices, forming an interconnected web
of communication links.
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Advantages and Disadvantages of Mesh Topology
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Advantages:
• Communication is very fast between the
nodes.
• Mesh Topology is robust.
• The fault is diagnosed easily. Data is
reliable because data is transferred
among the devices through dedicated
channels or links.
• Provides security and privacy.
Disadvantages:
• Installation and configuration are difficult.
• The cost of cables is high as bulk wiring is
required, hence suitable for less number
of devices.
• The cost of maintenance is high.
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Hybrid Topology
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Hybrid topology is a combination of two or more different types of network
topologies. It integrates the features and characteristics of these individual
topologies to create a more flexible and robust network design. Commonly,
hybrid topologies are formed by combining star, bus, ring, and mesh
topologies to meet specific requirements.
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Advantages and Disadvantages of Hybrid Topology
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Advantages:
• This topology is very flexible.
• The size of the network can be easily
expanded by adding new devices.
Disadvantages:
• It is challenging to design the architecture
of the Hybrid Network.
• Hubs used in this topology are very
expensive.
• The infrastructure cost is very high as a
hybrid network requires a lot of cabling
and network devices.
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Introduction:
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• The Internet is a global network of interconnected
computers and devices that use standardized protocols
to communicate and exchange information.
• Using the internet we can send email,photos,videos
,message to eachother.
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advantages of internet:
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• Communication
• Internet banking
• Educational resource
• Work from home
• entertainment
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Disadvantages of internet:
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• Cybercrime
• Time wastage
• Internet addiction
• Effects on chindren
• Bad impact on health
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• An intranet is a private network that uses Internet
technologies and protocols to provide internal
communication and collaboration within an organization.
• It is accessible only to authorized users, typically
employees, contractors, and partners, and is not publicly
accessible from the Internet.
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• An extranet is a private network that extends the
capabilities of an intranet to include external users,
such as customers, suppliers, vendors, and partners.
• It provides a secure and controlled environment for
external users to access specific resources and
collaborate with the organization.