Network and Internet Presentation By Sulav Acharya

Presentation by:
Amrit Kumar Tamang
Mridul Prakash Shah
Om Prakash Basnet
Ravi Kumar Hathi
Ronish Shrestha

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INTRODUCTION TO
COMMUNICATION
SYSTEM

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What is a communication system?
• A communication system is a set of interconnected devices or
nodes that transmit, receive, and process information or data
between individuals, groups, or machines.
• The primary purpose of a communication system is to convey
meaningful information reliably and efficiently from a sender to
one or more receivers.
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COMPONENTS OF DATA COMMUNICATION
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• Data
• Sender
• Receiver
• Protocols
• Transmission media

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COMMUNICATION MODES
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•Simplex mode
•Half duplex mode
•Full duplex mode

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COMPUTER NETWORK
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What is a Computer Network?
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A computer network is a collection of interconnected
computers and other devices (such as servers, routers,
switches, and wireless access points) that can
communicate with each other to share resources,
exchange data, and collaborate on tasks. These
networks can vary in size and complexity, ranging from
small local area networks (LANs) within a single building
to vast global networks like the internet.

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Uses of Computer Network
1. Communication
2. Resource Sharing
3. Data Sharing and Collaboration
4. Internet Access
5. Remote Access and Telecommuting
6. Distributed Computing
7. E-commerce and Online Transactions
8. Entertainment and Media Streaming
9. Education and E-learning
10. Healthcare and Telemedicine
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Advantages & Disadvantages of
Computer Network
ADVANTAGES
• Communication
• Resource Sharing
• Data Sharing and
Collaboration
• Internet Access
• Remote Access
• Distributed Computing
• E-commerce
• Entertainment
• Education
• Healthcare
DISADVANTAGES
• Security Risks
• Dependency
• Complexity
• Compatibility Issues
• Bandwidth Limitations
• Privacy Concerns
• Cost
• Network Congestion
• Dependency on
Infrastructure
• Potential for Misuse
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Types of network on the basis of
geographical spread
1. LAN (Local Area Network)
2. MAN (Metropolitan Area
Network)
3. WAN (Wide Area Network)
Types of network on the basis
of use of computer
nodes(Services/architecture)
1. Client Server Network
2. Peer to peer network(PPN)
3. Value- Added
Network(VAN)
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On the basis of
geographical spread

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LAN(Local Area Network)
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LAN is a network that connects devices in a relatively
small geographic area, such as a single building, office,
school, or home.
Characteristics:
• Limited geographic area: Typically covers a small
area, such as a building or campus.
• High data transfer rates: Offers high-speed data
transfer rates compared to wide area networks
(WANs).
• Private ownership: Often owned, operated, and
maintained by a single organization or individual.
• Low cost: Generally less expensive to set up and
maintain compared to larger networks like WANs.
• High reliability: Usually more reliable and less prone to
congestion or network failures due to its smaller size.
Uses:
• Resource sharing: Allows users to
share files, printers, scanners, and
other resources within the network.
• Internet access: Provides connectivity
to the internet for accessing online
services, websites, and communication
tools.
• Collaboration: Facilitates
communication and collaboration
between users through email,
messaging, and shared documents.
• Local applications: Supports locally
hosted applications, databases, and
services used within the organization.
• Gaming: Enables multiplayer gaming
experiences by connecting gaming
consoles or computers within the same
LAN.

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Advantages & Disadvantages of LAN
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Advantages Disadvantages
• Fast data transfer rates
• Low cost of implementation and maintenance
• High level of security and privacy
• Easy resource sharing and collaboration
among users
• Local control and management of network
resources
• Limited geographic coverage
• Potential for network congestion in larger LANs
• Reliance on physical infrastructure (cables,
switches)
• Limited scalability compared to WANs
• Vulnerable to localized disruptions (power
outages, hardware failures

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MAN(Metropolitan Area Network)
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A Metropolitan Area Network (MAN) is a network that spans
a larger geographic area than a LAN but is smaller than a
WAN. It typically covers a city or metropolitan area.
Characteristics:
• Covers a metropolitan area: Spans a larger geographic region
than a LAN but smaller than a WAN, such as a city or town.
• High-speed connectivity: Offers high-speed data transfer
rates, often comparable to LANs, within the metropolitan area.
• Multiple interconnected LANs: Consists of interconnected
LANs at different locations within the metropolitan area.
• Can be privately owned or operated by service providers:
MANs may be owned and operated by private organizations,
municipalities, or telecommunications companies.
• Provides connectivity to multiple locations: Connects multiple
offices, campuses, or facilities within the metropolitan area.
Uses:
• Interconnecting multiple LANs: Provides
connectivity between multiple local area
networks (LANs) located within different parts
of the metropolitan area.
• Connecting branch offices: Allows
organizations with multiple offices or
branches within a city to share resources,
data, and services.
• Internet access: Provides high-speed internet
connectivity to businesses, institutions, and
residents within the metropolitan area.
• Telecommunication services: Supports voice,
data, and video communication services for
businesses, government agencies, and
residents.
• Disaster recovery: MANs can be used to
establish redundant connections between
geographically dispersed locations for
disaster recovery and business continuity
purposes.

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Advantages & Disadvantages of MAN
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• High-speed connectivity over a larger
geographic area than LANs
• Enables efficient communication and data
transfer between multiple locations within the
metropolitan area
• Supports centralized management and control
of network resources
• Provides high reliability and redundancy
through redundant connections and failover
mechanisms
• Facilitates interconnection with wider area
networks (WANs) for global connectivity
• Higher cost of implementation and
maintenance compared to LANs
• Limited coverage area compared to WANs
• Vulnerable to disruptions from natural disasters
or man-made events within the metropolitan
area
• Reliance on service providers for connectivity
and infrastructure
• Potential security risks associated with data
transmission over a wider area

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WAN(Wide Area Network)
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A Wide Area Network (WAN) is a network that spans a large
geographic area, connecting multiple LANs, MANs, or other
networks across cities, countries, or even continents.
Characteristics:
• Large geographic coverage: Spans a wide geographic area,
such as multiple cities, states, countries, or continents.
• Interconnects multiple LANs or MANs: Connects multiple
local area networks (LANs) or metropolitan area networks
(MANs) over long distances.
• Uses public or private infrastructure: Can utilize public
telecommunications infrastructure (such as the internet) or
private leased lines for connectivity.
• Provides long-distance communication: Enables
communication and data transfer between geographically
dispersed locations.
• Supports various transmission technologies: Utilizes a wide
range of transmission technologies, including leased lines,
fiber optics, satellite links, and wireless connections.
Uses:
• Interconnecting geographically dispersed
locations: Allows organizations with
multiple offices, branches, or facilities in
different locations to communicate and
share resources.
• Internet connectivity: Provides access to
the internet for businesses, institutions,
and individuals in remote or rural areas.
• Global communication: Facilitates
international communication and
collaboration between organizations,
partners, and customers located in
different countries or continents.
• Cloud computing: Enables access to
cloud-based services and resources
hosted in data centers located across the
globe.
• Disaster recovery: WANs can be used to
establish redundant connections between
geographically dispersed locations for
disaster recovery and business continuity
purposes.

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Advantages & Disadvantages of MAN
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• Wide geographic coverage for global
connectivity
• Enables communication and data transfer
between remote locations
• Supports centralized management and control
of network resources
• Provides scalability to accommodate growth
and expansion
• Facilitates access to cloud-based services and
resources
• High cost of implementation and maintenance
• Reliance on public or private
telecommunications infrastructure
• Vulnerable to disruptions from natural
disasters, network outages, or cyberattacks
• Potential security risks associated with data
transmission over public networks
• Complexity in managing and troubleshooting
WANs due to their size and complexity

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Types of Computer Network on
the basis of Computer Nodes
(Services/Architecture)
1. Client Server Network
2. Peer to Peer Network
3. Value- Added Network

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Client Server Network
Client Server Network also known as request-response network. In
this network, clients makes a request to the server, an server will
fulfill the response. Server provides backup, security, storage to
computer system and peripheral devices. Its also provides 24*7 fast
services due to connection of high speed internet.

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Advantages & Disadvantages of Client-Server Network
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• It has a centralized system, from which data
can be easily backed up.
• Security is better in this network.
• Entire system is maintained by the server.
• It also increases the speed of resources
sharing.
• In case of server failure entire network will be
failed.
• Server maintainance cost is high.

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Peer to Peer Network
Peer to Peer Network also known as point-to-point network in which
all the computers are directly linked together with equal privileges
and responsibities for sharing the data. There is no server in it.
(Directly connected, No Server, Less than 10 computer devices, No
Security)

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Advantages & Disadvantages of Peer to Peer Network
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• It is a cheaper network, as it has non server.
• If one computer stops working it will have no
effect on the other computer.
• Its setup and maintenance is also easy.
• Security issues.
• We cannot backup the data because there is
no server in this network.

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Value-Added Network
A value-added network(VAN) is a private hosted service that
provides companies with a secure way to send and share data with
its counterparties. Generally used by company.

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Advantages & Disadvantages of Value- Added Network
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• VANs make communication faster and more
efficient.
• They offer strong security measures,
safeguarding sensitive data during
transmission.
• They easily adapt to growing business needs
for increased communication and data
exchange.
• Setting up and keeping VANs operational can
be costly, particularly for small businesses.
• Businesses rely on service providers, and
problems can interrupt communication.
• Some VANs may not offer many options for
customization, which could be a drawback for
businesses with specific needs.

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Network Topologies

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What is a Computer Network Topology?
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Network topology is the physical or logical arrangement of devices and
connections in a network. It defines how devices are connected to each other and
how data flows through the network.
Types of Network Topology
1. Hierarchical topology
2. Bus topology
3. Ring topology
4. Star topology
5. Mesh topology
6. Hybrid topology

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Hierarchical Topology
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Hierarchical topology, also known as tree topology, is a network topology
that combines multiple levels of connectivity in a tree-like structure. It
organizes devices in a hierarchical fashion with the top level being the root,
and subsequent levels branching out like the branches of a tree.

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Advantages and Disadvantages of Hierarchical Topology
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Advantages:
• It allows more devices to be attached to
a single central hub thus it decreases
the distance that is traveled by the
signal to come to the devices.
• It allows the network to get isolated and
also prioritize from different computers.
• We can add new devices to the existing
network.
• Error detection and error correction are
very easy in a tree topology.
Disadvantages:
• If the central hub fails the entire system
fails.
• The cost is high because of the cabling.
• If new devices are added, it becomes
difficult to reconfigure.

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Bus Topology
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Bus topology is a type of network topology in which all devices are
connected to a single central cable called the "backbone cable". This central
cable serves as the communication medium, and each device shares the
same communication line. It is a simple and straightforward arrangement
that is commonly used in small to medium-sized networks.

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Advantages and Disadvantages of Bus Topology
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Advantages:
• If N devices are connected to each
other in a bus topology, then the number
of cables required to connect them is 1,
known as backbone cable, and N drop
lines are required.
• Coaxial or twisted pair cables are
mainly used in bus-based networks that
support up to 10 Mbps.
• The cost of the cable is less compared
to other topologies, but it is used to build
small networks.
• Bus topology is familiar technology as
installation and troubleshooting
techniques are well known.
Disadvantages:
• A bus topology is quite simple, but still, it
requires a lot of cabling.
• If the common cable fails, then the whole
system will crash down.
• If the network traffic is heavy, it increases
collisions in the network. To avoid this,
various protocols are used in the MAC
layer known as Pure Aloha, Slotted Aloha,
CSMA/CD, etc.
• Adding new devices to the network would
slow down networks.
• Security is very low.

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Ring Topology
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Ring topology is a network configuration in which each device is connected
to exactly two other devices, forming a closed loop or ring. Data travels in
one direction around the ring, passing through each device until it reaches
its destination.

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Ring Topology

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Advantages and Disadvantages of Ring Topology
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Advantages:
• The data transmission is high-speed.
• The possibility of collision is minimum in
this type of topology.
• Cheap to install and expand.
• It is less costly than a star topology.
Disadvantages:
• The failure of a single node in the network
can cause the entire network to fail.
• Troubleshooting is difficult in this topology.
• The addition of stations in between or the
removal of stations can disturb the whole
topology.
• Less secure.

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Star Topology
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Star topology is a network configuration in which all devices are connected
to a central hub or switch. Each device communicates directly with the
central hub, and there is no direct connection between devices in the
network. The central hub acts as a mediator, managing and controlling the
flow of data between devices.

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Advantages and Disadvantages of Star Topology
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Advantages:
• If N devices are connected to each
other in a star topology, then the
number of cables required to connect
them is N. So, it is easy to set up.
• Each device requires only 1 port i.e. to
connect to the hub, therefore the total
number of ports required is N.
• It is Robust. If one link fails only that link
will affect and not other than that.
• Easy to fault identification and fault
isolation.
• Star topology is cost-effective as it uses
inexpensive coaxial cable.
Disadvantages:
• If the concentrator (hub) on which the
whole topology relies fails, the whole
system will crash down.
• The cost of installation is high.
• Performance is based on the single
concentrator i.e. hub.

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Mesh Topology
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Mesh topology is a network configuration in which each device is
connected to every other device in the network. It creates a point-to-point
connection between every pair of devices, forming an interconnected web
of communication links.

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Advantages and Disadvantages of Mesh Topology
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Advantages:
• Communication is very fast between the
nodes.
• Mesh Topology is robust.
• The fault is diagnosed easily. Data is
reliable because data is transferred
among the devices through dedicated
channels or links.
• Provides security and privacy.
Disadvantages:
• Installation and configuration are difficult.
• The cost of cables is high as bulk wiring is
required, hence suitable for less number
of devices.
• The cost of maintenance is high.

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Hybrid Topology
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Hybrid topology is a combination of two or more different types of network
topologies. It integrates the features and characteristics of these individual
topologies to create a more flexible and robust network design. Commonly,
hybrid topologies are formed by combining star, bus, ring, and mesh
topologies to meet specific requirements.

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Advantages and Disadvantages of Hybrid Topology
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Advantages:
• This topology is very flexible.
• The size of the network can be easily
expanded by adding new devices.
Disadvantages:
• It is challenging to design the architecture
of the Hybrid Network.
• Hubs used in this topology are very
expensive.
• The infrastructure cost is very high as a
hybrid network requires a lot of cabling
and network devices.

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Internet

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Introduction:
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• The Internet is a global network of interconnected
computers and devices that use standardized protocols
to communicate and exchange information.
• Using the internet we can send email,photos,videos
,message to eachother.

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advantages of internet:
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• Communication
• Internet banking
• Educational resource
• Work from home
• entertainment

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Disadvantages of internet:
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• Cybercrime
• Time wastage
• Internet addiction
• Effects on chindren
• Bad impact on health

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Intranet

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• An intranet is a private network that uses Internet
technologies and protocols to provide internal
communication and collaboration within an organization.
• It is accessible only to authorized users, typically
employees, contractors, and partners, and is not publicly
accessible from the Internet.

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Extranet

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• An extranet is a private network that extends the
capabilities of an intranet to include external users,
such as customers, suppliers, vendors, and partners.
• It provides a secure and controlled environment for
external users to access specific resources and
collaborate with the organization.

Network and Internet Presentation By Sulav Acharya

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