PAQ, a subsidiary of a European water company, negotiated with a Chinese municipality to purchase its water supply facilities and operate them through a joint venture. The key unresolved issues in the negotiations included initial water charges, projected water demand, the tariff adjustment formula, and the joint venture's ownership structure. PAQ picked less critical secondary issues to negotiate first to build goodwill. They reached consensus quickly on water demand and tariff adjustments. Due to PAQ's reputation, the ownership structure was also easily agreed. They left the critical water rates issue for last. In the end, a selling agreement was reached in two weeks with concessions made on both sides to give "face" to each other within the Chinese context.

1. Chinese Water Selling Negotiation
by Dr Bob March
Negotiation training lessons on selling water in China are presented in this negotiation case,
published with permission from Dr Bob March's excellent book "Chinese Negotiator".
Overview
Acqua International (AQ) is a Europe-based multinational company that has interests in water
and other environment-related businesses.
In China, the company has joint ventures with medium-size and large municipalities to produce
and sell potable water. To increase its investments in China, the AQ Group arranged, through its
local subsidiary Pacific Acqua International (PAQ), to enter into a strategic alliance with Tak Foy
and Co., a Chinese conglomerate with strong roots in China and Hong Kong in the service
industry (mainly leisure-related). The venture is called Haoyu China Limited (HCL).
The Scene
These negotiations concerned an urban water supply system providing potable water to around
one million people. Through an agent in the province, the China subsidiary PAQ had secured a
sales negotiation contract to construct a water treatment plant for the system. In negotiation
training on selling skills in China, we share how having Chinese team members and a local agent
can make the difference in securing a sales contract.
Sometime after the completion and commissioning of the plant, PAQ learned from the same
agent that the municipality was short of funds for some urgent development projects. One of
its options was selling off or privatize the municipality’s water supply facilities.
The selling price value of the facilities was set by the municipality, and bidders were sought
from within its jurisdiction; there would be no recourse to the central government for selling
approval.
HCL, located in the municipality, submitted a purchasing proposal to buy the facilities, to set up
a joint venture with the municipality’s water company on a 3:1 ratio, and to operate the
facilities on a twenty five-year contract.
The unresolved issues when bids were called for were:
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Initial water charges. The only things that had been agreed on up to this date were how
much would be invested in the facilities and spent on improvements.

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The demand for water. To make the business financially viable, a take-or-pay selling
mechanism would have to be introduced, and local wells would have to be closed.
The formula to calculate annual water selling tariff revisions. Devaluation of the yuan
would affect foreign exchange sales–based investment.
The new company’s structure. Who would be the shareholders, board members, and
those responsible for its day-to-day management?
Selling Negotiations Begin
At the request of the Chinese, a memorandum was signed by HCL and the municipality to
record the negotiation selling issues still outstanding.
It was only then that PAQ—and through it HCL—was informed by the local PAQ agent (who was
supposedly very close to high levels in the municipality) that other international competitors
had also visited the municipality in connection with the same selling project.
After meeting high-ranking officials in the city, the PAQ team was advised to lower its starting
price for water supply if it wished to remain the preferred partner.
In a bid not to lose the municipality’s interest, PAQ organized visits to PAQ operations in other
provinces for a group of municipal officials, whose reaction was positive. Then, believing it a
good time to start selling negotiations, PAQ submitted a revised proposal, which it followed up
by visits requesting negotiation selling discussions.
The mayor’s office arranged a selling negotiation session to be attended by representatives of
all the municipal departments concerned, at which PAQ and HCL were represented by four
people: John King, Hans Christian, Cheng Peng Li, and Xu Jing.
For several weeks the unresolved selling issues and other negotiation matters were discussed,
and every evening the municipality hosted a formal banquet, which lent ambiance to the talks.
Cheng and Xu were the representatives on these social occasions, while King and Christian
remained in the background.
Strategy Applied
PAQ did not begin negotiating using the water rates as the deciding factor in the belief that,
were its selling ideas not well accepted, the entire selling project might be placed on hold.
Instead, it picked secondary selling issues with noncritical impact to give both parties some wins
to balance the losses.
Discussions started with water demand. Municipalities are generally optimistic about
development and, therefore, ready to accept or propose relatively high demand levels where
the take-or-pay selling mechanism is applied. Moreover, PAQ believed the municipality would

3. not be in the joint venture if it were not ready to enforce the selling laws concerning wells. So
consensus on water demand was reached quite quickly in their selling negotiation agreement.
Next in the selling agreement to be negotiated was the tariff adjustment formula. Both parties
agreed to an inflation-adjusted tariff, while the provincial government representative insisted
that foreign exchange should represent less than five percent of investment and be used for no
more than ten years.
Due to PAQ’s favorable reputation, post agreements on the post selling shareholding structure
and management were reached without too much difficulty.
Last came the water rate negotiations. PAQ impressed on the municipality that, as an old
friend, it was right for the project, being technically and financially sound with a good track
record in China. PAQ’s sincerity was demonstrated by the number of Chinese staff on its team a point clients learn more about on sales negotiation courses.
Coup de Face
A Selling Agreement was reached in two weeks, with the mayor himself voicing his support.
Wishing to give face to their lead negotiator, and aware of Chinese sensitivity to pricing of the
sale, PAQ then offered to reduce the starting water rate. In return, to give face to PAQ, the
municipality offered preferential tax treatment over a five-year period.
In Retrospect
Later, PAQ managers described some of the problems commonly faced by foreigners in selling
negotiation situations, and how they might be resolved:
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Most foreigners without Chinese sales training and new to China do not know how the
Chinese perceive them, nor does it bother them.
Many Chinese see foreigners as cheats, motivated only by the desire for profit.
The Chinese point to history: relationships with foreigners are short term, the foreigners
leaving after attaining their short-term sales negotiation goals.
China has a high-context society. Who you and your associates are is more important to
success than the mere excellence of your product or your competitive selling price.
The Chinese may renegotiate a selling contract even after it is signed. They believe in
people—not legal packages.
China has a haggling culture; there are no ethics where sales price is concerned, and
they will stop at nothing to get you to lower your selling price.
Time is not money in China, although this is starting to change.
The Chinese will not sign on the dotted line until they feel intuitively that the time is
right, even if all points have been clarified.
Chinese negotiators are not decision makers; the CEO or the government is the ultimate
boss.

4. 
Language is a big barrier in Chinese-foreign business sales negotiations.
Solutions
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Be patient. In China’s family-centered society it takes time to build trust with non-family
members.
Local Chinese employees can help establish trusting selling relationships.
Once the Chinese trust you, negotiations are less troublesome.
Identify the negotiators. They may be top leaders at central and local levels.
It is important to be honest and sincere with the Chinese.
Commentary
As a supplier of potable water facilities in many Chinese municipalities and cities, PAQ had a
good performance record that brought with it and reinforced personal relationships,
friendships, and trust.
The idea of leaving discussion of the water rates until after the easy to agree on selling issues
had been tackled proved a good negotiation move. The principal sign that negotiations were in
PAQ’s favor was the number and high level of officials invited to the negotiation meeting
arranged by the mayor’s office. That it still took some weeks to craft a final selling agreement is
not, however, surprising, since there would have been numerous selling issues outstanding.
Most important of all, when the final agreement was reached, a gesture was made to give the
Chinese face within their community.