The document discusses several Native American tribes that lived in Texas before European exploration, including their locations, appearances, dwellings, customs, and foods. It provides details on the Tonkawa, Kiowa, Wichita, Tigua, Jumano, Comanche, and Apache tribes, with sections focused on each tribe's characteristics. The document aims to compare the ways of life of Native American groups in Texas before encounters with Europeans.

1. EMELIN LAYNEZ
SHANNON SANKEY
CHRYSTIE SCHULTZ

2. §113.6. Social Studies, Grade 4.
(b) Knowledge and skills.
(1) History. The student understands the similarities and
differences of Native-American groups in Texas and the
Western Hemisphere before European exploration. The
student is expected to:
 (A) identify Native-American groups in Texas and the
Western Hemisphere before European exploration and
describe the regions in which they lived; and
 (B) compare the ways of life of Native-American groups in
Texas and the Western Hemisphere before European
exploration.

3.  Tonkawa
 Kiowa
 Witchita
 Tigua
 Jumanos
 Comanche
 Apaches

4. Shannon Sankey

5. APPEARANCE DWELLINGS
 Men wore breechcloths women  The Tonkawas lived in
wore short skirts. scattered villages in central
 Both wore long earrings, and Texas.
necklaces of shells, bones and  Shelters were made of brush
feathers. FOOD
 Both parted hair in middle, the  Ate just about anything
men tied beaver fur around including; spiders, ant eggs,
their braids. worms, lizards, and rotten
CUSTOMS wood.
 Didn’t name their babies until  A special treat was cooked fish
they were several years old. that was left out in the open for
 Method of discipline was to 8 days with swarms of insects
throw water on an offender. on them.

6. APPEARANCE DWELLINGS
 Darker skin, short, stocky, and  Tepee- Made of buffalo hides
thick through the chest sewn together and painted
 Men had short hair on the right with designs. Placed over a
side and long on the left. number of poles to form a
Women had long hair usually cone.
braided.
 Both tattooed and painted
their bodies.
 Men wore only a breechcloth
and moccasins, Women wore a CUSTOMS
deerskin dress and moccasins.  The Kiowa woman made the
Food family tepee.
 Buffalo, antelope, jackrabbits,  The men decorated the
prairie dogs, coyotes and finished tepees, painting them
wolves. to match a warrior’s shield.

7. APPEARANCE DWELLINGS
 Painted and tattooed much of  Lived in grass huts.
their visible part of their  Each hut had one circular room
bodies. about fifteen to thirty feet in
 Men and women wore long diameter.
hair, either loose or in braids.  Two families lived in one hut.
 Men wore breechcloths and  Smaller huts were used as
moccasins resting, working and storage
 Women wore deerskin skirts places.
and moccasins CUSTOMS
FOOD  When deciding to marry the
 Corn was their favorite. suitor left a gift of venison at
 Beans, melons, pumpkins, the door of a girls home. If the
tobacco, and squash, wild parents took the offering the
berries, nuts, figs and honey. marriage was granted and the
groom lived with the brides
parents

8. Emelin Laynez

9.  They lived in southwest part of
America.
 This part of America was arid.

10.  They created houses out of clay that
looked like apartments and they had
houses of sticks.
 They also created their own irrigation
system.

11. • Their name means “enemy”.
• Their traditional language was
Atheabaskan language.
More interesting fact

12.  Lived in the
Great Plains
 But followed
the buffalo all
across Central
North America

13.  They depended on the buffalo for their
survival.
 Food
 Clothing
 Portable housing
 Weapons and tools

14.  Their from of government was democratic.
It was a in groups and the each group was
led by a chief.
 They were also known for how well they
handled horses.
More information
Kids stuff

15. CHRYSTIE SCHULTZ

16.  Appeared in Spanish records around 1500-
1700 C.E., then disappeared.
 Nothing remains of their language to tell
where they came from or where they went.
 In 1700s, the Apache cut off the Jumano trade
routes, when they advanced south.
 Some may have joined the Apache
 Jumano Indians disappeaed long before
white settlers arrived.

17.  THERE WERE TWO JUMANO GROUPS IN TEXAS.
 ONE GROUP FARMED ON THE RIO GRANDE,
SOUTH OF EL PASO.
 THEY LIVED IN TEPEES AND HAD ADOBE
HOUSES ALONG THE RIO GRAND.

18.  CORN  The horizontal stripes on their
 DRIED SQUASHES faces made the Jumano easy to
recognize as they approached
 BEANS
their trading partners.
 MESQUITE BEANS  Through trade, they also
 CLOTH supplied Spanish goods and
 TURQUOISE horses to other tribes.
 UNUSUAL FEATHERS
 PIGMENTS
 SHELLS
 SALT FOR HIDES
 MEAT
 AND OTHER BISON
PRODUCTS.

19.  They established the Ysleta del Sur, “little island of
the south”, which is a suburb of El Paso.
 Rio Grande cut a new channel in 1830, making Ysleta
del Sur an Island.
 Ysleta del Sur became part of the United States
under the terms of the 1848 Treaty of Guadalupe
Hidalgo, which ended the Mexican War.
 The Tigua have been living in the region of Texas for
over 300 years.

20.  Today, there is a tribal center at Ysleta has
shops that sell Tigua crafts, and dancers
perform.
 Men wear colorful jackets trimmed in calico
fringe.
 Women wear costumes adopted during the
Spanish period.

21. TRIBE LOCATION POPULATION LANGUAGE FAMILY
TONKAWA Plains of central and 1690 –1600 Tonkawan
south central Texas 1990 – 20
KIOWA TX Panhandle, north of 1905– 1,195 Kiowa-Tanoan
Amarillo 1990-- 468
WITCHITA Along Brazos River near 1818– 800 Caddoan
present-day Waco, TX 1990-- 87
APACHES West-central Texas 1690– 500 Athapascan
plains 1990-- 7
COMANCHES Texas Panhandle south 1700– 20,000 Shoshonean
to western TX 1990– 1,478
TIGUA Present day El Paso, TX 1630—18,400 Kiowa-Tanoan
1990--761
JUMANOS Rio Grande Valley from 1582– 10,000 Apache, Spanish, or
El Paso downstream to 1900– 0 Caddoan
the Mexican Rio Conchos

23. What part of Texas
did the Witchita
live?
Near present Near present Near present
day Waco day Dallas day Houston

24. What was the ;main
source of food,
shelter , and tools for
the Comanche tribe?
Deer Buffalos Horses

25. How was the
population of the
tribes effected after
the Europeans came?
Stayed the
Went Up Went down
same

26. What was a favored
treat by the Tonkawa
tribe?
Cooked fish that
Buffalo was left out for 8 Roasted corn
days

27. In 1900 which
tribe was
completely
gone?
Jumano Apache Tigua

28.  http://www.dummies.com/how-to/content/sat-ii-us-history-
discovering-early-explorers-of-t.navId-
323321.html?print=true
 http://www.comanchelanguage.org/Comanche%20History.h
tm
 Baldridge, Carol. Texas Indians Fact Cards. Berkeley: Toucan
Valley Publications, 1997.
 Wade, Mary Dodson. Texas Native Peoples (State Studies-
Texas). Chicago: Heinemann, 2003.