This document discusses a study on the care and social reintegration of young people living with HIV/AIDS admitted to the CePReF (Care, Research and Training Centre) in Yopougon, Cote d'Ivoire. The study found that young people living with HIV/AIDS face stigmatization due to the incurable nature of HIV/AIDS and the perception that it is sexually transmitted. Disclosing their HIV-positive status can negatively impact their social ties and exclusion from family and community activities. The care provided at CePReF aims to support this vulnerable group through counseling, medical care, psychosocial support, and community reintegration programs. However, stigma remains a challenge.
Information needs and resource utilization by people living with hiv/aidsResearchWap
1.2 Objectives of the study
The main purpose of this study is to depict a comprehensive picture of information need and resource utilization by people living with HIV/AIDS in ESUT Teaching Hospital Park lane, Enugu. The specific purposes of the study are as follows:
a. To determine the areas in which people living with HIV/AIDS needs information ESUT teaching Hospital.
b. To find out the information resource used by people living with HIV/AIDS in ESUT Teaching Hospital Park lane, Enugu.
c. To determine the extent to which information resources encourage and support the people living with HIV/AIDS to take positive actions to deal with HIV/AIDS in ESUT Teaching Hospital Park lane, Enugu.
d. To determine the benefits derived from the use of information resources by the PLWHA in ESUT Teaching Hospital Park lane, Enugu.
e. To find out the barriers to access and utilization of information resources by PLWHA in ESUT Teaching Hospital Park lane, Enugu.
Attitude of the youth towards voluntary counselling and testing (vct) of hiv ...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on the attitudes of youth in Accra, Ghana toward voluntary counseling and testing (VCT) for HIV/AIDS. The study found that while knowledge of HIV/AIDS was high, awareness and use of VCT services was low. Most respondents were unaware that VCT services existed or where they could access them. Of those aware of VCT, very few had utilized the services themselves. Fear of knowing their HIV status appeared to be a major barrier preventing youth from seeking VCT. The study concluded that efforts must be made to increase awareness and use of VCT, especially among youth, through expanded information and education campaigns.
The Risk Lies in Not Knowing HIV AIDS Awareness and Acceptance towards PLWHAijtsrd
This document summarizes a study that assessed HIV/AIDS awareness and acceptance of people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA) among senior high school students in Toledo City, Cebu, Philippines. The study found that respondents had a high level of HIV/AIDS awareness and acceptance of PLWHA. It also found statistically significant correlations between gender and levels of awareness/acceptance, as well as a strong correlation between overall awareness and acceptance levels. The study concluded higher awareness is linked to greater acceptance of PLWHA.
Addressing hiv infection risks and consequences among elderly Africans by Niy...Hidzuan Hashim
This document summarizes a presentation given by Professor Niyi Awofeso on addressing HIV infection risks and consequences among elderly (>50 years) sub-Saharan Africans. It provides statistics on HIV prevalence and the physical, mental, and socioeconomic burdens of HIV/AIDS in this population. It also discusses policies and programs that could help reduce infection risks, such as expanding HIV testing and treatment, promoting circumcision, implementing social pensions and healthy aging programs, and reducing stigma through education. Successful models from Botswana and South Africa are presented.
The document discusses the potential benefits of introducing at-home HIV testing kits in Indonesia. It notes that Indonesia has a rapidly growing HIV epidemic, with over 500,000 new infections projected in 2014 if prevention programs are not accelerated. Currently, HIV testing is only available at hospitals through voluntary counseling and testing clinics, requiring patients to visit. At-home testing kits could increase access to testing by allowing people to test at home privately. However, there are also concerns about the accuracy of at-home tests and the lack of in-person counseling that occurs with clinic-based testing. Studies have found that telephone counseling provided with at-home kits can be an effective alternative to in-person counseling.
This document discusses disease surveillance research. It explains that disease surveillance involves the ongoing collection, analysis, interpretation, and dissemination of health data to monitor disease trends and improve public health. A reductionist approach looks at isolating variables to find cause-and-effect relationships, while a complex systems approach considers adaptive and multilevel systems in context. The document also discusses the roles and competencies needed for nurses to participate in surveillance and investigation activities.
HIV/AIDS is a disease that weakens the immune system and leaves individuals susceptible to opportunistic infections and cancers. It is transmitted through contact with certain bodily fluids and has killed over 25 million people worldwide since 1981. While treatments can slow the progression of the virus, there is currently no known cure. The social stigma surrounding HIV/AIDS can be as destructive as the disease itself.
Information needs and resource utilization by people living with hiv/aidsResearchWap
1.2 Objectives of the study
The main purpose of this study is to depict a comprehensive picture of information need and resource utilization by people living with HIV/AIDS in ESUT Teaching Hospital Park lane, Enugu. The specific purposes of the study are as follows:
a. To determine the areas in which people living with HIV/AIDS needs information ESUT teaching Hospital.
b. To find out the information resource used by people living with HIV/AIDS in ESUT Teaching Hospital Park lane, Enugu.
c. To determine the extent to which information resources encourage and support the people living with HIV/AIDS to take positive actions to deal with HIV/AIDS in ESUT Teaching Hospital Park lane, Enugu.
d. To determine the benefits derived from the use of information resources by the PLWHA in ESUT Teaching Hospital Park lane, Enugu.
e. To find out the barriers to access and utilization of information resources by PLWHA in ESUT Teaching Hospital Park lane, Enugu.
Attitude of the youth towards voluntary counselling and testing (vct) of hiv ...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on the attitudes of youth in Accra, Ghana toward voluntary counseling and testing (VCT) for HIV/AIDS. The study found that while knowledge of HIV/AIDS was high, awareness and use of VCT services was low. Most respondents were unaware that VCT services existed or where they could access them. Of those aware of VCT, very few had utilized the services themselves. Fear of knowing their HIV status appeared to be a major barrier preventing youth from seeking VCT. The study concluded that efforts must be made to increase awareness and use of VCT, especially among youth, through expanded information and education campaigns.
The Risk Lies in Not Knowing HIV AIDS Awareness and Acceptance towards PLWHAijtsrd
This document summarizes a study that assessed HIV/AIDS awareness and acceptance of people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA) among senior high school students in Toledo City, Cebu, Philippines. The study found that respondents had a high level of HIV/AIDS awareness and acceptance of PLWHA. It also found statistically significant correlations between gender and levels of awareness/acceptance, as well as a strong correlation between overall awareness and acceptance levels. The study concluded higher awareness is linked to greater acceptance of PLWHA.
Addressing hiv infection risks and consequences among elderly Africans by Niy...Hidzuan Hashim
This document summarizes a presentation given by Professor Niyi Awofeso on addressing HIV infection risks and consequences among elderly (>50 years) sub-Saharan Africans. It provides statistics on HIV prevalence and the physical, mental, and socioeconomic burdens of HIV/AIDS in this population. It also discusses policies and programs that could help reduce infection risks, such as expanding HIV testing and treatment, promoting circumcision, implementing social pensions and healthy aging programs, and reducing stigma through education. Successful models from Botswana and South Africa are presented.
The document discusses the potential benefits of introducing at-home HIV testing kits in Indonesia. It notes that Indonesia has a rapidly growing HIV epidemic, with over 500,000 new infections projected in 2014 if prevention programs are not accelerated. Currently, HIV testing is only available at hospitals through voluntary counseling and testing clinics, requiring patients to visit. At-home testing kits could increase access to testing by allowing people to test at home privately. However, there are also concerns about the accuracy of at-home tests and the lack of in-person counseling that occurs with clinic-based testing. Studies have found that telephone counseling provided with at-home kits can be an effective alternative to in-person counseling.
This document discusses disease surveillance research. It explains that disease surveillance involves the ongoing collection, analysis, interpretation, and dissemination of health data to monitor disease trends and improve public health. A reductionist approach looks at isolating variables to find cause-and-effect relationships, while a complex systems approach considers adaptive and multilevel systems in context. The document also discusses the roles and competencies needed for nurses to participate in surveillance and investigation activities.
HIV/AIDS is a disease that weakens the immune system and leaves individuals susceptible to opportunistic infections and cancers. It is transmitted through contact with certain bodily fluids and has killed over 25 million people worldwide since 1981. While treatments can slow the progression of the virus, there is currently no known cure. The social stigma surrounding HIV/AIDS can be as destructive as the disease itself.
HIV/AIDS is a disease that weakens the immune system and leaves individuals susceptible to opportunistic infections and tumors. It is transmitted through contact with certain bodily fluids and has become a global pandemic over recent decades. While treatments can slow the progression of the virus, there is currently no known cure. The disease disproportionately impacts marginalized groups and its stigma can be as destructive as the physical effects.
HIV/AIDS is a disease that weakens the immune system and leaves individuals susceptible to other infections and diseases. It is transmitted through bodily fluids and can be deadly if left untreated, having killed over 25 million people worldwide. While treatments exist to help manage the virus, there is currently no known cure. HIV/AIDS disproportionately impacts marginalized groups and its stigma and discrimination can be as harmful as the disease itself.
This document is a cover page and abstract for a culminating experience paper by Lindsey Garrison at Boston University School of Public Health. The paper analyzes adherence to antiretroviral therapy (ART) among adolescents in South Africa. It examines determinants of poor adherence, reviews best practices to improve adherence, and analyzes the ST-AMP program from the US. The paper identifies gaps in research and makes recommendations to improve data collection and gender-stratified statistics on HIV among adolescents in South Africa.
Gender,HIV/AIDs Transmission: Socio Economic And Socio Cultural Impact in Tan...Sandeep Singh
The document discusses the impact of HIV/AIDS in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania based on a survey of over 1,000 respondents. Key findings include: over 60% of respondents reported knowledge of Tanzanian HIV/AIDS prevention programs; 92% thought sex education should be provided to children before they become sexually active; and 74% believed HIV/AIDS leads to children becoming orphans. While 53% saw HIV/AIDS patients as a financial burden, many felt the infected should not be ashamed or expelled from communities. The study highlights impacts on health, education, agriculture, and children and calls for improved prevention efforts, sex education in schools, and amendments to marriage age laws.
Helping professional’s perception of the welfareAlexander Decker
This document discusses a study that surveyed helping professionals in South Africa on the welfare needs of AIDS orphans. 52 social workers, counselors, and psychologists responded to a questionnaire identifying the key welfare needs as: 1) Adequate feeding, 2) Education on preventing AIDS, 3) Access to quality education, 4) Basic personal requirements, 5) Counseling to cope with their situation, and 6) Career/job opportunities. The findings indicate strong agreement that AIDS orphans need proper healthcare, nutrition, education, counseling, and prevention education to address their trauma and meet their long-term needs.
This document outlines an intervention strategy to address the high prevalence of HIV in young men who have sex with men (MSM) in Alexandria, Virginia. The strategy involves conducting bi-monthly support group sessions over 10 months led by a part-time facilitator. The goals are to increase knowledge of HIV/STD prevention, decrease risky behaviors like unprotected sex and binge drinking, and ultimately lower new HIV cases in the target population by 5% within a year. Participants will be recruited through various community locations and incentives will be provided to encourage attendance. The intervention is evidence-based and aims to move participants through stages of behavior change. Objectives, activities, evaluations and a budget are included in the plan.
Assessing the Quality of Life of HIV/AIDS Patients attending Anti-Retroviral ...RosyPurakayastha
This document describes a study that assessed the quality of life of 150 HIV/AIDS patients attending an anti-retroviral clinic using the WHOQOL-HIV BREF scale. The scale measures quality of life across 6 domains: physical, psychological, independence, social relationships, environment, and spirituality. A literature review found that HIV/AIDS negatively impacts quality of life in all domains. The study aimed to identify quality of life issues in these domains and how they relate to socio-demographic factors, to help allocate resources and address patient needs. Patients were interviewed using the WHOQOL-HIV BREF scale to measure their perceptions in each domain.
Impact of syndromic management of sexually transmittedAlexander Decker
The document summarizes a study that investigated the impact of syndromic management of sexually transmitted infections (STIs) among out-of-school female youths in Sagamu, Nigeria. An intervention training on syndromic management lasted 4 weeks for 80 female youths. Based on pre- and post-test analysis, syndromic management was found to have a significant impact on treating urethra discharge symptoms and abnormal vaginal discharge symptoms, but no significant impact on genital ulcer disease or lower abdominal pain symptoms. The study concludes that syndromic management can help address STIs and related issues among youths if properly implemented.
The influence of prevention of mother to-child hiv transmission campaigns on ...Alexander Decker
The document discusses mother-to-child transmission of HIV in Nigeria and prevention efforts. It notes that mother-to-child transmission accounts for over 90% of pediatric AIDS cases globally. To address this, Nigeria and other countries have implemented Prevention of Mother-to-Child Transmission (PMTCT) campaigns. However, the document aims to study whether these campaigns have effectively improved knowledge, attitudes and practices around PMTCT among Nigerian women. It finds that while campaigns have increased to some degree, overall knowledge, attitudes and practices regarding PMTCT among Nigerian women remains quite low. It recommends campaign messages be more clear, specific and convincing to better educate women and encourage improved PMTCT practices.
Psychological Challenges Facing Women Living With HIV/AIDS: A Case of Nakuru ...paperpublications3
Abstract: HIV/AIDS is a critical concern in Kenya, ever since the HIV/AIDS virus was identified, many campaigns have been put in place, and people have been made aware of the various effects of the virus. However, much emphasis has been on the physiological effects, but little concern has been given to the major psychological effects the virus can have on individuals who contract the HIV virus. There is strong evidence that people who have been diagnosed with HIV are more likely to develop a mental health or psychological problem such as anxiety or depression. The purpose of this study was to explore and describe the psychological challenges faced by people who are living with HIV/AIDS in Nakuru municipality and how they cope with those challenges. A sample of 248 out of a target population of 700 was used. The instruments used to collect data were questionnaires and interviews schedules. The data was analyzed using descriptive statistics. The findings of the study revealed that most of the women living with HIV/AIDS suffer stigma, anger, trauma, denial and fear of disclosure. The disparities that existed among the singles and the married revealed that one’s marital status determined the extent to which one was stigmatized, angered, traumatized, and experienced denial or fear of disclosure. These findings have implications for developing interventions to support the psychological needs of people living with HIV, to accurately reflect the views and needs of the target users.
This study examined the influence of gender roles on adherence to antiretroviral therapy (ART) among people living with HIV in Belgrade, Serbia. A survey of 68 men and 23 women found that the most common reasons for skipping doses were fear of stigma if their HIV status or sexual practices became known. Gender roles and fear of gender-based violence appeared to negatively impact ART adherence by promoting secrecy. The researchers recommend training healthcare workers and HIV service providers on gender issues to help overcome barriers to adherence related to perceptions of gender and stigma.
- The study analyzed data from the 2000 Malawi Demographic and Health Survey to determine factors influencing willingness to undergo voluntary HIV counseling and testing among Malawians prior to marriage.
- Willingness for premarital HIV testing was positively associated with increased age, urban residence, and a preference for confidentiality of one's HIV status. However, it was negatively associated with knowledge of HIV/AIDS, testing locations, sexually transmitted infections, and a belief that abstinence prevents HIV.
- Not all population groups had an equal likelihood of accepting voluntary HIV counseling and testing. Public health interventions on HIV testing need to be tailored to different groups.
- The study analyzed data from the 2000 Malawi Demographic and Health Survey to determine factors influencing willingness to undergo voluntary HIV counseling and testing among Malawians prior to marriage.
- Willingness for premarital HIV testing was positively associated with increased age, urban residence, and a preference for confidentiality of one's HIV status. However, it was negatively associated with knowledge of HIV/AIDS, testing locations, sexually transmitted infections, and a belief that abstinence prevents HIV.
- Not all population groups had an equal likelihood of accepting voluntary HIV counseling and testing. Public health interventions on HIV testing need to be tailored to different groups.
Today we stand at a vital threshold. Within our grasp is the opportunity to end 30 years of suffering and death due to HIV/AIDS. Individuals and communities around the world have been mobilized toward prevention, and existing treatment can prolong life for many years. While we celebrate these successes, we reject any modicum of complacency. Now is the time to double down and finish the job. The world is fighting AIDS today just as it had previously fought to eliminate smallpox. For centuries, smallpox was a feared scourge that killed nearly half of those infected and maimed those that survived. A worldwide campaign to end the disease began in earnest in the late 1960s and by 1980 smallpox was officially eradicated.
Planet Aid anticipates the day when AIDS, too, will be stopped. To this end, we have been helping mobilize communities around the globe to increase HIV/AIDS prevention and care. With this special issue of the Planet Aid Post, we focus on the battle ahead. We also extend a warm welcome to those joining us on the forefront of this work,
A comparative study of the influence of infused hiv and aidsAlexander Decker
This document discusses a comparative study on the influence of infused HIV/AIDS education on student awareness in rural and urban secondary schools in Kenya. The study found that students in urban schools had significantly greater knowledge of HIV/AIDS facts, more positive attitudes towards infected individuals, and exhibited higher levels of behavior change compared to rural students. It recommends revising the curriculum to provide a more multi-faceted HIV/AIDS education approach, including extracurricular activities and parent seminars.
A comparative study of the influence of infused hiv and aidsAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that compared the influence of infused HIV/AIDS education on students' awareness in rural and urban secondary schools in Kericho County, Kenya. The study found significant differences between rural and urban students in their mastery of HIV/AIDS facts, level of behavior change, and attitudes toward people living with HIV/AIDS. Specifically, students in urban schools demonstrated better knowledge of HIV/AIDS facts, more positive attitudes, and higher levels of behavior change compared to rural students. The document provides background on HIV/AIDS globally and in Kenya to contextualize the problem addressed by the study.
The Madison County AIDS Program (MadCAP) is seeking funding to implement an HIV/AIDS risk reduction program for adolescents in Madison County high schools. The program will use the evidence-based BART (Becoming a Responsible Teen) curriculum over the 2016-2017 school year. The goal is to reduce HIV rates among teens and young adults by increasing HIV knowledge, perceived risk of infection, and safe sex practices. Freshmen students will participate in sessions on causes, transmission, testing and prevention. The program aims to have 75% of participants increase essential HIV knowledge and perceive themselves at higher risk of infection after. It will also teach proper condom use through demonstrations to further prevent spread of HIV. Evaluation will compare pre-
Factors Influencing Gender Disparities in the Prevalence of HIV AIDS in Fako ...ijtsrd
There is a prevalence of HIV AIDS in the society among men and women and there is gender disparity in the prevalence of HIV AIDS. Biological and other factors are pointing to the fact that the women are more vulnerable and therefore have more possibilities of spreading it. This study was done in Fako Division in the South West Region of Cameroon. The general objective of this study was to investigate the factors leading to the gender disparity in the prevalence of HIV AIDS. The research is a descriptive survey. The target population was the HIV AIDS patients that are treated in the Limbe and Buea Regional Hospitals. These hospitals were purposively selected with a purposive sampling of 50 males and female. This research involves the use of both primary and secondary data with the use of questionnaires, check list and review of secondary data on problems leading to a gender difference in the prevalence of HIV AIDS in these areas. Analysis of data was done with the use of windows SPSS. Findings of the study show that there is a high gender difference of about 39.21 in Buea Regional Hospital and a gender difference of 24.4 in Limbe Regional Hospital. Some factors were found responsible for this disparity that include early start of sexual activities for females, low level of education, multiple sexual partners, unemployment for females and others. Recommendations have been made to the government, the women themselves, health professionals, NGOs and other significant stakeholders. Bisong Prisca Mboh "Factors Influencing Gender Disparities in the Prevalence of HIV/AIDS in Fako Division Cameroon: Case Study of Limbe and Buea Regional Hospitals" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-6 , October 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd29236.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/medicine/other/29236/factors-influencing-gender-disparities-in-the-prevalence-of-hivaids-in-fako-division-cameroon-case-study-of-limbe-and-buea-regional-hospitals/bisong-prisca-mboh
HIV (Humab immunidefiency virus) is a virus that attacks the body's immune system. If HIV is not treated, It can lead to AIDS (acquired immunidefiency syndrome.
The Influence of Green Tax Implementation and Social Responsibility Programs ...AJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT : The issue of climate change related to carbon emissions has become an alarming global
phenomenon. The manufacturing sector contributes significantly to global greenhouse gas emissions. Therefore,
efforts to mitigate climate change through the implementation of green taxes and Social Responsibility
Programsare important for manufacturing industry. This research aims to analyze the effect of implementing
green tax and Social Responsibility Programs on environmentally sustainable development in manufacturing
industry. A quantitative approach is used with the research object of manufacturing industry listed on the
Indonesia Stock Exchange in 2020-2022. Analyzed using Partial Least Square (PLS) method. The research
results show that the implementation of green tax has a significant effect on environmentally sustainable
development, while Social Responsibility Programsdo not have a significant effect. These findings indicate that
green tax policies are effective in encouraging companies to switch to more environmentally friendly business
practices, but Social Responsibility Programshave not been fully integrated with environmental sustainability
efforts. This research contributes to the literature related to fiscal policy instruments and corporate social
responsibility practices in supporting environmentally sound sustainable development in the manufacturing
sector.
KEYWORDS: Green tax; Social responsibility; Environmentally sustainable development; Manufacturing
industry
Creating Immersive Language Learning Environments for Young LearnersAJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT: Creating immersive language learning environments for young learners in English as a Foreign
Language (EFL) contexts has been a topic of considerable interest and debate among educators. Despite
numerous constraints such as time, curriculum, and stakeholder expectations, it is feasible to develop effective
immersive environments. This paper explores the concept of immersion language learning, tracing its historical
development and highlighting its benefits, particularly for young learners. It discusses the distinctions between
total, partial, and dual-immersion programs, emphasizing the critical role of using the target language as the
medium of instruction. Furthermore, it examines the cognitive and academic advantages documented in seminal
immersion programs like Saint-Lambert and Coral Way. By synthesizing research and offering practical
strategies for EFL settings, this paper underscores the importance of teacher commitment, the selection of
appropriate materials, and the adoption of Content and Language Integrated Learning (CLIL) principles.
Ultimately, the findings affirm that immersive environments significantly enhance language proficiency,
cognitive flexibility, and academic achievement, advocating for their broader implementation in EFL
classrooms.
KEYWORDS : CLIL, EFL, immersion, young learners
More Related Content
Similar to Care and social reintegration of young people living with hiv/aids admitted to the care, research and training centre (cepref) in yopougon
HIV/AIDS is a disease that weakens the immune system and leaves individuals susceptible to opportunistic infections and tumors. It is transmitted through contact with certain bodily fluids and has become a global pandemic over recent decades. While treatments can slow the progression of the virus, there is currently no known cure. The disease disproportionately impacts marginalized groups and its stigma can be as destructive as the physical effects.
HIV/AIDS is a disease that weakens the immune system and leaves individuals susceptible to other infections and diseases. It is transmitted through bodily fluids and can be deadly if left untreated, having killed over 25 million people worldwide. While treatments exist to help manage the virus, there is currently no known cure. HIV/AIDS disproportionately impacts marginalized groups and its stigma and discrimination can be as harmful as the disease itself.
This document is a cover page and abstract for a culminating experience paper by Lindsey Garrison at Boston University School of Public Health. The paper analyzes adherence to antiretroviral therapy (ART) among adolescents in South Africa. It examines determinants of poor adherence, reviews best practices to improve adherence, and analyzes the ST-AMP program from the US. The paper identifies gaps in research and makes recommendations to improve data collection and gender-stratified statistics on HIV among adolescents in South Africa.
Gender,HIV/AIDs Transmission: Socio Economic And Socio Cultural Impact in Tan...Sandeep Singh
The document discusses the impact of HIV/AIDS in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania based on a survey of over 1,000 respondents. Key findings include: over 60% of respondents reported knowledge of Tanzanian HIV/AIDS prevention programs; 92% thought sex education should be provided to children before they become sexually active; and 74% believed HIV/AIDS leads to children becoming orphans. While 53% saw HIV/AIDS patients as a financial burden, many felt the infected should not be ashamed or expelled from communities. The study highlights impacts on health, education, agriculture, and children and calls for improved prevention efforts, sex education in schools, and amendments to marriage age laws.
Helping professional’s perception of the welfareAlexander Decker
This document discusses a study that surveyed helping professionals in South Africa on the welfare needs of AIDS orphans. 52 social workers, counselors, and psychologists responded to a questionnaire identifying the key welfare needs as: 1) Adequate feeding, 2) Education on preventing AIDS, 3) Access to quality education, 4) Basic personal requirements, 5) Counseling to cope with their situation, and 6) Career/job opportunities. The findings indicate strong agreement that AIDS orphans need proper healthcare, nutrition, education, counseling, and prevention education to address their trauma and meet their long-term needs.
This document outlines an intervention strategy to address the high prevalence of HIV in young men who have sex with men (MSM) in Alexandria, Virginia. The strategy involves conducting bi-monthly support group sessions over 10 months led by a part-time facilitator. The goals are to increase knowledge of HIV/STD prevention, decrease risky behaviors like unprotected sex and binge drinking, and ultimately lower new HIV cases in the target population by 5% within a year. Participants will be recruited through various community locations and incentives will be provided to encourage attendance. The intervention is evidence-based and aims to move participants through stages of behavior change. Objectives, activities, evaluations and a budget are included in the plan.
Assessing the Quality of Life of HIV/AIDS Patients attending Anti-Retroviral ...RosyPurakayastha
This document describes a study that assessed the quality of life of 150 HIV/AIDS patients attending an anti-retroviral clinic using the WHOQOL-HIV BREF scale. The scale measures quality of life across 6 domains: physical, psychological, independence, social relationships, environment, and spirituality. A literature review found that HIV/AIDS negatively impacts quality of life in all domains. The study aimed to identify quality of life issues in these domains and how they relate to socio-demographic factors, to help allocate resources and address patient needs. Patients were interviewed using the WHOQOL-HIV BREF scale to measure their perceptions in each domain.
Impact of syndromic management of sexually transmittedAlexander Decker
The document summarizes a study that investigated the impact of syndromic management of sexually transmitted infections (STIs) among out-of-school female youths in Sagamu, Nigeria. An intervention training on syndromic management lasted 4 weeks for 80 female youths. Based on pre- and post-test analysis, syndromic management was found to have a significant impact on treating urethra discharge symptoms and abnormal vaginal discharge symptoms, but no significant impact on genital ulcer disease or lower abdominal pain symptoms. The study concludes that syndromic management can help address STIs and related issues among youths if properly implemented.
The influence of prevention of mother to-child hiv transmission campaigns on ...Alexander Decker
The document discusses mother-to-child transmission of HIV in Nigeria and prevention efforts. It notes that mother-to-child transmission accounts for over 90% of pediatric AIDS cases globally. To address this, Nigeria and other countries have implemented Prevention of Mother-to-Child Transmission (PMTCT) campaigns. However, the document aims to study whether these campaigns have effectively improved knowledge, attitudes and practices around PMTCT among Nigerian women. It finds that while campaigns have increased to some degree, overall knowledge, attitudes and practices regarding PMTCT among Nigerian women remains quite low. It recommends campaign messages be more clear, specific and convincing to better educate women and encourage improved PMTCT practices.
Psychological Challenges Facing Women Living With HIV/AIDS: A Case of Nakuru ...paperpublications3
Abstract: HIV/AIDS is a critical concern in Kenya, ever since the HIV/AIDS virus was identified, many campaigns have been put in place, and people have been made aware of the various effects of the virus. However, much emphasis has been on the physiological effects, but little concern has been given to the major psychological effects the virus can have on individuals who contract the HIV virus. There is strong evidence that people who have been diagnosed with HIV are more likely to develop a mental health or psychological problem such as anxiety or depression. The purpose of this study was to explore and describe the psychological challenges faced by people who are living with HIV/AIDS in Nakuru municipality and how they cope with those challenges. A sample of 248 out of a target population of 700 was used. The instruments used to collect data were questionnaires and interviews schedules. The data was analyzed using descriptive statistics. The findings of the study revealed that most of the women living with HIV/AIDS suffer stigma, anger, trauma, denial and fear of disclosure. The disparities that existed among the singles and the married revealed that one’s marital status determined the extent to which one was stigmatized, angered, traumatized, and experienced denial or fear of disclosure. These findings have implications for developing interventions to support the psychological needs of people living with HIV, to accurately reflect the views and needs of the target users.
This study examined the influence of gender roles on adherence to antiretroviral therapy (ART) among people living with HIV in Belgrade, Serbia. A survey of 68 men and 23 women found that the most common reasons for skipping doses were fear of stigma if their HIV status or sexual practices became known. Gender roles and fear of gender-based violence appeared to negatively impact ART adherence by promoting secrecy. The researchers recommend training healthcare workers and HIV service providers on gender issues to help overcome barriers to adherence related to perceptions of gender and stigma.
- The study analyzed data from the 2000 Malawi Demographic and Health Survey to determine factors influencing willingness to undergo voluntary HIV counseling and testing among Malawians prior to marriage.
- Willingness for premarital HIV testing was positively associated with increased age, urban residence, and a preference for confidentiality of one's HIV status. However, it was negatively associated with knowledge of HIV/AIDS, testing locations, sexually transmitted infections, and a belief that abstinence prevents HIV.
- Not all population groups had an equal likelihood of accepting voluntary HIV counseling and testing. Public health interventions on HIV testing need to be tailored to different groups.
- The study analyzed data from the 2000 Malawi Demographic and Health Survey to determine factors influencing willingness to undergo voluntary HIV counseling and testing among Malawians prior to marriage.
- Willingness for premarital HIV testing was positively associated with increased age, urban residence, and a preference for confidentiality of one's HIV status. However, it was negatively associated with knowledge of HIV/AIDS, testing locations, sexually transmitted infections, and a belief that abstinence prevents HIV.
- Not all population groups had an equal likelihood of accepting voluntary HIV counseling and testing. Public health interventions on HIV testing need to be tailored to different groups.
Today we stand at a vital threshold. Within our grasp is the opportunity to end 30 years of suffering and death due to HIV/AIDS. Individuals and communities around the world have been mobilized toward prevention, and existing treatment can prolong life for many years. While we celebrate these successes, we reject any modicum of complacency. Now is the time to double down and finish the job. The world is fighting AIDS today just as it had previously fought to eliminate smallpox. For centuries, smallpox was a feared scourge that killed nearly half of those infected and maimed those that survived. A worldwide campaign to end the disease began in earnest in the late 1960s and by 1980 smallpox was officially eradicated.
Planet Aid anticipates the day when AIDS, too, will be stopped. To this end, we have been helping mobilize communities around the globe to increase HIV/AIDS prevention and care. With this special issue of the Planet Aid Post, we focus on the battle ahead. We also extend a warm welcome to those joining us on the forefront of this work,
A comparative study of the influence of infused hiv and aidsAlexander Decker
This document discusses a comparative study on the influence of infused HIV/AIDS education on student awareness in rural and urban secondary schools in Kenya. The study found that students in urban schools had significantly greater knowledge of HIV/AIDS facts, more positive attitudes towards infected individuals, and exhibited higher levels of behavior change compared to rural students. It recommends revising the curriculum to provide a more multi-faceted HIV/AIDS education approach, including extracurricular activities and parent seminars.
A comparative study of the influence of infused hiv and aidsAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that compared the influence of infused HIV/AIDS education on students' awareness in rural and urban secondary schools in Kericho County, Kenya. The study found significant differences between rural and urban students in their mastery of HIV/AIDS facts, level of behavior change, and attitudes toward people living with HIV/AIDS. Specifically, students in urban schools demonstrated better knowledge of HIV/AIDS facts, more positive attitudes, and higher levels of behavior change compared to rural students. The document provides background on HIV/AIDS globally and in Kenya to contextualize the problem addressed by the study.
The Madison County AIDS Program (MadCAP) is seeking funding to implement an HIV/AIDS risk reduction program for adolescents in Madison County high schools. The program will use the evidence-based BART (Becoming a Responsible Teen) curriculum over the 2016-2017 school year. The goal is to reduce HIV rates among teens and young adults by increasing HIV knowledge, perceived risk of infection, and safe sex practices. Freshmen students will participate in sessions on causes, transmission, testing and prevention. The program aims to have 75% of participants increase essential HIV knowledge and perceive themselves at higher risk of infection after. It will also teach proper condom use through demonstrations to further prevent spread of HIV. Evaluation will compare pre-
Factors Influencing Gender Disparities in the Prevalence of HIV AIDS in Fako ...ijtsrd
There is a prevalence of HIV AIDS in the society among men and women and there is gender disparity in the prevalence of HIV AIDS. Biological and other factors are pointing to the fact that the women are more vulnerable and therefore have more possibilities of spreading it. This study was done in Fako Division in the South West Region of Cameroon. The general objective of this study was to investigate the factors leading to the gender disparity in the prevalence of HIV AIDS. The research is a descriptive survey. The target population was the HIV AIDS patients that are treated in the Limbe and Buea Regional Hospitals. These hospitals were purposively selected with a purposive sampling of 50 males and female. This research involves the use of both primary and secondary data with the use of questionnaires, check list and review of secondary data on problems leading to a gender difference in the prevalence of HIV AIDS in these areas. Analysis of data was done with the use of windows SPSS. Findings of the study show that there is a high gender difference of about 39.21 in Buea Regional Hospital and a gender difference of 24.4 in Limbe Regional Hospital. Some factors were found responsible for this disparity that include early start of sexual activities for females, low level of education, multiple sexual partners, unemployment for females and others. Recommendations have been made to the government, the women themselves, health professionals, NGOs and other significant stakeholders. Bisong Prisca Mboh "Factors Influencing Gender Disparities in the Prevalence of HIV/AIDS in Fako Division Cameroon: Case Study of Limbe and Buea Regional Hospitals" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-6 , October 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd29236.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/medicine/other/29236/factors-influencing-gender-disparities-in-the-prevalence-of-hivaids-in-fako-division-cameroon-case-study-of-limbe-and-buea-regional-hospitals/bisong-prisca-mboh
HIV (Humab immunidefiency virus) is a virus that attacks the body's immune system. If HIV is not treated, It can lead to AIDS (acquired immunidefiency syndrome.
Similar to Care and social reintegration of young people living with hiv/aids admitted to the care, research and training centre (cepref) in yopougon (20)
The Influence of Green Tax Implementation and Social Responsibility Programs ...AJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT : The issue of climate change related to carbon emissions has become an alarming global
phenomenon. The manufacturing sector contributes significantly to global greenhouse gas emissions. Therefore,
efforts to mitigate climate change through the implementation of green taxes and Social Responsibility
Programsare important for manufacturing industry. This research aims to analyze the effect of implementing
green tax and Social Responsibility Programs on environmentally sustainable development in manufacturing
industry. A quantitative approach is used with the research object of manufacturing industry listed on the
Indonesia Stock Exchange in 2020-2022. Analyzed using Partial Least Square (PLS) method. The research
results show that the implementation of green tax has a significant effect on environmentally sustainable
development, while Social Responsibility Programsdo not have a significant effect. These findings indicate that
green tax policies are effective in encouraging companies to switch to more environmentally friendly business
practices, but Social Responsibility Programshave not been fully integrated with environmental sustainability
efforts. This research contributes to the literature related to fiscal policy instruments and corporate social
responsibility practices in supporting environmentally sound sustainable development in the manufacturing
sector.
KEYWORDS: Green tax; Social responsibility; Environmentally sustainable development; Manufacturing
industry
Creating Immersive Language Learning Environments for Young LearnersAJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT: Creating immersive language learning environments for young learners in English as a Foreign
Language (EFL) contexts has been a topic of considerable interest and debate among educators. Despite
numerous constraints such as time, curriculum, and stakeholder expectations, it is feasible to develop effective
immersive environments. This paper explores the concept of immersion language learning, tracing its historical
development and highlighting its benefits, particularly for young learners. It discusses the distinctions between
total, partial, and dual-immersion programs, emphasizing the critical role of using the target language as the
medium of instruction. Furthermore, it examines the cognitive and academic advantages documented in seminal
immersion programs like Saint-Lambert and Coral Way. By synthesizing research and offering practical
strategies for EFL settings, this paper underscores the importance of teacher commitment, the selection of
appropriate materials, and the adoption of Content and Language Integrated Learning (CLIL) principles.
Ultimately, the findings affirm that immersive environments significantly enhance language proficiency,
cognitive flexibility, and academic achievement, advocating for their broader implementation in EFL
classrooms.
KEYWORDS : CLIL, EFL, immersion, young learners
Study of Road Patterns and Space Formation in Settlement Areas on the Edge of...AJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT: This research aims to find developments in road patterns from 2008 to 2024 and explain the
influence of road patterns on the formation of settlements on the edge of Lake Laut Tawar. This research uses a
quantitative descriptive approach and diachronic reading analysis techniques. This research uses overlapping
maps (superimpose), surveys, and interviews. The results of this research are to find factors that influence the
formation of settlements on the edge of Lake Laut Tawar, including the flat topographic conditions. Demographics
continue to increase in the population of the study location. The social culture at the study location is that the
residents who live on the edges of Lake Laut Tawar are residents who have family relationships. Distribution of
space designations that change function from agricultural land to residential land. Land values vary on the edges
of Lake Laut Tawar according to their zones.
KEYWORDS : Road Pattern, Lake Edge, Laut Tawar Lake
HAPIS AT KATANUNGAN, PANGUNGULILA NG MGA NAIWAN: SIPAT-SURI SA MAIKLING KUWEN...AJHSSR Journal
ABSTRAK: Ang pagpapatiwakal o sariling pagtapos ng buhay ay isang malubhang dilema na madalas na
kinahaharap ng isang taong nakararanas ng malalim na hirap at kalungkutan. Ang isa sa mga dahilan ng
pagpapatiwakal ay ang pagtingin dito bilang isang paraan ng pagtakas mula sa mga suliranin at hamon ng buhay.
Ang pagsusuri sa maikling kuwentong "Bahay sa Dilim" ni Alfredo Enriquez ay isang uri ng kwalitatibong
pananaliksik na gumamit ng pagsusuring pangnilalaman upang maabot ang layunin nito na tukuyin at
maipaliwanag ang mga isyu ng dilema at desisyon sa pagpapatiwakal, pagmamahal sa pamilya, at pangungulila
at pagsisisi. Sa paggamit ng mga teoryang pampanitikan tulad ng eksistensyalismo at romantisismo bilang mga
gabay, ninais ng mga mananaliksik na magbigay-liwanag at solusyon sa mga isyu ng pagpapatiwakal. Ito ay
magiging patnubay sa pagpapalawak ng kaalaman tungkol sa mga suliranin at karanasan ng mga pamilyang
Pilipino, pati na rin sa mga laban na hinaharap ng isang tao na nakararanas ng isang dilema. Sa dulo, hinahamon
ng pag-aaral na ito na gamitin pa ang iba't ibang uri ng panitikan na mas naglalarawan ng tunay na karanasan at
realidad ng buhay.
KEYWORDS : pagpapatiwakal, dilema, kalungkutan, buhay, pangungulila
Risk Tolerance as A Moderation of Financial Literacy and Lifestyle on Old Age...AJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT:Old age financial planning must consider various factors, such as retirement age, estimated
monthly expenses in retirement, life expectancy, current and projected income until retirement which determines
the ability to save, assets and investments already owned, and the impact of inflation on future purchasing
power. Future, as well as the level of investment return. This research is causal associative research, this
research uses a quantitative approach. The population used in this research were employees within the Rectorate
of the University of Mataram, 67 Civil Servants. The saturated sampling method or total sampling is a sampling
technique in which all members of the population are used as samples. In this questionnaire, respondents'
answers were measured using a 6-point Likert scale: with ratings of 1 (strongly disagree), 2 (disagree), 3
(somewhat disagree), 4 (somewhat agree), 5 (agree), 6 (strongly agree). The Partial Least Square-Structural
Equation Model (PLS-SEM) with smart PLS 3.0 software was used to analyze the research data. The study's
findings indicate that financial literacy is found to have a positive and significant impact on old-age financial
planning among Rectorate employees at the University of Mataram. This indicates that as financial literacy
levels increase, so do activities relate to planning for retirement. Conversely, lifestyle does not exhibit a
significant influence on old-age financial planning for these employees. Furthermore, the interaction between
financial literacy and risk tolerance weakens the effect of financial literacy on retirement financial planning,
implying that higher risk tolerance diminishes the impact of financial literacy on planning for retirement.
However, risk tolerance does not moderate the influence of lifestyle on old-age financial planning, indicating
that the interaction between lifestyle and risk tolerance does not significantly affect retirement financial
planning for Rectorate employees at Mataram University.
KEYWORDS :Risk Tolerance, Financial Literacy, Lifestyle, Old Age Financial Planning
THE INFLUENCE OF APPLICATION FEATURES AND SECURITY THROUGH TRUST ON BRImo CUS...AJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT : This research objective is to determine the influence of application features and security
through trust on BRImo customer loyalty in Banyuwangi. This research used the Explanatory Research type.
The population used in this research is all customers who use the BRImo application as of the end of December
2022 at the BRI Banyuwangi office, totaling 89,333 customers. The sampling technique in this research used a
multistage random sampling technique (multi stage sampling). In this study, the criteria used were customers
who happened to use the BRImo application and were financially registered, totaling 100 respondents. The data
analysis method used Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) with the SmaprtPLS application. The research
results showed that Application Features influence BRIMo Trust in Banyuwangi Regency. Security influenced
BRIMo's trust in Banyuwangi Regency. Application features influenced BRIMo customer loyalty in
Banyuwangi Regency. Security influenced BRIMo Customer Loyalty in Banyuwangi Regency. Trust influenced
BRIMo Customer Loyalty in Banyuwangi Regency. Trust mediated the influence of Application Features on
BRIMo Customer Loyalty in Banyuwangi Regency. Trust mediated the influence of Security on BRIMo
Customer Loyalty in Banyuwangi Regency.
KEYWORDS : Application feature, security, trust, loyalty
On Storytelling & Magic Realism in Rushdie’s Midnight’s Children, Shame, and ...AJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT: Salman Rushdie’s novels are humorous books about serious times. His cosmopolitanism and
hybrid identity allowed him access to multiple cultures, religions, languages, dialects, and various modes of
writing. His style is often classified as magic realism, blending the imaginary with the real. He draws
inspiration from both English literature and Indian classical sources. Throughout his works, there is a lineage of
‘bastards of history’, a carnival of shameful characters scrolling all along his works. Rushdie intertwines fiction
with reality, incorporating intertextual references to Western literature in his texts, and frequently employing
mythology to explore history. This paper focuses on Rushdie’s three novels: Midnight’s Children, Shame, and
Haroun and the Sea of Stories, analyzing his postmodern storytelling techniques that aim to explore human
vices and follies while offering socio-political criticism.
KEYWORDS : Magic Realism, Rushdie, Satire, Storytelling, Transfictional Identities
CYBER SECURITY ENHANCEMENT IN NIGERIA. A CASE STUDY OF SIX STATES IN THE NORT...AJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT: Security plays an important role in human life and endeavors. Securing information and
disseminating are critical challenges in the present day. This study aimed at identifying innovative technologies
that aid cybercrimes and can constitute threats to cybersecurity in North Central (Middle Belt) Nigeria covering
its six States and the FCT Abuja. A survey research design was adopted. The researchers employed the use of
Google form in administering the structured questionnaire. The instruments were faced validated by one expert
each from ICT and security. Cronbach Alpha reliability Coefficient was employed and achieved 0.83 level of
coefficient. The population of the study was 200, comprising 100 undergraduate students from computer science
and Computer/Robotics Education, 80 ICT instructors, technologists and lecturers in the University and
Technical Colleges in the Middle Belt Nigeria using innovative technologies for their daily jobs and 20 officers
of the crime agency such as: Independent Corrupt Practices Commission (ICPC) andEconomic and Financial
Crimes Commission (EFCC). Three research purposes and questions as well as the hypothesis guided the study
on Five (5) point Likert scale. Data collected were analyzed using mean and standard deviation for the three
research questions while three hypotheses were tested using t-test at 0.05 level of significance. Major findings
revealed that serious steps are needed to better secure the cybers against cybercrimes. Motivation, types, threats
and strategies for the prevention of cybercrimes were identified. The study recommends that government,
organizations and individuals should place emphasis on moral development, regular training of its employees,
regular update of software, use strong password, back up data and information, produce strong cybersecurity
policy, install antivirus soft and security surveillance (CCTV) in offices in order to safeguard its employees and
properties from being hacked and vandalized.
KEYWORDS: Cybersecurity, cybercrime, cyberattack, cybercriminal, computer virus, Virtual Private Networks
(VPN).
TACKLING ILLEGAL LOGGING: PROBLEMS AND CHALLENGESAJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT: Illegal logging poses significant environmental, economic, and social challenges worldwide. This
research explores the problems associated with illegal logging in the present and future, shedding light on the
multifaceted nature of this issue and the accompanying challenges faced by governments, organizations, and
communities. The study employs a comprehensive literature review to analyze the current state of illegal
logging, its causes, and its consequences. It examines the environmental impact of deforestation, including
biodiversity loss, habitat degradation, and climate change. The researchers identify the challenges faced in
combating illegal logging in the present and anticipate future obstacles. It considers illegal logging networks'
complex and elusive nature, the limited enforcement capacity, and the need for international cooperation and
coordination. The study also examines the adoption and effectiveness of policies, regulations, and technological
advancements in curbing illegal logging practices in Davao City.
Keywords -Problems and Challenges, Cultural Disruptions, Anticipate future problems.
Towards Developing Students’ Soft Skills: The Case of ENSAM StudentsAJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT: Building students’ soft skills has started to gain ground within the realm of higher education in
Morocco. However, the development of these skills requires a real-life context which simplifies their learning.
In this regard, the present study is mainly conducted to investigate the effect of the out-group collaborative
learning method on the development of students’ soft skills. Data for the study comes from 20 semester two
students at “Ecole Nationale Superieure d'Arts et Metiers” (ENSAM), Moulay Ismail University, Meknes, by
implementing a one-group pretest-posttest research design. The qualitative and quantitative findings confirm
that there is a statistically significant difference between the pretest and posttest results. Therefore, the adopted
treatment, the out-group collaborative learning method, has improved students’ communication, adaptability and
presentation delivery skills. The findings of this study can be useful for future studies and give language
teachers insights into the importance of using the out-group collaborative learning method in their teaching of
the soft skills.
KEYWORDS : collaborative learning, soft-skills, out-group collaborative learning method
STUDY ON THE DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY OF HUZHOU TOURISMAJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT: Huzhou has rich tourism resources, as early as a considerable development since the reform and
opening up, especially in recent years, Huzhou tourism has ushered in a new period of development
opportunities. At present, Huzhou tourism has become one of the most characteristic tourist cities on the East
China tourism line. With the development of Huzhou City, the tourism industry has been further improved, and
the tourism degree of the whole city has further increased the transformation and upgrading of the tourism
industry. However, the development of tourism in Huzhou City still lags far behind the tourism development of
major cities in East China. This round of research mainly analyzes the current development of tourism in
Huzhou City, on the basis of analyzing the specific situation, pointed out that the current development of
Huzhou tourism problems, and then analyzes these problems one by one, and put forward some specific
solutions, so as to promote the further rapid development of tourism in Huzhou City.
KEYWORDS:Huzhou; Travel; Development
Enhancing Losari Beach Exploration: Augmented Reality for Immersive Visualiza...AJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT: South Sulawesi, commonly known as Makassar, boasts rich cultural heritage and customs,
making it a prominent destination for tourism. Among its attractions, Losari beach stands out as a focal point for
visitors seeking to explore the city's natural beauty and cultural offerings. In this context, leveraging modern
technology such as augmented reality presents an innovative approach to showcasing Losari beach to potential
tourists. This research endeavors to introduce tourism assets in a more visually captivating manner through the
use of augmented reality. Utilizing software tools like Unity and Adobe Illustrator, the study focuses on creating
an immersive experience where tourists can interact with virtual representations of Losari beach. By simply
pointing their mobile phone cameras at designated markers or using barcode scanners, tourists can access
augmented reality features embedded within the application. The findings of this research aim to provide
valuable information, particularly for foreign tourists, about Losari beach, positioning it as a compelling
destination within South Sulawesi's diverse array of tourist attractions. Through this technological innovation,
the study seeks to enhance the visibility and appeal of Makassar city's tourism offerings on a global scale.
KEYWORDS: Visualizing, Losari Beach, Augmented Reality
DEVELOPMENT STATUS AND COUNTERMEASURES OF TMALL DURING THE COVID-19 EPIDEMICAJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT:China's e-commerce enterprises have developed rapidly, among which Tmall has become one of
the largest retail shopping websites in China.But in the past year, the Covid-19 epidemic has brought a huge
impact to Chinese e-commerce enterprises, and Tmall is no exception.Therefore, the development status of
Tmall in the new crown epidemic situation was analyzed, and the viewpoint was put forward :Tmall1 stabilized
the situation in the face of the epidemic situation and made a very correct countermeasures.The influence of this
epidemic on Tmall was deeply analyzed, and the conclusion was made: the new crown epidemic is both a
challenge and an opportunity forTmall.
KEYWORDS:Tmall; COVID - 19 outbreak ; The electronic commerce
Factors affecting undergraduate students’ motivation at a university in Tra VinhAJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT: Motivation plays an important role in foreign language learning process. This study aimed to
investigate student’s motivation patterns towards English language learning at a University in Tra Vinh, and factors
affecting their motivation change toward English language learning of non-English-major students in the semester.
The researcher used semi-structured interview at the first phase of choosing the participants and writing reflection
through the instrument called “My English Learning Motivation History” adapted from Sawyer (2007) to collect
qualitative data within 15 weeks. The participants consisted of nine first year non-English-major students who learning
General English at pre-intermediate level. They were chosen and divided into three groups of three members each
(high motivation group; average motivation group; and low motivation group). The results of the present study
identified six visual motivation patterns of three groups of students with different motivation fluctuation, through the
use of cluster analysis. The study also indicated a diversity of factors affecting students’ motivation involving internal
factors as influencing factors (cognitive, psychology, and emotion) and external factors as social factors (instructor,
peers, family, and learning environment) during English language learning in a period of 15 weeks. The findings of
the study helped teacher understand relationship of motivation change and its influential factors. Furthermore, the
findings also inspired next research about motivation development in learning English process.
KEY WORDS: language learning motivation, motivation change, motivation patterns, influential factors, students’
motivation.
The Impact of Work Stress and Digital Literacy on Employee Performance at PT ...AJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT :This research aims to analyze the correlation between employee work stress and digital literacy
with employee performance at PT Telkom Akses Area Cirebon, both concurrently and partially. Employing a
quantitative approach, the study's objectives are descriptive and causal, adopting a positivist paradigm with a
deductive approach to theory development and a survey research strategy. Findings reveal that work stress
negatively and significantly impacts employee performance, while digital literacy positively and significantly
affects it. Simultaneously, work stress and digital literacy have a positive and significant influence on employee
performance. It is anticipated that company management will devise workload management strategies to
alleviate work stress and assess the implementation of more efficient digital technology to enhance employee
performance.
KEYWORDS -digital literacy, employee performance,job stress, multiple regression analysis, workload
management
The Settlement of Construction Disputes Through Dispute Councils From the Per...AJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT:This research differs from the practice of business activity in the construction services industry,
which may lead to construction disputes. The settlement of construction disputes is a consensus based on the
basic principle of debate. If the discussions between the parties do not reach an agreement, the parties may take
measures to resolve the dispute through the dispute council. Because the standard governing the disputes
committee was not fully regulated, they did not comply with the principle of legal certainty. Therefore, further
research was needed to establish a theoretical basis for regulating the disputes committee in settling construction
disputes. This research is a standard legal research using a legal regulatory, conceptual, and comparative
approach. The research results show that the ideal concept of resolving construction disputes through a dispute
council based on the value of legal certainty is to establish that the position of the dispute council is a special
court that has the authority to resolve construction disputes under construction services agreements. To realize
the position of the Court of Disputation as a special court, it must be based on the creation of philosophical
values, the creationof legislative regulations, and the creation of the institutional structure of the Court of
Disputation.
KEYWORDS-Construction Disputes, Dispute Council, Special Court
VALUES OF ORAL LITERATURE IN THE SOCIETY: A STUDY OF FOLKTALES OFOGBA IN RIVE...AJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT : Oral literature is a creative work of art that portends high merit and has the creative use of
imagination in preliterate societies. It adopts the genres of literature: drama, prose and poetry in the oral milieu,
using performance as its hallmark. It thrives on the use of oral data because of its orality. This paper focuses on
the moral values or oral literature in the society using Ogba as a spring board. The study was carried out in
communities ofOgba. The population of the study consists of ten towns and village, in Ogba. The theoretical
framework used is Dell Hyme’s ethno-poetics because the works of oral literature relate to the society. This
paper concludes that oral literature serves to against all odds; communicate ideas, emotions, beliefs and
appreciation of life. The folktales in Ogba for instance, serve similar purpose through their
rendition/performance. Through the stories, the younger generation in Ogba society is familiarised with the
customs, traditions, and rituals prevalent in the society. This paper therefore recommends the use of oral
literature in all its genres to inculcate moral values and lessons to the teenagers and youths. Against this
background, Ogba (African) themselves must cease to regard oral literature as primitive and fetish.
KEYWORDS: Values, Oral Literature, Society, Ogba, Folktales
Pormalistikong Pagdalumat sa mga Tula ni Ron CanimoAJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT: Nilayon ng pag-aaral na ito na masuri ang dalawampung (20) tula ni Ron Canimo gamit ang
pormalistikong dulog batay sa mga sumusunod na elemento: (a) Sukat at Tugma, (b) Talinghaga at
Simbolismo, (c) Imahen, (d) Tema, at (e) Diksiyon. Layunin din nitong mataya ang antas ng pagtanggap ng
ginawang pagsusuri gamit ang nabuong instrumento sa pagtataya nito. Sinunod dito ang Input-Process-Output
na balangkas ng pag-aaral at ginamitan ng kwantitatib-deskriptib-ebalwatib na pamamaraan. Sa pamamagitan
ng talatanungang ibinatay sa ginamit ni Morales (2014) na naimodipika ayon sa kahingian ng kasalukuyang
pag-aaral, tatlong (3) gurong eksperto ang nagsilbing tagataya dito na siyang tumiyak sa kahusayan ng nabuong
pagsusuri ng mananaliksik. Gamit ang Content Analysis, natuklasan na makabagong pamamaraan ang istilo na
ginamit ni Ron Canimo sa pagsulat ng mga tula. Lahat ng kanyang mga tula ay walang sinusunod na sukat at
tugma, may iba‟t ibang tayutay at simbolismong ginamit, magkaibang pandama ang pinagana dahil sa mga
imahe at paglalarawang ginawa, iba‟t ibang uri ng pag-ibig ang tinalakay at gumamit ng pormal, impormal o
kumbersasyonal na wika at makabagong istilo sa pagsulat ng tula. Gamit ang mean at standard deviation,
lumabas na “Mataas” ang antas ng pagtanggap sa kabuuan ng mga gurong eksperto na tumaya sa nabuong
pagsusuri. Lumabas din na “Mataas” ang antas ng kanilang pagtanggap sa nabuong pagsusuri batay sa mga
sumusunod na elemento: (a) Sukat at Tugma, (b) Talinghaga at Simbolismo, (c) Imahen, (d) Tema, at (e)
Diksiyon. Mula sa natayang pagsusuri at kinalabasan ng antas ng pagtanggap dito, naitala ang mga paksa sa
Junior High School Filipino na maaaring lapatan at gamitan ng nabuong pagsusuri.
KEYWORDS: Kumbensyunal, Pagdalumat, Pormalistiko, Ron Canimo, Tula
SCHOOL CULTURE ADAPTATION AMONG INDIGENOUS PEOPLES COLLEGE STUDENTS AT A PRIV...AJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT: This qualitative study investigates the adaption experiences of indigenous college students at the
University of Mindanao, Matina-main campus. Eight major themes emerged, including difficulties with language
proficiency, online learning, classroom interaction, examination systems, grading procedures, school regulations,
resource accessibility, coping mechanisms, and future goals. Implications include the requirement for targeted
language proficiency and technology use support, an understanding of adaption processes, interventions to
improve resource accessibility, and equitable public administration policies. The study underlines the importance
of adaptation in various educational contexts, as well as the role of educators and legislators in creating inclusive
learning environments.
KEYWORDS: indigenous college students, adaptation, educational challenges, coping strategies
The effect of Institutional Ownership, Sales Growth and Profitability on Tax ...AJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT: This research aims to test, analyze and obtain empirical evidence about the influence of
institutional ownership, sales growth and profitability on tax avoidance. The object of this research is
manufacturing companies in the consumer goods industry sector listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange (BEI)
in 2018-2022. This research used quantitative research methods and causal research design. The sampling
technique in this research used non-probability sampling with purposive sampling as the basis for determining
the sample so that a sample of 55 samples was obtained. The data used is secondary data obtained from the
official website of the Indonesia Stock Exchange (BEI) during the 2018-2022 period. The data analysis method
used was multiple linear regression analysis with several tests such as descriptive statistical tests, classical
assumption tests, and hypothesis testing using SPSS version 26 statistical software. The results showed that the
institutional ownership variable has no effect on tax avoidance, while the sales growth and profitability has a
negative and significant effect on tax avoidance.
KEYWORDS: Institutional Ownership, Sales Growth, Profitability, Tax Avoidance
UR BHatti Academy dedicated to providing the finest IT courses training in the world. Under the guidance of experienced trainer Usman Rasheed Bhatti, we have established ourselves as a professional online training firm offering unparalleled courses in Pakistan. Our academy is a trailblazer in Dijkot, being the first institute to officially provide training to all students at their preferred schedules, led by real-world industry professionals and Google certified staff.
Using Playlists to Increase YouTube Watch TimeSocioCosmos
Discover how to use playlists to keep viewers engaged and increase your watch time.
https://www.sociocosmos.com/product-category/youtube/youtube-comments/
ChatGPT 4o for social media step by step Guide.pdfalmutabbil
In this comprehensive guide, we'll delve into the exciting world of ChatGPT and explore
its practical applications for social media success. Learn how to craft captivating posts
that resonate with your audience, leverage automation to save precious time, and utilize
ChatGPT's analytical prowess to stay ahead of the curve.
Discover essential SEO Google tools to boost your website's performance, from Google Analytics and Search Console to Keyword Planner and Page Speed Insights.
Learn more: https://elysiandigitalservices.com/seo-google-tools/
Care and social reintegration of young people living with hiv/aids admitted to the care, research and training centre (cepref) in yopougon
1. American Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences Research (AJHSSR) 2023
A J H S S R J o u r n a l P a g e | 96
American Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences Research (AJHSSR)
e-ISSN : 2378-703X
Volume-07, Issue-07, pp-96-107
www.ajhssr.com
Research Paper Open Access
Care and social reintegration of young people living with hiv/aids
admitted to the care, research and training centre (cepref) in
yopougon
1
Ablakpa Jacob AGOBE ,2
OUATTARA Kalilou
(1)
Senior Lecturer, Department of Sociology,Félix Houphouët-Boigny University,
(2)
Research Fellow, Institute of Ethno-Sociology, Félix Houphouët-Boigny University
ABSTRACT : The general objective of this study is to describe the social logics linked to the stigmatisation
of young people living with HIV/AIDS admitted to the CePReF in Yopougon. The survey tools used were
documentary research, semi-structured interviews and observation. This enabled us to arrive at the following
results: Firstly, the study showed that the incurability of HIV is a determining factor in the stigmatisation of
PLHIV. Because they seem to be doomed to certain death. The incurability of HIV is the basis for the
construction of a discriminatory relationship towards HIV-infected people. Secondly, the mode of transmission
of HIV remains a key factor in the stigmatisation of PLHIV. Even though it is possible to be infected with HIV
through the use of sharp objects, during a blood transfusion, from mother to child, the sexual route remains the
most likely. Thus being infected with HIV is most often attributed by the population to a life of sexual
depravity.
KEY WORDS: Care, social reintegration, youth, vulnerability, stigma, HIV/AIDS.
I. INTRODUCTION
As reaffirmed by UNAIDS in its 2008 global report on the epidemic, HIV remains a global health
problem of unprecedented scope. Unknown 30 years ago, HIV has already caused some 25 million deaths
worldwide and has led to profound demographic changes in the most heavily affected countries. (UNAIDS,
2008) Sub-Saharan Africa remains the region most heavily affected by HIV, with 67% of all people living with
HIV and 75% of AIDS deaths in 2007. (Idem) West Africa is relatively less affected, with prevalence rates
below 2% in some countries. Nevertheless, Côte d'Ivoire is among the 15 most affected countries in the world.
The number of deaths due to HIV/AIDS in Côte d'Ivoire is around 22,000, which corresponds to a mortality rate
of about 110 per 100,000 inhabitants. (UNAIDS, 2014).
Projections using the EPP Spectrum software show a decreasing trend for the next 4-5 years after 2014 so that
the estimate of HIV mortality is about 20 per 100,000 population from 2020. Approximately 430,000 people are
living with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), or 2.4% of the population aged 15-49 years (UNAIDS,
2019). According to the Ministry of Public Service, Employment and Administrative Reform and the Ministry
of AIDS Control (2006), the HIV/AIDS epidemic poses a threat to fundamental rights at work, particularly with
the discrimination and stigmatisation faced by workers and people living with or affected by HIV/AIDS Care
for infected workers is not systematic in the majority of companies. This care is not comprehensive and
sometimes does not include spouses and families. Only 0.34% of companies have medical and psychosocial
care.
In addition, the final report of the national study on the stigma and discrimination index for people
living with HIV in Côte d'Ivoire, carried out under the supervision of the Réseau Ivoirien des Personnes Vivant
avec le VIH (RIP+), Alliance CI, the Global Fund, the NACP, UNAIDS, the CDC PEPFAR and the Ministry of
Health and Public Hygiene, highlights a finding. Indeed, 5.2% of PLHIV are victims of exclusion from social
activities or events, 3.5% of which are due to their HIV status alone or in combination with other reasons. 1.8%
of PLWHA were excluded from religious activities or places of worship, of which 1.6% were excluded because
of their HIV status alone or in combination with other reasons. 6.3% of PLWHA were excluded from family
activities, of which 5.2% were excluded because of their HIV status alone or in combination with other reasons.
17.0% of PLWHA were victims of gossip, 12.3% of which was due to their HIV status alone or in combination
with other reasons. 11.8% of PLWHA were insulted, reviled, harassed or threatened, 8.0% of which were due to
their HIV status alone or in combination with other reasons. 7.1% of PLWHA were victims of physical
2. American Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences Research (AJHSSR) 2023
A J H S S R J o u r n a l P a g e | 97
harassment, 4.4% of which were due to their HIV status alone or in combination with other reasons. 5.8% of
PLWHA were subjected to psychological pressure from their husband/wife or partner. 6.5% of PLHIV
experienced sexual rejection. 3.5% of PLHIV experienced discrimination from other PLHIV. 7.5% of PLHIV
have had a family member discriminated against because of their HIV status. 56.3% of PLHIV have never
received support. The main aggressors of PLHIV are their household members 64.4%. (CESI, 2016).
Through these figures, we notice a stigmatisation of PLHIV at all levels of Ivorian society. This stigmatisation is
not without risk for HIV-positive people. We can group these risks into three categories, namely perceived risks,
social risks and real risks.
Perceived risks are conceived in the discourse of PLHIV through more or less serious unfortunate
situations to which the infection is likely to lead and which expose to damage. They are also perceived as
possible negative consequences of the infection. For PLHIV, since AIDS is a fatal, transmissible and
stigmatising disease, the risks to which it exposes them are health, economic and social. Health risks are those
that lead to the destruction of the immune system and physical damage. Economic risks are those that involve
the possibility of reduced productivity, cessation of work, reduced income, inability to meet health care costs,
inability to make plans and reallocation of resources (Vertigo, 2006).
The social risks, on the other hand, are of the order of shame, dishonour, repudiation, divorce and the breaking
of social ties. We are interested here in these last types of risk because, over and above the diversity of risks,
those linked to social risks seem to be those to which PLWHA feel most exposed and also those they most
fervently wish to avoid. To do this, they adopt two strategies: either to remain completely silent about their
serological status, or to reveal it only to a few carefully chosen people in the family circle, according to
numerous and complex criteria specific to each PLWHA (proximity of the confidant, confidence in him, degree
of education and information on AIDS, ability to provide financial assistance) (Opcit).
More than an imaginary threat, the risk of sharing information about HIV status is real. Indeed,
according to a study carried out among women who informed their entourage, 53% experienced a break in
social ties. The analysis of the breakdowns shows that socio-economic factors are less of a determining factor in
the acceptance or rejection of these women. The breakdowns are more attributed to sociological factors, which
the analysis of the life stories makes it possible to highlight (Opcit). In the context of this study, the emphasis is
on the real risks to which young HIV-positive people admitted to the CePReF in Yopougon are most exposed.
In line with its public policy of taking charge of and de-dramatising HIV/AIDS, the State of Côte d'Ivoire has
approved several structures, both national and international, to carry out actions on the territory in favour of
people infected by this pathology. Among these is CePReF. Located within the Maternal and Infant Protection
(PMI) unit, now the General Hospital of Yopougon, CePReF was created by the non-governmental organisation
Aconda-VS, an organisation partly financed by the French government. The organisation of care at CePReF is
based on a family-centred, comprehensive and multidisciplinary approach. It has five components. Firstly, the
preventive component, which consists of counselling and HIV testing. Then there is the clinical component,
which includes diagnosis and treatment of opportunistic infections, initiation and monitoring of antiretroviral
(ARV) treatment based on national programme procedures, and follow-up in day hospital for patients requiring
observation. There is also a psychological, social and community component, which involves psychological
care, home visits to improve compliance with treatment (in partnership with NGOs), setting up and running
discussion groups for self-management of stigmatisation by PWIH, and nutritional and material support.
In addition, there is the research component devoted to monitoring and evaluation and finally the
training component concerning the training of actors involved in the fight against HIV (B. N'Guessan, 2008).
In 2004, CePReF received 5,311 patients, including 2,239 women and 468 children. Between ARV treatment,
consultations and medication for opportunistic diseases, treatment costs the patient 6,000 CFA francs (about 10
euros) per month, and CePReF does not charge for certain examinations. (The New Humanitarian, 2005)
Furthermore, the results of an analysis of the determinants of adherence to antiretroviral treatment carried out
among 300 HIV-positive people aged at least 15 years and followed up at the CePReF in Yopougon conclude
that 10.9% of these people are victims of stigmatisation and discrimination (B. N'Guessan, 2008).
Finally, during our exploratory surveys at the CePReF in April 2021, we were able to observe that some young
people living with HIV/AIDS are abandoned by their fathers, who are obliged to look after their single mothers,
who have also been diagnosed as HIV-positive. It is therefore important to note that despite public policies to
raise awareness and reduce the stigma of HIV/AIDS, young people living with this infection admitted to the
CePReF in Yopougon are stigmatised through the breakdown of social ties and their exclusion from family
activities or social events.
In view of the above, we are led to ask ourselves the following questions: Why are young people living
with HIV/AIDS in the care of the Yopougon CePReF subject to stigmatisation despite public policies to raise
awareness and reduce the stigma associated with this disease? Do the social characteristics of young people
living with HIV/AIDS admitted to the Yopougon CePReF explain their stigmatisation? Is the treatment process
not a factor legitimising the stigmatisation of young people living with HIV/AIDS admitted to the Yopougon
CePReF?
3. American Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences Research (AJHSSR) 2023
A J H S S R J o u r n a l P a g e | 98
Doesn't the perception of the HIV/AIDS disease by the population explain the stigmatisation of young
people living with this infection admitted to the Yopougon CePReF? Does disclosure of HIV status influence
the social reintegration of young people living with HIV/AIDS admitted to the Yopougon CePReF? The care
and social reintegration of young people living with HIV/AIDS therefore appears to be a challenge for Ivorian
society. To conduct a scientific study on the subject requires a preliminary epistemology; that of seeing how
researchers have approached the study of the care and socialisation of PLWHA up to now. This will help guide
our concern in one direction.
1-Theoretical and methodological approach
Based on Malinowski's functionalism, any society should not be analysed on the basis of its history but
on its functioning. The practices that seem the most insignificant therefore have a function. And this function
corresponds to a human need: "For the functionalist, culture, i.e. the whole body of instruments, the privileges of
its social groups, the ideas, beliefs and human customs, constitute a vast apparatus putting man in a better
position to face the particular concrete problems that arise in his adaptation to his environment in order to give
course to the satisfaction of his needs. Malinowski's functionalism thus assumes that the function of any practice
is to meet the needs of individuals. At the same time, however, it is always the whole of society, and not its
separate elements, that meets individual needs. Thus, the care and reintegration of young people living with
HIV/AIDS must be the actions of the whole of society.
From a methodological point of view, the study took place in the commune of Yopougon, which is one
of the ten communes of the autonomous district of Abidjan, the economic capital of Côte d'Ivoire in West
Africa. This commune is located to the north of the city of Abidjan. Its geographical coordinates are: 5° 20' 56''
north, 4° 00' 42'' west. And SICOGI is a district of this commune bounded to the north by the Port-Bouet II
district, to the south by SIDECI, to the east by the New District and to the Niangon district.
The choice of this geographical area is explained by the fact that this district has an internationally renowned
centre for the care of PLWHA, where the other care centres at national level refer cases of HIV that cannot be
treated with conventional methods. This geographical space is the framework for interaction between PLHIV,
health specialists and the population. In this centre, it is easier to meet PLHIV who come for their medical
appointments. CePReF is located in an urban environment, a social setting where stigma is increasingly
prevalent. Thus, stigma generally emerges in a globalised environment, with increasing mobility and areas of
very high human concentration.
Map 1: geographical location of Yopougon SICOGI
4. American Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences Research (AJHSSR) 2023
A J H S S R J o u r n a l P a g e | 99
Thus, the study concerned three (03) categories of actors who constitute our target population: The
expert population1
; local actors concerned by the phenomenon2
; the control population3
.
The study took place from 16 July 2021 to 15 July 2022. The survey techniques used were direct observation
and semi-structured interviews. In order to understand the social logics related to the stigmatisation of young
people living with HIV/AIDS, we adopted content analysis. According to (Luc Van Campenhoudt, Jacques
Marquet and Raymond Quivy, 2017), content analysis allows us, when dealing with rich and penetrating
material, to harmoniously satisfy the requirements of methodological rigour and inventive depth, which is not
always reconcilable. This has enabled us to arrive at the following results.
II. RESULTS
In the scientific field, several studies are related to the care and social reintegration of young people
living with HIV/AIDS, but in sociology we approach this logic in terms of social representation.
In the context of this work, the emphasis was placed on the relationship between the disclosure of the
serological status of young people living with HIV/AIDS and the population's perception of this pathology. The
results of this study can be broken down into three main areas:
Firstly, the identification of the process of caring for young people living with HIV/AIDS admitted to the
CePReF of Yopougon;
Secondly, the description of the impact of the perception of HIV/AIDS by the population on the stigmatisation
of young people living with this pathology admitted to the CePReF of Yopougon; and finally, the explanation of
the influence of the disclosure of the serological status on the social reintegration of young people living with
HIV/AIDS admitted to the CePReF of Yopougon.
2-1-Social patterns related to the stigmatization of young people living with hiv/aids admitted to the
Cepref of Yopougon
2-1-1-Identification of the social characteristics of young people living with HIV/AIDS admitted to the
Yopougon CePReF: Social characteristics of respondents
1
The General Coordinator of the CePReF, for information on the structure and functioning of his institution; The
Chief Medical Officer, to describe the process of caring for young people living with HIV/AIDS admitted to the
CePReF of Yopougon; The CePReF nurses, to describe their roles in the care of young people living with
HIV/AIDS admitted to the Yopougon CePReF; The CePReF social service agents, to describe their roles in the
care of young people living with HIV/AIDS admitted to the Yopougon CePReF.
2
These actors are essentially young people living with HIV/AIDS admitted to the CePReF. The information
collected from them makes it possible to describe how they perceive their care at the CePReF in Yopougon,
their relations with their families and with the rest of the population.
3
The control population was composed as follows
- The parents of young people living with HIV/AIDS admitted to the CePReF in order to identify the impact of
their perception of the HIV/AIDS disease on the stigmatisation of young people living with this pathology
treated at the CePReF of Yopougon;
- The population in relation to young people living with HIV/AIDS admitted to the CePReF to explain the
influence of disclosure of HIV status on the social reintegration of these young people.
Age 15 years 16 years 17 years 18 years 19 years 21
years
22 years 24 years
3 2 3 2 3 1 1 1
Gender Woman Male
6 10
Level of education Primary College High School Superior
2 4 8 2
Professional category Footballer Student Student Trader Unemployed
1 11 2 1 1
Religion Christian Muslim Buddhist
8 7 1
Type of family Orphan Single parent two-parent Polygamist
1 7 6 2
Mode of contamination At birth
16
Marital status Single As a couple
15 1
Number of people who
know about the SS(*)
01 person 02 persons 03 persons 04 persons and more
6 6 1 3
5. American Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences Research (AJHSSR) 2023
A J H S S R J o u r n a l P a g e | 100
2-2-Analysis of the social characteristics of the respondents
The social characteristics of young people living with HIV/AIDS admitted to the CePReF in Yopougon
are discernible through several variables. In this study, we focused on the following variables: age, sex, level of
education, professional category, religion, family type, mode of infection, marital status and the number of
people who know the respondent's serological status apart from the medical staff.
Among the individuals interviewed, two individuals were 24 years old. And, three individuals are between 15
and 19 years of age. This statement by a specialist illustrates the choice of some of the variables mentioned
above:
"Generally speaking, when they are not yet 25 years old, we manage to follow them
correctly. But as soon as we send them to the adults, they disappear and it is when they feel
really ill that they reappear". (J.H, CePReF, 12 January 2022 at 10am).
This refers to the normative dimension, i.e. the rules and standards that structure and guide the care and social
reintegration of young people living with HIV/AIDS. In fact, HIV care is provided in two departments at
CePReF, namely the children's department, which looks after people aged 0 to 21, and the adult department,
which looks after people aged over 21.
With regard to the gender variable, we interviewed 16 individuals, 6 women out of a total of 16 individuals, i.e.
37.5% of our respondents living with HIV are women and 10 men out of a total of 16 individuals interviewed,
i.e. 62.5% are men. This could be explained by the availability of respondents during our study and by the
ability of women to ensure the confidentiality of their positive serological status compared to men.
The level of education of the individuals interviewed was secondary (high school). This level of education
enables them to have the necessary knowledge to follow their medical care correctly and to protect themselves
against a new infection. In the professional category, there is a high frequency of students versus employed and
unemployed individuals. These data illustrate that beyond the difficulties that their stigmatisation and
discrimination could cause, they generally manage to integrate into the social fabric.
The practice of the Christian religion is dominant in this survey. At this stage, it is impossible for us to affirm
that religion has an influence on the spread of HIV, especially since the majority of the population of Yopougon
is Christian. Single parenthood characterises the family type of the respondents in this study.
This may highlight the family difficulties, the emotional deficit, the economic, psychological and nutritional
problems that these young HIV-positive people may face. The words of a young HIV-positive man living with
his mother illustrate this:
"I live with my grandmother. My father and mother died of this disease. I no longer go to
school. I sell clothes at the SICOGI market to meet my needs. The people I sell to don't
know that I have this disease. (K.S, CePReF, 10 January 2022 at 10am)
This statement refers to the symbolic dimension that structures the care of young people living with HIV.
Indeed, at the age of 19, this young man, who has lost both his father and mother, is excluded from the school
system due to a lack of financial support and is obliged to carry out an income-generating activity in order to
meet his needs. These comments also demonstrate the relational dimension that underlies the care of young
people living with HIV. In the absence of their parents, close relatives or institutions specialising in the care of
PLWHA, they are left to their own devices, leading to a breakdown in social relations between them and those
who know their HIV status.
In fact, 15 individuals out of a total of 16 interviewed, i.e. 93.75%, are single, as opposed to one
individual living with a partner, i.e. 6.25%. This can be explained by the fact that the average age of the
respondents is 18, which is the legal age of majority, and by the desire of these HIV-positive individuals not to
contaminate other people and by the desire of the population not to be infected by HIV.
Finally, analysis of the data collected shows that 6 individuals out of a total of 16 individuals interviewed, i.e.
37.5% of young people living with HIV admitted to CePReF, disclosed their serological status to only one
person. This ratio remains the same for respondents who were able to disclose their HIV status to two people,
compared with 1 out of a total of 16 individuals interviewed, or 6.25% for those who were able to inform three
people of their status. This reflects the efforts of these respondents and their parents to manage the
confidentiality of juvenile HIV so as not to be subject to stigmatisation and discrimination.
2-3-Identification of the care process for young people living with HIV/AIDS admitted to the CePReF in
Yopougon
2-3-1 Conventional HIV care itinerary at CePReF
HIV care at the CePReF follows two thematic routes, also known as care circuits. These circuits are
based on the two departments of the centre. There is an adult circuit called the "Adult CePReF" reserved for
people over 21 years of age and the child circuit also called the "Child CePReF" for people aged 0 to 21 years. It
is this second circuit that essentially deals with the medical care of young people living with HIV admitted to
the CePReF. This is illustrated by the extract from an interview with an HIV care specialist at the CePReF:
6. American Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences Research (AJHSSR) 2023
A J H S S R J o u r n a l P a g e | 101
"... medical care for young people living with HIV follows a pre-established circuit. The
circuit begins with the registration of the patient at the reception desk. They are then taken
to the archive department where a personalised file is kept for them. He then goes to the
CePReF's "children's infirmary" for blood samples which are used for an initial health
check-up to confirm the patient's positive serological status. He is then taken to the doctor
for a consultation. Depending on the results of the doctor's consultation, the patient is
either taken to the CePReF's pharmacy to buy and take his or her medication, or taken
back to the infirmary for nursing care. Because young people living with HIV can also
suffer from other pathologies such as malaria, typhoid fever, etc.". (J.H, CePReF, 12
January 2022 at 10am)
In the same vein, another specialist in HIV care at the CePReF in Yopougon testifies:
"...After six (06) months of treatment, a follow-up assessment including a viral load test is
carried out, if this viral load is still detectable, the patient is taken to our therapeutic
education service to receive advice in the form of exercises in order to remodel his or her
perception of how to take his or her medication correctly, advice on how to have a good
diet, a healthy lifestyle...". (K.T, CePReF, 12 January 2022 at 2pm).
In the same vein, another respondent said:
"... therapeutic education takes place once a month for three (3) months for each young
person living with HIV. After three (03) months of therapeutic education, a viral load test
is carried out. If the viral load is undetectable, it means that the patient has followed the
advice; at this point, he/she stops the therapeutic education to continue with a normal
treatment. If the viral load is still detectable, the young person living with HIV continues
his therapeutic education for another three (03) months...". (G.L, CePReF, 18 January
2022 at 11am).
All these arguments refer to the normative dimension, i.e. the rules and standards that structure and guide the
care and social reintegration of young people living with HIV/AIDS.
2-4- Forms of HIV care at CePReF
HIV care at the CePReF has three (03) main components, namely the medical component, the
psychological component and the nutritional component. This is highlighted by the following testimony from a
specialist in HIV care:
"... HIV care in our centre has three (03) main components, namely the medical
component, the psychological component and the nutritional component. We speak of
optimal care when the patient is treated in all three areas at the same time...". (J.H,
CePReF, 12 January 2022 at 10am).
This can be explained by Malinowski's theory of functionalism, which assumes that the function of any practice
is to meet the needs of individuals. In fact, the practices of the community must make it possible to meet the
totality of individual needs. Thus, society's refusal to take individual aspirations into account leads to
discrimination against vulnerable people, including young people living with HIV/AIDS.
2-5-Leadership of conventional medicine in medical care
According to HIV care specialists, conventional medicine is still the leader in the treatment of HIV
infection. The following verbatim highlights this.
"... Since I have been in this position here, I have never heard anyone say that they have
been cured of HIV. There are some of our patients who go for treatment or see men of God
outside and come and tell us that they are cured but when we test them again we find out
that they are still HIV positive...". (J.H, CePReF, 12 January 2022 at 10am)
The following comments also support this assertion:
"... I tell you that I have never seen a patient that we follow here be cured outside. There
are many who come to tell us with certainty that they are cured by some treatment or that
they have received a prophecy announcing that they are no longer ill. It is true that the
health of some of them has improved but when they are tested again, they are still HIV
positive...". (Z.N, CePReF, 19 January 2022 at 10am).
These verbatims refer to the ideological dimension of the care and social reintegration of young people living
with HIV/AIDS. This ideological dimension reflects the perceptions and visible representations that give
leadership to conventional medicine in medical care. Thus, conventional medicine appears to be an "essential
practice" for living with HIV.
7. American Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences Research (AJHSSR) 2023
A J H S S R J o u r n a l P a g e | 102
2-6-Description of the impact of the perception of HIV/AIDS by the population on the stigmatisation of
young people living with this disease treated at the CePReF in Yopougon: Incurability of HIV/AIDS
Conventional medicine now has a substantial therapeutic arsenal to fight the disease. These treatments
have greatly improved the quality of life and life expectancy of patients, albeit at the cost of sometimes
significant side effects. Unfortunately, HIV is still an incurable infection. This incurability of HIV/AIDS can
change the systems of relations between PLWHA and their society. The testimony of one of our surveys
illustrates this.
"I have a sister who had AIDS. But we all know that AIDS is not curable. Everyone ran
away from her. One day when she wanted to get closer to people to take part in an activity,
someone said to her: 'Where are you going? For you it's already over''. This hurt her until
she died of grief, even though she was taking her medication properly...". (K.F, Yopougon,
17 March 2022 at 5pm)
This testimony reflects the relational dimension, which concerns the different types of relationship that structure
and guide the use of stigma by young people living with HIV/AIDS. The indicators of this dimension are:
gossip, insults, harassment, threats, abandonment, rejection.
2-6-HIV/AIDS as a disease of supernatural origin
According to some people, supernatural practices are at the origin of HIV/AIDS. According to these
beliefs, the PLHIV is infected as a result of the influence of an immaterial entity motivated by his misconduct or
by the action of one of his peers. This is evidenced by the words of one of our survey respondents.
" .... There is a gentleman who tested positive for HIV, when he was given his result he said
he knows who infected him. He went on to say that he knows that it was his uncle, with
whom he has a forest problem, who transmitted AIDS to him in sorcery...". (S.V,
Yopougon, 21 March 2022 at 4pm)
These comments explain the ideological dimension that structures HIV. This dimension reflects the perceptions,
ideologies and representations of the populations that encourage them to stigmatise young people living with
HIV/AIDS. Indeed, the "construction of cultural ideologies" is a factor in legitimising vexatious behaviour
towards PLWHA.
2-7-Explanation of the influence of disclosure of HIV status on the social reintegration of young people
living with HIV/AIDS admitted to the CePReF in Yopougon
2- 7-1-It is difficult for young people living with HIV/AIDS to live together with the population
Disclosure of HIV-positive status has a negative influence on the community life of young people
living with HIV/AIDS. This is evidenced by the following words of one of our respondents.
"... I live on good terms with my mum and my older sister but not so much with my dad.
Because my dad lives with his wife and when he comes to our house he reminds us of the
disease and he is weird with my mum and me because she also has this disease. His
reaction is frustrating at times..." (J.O, CePReF, 13 January 2022 at 11am)
This testimony refers to the symbolic dimension of the relationship between young people living with
HIV/AIDS and the public. This dimension refers to the visible manifestation of the stigmatisation of young
people living with HIV/AIDS. Indicators of this dimension are: exclusion from family activities, exclusion from
social activities or events.
The following comments further support this assertion:
"... When I talk with my friends at school or in the neighbourhood and the talk turns to
AIDS, I feel embarrassed because they talk badly about those who have this disease. They
think that they are all the ones who behaved badly and then they got this disease. I was
born with it. My friends don't know I have it. I know that if they find out, I will lose them.
So that I don't go out too much and my friends find out one day, my mum made a phone
box for me. I am afraid of losing my friends...". (J.H, CePReF, 19 January 2022 at 10am).
This is supported by the Public Health Agency of Canada (2013) who believes that young people living with
HIV raise a number of concerns including isolation from their own community and the HIV community, social
rejection after disclosure of their HIV status, loneliness, despair.
2-8-Practices of the Ivorian state as a source of stigmatisation of young people living with HIV/AIDS
In Côte d'Ivoire, as elsewhere in the world, access to the civil service is based on established criteria.
The particularity in Côte d'Ivoire is that these criteria, which should be as inclusive as possible, are developed to
the detriment of young people living with HIV who aspire to join the civil service. The following statements
from our respondent illustrate this allegation.
8. American Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences Research (AJHSSR) 2023
A J H S S R J o u r n a l P a g e | 103
"... With HIV, you can't do anything, especially when it comes to public service
competitions. The criteria are selective at our level. Why can't we join the civil service? I
took the police exam several times and it was at the medical examination that I was
eliminated each time. I was told that people with communicable diseases such as HIV and
tuberculosis are eliminated. I couldn't tell the person talking to me that I am infected..."
(A.T, CePReF, 12 January 2022 at 11am).
These statements refer to the relational dimension which is reflected in the relationship between institutions and
young people living with HIV/AIDS. The indicators of this dimension are: insufficient legislation in favour of
the rights of young people living with HIV/AIDS, insufficient coordination between young people living with
HIV/AIDS and the ministry in charge.
2- 9-Psychological crisis of young people living with HIV/AIDS
A child's growth is controlled by several factors including genetic factors (e.g. parental height),
hormones (growth hormone, thyroid hormones, sex hormones), nutritional factors, socio-economic factors and
psycho-emotional factors. In adulthood, when the individual does not realise that he or she has reached maturity,
there will be a tendency to seek psychological affection more than is needed. This is reflected in the words of
one of our twenty-four (25) year old respondents.
"... When I was with the children, things were fine. But when I arrived at the adults', it's
not the same. When you arrive for your appointment, there is someone who takes your
booklet to go and get your file to give to the doctor. When the doctor finishes looking at
your file, he writes your prescription and then you come and get your notebook. We don't
spend time with doctors like when we were kids. I don't know who I'm going to get attached
to...". (F.P, CePReF, 24 January 2022 at 9am)
The comments of this respondent are in line with those of Professors Olivier Bouchaud and Cheikh Tidiane
Ndour (2011) who approach the issue of HIV/AIDS as a medically complex chronic pathology, which also has
numerous psychological and socio-economic repercussions on the individual and his or her family. This is why,
according to them, the care of people living with HIV must be comprehensive, i.e. not only treatment, but also
support in managing the reactions to the announcement of seropositivity, psychological support, therapeutic
education, nutritional education, economic aid and legal aid.
The words of this respondent living with HIV are corroborated by the words of a specialist in their medical care
at CePReF.
"... normally, it is from the age of 21 that they are transferred to adults to continue their
treatment. But some of them flatly refuse to leave because they are treated like adults
there. They think they are still children. That's why you will see young people in our
paediatric ward who are well over the age limit. There are others who by the time they get
to the adults who have disappeared. They want us to treat them like children...". (Y.K,
CePReF, 24 January 2022 at 10am)
The words of this respondent refer to rules and norms, i.e. the normative dimension of caring for young people
living with HIV, which could lead to their stigmatisation. In addition to psychological growth, some young
people living with HIV face physical growth. This lack of physical growth in some HIV patients makes them
look like dwarfs. One of our respondents, aged 19, said:
"... I am afraid that I will not grow any more, because all my little sisters who are not sick
like me are taller than me...". (P.N, CePReF, 24 January 2022 at 10am)
This position is supported by the guide entitled Comprehensive HIV care in resource-limited countries (2011),
which argues that the care of HIV-positive people should be person-centred, with the comprehensive care
approach creating the most favourable conditions for their participation in care. It must include psychological
support, therapeutic education and nutritional education.From the analysis of these verbatims, we can see that
young people living with HIV/AIDS face difficulties in social integration, especially those who know their HIV
status.
III. DISCUSSION OF FINDINGS
In carrying out this study, we did not intend to claim to have exhausted the issue of care and
reintegration of young people living with HIV/AIDS. The depth of the subject, the shortage of time available
and the complex nature of the subject would not allow this. However, we can shed some light on it, based on
data collected in our geographical, social and temporal fields, highlighting the complex nature of juvenile HIV.
3-1 Identifying the process of caring for young people living with HIV/AIDS admitted to the CePReF in
Yopougon
HIV care at the CePReF begins, regardless of the patient's age, with an initial assessment that includes
an HIV test. This result is in line with the Guide pour la prise en charge de l'infection par le VIH au Sénégal
(2018), which states that HIV care is provided in all health services in Senegal. In reality, all services must offer
9. American Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences Research (AJHSSR) 2023
A J H S S R J o u r n a l P a g e | 104
HIV testing as soon as there is contact with patients for a consultation, whatever the reason. The emphasis will
be on tuberculosis centres, hospitalization services, nutritional recovery services and STI services. HIV
serological confirmation should be done and the person put on antiretroviral treatment.
On the other hand, the Document de politique, normes et procédures des services de dépistage du VIH en côte
d'ivoire (2016) in application of the 2015 WHO recommendations stipulates that in Côte d'Ivoire the expression
of the client's willingness to be tested for HIV must be obtained regardless of who initiates the test (client or
provider).
In addition, a follow-up assessment is carried out every six months to evaluate the treatment implemented for
each patient admitted to the CePReF. This practice is supported in more detail by the French High Authority on
Health (2011) which makes the following classifications:
- Follow-up of patients without antiretroviral treatment: every three to four months if the CD4 count is between
350 and 500/mm3, every four to six months if the CD4 count is above 500/mm3.
- After one year of treatment, if the viral load is undetectable: every three to four months if the CD4 count is
below 500/mm3 and every four to six months if the CD4 count is above 500/mm3. If the viral load is detectable,
checks should be frequent.
3-2-Forms of HIV care at CePReF
This study shows that HIV care in the CePReF is medical, psychological and nutritional. This position
is supported and surpassed on the economic side by the guide entitled Comprehensive HIV care in resource-
limited countries (2011), which maintains that the care of HIV-positive people is not limited to medical care but
also includes, as part of a comprehensive care approach, support measures aimed at developing and maintaining
the autonomy of people with regard to the disease: psychological support, therapeutic education, nutritional
education, and socio-economic support. Centred on the individual, the comprehensive care approach must create
the most favourable conditions for his or her participation in care, in particular regular treatment and long-term
follow-up. In practice, it requires a multidisciplinary approach, based on the intervention of several
professionals with complementary skills to cover the different needs of the individual. This point of view is
shared by the coordination unit of Mali's sectoral AIDS control committee (2013). Indeed, this unit believes that
the care of PLHIV must be comprehensive, addressing the medical, psychological, socio-economic and
nutritional needs of patients and their families. It can be carried out either in specialised structures offering most
services in the same place or in non-specialised structures where the care is integrated into the general care
offer. It requires the establishment of networks between health facilities, social services, non-governmental
organisations, PLHIV associations and the community.
3-3- Leadership of conventional medicine in medical care
The leadership of conventional medicine in the treatment of HIV/AIDS is noteworthy. This is
supported by WHO (2013), which states that in addition to improving health and prolonging life, there is clear
evidence that antiretroviral therapy (ART) prevents sexual transmission of HIV and that the use of
antiretrovirals (ARVs) by uninfected people can protect them from infection. WHO (2013) also believes that
ARVs provide the best possible short-, medium- and long-term tolerance; improve or preserve quality of life;
and reduce mother-to-child transmission of HIV. UNAIDS (2015) concurs, stating that the use of antiretrovirals
(ARVs) not only keeps people alive, but also prevents new HIV transmissions. By suppressing the amount of
virus in a person's body (viral suppression), HIV treatment reduces the risk of transmission to almost zero.
Treatment is recommended for pregnant women living with HIV to prevent mother-to-child transmission.
Finally, according to Plateforme Prévention SIDA (2020), having an undetectable viral load does not mean that
one is cured either. Indeed, today, HIV infection remains a treatable infection, but not a curable one. Cure or
remission of HIV is a major challenge that is the subject of much research around the world today, but it is very
likely that continuous, lifelong antiretroviral treatment will remain the standard approach for many years to
come.
3-4- Incurability of HIV/AIDS
To date, HIV remains an incurable infection despite the efforts made by scientists since its appearance
in 1983. This is confirmed by UNAIDS (2001) which argues that HIV remains incurable to this day and that the
best way to ensure the best quality of life is through palliative care which aims at pain relief, symptom
management, psychological support, spiritual support, and support for the family. According to Adam Ashforth
(2002), although new treatments can prolong the life of HIV-infected people, there is no cure for AIDS and
virtually everyone infected will die of it. The National AIDS and STI Control Programme of the Democratic
Republic of Congo (2005) corroborates this assertion, stating that antiretroviral treatment prevents the
replication of the virus and slows the progression of the disease. It is therefore not a cure and must be taken for
life. Any interruption in the treatment regime or irregular intake encourages a viral rebound and the possibility
of the emergence of resistant viral strains. The same is true for Platform for AIDS Prevention (2020), which
10. American Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences Research (AJHSSR) 2023
A J H S S R J o u r n a l P a g e | 105
states that once infected, one remains HIV-positive for life but does not necessarily show symptoms. With
current treatments, people living with HIV can have an undetectable viral load, meaning that there are very few
replicas of the virus in the blood. Having an undetectable viral load does not mean that you are cured of HIV.
3-5-HIV/AIDS as a disease of supernatural origin
After several decades of existence, several myths are still attached to the origin of HIV/AIDS. For
example, Adam Ashforth (2002) argues that as the AIDS epidemic spreads in South Africa, suspicions of
witchcraft arise in its wake, so that it also becomes a witchcraft epidemic. Furthermore, Oscar Labra (2011) tells
us that moralistic representations of the disease and their association with 'the sinful world of sexuality' refers to
the belief that AIDS is a mark of marginality, of sexual perversion. Thus, anyone with AIDS, regardless of how
they were exposed to HIV, is transformed into a sexual deviant.
3-6- Difficult cohabitation of young people living with HIV/AIDS with the population
The cohabitation of young people living with HIV/AIDS is not always easy in the community. It most
often leads to stigmatisation and discrimination.
Alain Coulon (2002) confirms this by stating that the deviant is the one who is caught, defined, isolated,
designated and stigmatised. This is one of the strongest ideas of social control, by designating certain people as
deviant, it confirms them as deviant because of the stigma attached to this stigmatisation. So much so that it has
been said that social control, paradoxically, generates and reinforces deviant behaviours, whereas it is originally
instituted to combat, channel and repress them: we become as we are described. The International Labour Office
(2015) argues that traditional gender roles that encourage women's social and economic dependence on men can
discourage women from accessing HIV-related health services. Studies of women in sub-Saharan Africa have
shown that fear of a negative partner reaction (abandonment, violence, rejection, loss of economic support,
accusations of infidelity, etc.) was the most frequently cited barrier to HIV testing and disclosure of HIV status
3-7- Practices as a source of stigmatisation of PLWHA
Some practices of states or private institutions can be considered as sources of stigmatisation of young
people living with HIV/AIDS. We see this in the words of the International Labour Office (2015). Indeed, it
argues that job applicants should not be denied access to employment solely on the basis of their actual or
perceived HIV status. In Hoffmann v. South African Airways (2000), an applicant was refused employment as a
cabin assistant on the basis of his HIV-positive status. The South African Constitutional Court ruled in favour of
the plaintiff and emphasised the devastating effects of employment discrimination. The International Labour
Office (2015) also argues that some employers require HIV testing, particularly for access to specific
occupations. In some circumstances, job applicants and workers may be subjected to such testing without their
knowledge or consent, thereby violating their fundamental right to privacy and confidentiality. This allegation is
supported by the NGO Aides (2015), which argues that, beyond these representations and preconceptions,
access to certain training courses and jobs is still legally prohibited in France, in direct contradiction with the
principles of French law. These prohibitions notably concern the circus arts, the judiciary and the army.
3-8-Psychological support for young people living with HIV/AIDS
Counselling is an essential link in the care of young people living with HIV. UNICEF (2002) concurs,
stating that because young people are particularly socially and psychologically vulnerable, voluntary and
confidential testing and counselling must be sustained and follow-up provided. Post-testing support services,
especially for young people who are HIV-positive, should provide a safety net to ensure that their health,
psychosocial and financial needs continue to be met. Marie-Ève blanc (2004) goes beyond the position of
UNICEF (2002) by stating that psychosocial support should not be considered only with regard to the sick, but
should be conceived in relation to the overall care. It concerns all the actors in the care of PLWHA. It has four
main functions: to manage side effects and avoid therapeutic failure; to improve adherence and compliance with
treatment in order to limit resistance and therefore costs; to manage quality of life (palliative care at the end of
life); to support the health care team, the patient, his family and his entourage. Each actor in the care of PLWHA
must find his or her place in psychosocial support.
IV. CONCLUSION
Analysis of the data collected from young people living with HIV/AIDS, health professionals and the
population revealed that there are socio-cultural factors that impact on the stigmatisation of young people living
with HIV/AIDS. Indeed, the stigmatisation of young people living with HIV/AIDS is the result of the ideology
of the population, which is often influenced by the impact of its perception of the HIV/AIDS disease on the one
hand and by the disclosure of the positive serological status of the patient on the other.
11. American Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences Research (AJHSSR) 2023
A J H S S R J o u r n a l P a g e | 106
Firstly, this study has shown that the incurability of HIV is a determining factor in the stigmatisation of
PLWHA. This is because they appear to be doomed to certain death. The incurable nature of HIV is the basis for
the construction of a discriminatory relationship towards people infected with HIV.
Secondly, the mode of transmission of HIV remains a key factor in the stigmatisation of PLHIV. Even though it
is possible to be infected with HIV through the use of sharp objects, during a blood transfusion, from mother to
child, the sexual route remains the most likely. Thus being infected with HIV is most often attributed by the
population to a life of sexual depravity. Sexual depravity is proof of immortality, so anyone infected with HIV is
likely to be marginalised.
Furthermore, it appears from this work that the main issue in the stigmatisation of PLHIV is the management of
disclosure of HIV status. These people must be able to disclose their HIV status only to their confidants. Indeed,
the construction of stigmatising relationships towards a PLHIV stems from their inability to ensure the
confidentiality of their positive serological status.
Finally, it could be said that our hypothesis is not verified because to achieve stigmatisation of PLHIV,
disclosure of HIV status alone as a factor is not sufficient. Similarly, the perception of the disease by the
population in isolation cannot explain the stigmatisation of PLHIV either. But these two factors must be put
together to reflect discriminatory behaviour towards this section of the population.
This is why public authorities, non-governmental organisations and the WHO must pool their efforts to
de-dramatise HIV/AIDS, guarantee the confidentiality of the serological status of infected persons and do
everything possible to find a definitive remedy in the short term.
Addressing HIV-related stigma and discrimination is essential to slowing the impact of the epidemic. Stigma
and discrimination have a negative impact on the entire process from prevention to care and treatment, and
greatly exacerbate HIV-related suffering. Stigma, discrimination and human rights violations are closely linked,
reinforcing and legitimising each other. Multi-faceted and sustained action over time is needed to prevent stigma
and challenge discrimination when it occurs in particular contexts, and to promote and protect human rights.
Ongoing assessment and documentation remain important. While stigma reduction is often not the sole or
primary objective of some programmes, many HIV prevention and care activities have a positive impact on
stigma and discrimination and are unintended consequences of the main objectives. Nevertheless, elements to
address stigma and discrimination could be integrated more systematically and explicitly in project and
programme design.
For our part, the quickest way to end the HIV epidemic is to be part of the accelerated vision that UNAIDS has
set for itself for 2030. This accelerated approach aims both to scale up HIV prevention and treatment services
and to end HIV-related discrimination.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
[1]. Ashforth, A. (2002), Quand le sida est sorcellerie Un défi pour la démocratie sud- africaine,Presses de
Sciences Po., p 126.
[2]. Agence de la santé publique du canada (2013), Rapport d’étape sur le VIH/sida et les populations
distinctes, Toronto – Ontario,
[3]. Agence Jeune Emploi (2016), Rapport annuel d’activités, Abidjan (Côte d’Ivoire)
[4]. Barthold, A. (2006), La prise en charge psychosociale des alcooliques à l'Association pour la
Prévention de l'Alcoolisme et des Accoutumances Chimiques (APAAC),
[5]. AIDES, (2015), VIH/hépatites la face cachée des discriminations, Pantin (France), p 11.
[6]. Coulon, A. (2002), L’ethnométhodologie, cinquième édition, 21e
mille, p 13.
[7]. Bureau International du Travail, (2015), Manuel sur le VIH et le sida destiné aux inspecteurs du travail,
Genève (Suisse), p 32-34.
[8]. Cellule de coordination du comité sectoriel de lutte contre le sida, (2013), Politique et protocoles de
prise en charge antirétrovirale du VIH et du SIDA, p 15.
[9]. CESI, (2016), Etude nationale de l’index de stigmatisation et discrimination envers les personnes
vivant avec le VIH en Côte d’Ivoire, Abidjan (Côte d’Ivoire), p 42.
[10]. CIPHIA, (2018), Evaluation de l’impact du VIH dans la population générale en côte d’ivoire, Abidjan
(Côte d’Ivoire), p 1-4.
[11]. Tidiane, C. & Bouchaud, O.(Eds.).(2011)Prise en charge globale du VIH dans les pays à ressources
limitées, Éditions Doin, Pays-Bas, p158.
[12]. Durkheim, E. (1993) les règles de la méthode sociologique, Paris, 7e édition quadrige, PUF, décembre
1993, p12.
[13]. Germain, Bernard, & Langis, P. (1990), La sexualité regards actuels, Édition révisée. Laval (Québec) :
Éditions Études Vivantes, p 602.
[14]. Guide pour la prise en charge de l’infection par le VIH au Sénégal, (2018), p 8.
[15]. Haute Autorité de Santé, (2011), liste des actes et prestations affection de longue durée infection par le
virus de l'immunodéficience humaine (VIH), p 5.
12. American Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences Research (AJHSSR) 2023
A J H S S R J o u r n a l P a g e | 107
[16]. Campenhoudt, L., Marquet J. & Quivy R. (2017), Manuel de recherche en sciences sociales, 5e édition,
Édition Dunod, Malakoff (France).
[17]. Blanc, M. (2004), soutien psychosocial et prise en charge des PVVIH à Hanoï – Vietnam, p 5.
[18]. Garceau-Brodeur, M., (2007) Rôle des représentations sociales du VIH/sida et des stratégies
d'ajustement dans l'élaboration des scénarios amoureux/affectifs, sexuels préventifs et liés aux projets
d'avenir parmi des préadolescents et adolescents infectés depuis leur naissance, Université du
Québec à Montréal, p1.
[19]. Ministère de la Fonction Publique, de l’Emploi Et de la Réforme Administrative et le Ministère de la
Lutte Contre le Sida, (2006), Politique nationale de lutte contre le VIH/sida en milieu de travail en
Côte d’Ivoire, Abidjan (Côte d’Ivoire), p 8.
[20]. N’da, P. (2006), Méthodologie de la recherche : De la problématique à la discussion des résultats
.Comment réaliser un mémoire, une thèse d’un bout à l’autre, Abidjan : EDUCI. 3ème édition revue et
complétée.
[21]. OIM, (2019), Orientations pratiques sur la conception, la mise en œuvre et le suivi de l’aide à la
réintégration, Genève (Suisse), p 12.
[22]. OMS, (2006), Traitement antirétroviral de l’infection à VIH chez l’adulte et l’adolescent en situation
de ressources limitées: vers un accès universel, Genève (Suisse), p 14.
[23]. OMS, (2013), Lignes directrices UNIFIÉES sur l’utilisation des antirétroviraux pour le traitement et la
prévention de l’infection à VIH, Genève (Suisse), p 6.
[24]. ONUSIDA, (2005), Stigmatisation, discrimination et violations des droits de l’homme associées au
VIH, version française, Genève (Suisse), p4.
[25]. ONUSIDA, (2015), Accélérer le traitement du VIH : action parlementaire et options politiques,
Genève (Suisse), p15.
[26]. Paugam, S. (2010). Les 100 mots de la sociologie. Paris : Presses universitaires de France.
[27]. Plateforme Prévention Sida (2020), Vivre avec le VIH, Bruxelles (Belgique), p6.
[28]. Programme National de Lutte contre le Sida, (2016), Document de politique, normes et procédures des
services de dépistage du VIH en côte d'ivoire, Abidjan (Côte d’Ivoire), p 5.
[29]. Programme national de lutte contre le sida et IST de la République Démocratique du Congo, (2005),
Guide national de traitement de l’infection à VIH par les antirétroviraux,Kinshasa (RDC), p 8.
[30]. Tortora, G., & Grabowski, S. R. (1999), Principes d'anatomie et de physiologie, Version 1999.
Québec (Québec) : Les Éditions CEC, p 1204.
[31]. UNICEF, (2002),Les jeunes et le VIH/sida une solution à la crise,New York, (Etats- Unis
d’Amérique), p 32.
[32]. UNODC, (2013), Manuel d’introduction pour la prévention de la récidive et la réinsertion sociale des
délinquants, Vienne (Autriche), p 6.
[33]. UNHCR, (2007), Guide clinique pour la prise en charge antirétrovirale des personnes déplacées
Afrique du Sud Guide clinique pour la prise en charge antirétrovirale des personnes déplacées,
Genève (Suisse),
[34]. Vertigo. (2006). VIH/SIDA, genre et vulnérabilité. Retrieved from
https://journals.openedition.org/vertigo/1844