The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Tweed merrifield philosophy /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian ...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in
continuing dental education , training dentists
in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide
range of dental certified courses in different
formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown &
Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
Friction mechanics /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental aca...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
00919248678078
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Tweed merrifield philosophy /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian ...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in
continuing dental education , training dentists
in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide
range of dental certified courses in different
formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown &
Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
Friction mechanics /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental aca...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
00919248678078
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Muscle physiology /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental academy Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
Arch Form in orthodontics /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dent...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
FUNCTIONAL ANALYSIS AND CEPHALOMETRIC ANALYSIS CRITERIA FOR FUNCTIONAL JAW O...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Muscle physiology in orthodontics/certified fixed orthodontic courses by Ind...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all
aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Roth philosophy /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental academy Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit www.indiandentalacademy.com
Mollenhaurs auxillary final /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Indics /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental academy Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
A brief ppt on stomatognathic system and its working.Function can influence the overall pattern and the relationship of parts, the very foundations of stomatognathic system.
We should do more than just analyze teeth in occlusion.
It is equally important to appreciate respiration, mastication, deglutition, speech and even maintenance of head in constant postural position.
Indian Dental Academy: will be one of the most relevant and exciting training
center with best faculty and flexible training programs for dental
professionals who wish to advance in their dental practice,Offers certified
courses in Dental implants,Orthodontics,Endodontics,Cosmetic Dentistry,
Prosthetic Dentistry, Periodontics and General Dentistry.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Muscle physiology /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental academy Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
Arch Form in orthodontics /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dent...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
FUNCTIONAL ANALYSIS AND CEPHALOMETRIC ANALYSIS CRITERIA FOR FUNCTIONAL JAW O...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Muscle physiology in orthodontics/certified fixed orthodontic courses by Ind...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all
aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Roth philosophy /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental academy Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit www.indiandentalacademy.com
Mollenhaurs auxillary final /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Indics /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental academy Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
A brief ppt on stomatognathic system and its working.Function can influence the overall pattern and the relationship of parts, the very foundations of stomatognathic system.
We should do more than just analyze teeth in occlusion.
It is equally important to appreciate respiration, mastication, deglutition, speech and even maintenance of head in constant postural position.
Indian Dental Academy: will be one of the most relevant and exciting training
center with best faculty and flexible training programs for dental
professionals who wish to advance in their dental practice,Offers certified
courses in Dental implants,Orthodontics,Endodontics,Cosmetic Dentistry,
Prosthetic Dentistry, Periodontics and General Dentistry.
Kinetics of orofacial muscles in c.d. dr barman /orthodontic courses by India...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Kinetics of orofacial muscles in complete dentures /certified fixed orthodo...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
00919248678078
Muscles of mastication are the group of muscles that help in movement of the mandible as during chewing and speech. We need to study these muscles as they control the opening & closing the mouth & their role in the equilibrium created within the mouth. They also play a role in the configuration of face.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Physiology of the stomatognathic system /certified fixed orthodontic courses ...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
muscles of face $ muscles of mastications are discriped from embryology to their funtions and effect of muscles in causing malocclusion $ understanding how to correct them by orthodontic appliances by using muscle physiology.
Muscles
Part 1
Prepare by
Dr. Mohammed Alruby
Histology of muscles
Physiology of muscles
Muscles development
Orofacial muscles
- Facial muscles
- Jaw muscles
- Portal muscles
Methods of studying muscles
Muscle changes during growth
Muscle function and facial development
Histology of muscles
The structural and functional unit of the muscles is the muscle fiber
Muscle fiber: elongated cylinder measure about 10 to 80 microns in thickness and from 1 to 15cm in length
= Each muscle fiber contains an acidophilic granular cytoplasm (sarcoplasm) that rich in:
Glycogen, mitochondria, Golgi apparatus, protein (actin, myosin, tropomyosin),
Large number of myofibrils (sarcostyles) which responsible for muscle contraction
= the muscle fiber is covered by thick membrane called (sarcolemma) and surrounded by CT called (endomysium)
= the muscle fibers are coalescing together to form bundles; each bundles are covered by C T septa called perimysium
= the muscle bundles are coalescing together to the whole muscle which is covered by CT fascia called epimysium, these CT contain: blood vessel, lymph vessel, and nerves, that firmly attach the muscle bundles to each other and attach the whole muscle to its tendon
= the myofibrils (sarcostyles)are the contractile units of the muscle, in skeletal muscle they are transversely striated due to presence of dark and light bands
The dark bands are formed of thick myosin filaments rich in Ca, the light bands are formed of thin actine filaments rich in water, there is a pale line in at the center of dark band called (Henesen’s disk), There is dark line at the center of light bands called (Krauses membrane) or Z line
The distance between the two lines called (sarcomere) which is a contraction unit of the muscle.
During the muscle contraction there the Sarcomere is shortened due to sliding of the light bands over the dark bans. The energy required for contraction is derived from transformation of ATP ------ ADP
Physiology of muscles:
Man has 639 muscles, composed of 6 billion muscle fibers, each fiber has 1000 fibrils, which means that there are 6000 billion fibrils at work at one of time or another.
Elasticity: muscle can be stretched behind its original length and return to the original shape after relaxation (normal muscle can be elongated about 6/10 of its length
Contractility: it is the ability of muscle to shorten its length under nerve impulse, this contraction is stimulated by acetyl choline, glycogen is partially oxidized to provides energy and lactic acid that carried away by blood stream
Excessive accumulation of lactic acid can produce fatigue
Isometric contraction: (stretching): the muscle is simply resisting the external forces without actual shortening
Isotonic contraction: there is an actual shortening of the muscle, the strength of isometric contraction is much greater than that of isotonic contraction as the stre
This ppt contains an elaborate description of muscles, focussing on muscles of mastication. both main muscles and accessory muscles have been described along with palpation of each. A brief is given about disorders.
Different mandibular movements /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Indian Dental Academy: will be one of the most relevant and exciting training
center with best faculty and flexible training programs for dental
professionals who wish to advance in their dental practice,Offers certified
courses in Dental implants,Orthodontics,Endodontics,Cosmetic Dentistry,
Prosthetic Dentistry, Periodontics and General Dentistry.
Opportunity for Dentists (BDS/MDS )to relocate to United kingdom -Register as a DENTAL HYGIENIST/ DENTAL THERAPIST without Board exams and after approval you can register in GDC as a DH/DT and start working as a DH/DT Immediately and get paid.
You can complete the whole process in 3-4 months.Salary range for DH/DT is around 2500-3500 Pounds per month.
Eligibility / requirements-
1. An International English Language Testing System (IELTS) certificate
at the appropriate level.(Within 2 yrs of application date )
2: A recent primary dental qualification that has been taught and examined in English..(Within 2 yrs of application date )
3: A recent pass in a language test for registration with a regulatory authority in a country where the first language is English.
If you are interested Please contact us for more details.
1ST, 2ND AND 3RD ORDER BENDS IN STANDARD EDGEWISE APPLIANCE SYSTEM /Fixed ort...Indian dental academy
Indian Dental Academy: will be one of the most relevant and exciting training center with best faculty and flexible training programs for dental professionals
who wish to advance in their dental practice,Offers certified courses in Dental implants,Orthodontics,Endodontics,Cosmetic Dentistry, Prosthetic Dentistry,
Periodontics and General Dentistry.
Indian Dental Academy: will be one of the most relevant and exciting training center with best faculty and flexible training programs for dental professionals who wish to advance in their dental practice,Offers certified courses in Dental implants,Orthodontics,Endodontics,Cosmetic Dentistry, Prosthetic Dentistry, Periodontics and General Dentistry.
I –Aligners are made with FDA approved transparent thermoplastic materials using 3D scanning, 3D Printing and finally Trays with Pressure vacuum formers.
Dear Doctor,
Indian Dental Academy Now offers comprehensive online Orthodontics course.
Course includes:
1.whiteboard lecture presentations
2.Case Discussions
3.with hundreds of pictures.
4.Demo on Models
5.Demo on Patients
6. subtitles in your own language
12 months unlimited access and support @350 USD only.
For Demo please visit :www.idalectures.com/preview/
For more details visit: www.idalectures.com
Please contact us for any clarifications:
idalectures@gmail.com
indiandentalacademy@gmail.com
Thanks & Regards
Indian Dental Academy
--
Indian Dental Academy
Leader in continuing dental education
www.indiandentalacademy.com
skype:indiandentalacademy
+919248678078
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Cytotoxicity of silicone materials used in maxillofacial prosthesis / dental ...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Diagnosis and treatment planning in completely endntulous arches/dental coursesIndian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Properties of Denture base materials /rotary endodontic coursesIndian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Use of modified tooth forms in complete denture occlusion / dental implant...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
2.
•
•
Introduction
Physical properties of muscle.
Muscle physiology
Role of muscles in functional mandibular
movements.
Compensatory muscle function:
Class-I malocclusion
Class-II malocclusion
Class-III malocclusion
Electromyographic response of muscles
Conclusion
www.indiandentalacademy.com
3. Introduction
To propel his skeleton ,
man has 639
muscles,composed of 6
billion muscle fibers.each
fiber has 1000 fibrils,which
means there are 6000
billion fibrils at work at one
time or another
www.indiandentalacademy.com
4. Physical properties of muscle :
o
Muscle has 2 physical properties:
Elasticity
Contractility
1.
ELASTICITY:
Normal relaxed muscle withstands only a certain amount of
elongation[about 6/10th of its natural length] before rupturing.
This depends on the muscle involved,the type of stress,the
individual resistance,age & possible pathologic conditions
which have produced fibrotic changes which limit the
extensibility of muscle.
o
www.indiandentalacademy.com
5. 2. CONTRACTILITY:
It is the ability of muscle to shorten its length
under innervational impulse.
Muscle is 1st stimulated by electric action
potential,causing a contraction.energy for the
muscle is provided by breakdown of high
energy ATP.
Fatigue in a muscle is produced when
lacticacid ,an energy breakdown byproduct
,collects in the tissues,lowering the pH to a
level at which the muscle can no longer
function effeciently.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
6.
The strength of muscle contaction depends
on the number of fibers engaged in a activity
at a particular time.
Factors on which contraction depends:
Striated or smooth.
Number of fibers.
Cross section.
Frequency of discharge.
Muscle fiber length.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
7.
ISOMETRIC CONTRACTION:
Isometric contraction occurs when a
muscle is simply resisting an external force
without any actual shortening.
ISOTONIC CONTRACTION:
Isotonic contraction occurs when there is
actual shortening of muscle.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
8. Strength of muscle
contraction in
various mandibular
positions:
1.Open mouth
2.Postural
restingposition
3.Occlusal position
4.Overclosure
Shaded area is area
of greatest strength.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
9. Muscle physiology
ALL OR NONE LAW :
•
The intensity of contraction of any fiber is independent of strength of
the exciting stimulus, provided that stimulus is adequate.
•
Stimuli below threshold strength do not elicit response;if they are
over threshold strength a contraction of maximal intensity is
made by the muscle fiber.
•
All or none law applies when only muscle is in physiologic reacting
state.
•
Merton noticed that when muscle is fatigued,the action potential no
longer triggers all or none law.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
10.
MUSCLE TONUS
•
Muscle tonus is a state of slight constant
tension which is a characteristic of all healthy
muscle.
•
Tonus is the basis of reflex posture.
•
It is purposive and coordinated in the
maintenance of various positions.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
11.
RESTING LENGTH:
•
The resting length of a muscle is rather
constant & predeterminable
relationship,permitting the maintenance
of postural relations & dynamic
equilibrium by contraction of the minimal
number of fibers,consistent with any
particular moment.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
12. STRETCH OR MYOTATIC REFLEX:
The reflex contraction of a healthy muscle which
results from a pull on its tendon is called a stretch,or
myotatic reflex.
The stimulus of stretch reflex is the stretch of the
muscle The stretch reflex when elicited ,causes
contraction of the stretched muscle.
Muscle stretch receptors are proprioceptive nerve
endings called muscle spindles.
The functional significance of the stretch reflex is that
it serves as a mechanism for upright posture or
standing.natural stretches are usually imposed on
muscles by the action of gravity.
The same stretch reflex acts in mandibular
musculature to maintain the postural rest position of
the mandible in relation to maxilla.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
13. RECIPROCAL INNERVATION AND
INHIBITION
The inhibition of the tonus or contractility of
the muscle is brought by excitation of its
antagonist.
Without reciprocal innervation & inhibition,
the myotatic or stretch reflexes would make
flexion & extension simultaneously
antagonistic.
The reciprocal innervation helps in control of
primary mover.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
14. ROLE OF MUSCLES IN FUNCTIONAL
MANDIBULAR MOVEMENTS
Mandible is the only
movable bone in the head
& face region.
The mandible responds to
various muscular stimuli.
The following diagram
shows muscle groups
maintaining the balance of
the head & vertebral
column.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
16.
During opening of mandible from teeth in
occlusion:
Primary contraction of lateral pterygoid
muscles.
Suprahyoid,infrahyoid,genioglossus,
mylohyoid &diagastric muscles stabilize the
mandible.
Temporal,masseter & medial pterygoid
muscles show relaxation.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
17. During closing of mandible:
Bilateral activity of masseter & temporalis
muscles assisted by smaller madial pterygoid
muscles.
More power elicited during closure.
Lateral pterygoid through their controlled
relaxation,effect smooth &uninterrupted
closure.
During resistance to closure,gerater activity is
generated in lateral pterygoid ,suprahyoid &
infrahyoid muscles.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
18.
During protrusion,lateral & medial pterygoid
contract in unison.
Retrusion is less efficient & less definite.
Retrusion is largely accomplished by
posterior fibers of temporalis muscles,with
assistance from geniohyoid,diagastric &
mylohyoid muscles.
Electromyographic research indicatse role of
deep fibers of masseter muscle in retrusion.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
19.
Normal muscle
activity associated
with normal jaw
relationship & normal
occlusion.
Electromyographic
studies show even
distribution of
anterior,posterior,
middle temporalis &
deep &superficial
fiber activity.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
20.
In classII malocclusion,
mandibular retrusion &
excessive apical base
difference,middle&
posterior temporalis &
deep masseter fibers
show great magnitude of
contraction.
This adapts to &
enhances the
mandibular retrusion.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
21.
In classII malocclusion
withdeep overbite,the
functional retrusion
tendency is increased.
Posterior temporalis &
deep masseter activity is
dominant.
Stretch reflex is elicited
for lateral pterygoid
muscle which insert into
articular disk.This serves
to pull the disk forward as
the condyle is functionally
retruded.
Condyle may then
impinge on
retrodiscalpad.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
22. COMPENSATORY MUSCLE FUNCTION
IN DIFFERENT MALOCCLUSIONS
Class I malocclusion:
Muscle function is usually normal in cases of class I
malocclusion.
The teeth are in balance with environmental forces.
The only exception to normal muscle activity in
classI malocclusion is open –bite problems.
The greatest share of class I openbite problems is
attributed to thumbsucking,retained infantile swallow
or visceral swallow or both.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
23.
INFANTILE SWALLOWING
MECHANISM:[1st 6 months]
Plunger like action is
associated with
nursing,unopposed by the
peripheral portions of the
tongue.
Associated with tongue thrust
is the anterior positioning of
the mandible.
There is concavity in the
midline of the tongue &
peripheral portions are raised.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
24.
MATURE SOMATIC
SWALLOW:[1 yr after]
The dorsum of tongue is
less concave and
approximates palate
during deglutition.
The tip of the tongue is
contained behind the
incisors.
Peripheral portions flow
between opposing
posterior segments.
Anterior mandibular
thrust has disappeared.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
25.
Anterior open bite
associated with retained
infantile swallowing habit
& manifest tonguethrusting.
The peripheral portions
of the tongue do not
overlie the posterior
occlusal surface during
rest.
Thus,postural resting
position & habitual
occlusion are same,with
no demonstrable
interocclusal clearence
www.indiandentalacademy.com
26.
FINGER SUCKING
MALOCCLUSION:
Bilateral narrowing of
maxillary arch may be
attributed to tongue
thrusting,lower resting tongue
posture,and excessive buccal
pressures that are a part of
infantile swallowing
mechanism.
Unilateral crossbites are the
result of a “convenience
swing”of mandible to one
side,with tooth guidance from
point of initial contact to
habitual occlusion.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
27.
Compensatory mechanism:
Retained infantile swallow results in openbite.
To close off the oral cavity for normal
deglutition,either a lipseal or a tongue seal is
needed to create negative atmospheric pressure
associated with the swallowing phenomenon.
If the finger displaces the maxillary incisors labially
,the lipseal becomes more difficult & the tongue
thrust forward between the maxillary incisors to
“close-off” the oral cavity.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
28.
Open bite accentuates, lips become more
hypotonic as tongue force during function is
greater than opposing lip force & no longer
contact each other at rest.
Mouth breathing is aggravated with each
swallow,the lower lip cushions to lingual of
maxillary incisors & joins the tongue in
natures adaptive attempt to create the
oralseal during swallowing.
Mentalis activity greatly increases &
puckering of chin seen with each swallow.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
29.
Lip sucking , the
cushioning of the
lower lip to the
lingual aspect of the
maxillary incisors
during both rest&
active function &
hyperactive mentalis
muscle activity
enhance
malocclusion &
prevent normal
deglutition.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
30. Compensatory muscle function in classII div 1
malocclusion:
Class II div1 malocclusion involve abnormal muscle
activity.
A change in muscle function is a requisite ,expansion
is a t/t objective.
With hereditary type of class II malocclusion, the teeth
reflect abnormal anteroposterior jaw relationship.
If such a malocclusion exsists, the muscle function
adapts to this pattern as best it can in line with the
requirements of mastication, deglutition,respiration &
speech.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
31.
Class II div 1
relationship:
Lowered tongue posture.
Elongated functional
position.
Narrowed buccal dental
segments in maxillary
arch.
Lower lip cushioning to
lingual aspect of
maxillary incisors during
rest & active function.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
32.
Lower lip cushions to the lingual of the
maxillary incisors, both at postural rest &
during active function.
In lip sucking habit lower lip mass almost
constantly thrust into the excessive overjet.
The lip becomes hypertrophic.
The maxillary incisors move further
labially,weakly resisted by hypotonic upper lip
.
The lower incisors buckle as the mandibular
segment is flattened by continuosly abnormal
mentalis muscle activity.
The curve of spee increases.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
33.
With compensatory tongue thrust,lower
tongue position & increased buccinator
muscle activity,the maxillary arch narrows &
assumes V shape.
Abnormal muscle activity can create pseudo
class II div 1 problems even in harmonius
antero posterior jaw relationship.
In true classII div 1 to begin with morphology
&jaw relationship are abnormal and muscle
activity has accentuated the exsisting pattern.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
34. Compensatory muscle function in class II
div 2
Activity of cheek & lip muscles is normal.
Tongue accentuates the curve of spee & the
eruption of the posterior teeth by occupying
the interocclusal space.
Due to lingual inclination of maxillary central
incisors & increased interocclusal clearence
& infraocclusion of the posterior teeth.
Functional guidance of mandible is common.
There is forced retrusion phenomenon.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
35.
Mandible closes from postural rest position to
point of initial contact.
The lingually inclined maxillary incisors then
guide the mandible into a retruded position
during the balance of closing movement to
full occlusal contact.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
36. Compensatory muscle function in classIII
malocclusion:
Strong hereditary pattern.
The upper lip is short not necessarily hypotonic.
The lower lip is hypertrophic & redundant & appears passive
during the deglutition cycle.
During swallowing ,there is greater activity of the upper lip.
The tongue is a potent force & lie lower in the floor of the mouth.
The maxillary arch does not have the balancing effect of tongue
mass & since the peripheral portions of the tongue are less
apparent between the occlusal surfaces,the maxillary arch is
usually narrow &the interocclusal space is very small or entirely
absent.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
37. Electromyographic response of muscles:
Electromyography provides a method of studying
the physiologic basis of mastication, deglutition &
speech.
In classII div 1 malocclusion electrical activity
appears in the masseter muscles before the
temporal muscles.
The temporal muscle ,although more rapid in
action,is relatively weaker than the masseter muscle
in power.
According to moyers the lateral pterygoid preceeds
digastric action in mandibular depression.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
38.
Ralston states that at present
electromyography is capable of assesing
time only ,duration,and phasic relationship of
muscle contraction,but not of measuring such
function as force ,speed of contraction, and
work produced.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
39. CONCLUSION:
Muscle function can be adaptive to morphogenetic pattern. A
change in muscle function can initiate morphologic variation in
the normal configuration of the teeth and supporting bone, or
it can enhance an already existing malocclusion.
The structural abnormality is increased by compensatory
muscle activity to the extent that a balance is reached
between pattern, environment, and physiology.
It is imperative that the orthodontist appraise muscle activity
and that he conduct his orthodontic therapy in such a manner
that the finished result reflects a balance between the
structural changes obtained and the functional forces acting
on the teeth and investing tissues at that time.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
40. Thank you
For more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
www.indiandentalacademy.com