Multispecialty Hospitals in Vizag || 24 hours emergency services Vizag
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Queen's NRI Hospital is a 300-bed multi-specialty hospital in Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh that has been operating since 1994. It is a premier hospital in the region with over 100 dedicated healthcare professionals including internationally acclaimed doctors and surgeons, as well as efficient support staff and world-class facilities. The hospital provides personalized, patient-centered care 24/7 while upholding high ethical standards and advancing the fields of healthcare and medicine.
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Health Checkup Packages in Vizag & Vizianagaram
Get a Preventive Health Check-up Done Today.
For Appointments Dial: 0891-2827777, 08922 - 225177/88 || visit: www.queensnrihospital.com
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Share Love By Donating Blood on this Valentine's Day.
Share Love By Donating Blood on this Valentine's Day.
Visit us by dialing: 0891-2827777, 08922 - 225177/88 || log on : www.queensnrihospital.com
Best Dermatology Hospitals in Vizag
Department of Dermatology.
For appointments dial: 0891-2827777, 08922 - 225177/88 || visit: www.queensnrihospital.com
Best Orthopedic Hospitals in Vizag
Department of Orthopedics.
For appointments dial: 0891-2827777, 08922 - 225177/88 || visit: www.queensnrihospital.com
best orthopaedics in vizag, Best Orthopedic Hospitals in Vizag, Best Orthopedic Hospitals in vizianagaram, ortho surgeons in vizag, orthopedic doctors in vizag,
Queen's NRI Hospitals Wishing you a Happy & Healthy New Year 2018.
Queen's NRI Hospitals Wishing you a Happy & Healthy New Year 2018.
Hospitals in Vizag
380 bedded super specialty hospital operating since 1994 - Queen's NRI Hospital.
All specialties under one roof.
Recommended
Health Checkup Packages in Vizag & Vizianagaram
Get a Preventive Health Check-up Done Today.
For Appointments Dial: 0891-2827777, 08922 - 225177/88 || visit: www.queensnrihospital.com
basic health check up packages, children health checkup packages, cost of master health checkup, executive health checkup vizag, health checkup packages in vizianagaram,
Share Love By Donating Blood on this Valentine's Day.
Share Love By Donating Blood on this Valentine's Day.
Visit us by dialing: 0891-2827777, 08922 - 225177/88 || log on : www.queensnrihospital.com
Best Dermatology Hospitals in Vizag
Department of Dermatology.
For appointments dial: 0891-2827777, 08922 - 225177/88 || visit: www.queensnrihospital.com
Best Orthopedic Hospitals in Vizag
Department of Orthopedics.
For appointments dial: 0891-2827777, 08922 - 225177/88 || visit: www.queensnrihospital.com
best orthopaedics in vizag, Best Orthopedic Hospitals in Vizag, Best Orthopedic Hospitals in vizianagaram, ortho surgeons in vizag, orthopedic doctors in vizag,
Queen's NRI Hospitals Wishing you a Happy & Healthy New Year 2018.
Queen's NRI Hospitals Wishing you a Happy & Healthy New Year 2018.
Hospitals in Vizag
380 bedded super specialty hospital operating since 1994 - Queen's NRI Hospital.
All specialties under one roof.
Emergency Hospitals in Vizag
Queen's NRI Hospital, a 300 bed multi-specialty acute-cum-critical care referral hospital, is one of the most well-equipped and premier hospitals in Coastal Andhra.
Since from 1994, the Hospital has come a long way with the commitment and passion of over 100 dedicated healthcare professionals, comprising internationally acclaimed doctors/surgeons and efficient support staff, and world-class facilities. Providing personalised patient-centered treatment and care, 24/7 support and services, we uphold high ethical standards while breaking new grounds in the field of healthcare and medicine.
For more details Visit: www.queensnrihospital.com || Dial : 99597 67804
Best Dental Hospitals in Vishakapatnam || Dentists in Vizag
Queen's NRI Hospital, a 300 bed multi-specialty acute-cum-critical care referral hospital, is one of the most well-equipped and premier hospitals in Coastal Andhra.
Since from 1994, the Hospital has come a long way with the commitment and passion of over 100 dedicated healthcare professionals, comprising internationally acclaimed doctors/surgeons and efficient support staff, and world-class facilities. Providing personalised patient-centered treatment and care, 24/7 support and services, we uphold high ethical standards while breaking new grounds in the field of healthcare and medicine.
For more details Visit: www.queensnrihospital.com
Consultant Doctors in Vishakapatnam
Queen's NRI Hospital, a 300 bed multi-specialty acute-cum-critical care referral hospital, is one of the most well-equipped and premier hospitals in Coastal Andhra.
Since from 1994, the Hospital has come a long way with the commitment and passion of over 100 dedicated healthcare professionals, comprising internationally acclaimed doctors/surgeons and efficient support staff, and world-class facilities. Providing personalised patient-centered treatment and care, 24/7 support and services, we uphold high ethical standards while breaking new grounds in the field of healthcare and medicine.
For more details Visit: www.queensnrihospital.com
Children Hospitals in Vizag || Pediatrics in Vishakapatnam
Queen's NRI Hospital, a 300 bed multi-specialty acute-cum-critical care referral hospital, is one of the most well-equipped and premier hospitals in Coastal Andhra.
Since from 1994, the Hospital has come a long way with the commitment and passion of over 100 dedicated healthcare professionals, comprising internationally acclaimed doctors/surgeons and efficient support staff, and world-class facilities. Providing personalised patient-centered treatment and care, 24/7 support and services, we uphold high ethical standards while breaking new grounds in the field of healthcare and medicine.
For more details Visit: www.queensnrihospital.com
Hospitals in Vishakapatnam || Cardiologists in Vizag
Queen's NRI Hospital, a 300 bed multi-specialty acute-cum-critical care referral hospital, is one of the most well-equipped and premier hospitals in Coastal Andhra.
Since from 1994, the Hospital has come a long way with the commitment and passion of over 100 dedicated healthcare professionals, comprising internationally acclaimed doctors/surgeons and efficient support staff, and world-class facilities. Providing personalised patient-centered treatment and care, 24/7 support and services, we uphold high ethical standards while breaking new grounds in the field of healthcare and medicine.
For more details Visit: www.queensnrihospital.com
Best Hospitals in Vizag || Best Doctors in Vishakapatnam
Queen's NRI Hospital, a 300 bed multi-specialty acute-cum-critical care referral hospital, is one of the most well-equipped and premier hospitals in Coastal Andhra.
Since from 1994, the Hospital has come a long way with the commitment and passion of over 100 dedicated healthcare professionals, comprising internationally acclaimed doctors/surgeons and efficient support staff, and world-class facilities. Providing personalised patient-centered treatment and care, 24/7 support and services, we uphold high ethical standards while breaking new grounds in the field of healthcare and medicine.
For more details Visit: www.queensnrihospital.com
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
Physiology of Special Chemical Sensation of Taste
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
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KDIGO 2024 guidelines for diabetologists
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The Normal Electrocardiogram - Part I of II
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
Physiology of Chemical Sensation of smell.pdf
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
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- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
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Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
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Queen's NRI Hospital, a 300 bed multi-specialty acute-cum-critical care referral hospital, is one of the most well-equipped and premier hospitals in Coastal Andhra.
Since from 1994, the Hospital has come a long way with the commitment and passion of over 100 dedicated healthcare professionals, comprising internationally acclaimed doctors/surgeons and efficient support staff, and world-class facilities. Providing personalised patient-centered treatment and care, 24/7 support and services, we uphold high ethical standards while breaking new grounds in the field of healthcare and medicine.
For more details Visit: www.queensnrihospital.com || Dial : 99597 67804
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Queen's NRI Hospital, a 300 bed multi-specialty acute-cum-critical care referral hospital, is one of the most well-equipped and premier hospitals in Coastal Andhra.
Since from 1994, the Hospital has come a long way with the commitment and passion of over 100 dedicated healthcare professionals, comprising internationally acclaimed doctors/surgeons and efficient support staff, and world-class facilities. Providing personalised patient-centered treatment and care, 24/7 support and services, we uphold high ethical standards while breaking new grounds in the field of healthcare and medicine.
For more details Visit: www.queensnrihospital.com
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Queen's NRI Hospital, a 300 bed multi-specialty acute-cum-critical care referral hospital, is one of the most well-equipped and premier hospitals in Coastal Andhra.
Since from 1994, the Hospital has come a long way with the commitment and passion of over 100 dedicated healthcare professionals, comprising internationally acclaimed doctors/surgeons and efficient support staff, and world-class facilities. Providing personalised patient-centered treatment and care, 24/7 support and services, we uphold high ethical standards while breaking new grounds in the field of healthcare and medicine.
For more details Visit: www.queensnrihospital.com
Children Hospitals in Vizag || Pediatrics in Vishakapatnam
Queen's NRI Hospital, a 300 bed multi-specialty acute-cum-critical care referral hospital, is one of the most well-equipped and premier hospitals in Coastal Andhra.
Since from 1994, the Hospital has come a long way with the commitment and passion of over 100 dedicated healthcare professionals, comprising internationally acclaimed doctors/surgeons and efficient support staff, and world-class facilities. Providing personalised patient-centered treatment and care, 24/7 support and services, we uphold high ethical standards while breaking new grounds in the field of healthcare and medicine.
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Queen's NRI Hospital, a 300 bed multi-specialty acute-cum-critical care referral hospital, is one of the most well-equipped and premier hospitals in Coastal Andhra.
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Best Hospitals in Vizag || Best Doctors in Vishakapatnam
Queen's NRI Hospital, a 300 bed multi-specialty acute-cum-critical care referral hospital, is one of the most well-equipped and premier hospitals in Coastal Andhra.
Since from 1994, the Hospital has come a long way with the commitment and passion of over 100 dedicated healthcare professionals, comprising internationally acclaimed doctors/surgeons and efficient support staff, and world-class facilities. Providing personalised patient-centered treatment and care, 24/7 support and services, we uphold high ethical standards while breaking new grounds in the field of healthcare and medicine.
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Physiology of Special Chemical Sensation of Taste
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
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The Normal Electrocardiogram - Part I of II
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
Physiology of Chemical Sensation of smell.pdf
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
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- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
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Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
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