The document discusses education around marine conservation in lesser developed countries. It provides examples from Oceania and Kenya. In Oceania, traditional conservation practices like tenure systems and fishing restrictions were effective but broke down with Western influences like money economies. This led to overfishing. In Kenya, a study found government personnel had more education and saw more benefits to marine protected areas, while many fishermen had little education and saw fewer benefits. Education is an important factor in conservation perceptions and success.
THE RIGHT TO DECIDE: The Importance of respecting free, Prior and Informed C...Dr Lendy Spires
Many indigenous peoples live in vast wilderness areas that are biodiverse and essential to their survival. Their lives are intertwined with the natural world, so environmental degradation affects their ability to access food and water. Extractive projects can disrupt indigenous peoples' relationships with their territories and threaten their cultural survival. Companies operating in indigenous areas need to understand these connections to properly assess how their activities may affect indigenous rights and determine their responsibilities.
Mexico and the Marshall Islands differ in their systems of government, education, healthcare, housing, and culture. Mexico has a federal republic government while the Marshall Islands gained independence from the US in 1986 under a compact. Education in Mexico is segregated by class while the Marshall Islands has public elementary and secondary schools. Healthcare spending per person is higher in Mexico but obtaining medicine is often difficult in the Marshall Islands. Housing standards vary greatly between the two countries. Finally, cultural norms around greetings, family, and etiquette differ between Mexico and the Marshall Islands.
the gendered effects of climate variabilitychange on fisher livelihoods and t...ijtsrd
Global warming influences have brought negative climate change consequences on global livelihoods and household food security of the world’s 36 million fisher folks and nearly 1.5 billion consumers who rely on fish for their dietary animal protein. The study concluded that lack of alternative livelihood opportunities options is the major constraints to adaptation for people living in the Lake Victoria region escalated with limitation of skills outside fishing industry, limitation of other employable professional skills including lack of capital. The study recommends a trans disciplinary consientization of adaptive strategies which can translate into flexible and sustainable CCA gender inclusive livelihood activities. Future research should explore participatory action research on environmental influences affecting CCA by comparing findings across other beaches. Robert David Lubalo Onyango | Dr. Christopher Oludhe | Dr. Doris Amwata "The Gendered Effects of Climate Variability/Change on Fisher Livelihoods and the Coping Strategies/Opportunities in Mbita, Homa Bay County, Kenya" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-5 , August 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd33051.pdf Paper Url :https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/enviormental-science/33051/the-gendered-effects-of-climate-variabilitychange-on-fisher-livelihoods-and-the-coping-strategiesopportunities-in-mbita-homa-bay-county-kenya/robert-david-lubalo-onyango
Developing Social Capital to Replace Foregoing DonorsZulhamsyah Imran
This document summarizes an international symposium on developing social capital to replace donor dependence in coastal communities affected by the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami. Presentations were given on case studies from Sri Lanka, Thailand, and Indonesia. Key findings included that social capital levels varied and affected dependency, with communities having intact pre-tsunami social networks less dependent. Microfinance and women's groups helped empower communities and reduce dependence in Thailand. A batik making group in Krabi province became self-sufficient. Studies of mangrove recovery in Thailand were also presented. Developing social capital through community participation and networks was emphasized as important for long-term sustainability and reduced dependency.
This document discusses the relationship between indigenous peoples and biodiversity. It finds that indigenous peoples live in practically every biome on Earth and especially in areas with high biodiversity. There is a strong correlation between areas with high cultural diversity, as measured by the number of spoken languages, and areas with high biological diversity. Many of the countries with the greatest cultural and linguistic diversity are also considered "megadiverse" in terms of species and endemism. The document argues that indigenous peoples play a strategic role in maintaining biodiversity through their traditional biomass appropriation practices, territories that overlap with biodiversity hotspots, and local ecological knowledge and conservation practices.
How do we build a community of practice around the creation and updating of O...ocwc
How do we build a community of practice around the creation and updating of OERs for biodiversity conservation?
Nora Bynum
Eleanor Sterling
Ana Luz Porzecanski
This document summarizes a workshop held in Broome, Western Australia to discuss managing weeds on native title lands in the Kimberley region. The workshop included presentations from several Aboriginal ranger groups on their current weed management work and challenges. Key themes discussed included the cultural importance of caring for country, unclear legal responsibilities for weed management, insufficient funding, and the need for better coordination between stakeholders. Recommendations focused on recognizing traditional obligations, proper consultation processes, prioritizing Indigenous values, increasing resources, and taking integrated, holistic approaches to weed management at a regional landscape scale.
This document provides an overview of tribal natural resource management in western Washington. It discusses the tribes' recognition of the importance of fisheries and commitment to effective management. It lists the member tribes of the Northwest Indian Fisheries Commission and describes some of the core programs and activities related to habitat management, hatchery management, harvest management, wildlife management, and regional collaborative management. The document contains reports on specific initiatives and projects from 2014.
THE RIGHT TO DECIDE: The Importance of respecting free, Prior and Informed C...Dr Lendy Spires
Many indigenous peoples live in vast wilderness areas that are biodiverse and essential to their survival. Their lives are intertwined with the natural world, so environmental degradation affects their ability to access food and water. Extractive projects can disrupt indigenous peoples' relationships with their territories and threaten their cultural survival. Companies operating in indigenous areas need to understand these connections to properly assess how their activities may affect indigenous rights and determine their responsibilities.
Mexico and the Marshall Islands differ in their systems of government, education, healthcare, housing, and culture. Mexico has a federal republic government while the Marshall Islands gained independence from the US in 1986 under a compact. Education in Mexico is segregated by class while the Marshall Islands has public elementary and secondary schools. Healthcare spending per person is higher in Mexico but obtaining medicine is often difficult in the Marshall Islands. Housing standards vary greatly between the two countries. Finally, cultural norms around greetings, family, and etiquette differ between Mexico and the Marshall Islands.
the gendered effects of climate variabilitychange on fisher livelihoods and t...ijtsrd
Global warming influences have brought negative climate change consequences on global livelihoods and household food security of the world’s 36 million fisher folks and nearly 1.5 billion consumers who rely on fish for their dietary animal protein. The study concluded that lack of alternative livelihood opportunities options is the major constraints to adaptation for people living in the Lake Victoria region escalated with limitation of skills outside fishing industry, limitation of other employable professional skills including lack of capital. The study recommends a trans disciplinary consientization of adaptive strategies which can translate into flexible and sustainable CCA gender inclusive livelihood activities. Future research should explore participatory action research on environmental influences affecting CCA by comparing findings across other beaches. Robert David Lubalo Onyango | Dr. Christopher Oludhe | Dr. Doris Amwata "The Gendered Effects of Climate Variability/Change on Fisher Livelihoods and the Coping Strategies/Opportunities in Mbita, Homa Bay County, Kenya" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-5 , August 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd33051.pdf Paper Url :https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/enviormental-science/33051/the-gendered-effects-of-climate-variabilitychange-on-fisher-livelihoods-and-the-coping-strategiesopportunities-in-mbita-homa-bay-county-kenya/robert-david-lubalo-onyango
Developing Social Capital to Replace Foregoing DonorsZulhamsyah Imran
This document summarizes an international symposium on developing social capital to replace donor dependence in coastal communities affected by the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami. Presentations were given on case studies from Sri Lanka, Thailand, and Indonesia. Key findings included that social capital levels varied and affected dependency, with communities having intact pre-tsunami social networks less dependent. Microfinance and women's groups helped empower communities and reduce dependence in Thailand. A batik making group in Krabi province became self-sufficient. Studies of mangrove recovery in Thailand were also presented. Developing social capital through community participation and networks was emphasized as important for long-term sustainability and reduced dependency.
This document discusses the relationship between indigenous peoples and biodiversity. It finds that indigenous peoples live in practically every biome on Earth and especially in areas with high biodiversity. There is a strong correlation between areas with high cultural diversity, as measured by the number of spoken languages, and areas with high biological diversity. Many of the countries with the greatest cultural and linguistic diversity are also considered "megadiverse" in terms of species and endemism. The document argues that indigenous peoples play a strategic role in maintaining biodiversity through their traditional biomass appropriation practices, territories that overlap with biodiversity hotspots, and local ecological knowledge and conservation practices.
How do we build a community of practice around the creation and updating of O...ocwc
How do we build a community of practice around the creation and updating of OERs for biodiversity conservation?
Nora Bynum
Eleanor Sterling
Ana Luz Porzecanski
This document summarizes a workshop held in Broome, Western Australia to discuss managing weeds on native title lands in the Kimberley region. The workshop included presentations from several Aboriginal ranger groups on their current weed management work and challenges. Key themes discussed included the cultural importance of caring for country, unclear legal responsibilities for weed management, insufficient funding, and the need for better coordination between stakeholders. Recommendations focused on recognizing traditional obligations, proper consultation processes, prioritizing Indigenous values, increasing resources, and taking integrated, holistic approaches to weed management at a regional landscape scale.
This document provides an overview of tribal natural resource management in western Washington. It discusses the tribes' recognition of the importance of fisheries and commitment to effective management. It lists the member tribes of the Northwest Indian Fisheries Commission and describes some of the core programs and activities related to habitat management, hatchery management, harvest management, wildlife management, and regional collaborative management. The document contains reports on specific initiatives and projects from 2014.
B Maas NABU Intl IWC Report 2014 FinalBarbara Maas
- Hector's and Maui's dolphins are the smallest and rarest marine dolphins, with populations declining due to fishing bycatch. Maui's dolphins in particular face imminent extinction, with the population projected to fall to zero within 16-20 years.
- The New Zealand government has failed to implement effective protection measures like banning gillnets and trawls from dolphin habitat, despite recommendations from scientific organizations to do so in order to prevent extinction. Continued threats from fishing bycatch, marine mining, and oil and gas development endanger the survival of both dolphin species.
Legal, policy and institutional reforms necessary in order to safeguard and ...John Barasa
This document discusses legal, policy, and institutional reforms needed in Kenya to protect indigenous peoples' access to land and land-based resources. It notes that indigenous groups face challenges including marginalization and lack of recognition by the government. While Kenya's 2010 constitution aims to address these issues, indigenous communities continue to suffer evictions from ancestral lands due to uncertainty in laws and policies. The document calls for strengthening land tenure security and customary land rights for indigenous peoples through legal reforms, policy changes, and court rulings that are compliant with international human rights standards of free, prior, and informed consent.
Knowledge, Attitudes and perceptions of the local people towards the conserva...AI Publications
Local attitudes and perceptions are important concepts toward wildlife conservation. The success of chimpanzee conservation relies on the perceptions and the willingness of the local population to contribute towards its conservation. This study evaluates the knowledge, attitude and perception of local communities towards chimpanzee conservation in the Tofala Hill Wildlife Sanctuary (THWS) in the Southwest Region of Cameroon. Structured questions based on a questionnaire (open and close ended questions), Focus group discussion and Participatory rapid Appraisal tools and techniques were used to collect information from 300 participants within the participatory age group of 20years and above from six out of 14 villages (Nkong, Bangang, Besali, Bechati, Folepi and Fossimundi) around the THWS. Fifty individuals were sampled from each village and a maximum of 2 individuals (the head of household and one other active participant) participated from each household. Collected data were stored in Microsoft excel spreadsheets 2007 after importation into XLSTAT 2007. 8. 4 statistic software for the different statistical tests. Chi-square test and Spearman correlation were conducted at 0.05 level of significance. The knowledge of interviewees on chimpanzee presence was supported by 90.33% of participants. Local knowledge on the population status of chimpanzee shows that 61% affirmed that their population is reducing primarily due to hunting and habitat loss of poor agriculture. According to 67% of interviewees, benefiting from wildlife through tourism, seed dispersion, bush meat and medicine influenced local attitudes and perception toward chimpanzee conservation while their destructive habits through crop riding, inadequate farmland for agriculture and high income derived from the sales of chimpanzee makes 33% of the local population to change their attitude and perception toward chimpanzee conservation. People with no formal education (62.96%) did not found chimpanzee conservation important whereas more educated people (76.76%) found chimpanzee conservation a priority. Most respondents (57.04%) said the idea of chimpanzee conservation was not supported due to high income (15,500FCFA) generated from the sales of chimpanzee. Increasing public awareness of the benefits and values of chimpanzee conservation through media (radios, televisions and smart phones), handbills, bill boards, seminars and symposiums, and films could help mitigate the poor attitudes of the local population towards chimpanzee conservation. Instigating outreach programs to communities living in close proximity to chimpanzee and other wildlife species is often high on the agenda of conservation NGOs with the assumption that long-term change can best be achieved through accelerating change in societal attitudes towards wildlife.
This document provides background information on indigenous peoples in the Philippines. It discusses that there are over 100 indigenous groups comprising around 15% of the population. Many indigenous peoples live in upland areas and rely on traditional farming but their lands are threatened by mining, logging and migration. The document also summarizes that a 1997 law recognizes indigenous land rights and established a process for titles, but implementation has been lacking due to lack of resources and capacity. Overall, it outlines the challenges facing indigenous land rights and development in the Philippines.
Round Table, Indigenous languages and biodiversity in Latin America: the language as a link with the territory. Hosted by the Chilean delegation to UNESCO. Organized by: Gamba-Trimino, C., Flórez-Salgado, D. and Ocampo, J.
Table Ronde, Indigenous languages and biodiversity in Latin America: the language as a link with the territory. Hosted by the Chilean delegation to UNESCO. Organized by: Gamba-Trimino, C., Flórez-Salgado, D. and Ocampo, J.
The document discusses the transformation of indigenous governance in the Colombian Amazon over the past 30 years. It describes how indigenous groups have struggled to assert their identity and rights to their ancestral territories. With legal recognition of indigenous lands and rights in the 1990s Constitution, indigenous peoples have increasingly governed their own territories through their own organizations. The document outlines the progress made in strengthening indigenous culture, education, healthcare, and sustainable development projects through these governance systems. However, it also notes new threats from mining interests seeking to extract resources within indigenous territories.
GABRIELLE ARRUDA F/W16
http://www.gabriellearruda.com/
PHOTOS by JD FORTE
www.jdfortestudio.com
MODEL - CHELSEA WICHMANN
HAIR & MAKEUP - NATASHA SHAE
http://www.natashashae.com/
STUDIO - SPRING ST STUDIO - SOHO
"Youth," Editorial by JD Forte
Feat. Models: Seth Miller @ Ford
Jordan Torres @ RedNYC
Daria Ponomareva @ Women360
Hair - Shinya Nakagawa
Makeup - Seong Hee Park
Wardrobe - Michael Tucker
This project aims to retrofit an existing 2 bedroom, 2 bathroom home to make it ADA compliant so that it can be accessed by disabled individuals. The project includes adding a ramp, remodeling the kitchen and bathrooms, and updating one of the bedrooms. The total estimated cost is between $39,100-$39,260. Key sub-projects include pouring concrete and installing handrails for the ramp at an estimated $9,370, remodeling the kitchen at an estimated $20,320, changing the bathroom into an ADA compliant space at an estimated $9,020, and making one bedroom accessible with a lift hoist and closet relocation at an estimated $390-$550.
Top 5 program manager cover letter samplesporicdavi
The document provides resources for a program manager job search, including cover letter samples, resume examples, and interview preparation materials. It lists over a dozen links to sites with free downloadable guides, templates, and samples for cover letters, resumes, and answering common interview questions. The links cover topics such as writing cover letters, resumes, preparing for different types of interviews, asking employers effective questions, negotiating salary, and more.
This document contains a list of photo credits attributed to various photographers. It includes 12 different photographers credited for photos used in the presentation. It concludes by encouraging the reader to create their own presentation on SlideShare.
Contemporary dance developed in the early 20th century as a rejection of rigid ballet techniques. Pioneers like Isadora Duncan and Martha Graham emphasized natural body movement with greater fluidity than traditional styles. Contemporary dance is characterized by its versatility in being adapted to different music styles and combined with other forms. It seeks a natural body alignment that makes it accessible for beginners while allowing experienced dancers to expand movement boundaries. Contemporary dance comments on the human condition and society in open-to-interpretation, risk-taking ways using the body, time and space as creative tools.
#SEJThinkTank: Going Native: How Native Advertising Grew SEJ’s Revenue by Lor...Meg Cabrera
Are struggling to grow your site revenue, and are interested in utilizing different forms of online advertising?
In this webinar, learn the different forms of native advertising launched by SEJ, which expanded revenue channels and forged direct client relationships.
Want to learn about more webinars with SEJ? Check out our other recaps:
www.searchenginejournal.com/category/marketing-thinktank-webinar/
Este documento presenta varias técnicas de análisis de problemas, incluyendo el diagrama de espina de pescado, la solución de problemas en tres minutos, tormenta de ideas y el diagrama de Gantt. Explica conceptos como problema, oportunidad y pasos para identificar, prevenir y anticipar problemas. Además, describe herramientas como listas de verificación para asegurar que nada se olvide al abordar un tema o proyecto.
Este documento presenta varias técnicas de análisis de problemas, incluyendo el diagrama de espina de pescado, la resolución de problemas en tres minutos, tormenta de ideas y el diagrama de Gantt. Explica los pasos para definir y resolver problemas de manera estructurada. También describe herramientas como listas de verificación que ayudan a no omitir detalles importantes.
El documento trata sobre tres trastornos neurológicos: el síndrome de Tourette, la enuresis y la encopresis. El síndrome de Tourette se caracteriza por movimientos y sonidos vocales involuntarios que pueden deberse a alteraciones químicas o en el cerebro. La enuresis y encopresis implican la pérdida involuntaria de orina o heces y pueden ser causadas por factores físicos, genéticos o psicológicos. Estos trastornos se diagnostican mediante la observación de sínt
B Maas NABU Intl IWC Report 2014 FinalBarbara Maas
- Hector's and Maui's dolphins are the smallest and rarest marine dolphins, with populations declining due to fishing bycatch. Maui's dolphins in particular face imminent extinction, with the population projected to fall to zero within 16-20 years.
- The New Zealand government has failed to implement effective protection measures like banning gillnets and trawls from dolphin habitat, despite recommendations from scientific organizations to do so in order to prevent extinction. Continued threats from fishing bycatch, marine mining, and oil and gas development endanger the survival of both dolphin species.
Legal, policy and institutional reforms necessary in order to safeguard and ...John Barasa
This document discusses legal, policy, and institutional reforms needed in Kenya to protect indigenous peoples' access to land and land-based resources. It notes that indigenous groups face challenges including marginalization and lack of recognition by the government. While Kenya's 2010 constitution aims to address these issues, indigenous communities continue to suffer evictions from ancestral lands due to uncertainty in laws and policies. The document calls for strengthening land tenure security and customary land rights for indigenous peoples through legal reforms, policy changes, and court rulings that are compliant with international human rights standards of free, prior, and informed consent.
Knowledge, Attitudes and perceptions of the local people towards the conserva...AI Publications
Local attitudes and perceptions are important concepts toward wildlife conservation. The success of chimpanzee conservation relies on the perceptions and the willingness of the local population to contribute towards its conservation. This study evaluates the knowledge, attitude and perception of local communities towards chimpanzee conservation in the Tofala Hill Wildlife Sanctuary (THWS) in the Southwest Region of Cameroon. Structured questions based on a questionnaire (open and close ended questions), Focus group discussion and Participatory rapid Appraisal tools and techniques were used to collect information from 300 participants within the participatory age group of 20years and above from six out of 14 villages (Nkong, Bangang, Besali, Bechati, Folepi and Fossimundi) around the THWS. Fifty individuals were sampled from each village and a maximum of 2 individuals (the head of household and one other active participant) participated from each household. Collected data were stored in Microsoft excel spreadsheets 2007 after importation into XLSTAT 2007. 8. 4 statistic software for the different statistical tests. Chi-square test and Spearman correlation were conducted at 0.05 level of significance. The knowledge of interviewees on chimpanzee presence was supported by 90.33% of participants. Local knowledge on the population status of chimpanzee shows that 61% affirmed that their population is reducing primarily due to hunting and habitat loss of poor agriculture. According to 67% of interviewees, benefiting from wildlife through tourism, seed dispersion, bush meat and medicine influenced local attitudes and perception toward chimpanzee conservation while their destructive habits through crop riding, inadequate farmland for agriculture and high income derived from the sales of chimpanzee makes 33% of the local population to change their attitude and perception toward chimpanzee conservation. People with no formal education (62.96%) did not found chimpanzee conservation important whereas more educated people (76.76%) found chimpanzee conservation a priority. Most respondents (57.04%) said the idea of chimpanzee conservation was not supported due to high income (15,500FCFA) generated from the sales of chimpanzee. Increasing public awareness of the benefits and values of chimpanzee conservation through media (radios, televisions and smart phones), handbills, bill boards, seminars and symposiums, and films could help mitigate the poor attitudes of the local population towards chimpanzee conservation. Instigating outreach programs to communities living in close proximity to chimpanzee and other wildlife species is often high on the agenda of conservation NGOs with the assumption that long-term change can best be achieved through accelerating change in societal attitudes towards wildlife.
This document provides background information on indigenous peoples in the Philippines. It discusses that there are over 100 indigenous groups comprising around 15% of the population. Many indigenous peoples live in upland areas and rely on traditional farming but their lands are threatened by mining, logging and migration. The document also summarizes that a 1997 law recognizes indigenous land rights and established a process for titles, but implementation has been lacking due to lack of resources and capacity. Overall, it outlines the challenges facing indigenous land rights and development in the Philippines.
Round Table, Indigenous languages and biodiversity in Latin America: the language as a link with the territory. Hosted by the Chilean delegation to UNESCO. Organized by: Gamba-Trimino, C., Flórez-Salgado, D. and Ocampo, J.
Table Ronde, Indigenous languages and biodiversity in Latin America: the language as a link with the territory. Hosted by the Chilean delegation to UNESCO. Organized by: Gamba-Trimino, C., Flórez-Salgado, D. and Ocampo, J.
The document discusses the transformation of indigenous governance in the Colombian Amazon over the past 30 years. It describes how indigenous groups have struggled to assert their identity and rights to their ancestral territories. With legal recognition of indigenous lands and rights in the 1990s Constitution, indigenous peoples have increasingly governed their own territories through their own organizations. The document outlines the progress made in strengthening indigenous culture, education, healthcare, and sustainable development projects through these governance systems. However, it also notes new threats from mining interests seeking to extract resources within indigenous territories.
GABRIELLE ARRUDA F/W16
http://www.gabriellearruda.com/
PHOTOS by JD FORTE
www.jdfortestudio.com
MODEL - CHELSEA WICHMANN
HAIR & MAKEUP - NATASHA SHAE
http://www.natashashae.com/
STUDIO - SPRING ST STUDIO - SOHO
"Youth," Editorial by JD Forte
Feat. Models: Seth Miller @ Ford
Jordan Torres @ RedNYC
Daria Ponomareva @ Women360
Hair - Shinya Nakagawa
Makeup - Seong Hee Park
Wardrobe - Michael Tucker
This project aims to retrofit an existing 2 bedroom, 2 bathroom home to make it ADA compliant so that it can be accessed by disabled individuals. The project includes adding a ramp, remodeling the kitchen and bathrooms, and updating one of the bedrooms. The total estimated cost is between $39,100-$39,260. Key sub-projects include pouring concrete and installing handrails for the ramp at an estimated $9,370, remodeling the kitchen at an estimated $20,320, changing the bathroom into an ADA compliant space at an estimated $9,020, and making one bedroom accessible with a lift hoist and closet relocation at an estimated $390-$550.
Top 5 program manager cover letter samplesporicdavi
The document provides resources for a program manager job search, including cover letter samples, resume examples, and interview preparation materials. It lists over a dozen links to sites with free downloadable guides, templates, and samples for cover letters, resumes, and answering common interview questions. The links cover topics such as writing cover letters, resumes, preparing for different types of interviews, asking employers effective questions, negotiating salary, and more.
This document contains a list of photo credits attributed to various photographers. It includes 12 different photographers credited for photos used in the presentation. It concludes by encouraging the reader to create their own presentation on SlideShare.
Contemporary dance developed in the early 20th century as a rejection of rigid ballet techniques. Pioneers like Isadora Duncan and Martha Graham emphasized natural body movement with greater fluidity than traditional styles. Contemporary dance is characterized by its versatility in being adapted to different music styles and combined with other forms. It seeks a natural body alignment that makes it accessible for beginners while allowing experienced dancers to expand movement boundaries. Contemporary dance comments on the human condition and society in open-to-interpretation, risk-taking ways using the body, time and space as creative tools.
#SEJThinkTank: Going Native: How Native Advertising Grew SEJ’s Revenue by Lor...Meg Cabrera
Are struggling to grow your site revenue, and are interested in utilizing different forms of online advertising?
In this webinar, learn the different forms of native advertising launched by SEJ, which expanded revenue channels and forged direct client relationships.
Want to learn about more webinars with SEJ? Check out our other recaps:
www.searchenginejournal.com/category/marketing-thinktank-webinar/
Este documento presenta varias técnicas de análisis de problemas, incluyendo el diagrama de espina de pescado, la solución de problemas en tres minutos, tormenta de ideas y el diagrama de Gantt. Explica conceptos como problema, oportunidad y pasos para identificar, prevenir y anticipar problemas. Además, describe herramientas como listas de verificación para asegurar que nada se olvide al abordar un tema o proyecto.
Este documento presenta varias técnicas de análisis de problemas, incluyendo el diagrama de espina de pescado, la resolución de problemas en tres minutos, tormenta de ideas y el diagrama de Gantt. Explica los pasos para definir y resolver problemas de manera estructurada. También describe herramientas como listas de verificación que ayudan a no omitir detalles importantes.
El documento trata sobre tres trastornos neurológicos: el síndrome de Tourette, la enuresis y la encopresis. El síndrome de Tourette se caracteriza por movimientos y sonidos vocales involuntarios que pueden deberse a alteraciones químicas o en el cerebro. La enuresis y encopresis implican la pérdida involuntaria de orina o heces y pueden ser causadas por factores físicos, genéticos o psicológicos. Estos trastornos se diagnostican mediante la observación de sínt
This document provides information on finding the right job or internship. It discusses using online job sites, employer websites, newspapers, staffing agencies, and career centers to search for opportunities. Networking, having relevant experience through internships, and following up with employers are also emphasized. Specific career paths that may interest college students, like nursing, teaching, and business administration, are highlighted along with typical education requirements and growth projections for each field.
Miche Spring 2016 Catalog from Handbags By MelindaMelinda York
Discover the hot new Miche Spring Collection for 2016 with a variety of Faces for Prima, Demi, Classic & Petite bags. Plus hip bags and other accessories.
A1 Production is a fictional independent film distribution company created by the author for their title sequence project. The company, based in the UK, will distribute an urban drama film called A-Town Boys. A1 Production is similar to UK-based Revolver Entertainment, which has distributed several urban drama films. Potential other films for A1 Production to distribute include Kidulthood and Adulthood, two independently made British urban dramas. A1 Production will provide a local premiere and theatrical release, as well as online distribution through Vimeo and YouTube to reach British teenagers. A limited DVD release may also be available in Britain through A1 Production.
1. The document discusses community awareness programs, aquaculture, and vivaria. It begins with an introduction to awareness and community awareness.
2. It then describes a specific community awareness program formed in 1997 in Wakefield District, UK. It aims to help the homeless and disadvantaged.
3. Aquaculture is then defined as the farming of aquatic organisms. It discusses major types like fish farming, shrimp farming, oyster farming, and others. The largest producers globally are also mentioned.
This document provides an overview of Indigenous food strategies and sovereignty in Vancouver and the surrounding bioregion. It discusses the history of Indigenous peoples in the region and the loss of land and culture they experienced with colonization. It outlines traditional Indigenous food systems that were based on harvesting diverse plant and animal species from the land and water. The document also discusses current issues like food insecurity, poverty and lack of access to traditional foods faced by many Indigenous communities. It proposes potential strategies to increase Indigenous food sovereignty, such as securing land, restoring harvesting practices and traditional food spaces in the city.
This case study examines the situation of women small-scale fisherfolk on Koh Chang Island in Thailand. It discusses how Thailand's fisheries sector is dominated by small-scale fishing but these communities often lack secure access to coastal lands and marine resources. Women small-scale fisherfolk face additional challenges due to patriarchal social norms that relegate them to traditional gender roles despite their significant contributions to fishery activities. The establishment of Koh Chang Marine National Park has made it more difficult for these communities to secure rights to resources needed for their livelihoods.
The document discusses the issue of overfishing and its negative impacts. It addresses that overfishing is a growing problem that affects societies, economies, and the environment. One of the world's largest fisheries in the East China Sea has been damaged by overfishing and pollution, confirming fears of fishermen and environmentalists. The optimum yield from fisheries is difficult to define precisely but should aim to maximize benefits while protecting marine ecosystems and reconstructing overfished fisheries to maximum sustainable levels.
Three major events occurred in the Indian River Lagoon in 2011:
1) Two large phytoplankton blooms stretched along the lagoon from north to south over seven months, resulting in significant seagrass loss.
2) In response, the St. Johns River Water Management District established an investigation into the northern bloom.
3) Researchers from the Smithsonian Marine Station are part of the team studying the effects of filter feeders on bloom formation. They are sampling invertebrates from over 40 sites that could potentially consume bloom-forming algae.
This document discusses different aspects of fishery management and regulation. It begins by outlining the three main activities of fishery management: regulation of fishing, environmental management, and artificial stock enhancement. It then discusses the origins of public policy around fishing and ownership of fish resources. The document goes on to outline current objectives of fishing regulation such as conservation and allocation of fishing rights. It also describes different methods that are used to regulate fishing.
The document summarizes the progress and challenges of conserving Antillean manatees since the 1995 Regional Management Plan. It finds that while conservation efforts have increased awareness and established some protected areas, threats from development, poaching and lack of enforcement continue. Going forward, it recommends strengthening legal protections, expanding protected habitats, developing recovery plans and assessing habitat needs to improve long-term survival of this vulnerable species across its range.
How IUU fishing impacts small-scale fishers' livesSWAIMSProject
By Prof Stella Williams, Vice-President, Mundus Maris; and lead Researcher for the Nigerian Association of Fish Farmers and Aqua-culturists (NAFFA)
SWAIMS Webinar on Curbing Maritime Insecurity in the Niger Delta, 31st March 31, 2021
This document provides guidelines for setting up small-scale fish farming operations to address lack of protein in subsistence communities in Africa. It outlines the objectives of providing essential information to start fish production with minimal costs using local resources. The document discusses constraints to consider, such as environmental, social, and cultural factors that will influence appropriate techniques. It also notes limitations of existing manuals, such as a focus on commercial operations rather than subsistence needs, and lack of adaptation to local conditions. The guidelines cover setting up a program, technical aspects, management, and addressing various constraints.
1. Inland fisheries in South Africa have historically been overlooked, with a focus on stocking alien fish for recreation and failed attempts at commercialization.
2. A recent study found that small-scale fishing supports livelihoods in rural communities but lacks formal recognition, while recreational fishing is economically significant.
3. The study recommends that the Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries develop an inland fisheries policy and legislation that recognizes fishing for livelihoods, promotes cooperative management between stakeholders, and supports rural development.
Governing Marine Protected Areas (MPAs), with UCL's Peter JonesIIED
In the latest of a series of IIED critical themes, Peter Jones, Senior Lecturer in the Department of Geography at UCL, discussed Governing Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) on October 6, 2014.
His presentation explored the argument that the key to the resilience is diversity, both of species in ecosystems and incentives in governance systems.
The discussion drew on the findings of 20 MPA case studies from around the world, employing a novel governance analysis framework to address some key questions: How can top-down and bottom-up approaches to MPA governance be combined? What does this mean, in reality, in different contexts? How can we develop and implement governance approaches that are both effective in achieving conservation objectives and equitable in fairly sharing associated costs and benefits?
Jones has spent more than 20 years undertaking trans-disciplinary research on the governance of human uses of marine resources, provided advice to many national and international organisations on MPA and MSP issues, is a Ministerial Appointee to the Sussex Inshore Fisheries and Conservation Authority and recently published the book Governing Marine Protected Areas: resilience through diversity (2014, Routledge).
More details: http://www.iied.org/critical-theme-governing-marine-protected-areas
This document summarizes a student paper that reviewed responses to illegal, unreported, and unregulated (IUU) fishing and wildlife poaching/trafficking. The paper addressed challenges such as states' failure to comply with international agreements, high enforcement costs, and lack of local compliance. It described best practices like providing financial incentives to induce local compliance and increasing regional pressure on states. The executive summary concluded by recommending greater education of local communities, regional intelligence databases, increased conservation area funding, and stronger international pressure to comply with wildlife laws.
Toward strengthening social resilience a case study on recovery of capture fi...Zulhamsyah Imran
This document discusses social resilience in fishing communities in Aceh, Indonesia after the 2004 tsunami. It analyzes the role of indigenous institutions in recovering fisheries livelihoods and strengthening social resilience. The study examines a case study of fisheries recovery programs in Krueng Raya Bay. Indigenous leaders called Panglima Laot Lhok played an important role in governing fishing communities and facilitating aid distribution, helping to rebuild livelihoods. Collaboration between community organizations, government, and NGOs both strengthened and weakened social networks, impacting social resilience. The research assessed tsunami impacts on fisheries and analyzed the role of institutions in recovery efforts to support sustainable resource management.
The document summarizes a study on factors affecting trout protection in Kumrat Valley, Dir (U) KPK, Pakistan. It found that over 50% of respondents believed the local community considers threats to trout, while over 70% felt the community has a positive attitude toward protection. Nearly 80% stated pesticides used in agriculture harm trout. Over 60% agreed the community uses harmful hunting methods like electricity and dynamite. The study concluded there is a significant relationship between positive community perceptions and trout protection. It recommended increasing community awareness and training, as well as government support for trout production, protection policies, and market access to promote conservation.
ICAFIS - Presentation fisheries co management in viet nam Lap Dinh
ICAFIS Sharing experience on Fisheries co-management in Viet Nam for more information please access to http://icafis.vn/ or contact with Mr Lap, Dinh Xuan - lap.dinhxuan@icafis.vn
The document discusses the importance of incorporating traditional ecological knowledge (TEK) into fishery management. TEK refers to the knowledge acquired by indigenous groups over many generations through contact with the local environment. It includes knowledge of relationships between plants, animals, landscapes, and timing of events. TEK is location-specific, dynamic, and based on oral tradition. Incorporating TEK can help fishery management learn from traditional coastal management systems and improve compliance. TEK also provides valuable insights into climate change impacts and can help communities adapt strategies for natural resource management and seasonal forecasting. The document argues that resilience in fishery management requires attention to both the biological systems and human systems, and encourages the use of TEK and other
The document discusses marine protected areas (MPAs) in the United States as managed by NOAA. It notes that over 1,600 MPAs have been established, protecting around 41% of US marine waters. The national system of MPAs coordinates management of these areas across different jurisdictions. While MPAs limit some activities like fishing to protect resources, most allow multiple uses. MPAs are classified based on their focus, level of protection, and other characteristics to facilitate management and conservation planning. NOAA's National MPA Center works to develop and support the national system of MPAs through activities like maintaining an MPA inventory and enhancing stewardship.
The Roles of Women in Fish Processing Activities in Some Local Government Are...BRNSS Publication Hub
Fish processing activities in some communities of Rivers State were investigated to determine the
role of women in its development and sustainability. Fifty structured questionnaires were randomly
distributed in five communities (10 per community) across three local government areas of the state.
The results from the study indicated that most of the respondents are young and married women. They
are actively involved in fish processing activities in combination with fishing. The women had between
6 and 10 years of experience in fish processing. In the study area, women utilized smoking as major
processing methods, with mullets, sardine, and tilapia as major species processed by the women. Fish
processing in these communities is done mostly by smoking using a locally made kiln which can dry a
lot of fish at a time. Occupational hazards associated with fish processing include skin rashes, redness
of the eye, offensive body odor, and bruises. Moreover, insufficient capital, lack of modern processing
facilities, poor storage facilities, and scarcity in fish supply have been identified as major constraints
facing women involvement in processing activities in these communities. There is, therefore, the need
to empower the women fish processors in these areas through granting of loans and credit facilities,
capacity building, introduction of improved fish processing equipment, and storage facilities. These will
go a long way in enhancing fish production, improve their livelihood, and boost socioeconomic status of
these women processors in the study areas
AFNCNB Statement on Forest Policy - March 31 2011AFNCNB
This document outlines the Assembly of First Nations' Chiefs in New Brunswick's policy for the Wabanaki Forest. It discusses the Mi'gmaq and Wolastoqiyik peoples' connection to the forest and their rights over it as affirmed by treaties and Canadian law. It expresses concern over the poor relationship with the forest industry and the province's prioritization of industry interests over First Nations' rights. The document advocates for sustainable forest management based on environmental, social, cultural and economic sustainability and calls for First Nations to be full partners in forest policy decisions.
1. 1
Implementing Environmental Change: Education in
Lesser-Developed Countries
Kristyn Ostanek
Abstract
Education on marine conservation determines the success of a conservation
program in any country. As seen in many studies, proper education can lead to
heightened awareness of the state of the ocean ecosystems in a particular area. Lesser
Developed Countries, also called LDCs, heavily depend on the ocean and its resources.
Many LDC’s primary source of protein, like fish, comes from the ocean. This source of
protein heavily drives these coastal communities’ economies and usually comprises much
of the work force. This paper explores the different aspects of marine conservation
education within communities in coastal LDCs. Within these small communities,
availability of resources, and government relationships all greatly factor into the
implementation of a marine conservation program.
Key Words
Education, government, perception, management, conservation.
2. 2
Introduction
LDCs are found all over the world with the majority located on coasts. The Food
and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) estimates that aquaculture
alone assures the livelihoods of ten to twelve percent of the world’s population. More
than ninety percent of those employed work in small-scale operations in developing
countries. Nevertheless fish proves to be the main source of protein for coastal
developing countries around the world.
According to the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA),
marine protected areas are managed by the federal government and bring work together
at the regional and national levels to achieve objectives concerning the conservation of
the natural and cultural resources. Marine protected areas are usually managed either by
limitation or prohibition. The limitation and prohibition of these areas can be through
zonal management, equipment restrictions, quotas, and licensing or permits (Protect
Planet Ocean). Marine protected areas usually consist of a small single area, a large
single area, or a network of areas as determined by the conservation needs within a
certain area.
Marine protected areas serve as a great method for the conservation of natural
resources. However, as we explore through this paper, we find that many lesser-
developed countries with marine protected areas do not end up with successful programs.
This problem is due to many factors including the perception and attitude of communities
and government personnel, the lack of resources and education, and the relationships
between the government and the communities. These factors all strongly impact not only
the program, but also the health of the local ecosystems.
Oceania
R.E. Johannes of the Hawaii Institute of Marine Biology studied the different
conservation methods in three different areas in Oceania: Polynesia, Melanesia, and
Micronesia. All of these typical LDCs obtain most of their protein from the ocean and its
resources. Johannes uses the residents of Oceania to describe conservation methods
before and after the introduction of western practices.
Before western influences, Oceania’s conservation practices represented a system
of centuries old traditional influences. Johannes states, “The most widespread single
marine conservation measure employed in Oceania…was reef and lagoon tenure”
(Johannes 1978). For the management of small communities the simplistic system
employed those of a family, chief, or clan as the head of authority. The authoritative
figure represented the community, and therefore, it was best for that person to create
strong ties within the people of the community. The people of Oceania knew that their
3. 3
fisheries could be easily depleted due to natural disasters such as tsunamis, typhoons, and
droughts. The chief, clan, or family would then use this knowledge to create rules and
regulate the fish harvest to maintain high sustainable yields in order to continue to benefit
the community. The locals had a strong awareness of their fish stocks and other marine
resources. Many fishermen even would pass on their knowledge to an apprentice to
continue and expand the community’s knowledge on their local resources.
Many of the fishing regulation practices came from traditions such as religion and
superstitious beliefs. Johannes explains that some practices were forbidden among certain
people based on gender, age, or particular clans. These actions lead to ecological effects.
The authoritative figure would implement closed seasons for the fishermen in the
communities. This was usually declared for ritual reasons like marking a funeral and
ensuring a large catch at the time of celebrations. Also, the enforcement of gear
restrictions also allowed for fishermen to use less effort catching the same amount of fish.
After some time, chiefs were introduced to new ways of managing their
communities thanks to the western influences. Johannes states the three influences that
correlate to the breakdown of traditional conservation practices from western influences:
I. The introduction of money economies.
II. The breakdown of traditional authority.
III. The imposition of new laws and practices by colonial powers.
Before the westernization, Oceania had a system of shared goods. If a man in the
community needed fish, he would in turn provide labor for the fisherman from whom he
was receiving the fish. Then the Europeans introduced their system of bought and sold
goods. Men were given incentives depending on an optimal catch set by the Europeans.
The more fish they caught, then the more money they would make. This exchange led to
a dramatic increase in competition within the community. Johannes found that leaders
within these communities allowed this new system for fisheries because they lacked the
essential knowledge on the economic order. As a result of this lack of education,
moneylending was introduced to the communities. Moneylending allowed for a
fisherman to borrow money for his purchases. Most of the fishermen that borrowed
money fell into debt, and thus, employment opportunities diminished.
Johannes concludes his study by explaining that conservation education cannot
influence the community enough under the current competitive conditions; therefore, a
necessity exists for some government control. Furthermore, if a local custom is included
in the new legislation, then it is most likely to gain public support and succeed. Johannes
explains, “Laws that freeze traditional customs prevent the evolution of tenure systems to
fit contemporary needs. If a valuable new fishery develops in an area where marine
tenure has not been exercised, it is only natural that people who customarily use this area
will want to control the fishery” (1978). Johannes research proves that traditional ties
may be vital in a community needing new legislation for conservation programs
(Johannes 1978).
4. 4
Kenya
Timothy McClanahan, Jamie Davis, and Joseph Mania conducted a study that
determined certain factors they believe to be major influences on the perceptions of
marine protected areas of resource users and government employees (Davies et al. 2005).
They hypothesized that the wealth, education, and length of employment impacts the
perceptions towards the management of fisheries exclusion and gear restricted areas.
McClanahan, Davis, and Mania compiled four main issues of marine protected areas:
I. The specific types of restrictions on the use of resources.
II. The level of degradation of resources surrounding protected areas as
demands intensify.
III. The failure of management to deliver promises, leading to disenchantment
and erosion of trust among community members.
IV. A lack of or preferential enforcement of rules and regulations.
They also state the main variables that affect the perceived benefits and attitudes within a
community: age of the protected area, education, occupation, wealth and diet, property
ownership, ethnicity, redistribution of wealth by management authorities, and
relationships with government personnel.
Kenya has two types of management for marine protected areas. Firstly, Marine
National Parks are closed areas in which extraction of resources is not allowed. Secondly,
are the Marine National Reserves, where restrictions on fishing gear are employed.
The study was conducted on three different communities which already have
marine protected areas: Malindi, Mombasa, and Diani. Two different questionnaires were
specifically developed for the government personnel and the fishermen. The different
questionnaires were created because of the already known varying perceptions between
the government and fishermen. One-on-one interviews were conducted with each person
and consisted of asking questions on the perceived benefits of protected areas. All
participants included their age, gear use, experience, diet, and aspect of housing.
Researchers found that sixty-five percent of the government personnel had a
secondary education compared to the eight percent of fishermen. They also found that
only forty-nine percent of fishermen had a primary education and forty-three percent had
no education at all. This data was easily recognized during the questionnaires because
some of the fishermen could not read or write and therefore could not fully participate in
the study. Although they could not fully participate, they still remained a crucial factor in
the study due to the fact that education has a major influence on perception, which is later
described in the article. Overall, government personnel had higher perceived benefits of
protecting areas, which then decreased among the fishermen within the communities.
McClanahan, Davis, and Mania found two highest perceived benefits of both the
government personnel and the fishermen: (1) parks to the nation and (2) reserves to the
5. 5
nation. The questionnaires also revealed that the fishers and community had less
perceived benefits compared to those of the government personnel.
This study revealed a major lack of trust within the community and the
government personnel managing the protected areas. McClanahan, Davis, and Mania
discovered that fishermen believed park service personnel were the least deserving of
handling grants to fishermen whereas the park service personnel believed that the fishers;
had much trust in them to handle a grant. In conclusion, McClanahan, Davis, and Mania
found there to be two very important factors influencing the perceptions of a marine
protected area; The overall perceived benefits were highest for government personnel due
to the lack of trust between the community and the government and the most successful
development programs in the region relied on informal and low-level government
personnel (Davies et al. 2005).
Costa Rica
Susan Jacobson from the University of Florida and Rafael Robles from the
Caribbean Conservation Corporation studied the effects of implementing a tour guide-
training program in Tortuguero, Costa Rica. In this case, Jacobson and Robles focused on
ecotourism and its effects on marine conservation education within a community in a
LDC. Unlike most studies that focus on the impact of the education among visitors, this
study concentrated on the impact of education on the residents in the community.
Jacobson and Robles hypothesized that, “…ecotourism fosters more favorable attitudes
towards protected areas, promotes natural resource conservation, educate school children,
train resource managers, and increases a parks system’s flow of benefits to the public by
serving as an educational resource” (Jacobson et al.1992).
The ecotourism program in Tortuguero aims to increase the awareness of the
importance of conservation of sea turtles. Jacobson and Robles developed surveys to
confront four goals in the development of the tour guide program:
I. Resource management needs of the nesting turtles and other wildlife in the
region.
II. Information needs of tour guides.
III. Information needs of foreign and domestic tourists.
IV. Economic opportunities based on tourism.
In 1990, a pilot tour guide-training program was implemented to address the
problem of tourist disturbance to nesting turtles. This program consisted of a ten-hour
training course emphasizing the sea turtle history, regulations of the park, and techniques
for communication between the tourists and tour guides. This course was made available
6. 6
to anyone in the community above the age of seventeen. The knowledge and skills of the
tour guides were tested at the beginning and the end of the first month of tours.
Many resource managers expressed their concern for the sea turtles and the
negative impacts of tourism. Oral questionnaires were conducted on eighteen tour guides
who were enrolled in the pilot training program. Four out of the eighteen men indicated
that the largest obstacle preventing them to earn a decent salary was the need for a better
education in English. All of the tour guides indicated that their families would benefit
from the conservation of resources and the protection and management of the area. On
average, the tour guides were able to answer the tourists’ questions about seventy-five
percent of the time. During the program, Jacobson and Robles found that there was an
increase of concern for the conservation of the sea turtles in tour guides, and they were
eager to learn more by meeting with local researchers. Jacobson and Robles also indicate
that some of the tour guides went on to write letters to government officials for better
protection of the sea turtles.
Jacobson and Robles specify that one of the most important objectives of the tour
guide training program was to extend the opportunity of education amongst the
community in Tortuguero especially for the segment of the population not reached
through traditional school programs and development projects. They gave everyone a
chance to learn and increase their knowledge of the local environment in Tortuguero.
This study showed a significant increase in the motivation to protect the environment not
only among the tour guides and tourists but also within the sector of the community not
directly involved in the ecotourism program (Jacobson et al.1992).
Vanuatu
R.E. Johannes studied the village-based management of resources in Vanuatu, a
nation located in the South Pacific Ocean. Johannes recognizes that typical western
methods of conservation usually fail in LDCs; thus, he suggests different ways to manage
the conservation of the local natural resources.
As seen before, tradition makes a huge impact on the environment in a LDC.
Johannes found that traditional villagers in Vanuatu lacked the education needed for
successful management. He suggests updating traditional management in a way that will
still include the traditions of the community. Wiping out tradition all together has the
ability to destroy the relationships within a community and the managers, which could
result in the failure of a conservation program. Johannes also acknowledges that the
introduction of new gear and practices has the potential to destroy community ties
because they lack the education needed to cope with this change (Johannes 1998).
7. 7
This study describes “cooperative management” which was implemented in
Vanuatu in 1990. At the beginning and end of everyday, research officers would hold
informal discussions with fishermen and resource owners on the conservation methods
for trochus fisheries. Instead of forcing villagers to adopt the new methods that the
research officers recommended in these discussions, villagers had the right to decide on
their own whether they would adopt the new practice or not. Leaving the final decision
up to the villagers allowed for consideration of local social and economic concerns while
upholding tradition within the community.
Johannes conducted interviews with a large variety of the people living in the
coastal villages on the Islands of Efate and Emai and the villages in the area of Southeast
Malekula. Johannes specifically sought out chiefs and elders or anybody who had a great
knowledge on the local ecosystems and fishing in the community. He found that many of
the villages only received education on the trochus species and thus tried adapting these
specific conservation methods to other species. In some villages, misunderstandings
within the conservation practices have led to the failure of certain programs. These
misunderstandings resulted from the lack of communication between the Local Fisheries
Department and the overall lack of education in the chiefs. Johannes also noticed that the
knowledge of the impacts of excessive fishing and declining stocks lacked in some
villages compared to the rest of the villages.
The announcement of a fishing taboo also had a large impact on the success of the
program. Johannes found that if a chief formally declares a taboo, then the villagers are
more likely to respond in a positive manner and the conservation program will most
likely succeed. If the chief announces it informally, then the villagers will not take the
taboo seriously; thus, the conservation program ultimately will fail. Usually a successful
announcement consisted of the use of ritual and tradition, for instance blessing a taboo
through the killing of pigs, followed by a feast in a church. Some chiefs even created
fines pertaining to certain activities within the taboo regulations (Johannes 1998).
Johannes also acknowledges the effects of inadequate law within the
communities. Much of the law is not understood well by the chief as well as the villagers.
Depending on the coastal community the law also did not recognize specific needs
required by the different areas.
Presently, much of the responsibilities are in the hands of the village fishermen.
The Fisheries Department has evolved into encouraging fishermen to take direct
involvement in the management of their resources. Johannes observed that most of the
villagers are highly motivated to evaluate the effects of their closures on their own.
Although, he does state that most of the village fishermen had little knowledge on the
species, specifically in this case as to how quickly the species grows. This lack of
knowledge impacted the timing of the closures, thus, ultimately affected the fishery
stocks. Consequently, Johannes notes the need for expanded education rather than just
education through experience.
8. 8
To improve participation in conservation within the community, Johannes
indicates the need for “Extension Workers” alongside the existing education program.
Johannes describes Extension Workers as people, “…who must obtain information on
village marine management strategies and on local knowledge concerning marine
resources. They then must provide complementary scientific knowledge and education
that villagers need to manage their resources better.” (Johannes 1998). The education
system in Vanuatu exposes the lack of devotion in educators to fully explain the criteria
needed for a successful program. Johannes found that many people are not willing to put
in the time and effort to explain and teach these difficult concepts. Through the
observation of the typical education system versus the system with the use of Extension
Workers, Johannes realized that most of the villagers did not respond well to being told
how to manage their fisheries but rather responded better to suggestions through practical
education on management alternatives. He also found that villagers were more likely to
continue their conservation efforts if they were given credit for their previous
achievements in the new management programs. Most of the credit for the achievement
of these programs tends to be given to government personnel and not the villagers.
In Johannes’ final remarks, he emphasizes the erosion of local authority to outside
tenures. The community usually respects local authority more so than higher up
government officials. The villagers will most likely listen and follow through with the
suggestions given by the local authority because there is a preexisting relationship that
has formed trust within the people. When outside tenures take control away from the
local authorities, villagers are less likely to conform to the new programs and regulations
that these tenures request. Johannes found that the villagers had a lack of respect for these
tenures; thus, did not follow through with any of the new programs, ultimately wasting
crucial time and money needed to implement a successful management program within a
LDC (Johannes 1998).
Discussion
Education proves to be a crucial factor in order to implement any type of change
whether it is introducing a new conservation program or managing a current program.
Without proper education most of these programs fail. The attitude and perception of the
villagers and also the government personnel have a major influence on the success of
environmental change (Johannes 1978; Primavera 2000; Davies et al. 2005).
Furthermore, a very important aspect in the decision making process is making the
community feel meaningful. Once the people within the community feel as if they have a
bigger purpose, a conservation program is bound to thrive. In order for the community to
feel meaningful the villagers must be given more responsibility (Gubbay 1995). Handing
over responsibility from the higher government personnel to a community expands the
knowledge not previously available to local villagers. Using this new knowledge,
villagers can take action and promote environmental change within their community. If
9. 9
credit is given to the villagers, a change in responsibility initiates a chain of inspiration
amongst the people in the community. The people within the community want to take
action as well because they too want to receive credit. This credit boosts their self-esteem
and self-worth thus making them determined to continue their efforts of change (Gubbay
1995; Johannes 1998).
Before credit can be given to any villager, education needs to be provided for the
community. Education for the villagers will not be successful unless the villagers have a
desire to expand their knowledge. Some sort of anticipation to learn needs to exist, which
will then help the education program (Forestell 1993). This anticipation to learn may be
stimulated by incorporating traditional values within the community. Johannes found that
the village fishermen in Oceania were more inclined to expand their knowledge on new
practices if those practices incorporated some sort of tradition. The people of Oceania
lacked the proper education needed to cope with the new economic change; thus, they
abandoned their traditions. The abandoning of their traditions led to the failure of the new
programs that the Europeans introduced. Villagers were not motivated to learn about
these new practices, which in turn, led to the destruction of the local natural resources
(Johannes 1978, 1984). By incorporating tradition and ritual, better education programs
can be constructed for new conservation management (Johannes 1978, 1998; Gubbay
1995). Although traditional systems may prove to be good ways of introducing new
programs, we also need to recognize that sometimes traditions hurt the natural resources
rather than help. When government personnel recognize that these traditions are hurting
the environment, they tend to ignore the traditions altogether when creating new
programs. Instead, government personnel should uphold values of the tradition while
updating them at the same time. By keeping some sort of traditional value within the new
programs the community will be more inclined to participate.
In some LDCs, the government provides education for the communities.
However, due to the lack of essential knowledge, this education does not succeed. In
Kenya, over sixty percent of the government personnel had a secondary education, and
all of them had primary education. Only eight percent of the fishermen had a secondary
education. Half of the fishermen that participated did not have an education at all (Davies
2005). This lack of education correlates to the failure of many conservation programs.
These fishermen lack the basic knowledge needed to grasp new conservation methods.
Without the knowledge of basic biology, chemistry, and other subjects, the fishermen
have no way of fully understanding not only new programs but also information on their
local natural resources. Actions are then not carried out correctly because of these
misunderstandings (Johannes 1978, 1998).
Misunderstandings of the local ecosystems in a lesser-developed country can lead
to devastation among the species and the community. J.H. Primavera studied the
development and conservation of Philippine mangroves. The Philippine government
began taxing the mangroves all along the coasts. Most of the communities could not
afford to pay the taxes so the government destroyed the mangroves and created ponds.
These ponds produced mass amount of brackish water, which destroyed most of the
10. 10
surrounding ecosystem. The local government officials in the communities allowed for
this situation to happen because they simply lacked the essential knowledge about the
species in their local ecosystems (Primavera 2000). If they had acquired this information
from the start then they may not have allowed the taxation of mangroves. Local
government officials cannot be successful in their work if they are not educated about
their local species and habitats. Once they are properly educated, government officials
can move forward with crucial policy and management reforms and the community will
participate in solving these environmental conservation issues (Johannes 1978, 1998;
Primavera 2000; Douvere 2008).
In some cases, like on the Islands of Efate and Emai, the government helped with
the management of the local resources by providing an education system. Johannes
explores these preexisting educational practices within the communities of Efate and
Emai. He found that most people who were brought into these communities specifically
to teach the people on the management practices did not have enough time or
determination to teach the concepts. Some of the educators would only complete part of
the information and training. Johannes also discovered that many of the educators did not
have enough determination to want to stay in the communities and educate the villagers.
Johannes’ idea of Extension Workers could be a very valuable approach to the
development of education in LDCs (Johannes 1998). Properly training the educators
leads to proper education. It is important to realize that even though the educators have
been provided with all of the information and skills they need through this “Extension
Worker” program, there may be a lack of dedication and desire to teach individuals. The
Extension Worker can provide to the villagers as much information as they want to
provide. It is crucial that these Extension Workers provide the same amount of dedication
to teaching, as the villagers have for learning, if not more.
Government officials have a huge impact on a community. As noted before, they
can either make or break a new or existing program within a community. Many factors
determine the success or failure of a program. In LDCs, government officials and
villagers have weak relationships. These weak relationships are mainly due to the lack of
trust, as seen in the communities in Kenya (Davies 2005). The key to any successful
relationship is communication. Entitlement destroys the communication needed to build
strong programs within communities. If the government officials feel as if they should
hold all of the power, then the community will feel as if they do not need to participate in
new management programs required by the government. In Kenya, researchers found that
the perceptions of the government officials juxtaposed the perceptions of the fishermen.
This misunderstanding mainly resulted from the lack of communication during the
educational portions of the programs. The researchers also found that many of the
fishermen did not trust the government officials and vice versa. This lack of trust destroys
the ability of any program to thrive. The researchers suggested that to rebuild this trust
and communication, management development programs should rely on low-level and
informal government personnel (Wells et al. 1995; Gubbay 1998; Johannes 1998;
Primavera 2000; Davies 2005). Low-level government personnel tend to accomplish
more within a community in a LDC because they have preexisting relationships with the
11. 11
villagers. The villagers can trust the low-level government officials because they are
more relatable and the source of entitlement disappears.
One of the most practical and beneficial sources of education comes from
ecotourism. Ecotourism not only provides an outlet of education but also profits the
economy of communities in LDCs. Ecotourism creates a drive for further education and
often is the source of inspiration in many communities (Jacobson et al. 1992; Evans
1997; Gossling 2003; Halim 2012;). As seen in Costa Rica, all of the people in
Tortuguero received an equal opportunity at education (Jacobson et al. 1992). The
training program offered an approachable opportunity to expand one’s knowledge
without feeling the pressure induced by the government programs. Creating an
approachable program offers much more to a community than expected. An approachable
program makes everyone in the community feel as if they are important and thus
deserving to take advantage of this opportunity to learn more about their local natural
resources. Along with education comes the economic side of ecotourism. Ecotourism
boosted the economy of Tortuguero and provided financial stability for many of the
villagers. The tour guides were all equally paid, and therefore, no competition was
created. Even people outside of the tour guide-training program did not feel as if they
would need to compete with the tour guides but rather were inspired to join the program
and make their own source of income. Instead of feeling as if they needed to compete
with other fishermen to make a larger profit like in the case of Oceania, the villagers of
Tortuguero were provided with an equal opportunity with no competition at all (Johannes
1978; Jacobson et al. 1992).
All of these factors concerning marine conservation in lesser-developed countries
relate to a larger issue: the depersonalization of the Earth (Forestell 1993). Over many
decades, the Earth and its natural resources have been depleted and misused. The
exploitation of the natural resources is now favored over conservation. PH Forestell
suggests that in order to reverse this idea, the earth must be given a “soul” (Forestell
1993). Giving the earth a soul creates a more relatable view for the communities in
LDCs. Concepts are easier to grasp when one is able to relate to the ideas. Therefore
education of natural resources and management programs will thrive if the concepts are
introduced in a relatable manner to the audience being taught.
Conclusion
The Gain Hypothesis greatly influences the conservation of natural resources
around the world. According to Forestell it “…challenges us to recognize that planetary
balance derives from the local activity of individual organisms” (Forestell 1993). The
reformation of the marine conservation system can become infectious if we first start
12. 12
locally and then expand these practices globally. By putting effort into building up a
conservation network in one community at a time, greater accomplishments will be
achieved. For this reason, the main factors contributing to education in a LDC are crucial
for the reformation of societal views on marine conservation. In order to succeed in any
marine conservation or management program, education must be based off fundamental
properties: positive attitudes, strong relationships, and insuring that the community has a
sense of purpose. In order for these fundamental properties to prosper in a community,
outside tenures must first learn about the community and the people within the
community. Once they have learned every aspect within a certain community, especially
their traditions and rituals, then the educator will be able to successfully create and
implement an educational program tailored to the community’s specific needs.
13. 13
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