This document summarizes a study on the impact of demonstration plots and contact farmers on the adoption of sustainable land management (SLM) practices in Mozambique. The study found that assigning female contact farmers (FCFs) who conducted demonstration plots increased both women's and men's knowledge of SLM practices as well as women's adoption of these practices. While male contact farmers (MCFs) appeared to have no significant effect, there was some evidence that male farmers learned from other male peers. The study is being followed up to further explore factors like labor constraints and the roles and relationships between contact farmers.
Kurt Cobain was a musician born in 1967 who died by suicide in 1994. He was the lead singer, guitarist, and songwriter for the grunge band Nirvana and is considered one of the most iconic and influential musicians of the 1990s. Cobain struggled with depression and drug addiction throughout his life and career.
This document contains evaluations of a language teacher's skills and qualifications. The evaluator checked boxes to indicate that the teacher is proficient in various areas related to language analysis, comparisons between languages, applying linguistic knowledge to teaching, and continuing self-development. The evaluator also found clear evidence that the teacher can effectively use terminology, write learning objectives, analyze language structures, address learner difficulties, and provide comprehensible grammar explanations. In remarks, the evaluator praised the teacher's lesson plan and ability to balance communication and grammar in teaching, with one suggestion to improve an explanation of verb tenses. A comparison to the original evaluation found it similar overall with one difference in feedback on grammar explanations.
The student learned several things about technologies from creating an opening sequence. They used a high-definition camera with an external microphone, learning about tools like white balance and rule of thirds grids to improve shot quality. For editing, the student used Adobe Premiere Pro more extensively than before, learning new elements like the Fast Color Corrector tool to individually tweak lighting and apply hue, saturation, and white balance adjustments to clips.
El documento es una cotización para un producto valorado, expedida el 23 de junio de 2013 por Alberto Carlos Huévos de la empresa. Incluye secciones para las partes involucradas, el producto a valorar, el precio, la fecha de expedición, una descripción del producto, el membrete de la empresa, la firma de quien expide la cotización y la fecha de vencimiento.
Top 10 lời khuyên SEO thành công vào năm 2014Đào tạo Seo
Năm 2013 đã gần khép lại để chào đón năm mới 2014 – đây là thời gian thuận lợi để đánh giá lại, xem xét lại và xem lại chiến thuật SEO.
Với tinh thần chuẩn bị chào đón một năm mới, tôi sẽ trình bày một trong số những điều phổ biến nhất thông qua ống kính SEO với hy vọng truyền bá một số điều tốt đẹp và chiến lược tuyệt vời cùng với sự hân hoan chào đón một năm mới.
Dưới đây là top 10 giải pháp SEO thành công dành cho năm 2014.
Kurt Cobain was a musician born in 1967 who died by suicide in 1994. He was the lead singer, guitarist, and songwriter for the grunge band Nirvana and is considered one of the most iconic and influential musicians of the 1990s. Cobain struggled with depression and drug addiction throughout his life and career.
This document contains evaluations of a language teacher's skills and qualifications. The evaluator checked boxes to indicate that the teacher is proficient in various areas related to language analysis, comparisons between languages, applying linguistic knowledge to teaching, and continuing self-development. The evaluator also found clear evidence that the teacher can effectively use terminology, write learning objectives, analyze language structures, address learner difficulties, and provide comprehensible grammar explanations. In remarks, the evaluator praised the teacher's lesson plan and ability to balance communication and grammar in teaching, with one suggestion to improve an explanation of verb tenses. A comparison to the original evaluation found it similar overall with one difference in feedback on grammar explanations.
The student learned several things about technologies from creating an opening sequence. They used a high-definition camera with an external microphone, learning about tools like white balance and rule of thirds grids to improve shot quality. For editing, the student used Adobe Premiere Pro more extensively than before, learning new elements like the Fast Color Corrector tool to individually tweak lighting and apply hue, saturation, and white balance adjustments to clips.
El documento es una cotización para un producto valorado, expedida el 23 de junio de 2013 por Alberto Carlos Huévos de la empresa. Incluye secciones para las partes involucradas, el producto a valorar, el precio, la fecha de expedición, una descripción del producto, el membrete de la empresa, la firma de quien expide la cotización y la fecha de vencimiento.
Top 10 lời khuyên SEO thành công vào năm 2014Đào tạo Seo
Năm 2013 đã gần khép lại để chào đón năm mới 2014 – đây là thời gian thuận lợi để đánh giá lại, xem xét lại và xem lại chiến thuật SEO.
Với tinh thần chuẩn bị chào đón một năm mới, tôi sẽ trình bày một trong số những điều phổ biến nhất thông qua ống kính SEO với hy vọng truyền bá một số điều tốt đẹp và chiến lược tuyệt vời cùng với sự hân hoan chào đón một năm mới.
Dưới đây là top 10 giải pháp SEO thành công dành cho năm 2014.
Highlights of Features Coming Soon in HPCC Systems 6.0.0!
Come learn how the upcoming 6.0 release can help you solve Big Data problems faster and more efficient. Topics include:
· How using the new Virtual slave Thor makes using a smart/lookup join faster
· How to add and leave tracing in your code without affecting the graph
· How the HPCC Systems Visualisations Framework provides easy and fast access to visualisations from data included in a workunit or Roxie query
· Plus, hear how our success with GSoC (Google Summer of Code) in 2015 is preparing us for this year
The document discusses four magazine covers and contents pages. For the first cover, the reviewer likes the simple black, white and pink color scheme and that Nicki Minaj has a powerful gaze that draws the viewer in. However, they dislike that the picture is black and white rather than showing Minaj's colorful personality. For the first contents page, the reviewer likes that Minaj is centered and her name highlighted, which focuses on her as the topic. There is nothing disliked.
Drama films saw a decline in releases in 2013 with 172 films compared to over 250 in previous years. The Great Gatsby was the top-grossing drama that year due to its popular source material, star Leonardo DiCaprio, and modern soundtrack. Although dramas made up the most releases, their total gross of $1 billion ranked them fourth among genres. Drama films tend to attract mostly female audiences, ranging in age but particularly targeting socioeconomic class AB. To maximize success, the document recommends broadening the target audience for drama films beyond young, lower-class females.
www.LRLiderTime.blogspot.ru Skype marinair2011
Приглашаем к сотрудничеству!
Крупная Немецкая компания прямых продаж LR HEALTH&BEAUTY SYSTEMS проводит набор менеджеров для рекламы компании и ее продукции для красоты и здоровья в России, Украине и Казахстане. Обучение проводится для менеджеров компании бесплатно. Критерии отбора: обучаемость, коммуникабельность, порядочность, активная жизненная позиция. Начинать работать у нас возможно от 18 лет, образование значения не имеет, пол тоже. Сотрудники компании имеют возможность получить весь ассортимент товаров по закупочной цене. При выполнении условий компании по продажам продукции дальнейшее обучение в г.Москва, а также обучение за границей. Возможно сотрудничество с ИП и юридич.лицами. Телефон для связи 89136910033
Timothy received a strong spiritual inheritance from his mother Eunice and grandmother Lois, who shared their Christian faith with him from a young age. This gave Timothy a firm foundation in Scripture and an unfeigned faith, even from childhood. Paul commends Timothy's faith that was first in his grandmother and mother, and encourages Timothy to stir up the spiritual gift that was imparted to him through the laying on of Paul's hands.
During the research and planning stages, the filmmakers used the internet to research conventions in perfume advertisements and analyze how to challenge conventions. They storyboarded their ideas and uploaded them to Macs to plan shot types, editing, and timing. During filming, they used a Panasonic handheld camera and tripod to capture different shot types. For editing, they used iMovie software which had some limitations and prevented certain effects. In the future, the filmmaker would use different editing software like Final Cut and do more thorough planning.
The document discusses six ways for companies to survive investigations by the U.S. Congress. It begins by describing how JPMorgan Chase executives recently testified before Congress about $6.2 billion in trading losses. The article then provides tips for companies undergoing congressional investigations: 1) Check outrage at the door and assume a fair hearing; 2) Treat it like a court proceeding; 3) Know the facts inside and out; 4) Engage with committee members strategically; 5) Lay the groundwork with congressional staffers; and 6) Respectfully disagree if an interrogator is off base. The goal is to appear fully cooperative while protecting the company's interests.
April Fools' Day originated from a joke in France where people who were slow to change calendars in 1582 were tricked into celebrating the New Year in March or April and became the butt of jokes. It is also linked to an ancient Roman festival where people wore disguises. Some speculate it is tied to the unpredictable weather near the vernal equinox. The tradition spread throughout Europe in the 18th century and modern pranks have included fake news reports about spaghetti crops, a baseball pitcher who could throw at unprecedented speeds, and fast food companies renaming iconic landmarks.
This document outlines the key points of a workshop on effective communication skills. The objectives are to define communication, understand the communication process, overcome barriers, and improve verbal and non-verbal skills. Communication is defined as transmitting information from one person to another through meaningful interaction. The most common forms of communication are spoken word, written word, visual images, and body language. Barriers to effective communication include noise, inappropriate medium, assumptions, emotions, language differences, poor listening skills, and distractions. Good listening skills and paying attention to body language, tone of voice, and choice of words are important for successful communication.
This document contains login credentials and permissions for a system administrator account. The user name provided is "admin" and they have permissions to add, modify, and delete other user accounts on the system.
www.LRLiderTime.blogspot.ru Skype marinair2011
Приглашаем к сотрудничеству!
Крупная Немецкая компания прямых продаж LR HEALTH&BEAUTY SYSTEMS проводит набор менеджеров для рекламы компании и ее продукции для красоты и здоровья в России, Украине и Казахстане. Обучение проводится для менеджеров компании бесплатно. Критерии отбора: обучаемость, коммуникабельность, порядочность, активная жизненная позиция. Начинать работать у нас возможно от 18 лет, образование значения не имеет, пол тоже. Сотрудники компании имеют возможность получить весь ассортимент товаров по закупочной цене. При выполнении условий компании по продажам продукции дальнейшее обучение в г.Москва, а также обучение за границей. Возможно сотрудничество с ИП и юридич.лицами. Телефон для связи 89136910033
1) The document discusses a project in Mozambique that trained contact farmers (CFs) in sustainable land management (SLM) techniques and had them establish demonstration plots to transfer knowledge to other farmers.
2) The project evaluated the impact of CF training on technology adoption and yields. It found some evidence that CFs adopted SLM techniques in their demonstration plots but little impact on other farmers' adoption or yields.
3) While CFs and farmers interacted and farmers visited demonstration plots, this did not translate to widespread adoption of SLM or perceived productivity gains from the techniques. Overall the CF training approach showed limited success in increasing SLM adoption and agricultural productivity.
Achievements and challenges: Country experiences of response management and c...CIMMYT
- Uganda established a National MLN Task Force to coordinate response efforts for managing and controlling Maize Lethal Necrosis (MLN) disease, which was first reported in Uganda in 2012 and poses a threat to maize production.
- Key achievements included establishing the Task Force, conducting surveillance to determine MLN spread, training extension workers in MLN, and strengthening diagnostic capacity. Challenges included delays, insufficient initial information on seed transmission, and inadequate monitoring and control of seed and grain movement.
- Lessons learned indicated that multistakeholder involvement across the value chain is important for management, seed contributes significantly to spread, and training has helped limit further spread.
This document discusses different methods for measuring multi-dimensional poverty for children using household survey data. It compares the properties of three indices: a simple "sum-count" index, the Alkire Foster index, and a "categorical counting" index. Through analysis of simulated and real survey data, it finds the categorical counting index exhibits issues like exaggeration, asymmetry, and nonlinear sensitivity to correlation between indicators compared to the other indices. These properties could impact its ability to reliably measure poverty levels, changes over time, and differences between groups as required for SDG monitoring. The results provide insight into how the different index properties should inform decisions around their optimal use.
This document provides a summary of regression results from analyses of the 2005 and 2011 Ethiopian Demographic and Health Surveys. The analyses examined factors associated with fertility rates in urban areas. Wealth, women's education, and child mortality were consistently associated with lower fertility across age groups and survey years. Primary and secondary education were associated with lower fertility for women ages 20-34 in 2011. Higher education was associated with lower fertility for women under age 35 in both survey years.
Futures Group is a global health nonprofit headquartered in Washington DC with over 450 staff worldwide. It operates in over 30 countries, providing technical assistance for health programs. It has developed a suite of open source "IQSolutions" for electronic medical records, mobile phone reporting using SMS, and monitoring and evaluation for health projects in remote areas with limited infrastructure. These solutions aim to address challenges of scale-up, data quality, and cost-effectiveness for health programs in Africa and elsewhere.
Jim kowalkowski presentation to wsu supt certification program groupWSU Cougars
This presentation provided strategies for small and rural school district leaders. It discussed the unique challenges they face, including high visibility and community expectations. It emphasized building relationships with legislators to advocate for students. The presentation showed examples of a district capital project and partnerships. Attendees learned about mobilizing community support for bonds and the importance of connecting with local representatives.
Highlights of Features Coming Soon in HPCC Systems 6.0.0!
Come learn how the upcoming 6.0 release can help you solve Big Data problems faster and more efficient. Topics include:
· How using the new Virtual slave Thor makes using a smart/lookup join faster
· How to add and leave tracing in your code without affecting the graph
· How the HPCC Systems Visualisations Framework provides easy and fast access to visualisations from data included in a workunit or Roxie query
· Plus, hear how our success with GSoC (Google Summer of Code) in 2015 is preparing us for this year
The document discusses four magazine covers and contents pages. For the first cover, the reviewer likes the simple black, white and pink color scheme and that Nicki Minaj has a powerful gaze that draws the viewer in. However, they dislike that the picture is black and white rather than showing Minaj's colorful personality. For the first contents page, the reviewer likes that Minaj is centered and her name highlighted, which focuses on her as the topic. There is nothing disliked.
Drama films saw a decline in releases in 2013 with 172 films compared to over 250 in previous years. The Great Gatsby was the top-grossing drama that year due to its popular source material, star Leonardo DiCaprio, and modern soundtrack. Although dramas made up the most releases, their total gross of $1 billion ranked them fourth among genres. Drama films tend to attract mostly female audiences, ranging in age but particularly targeting socioeconomic class AB. To maximize success, the document recommends broadening the target audience for drama films beyond young, lower-class females.
www.LRLiderTime.blogspot.ru Skype marinair2011
Приглашаем к сотрудничеству!
Крупная Немецкая компания прямых продаж LR HEALTH&BEAUTY SYSTEMS проводит набор менеджеров для рекламы компании и ее продукции для красоты и здоровья в России, Украине и Казахстане. Обучение проводится для менеджеров компании бесплатно. Критерии отбора: обучаемость, коммуникабельность, порядочность, активная жизненная позиция. Начинать работать у нас возможно от 18 лет, образование значения не имеет, пол тоже. Сотрудники компании имеют возможность получить весь ассортимент товаров по закупочной цене. При выполнении условий компании по продажам продукции дальнейшее обучение в г.Москва, а также обучение за границей. Возможно сотрудничество с ИП и юридич.лицами. Телефон для связи 89136910033
Timothy received a strong spiritual inheritance from his mother Eunice and grandmother Lois, who shared their Christian faith with him from a young age. This gave Timothy a firm foundation in Scripture and an unfeigned faith, even from childhood. Paul commends Timothy's faith that was first in his grandmother and mother, and encourages Timothy to stir up the spiritual gift that was imparted to him through the laying on of Paul's hands.
During the research and planning stages, the filmmakers used the internet to research conventions in perfume advertisements and analyze how to challenge conventions. They storyboarded their ideas and uploaded them to Macs to plan shot types, editing, and timing. During filming, they used a Panasonic handheld camera and tripod to capture different shot types. For editing, they used iMovie software which had some limitations and prevented certain effects. In the future, the filmmaker would use different editing software like Final Cut and do more thorough planning.
The document discusses six ways for companies to survive investigations by the U.S. Congress. It begins by describing how JPMorgan Chase executives recently testified before Congress about $6.2 billion in trading losses. The article then provides tips for companies undergoing congressional investigations: 1) Check outrage at the door and assume a fair hearing; 2) Treat it like a court proceeding; 3) Know the facts inside and out; 4) Engage with committee members strategically; 5) Lay the groundwork with congressional staffers; and 6) Respectfully disagree if an interrogator is off base. The goal is to appear fully cooperative while protecting the company's interests.
April Fools' Day originated from a joke in France where people who were slow to change calendars in 1582 were tricked into celebrating the New Year in March or April and became the butt of jokes. It is also linked to an ancient Roman festival where people wore disguises. Some speculate it is tied to the unpredictable weather near the vernal equinox. The tradition spread throughout Europe in the 18th century and modern pranks have included fake news reports about spaghetti crops, a baseball pitcher who could throw at unprecedented speeds, and fast food companies renaming iconic landmarks.
This document outlines the key points of a workshop on effective communication skills. The objectives are to define communication, understand the communication process, overcome barriers, and improve verbal and non-verbal skills. Communication is defined as transmitting information from one person to another through meaningful interaction. The most common forms of communication are spoken word, written word, visual images, and body language. Barriers to effective communication include noise, inappropriate medium, assumptions, emotions, language differences, poor listening skills, and distractions. Good listening skills and paying attention to body language, tone of voice, and choice of words are important for successful communication.
This document contains login credentials and permissions for a system administrator account. The user name provided is "admin" and they have permissions to add, modify, and delete other user accounts on the system.
www.LRLiderTime.blogspot.ru Skype marinair2011
Приглашаем к сотрудничеству!
Крупная Немецкая компания прямых продаж LR HEALTH&BEAUTY SYSTEMS проводит набор менеджеров для рекламы компании и ее продукции для красоты и здоровья в России, Украине и Казахстане. Обучение проводится для менеджеров компании бесплатно. Критерии отбора: обучаемость, коммуникабельность, порядочность, активная жизненная позиция. Начинать работать у нас возможно от 18 лет, образование значения не имеет, пол тоже. Сотрудники компании имеют возможность получить весь ассортимент товаров по закупочной цене. При выполнении условий компании по продажам продукции дальнейшее обучение в г.Москва, а также обучение за границей. Возможно сотрудничество с ИП и юридич.лицами. Телефон для связи 89136910033
1) The document discusses a project in Mozambique that trained contact farmers (CFs) in sustainable land management (SLM) techniques and had them establish demonstration plots to transfer knowledge to other farmers.
2) The project evaluated the impact of CF training on technology adoption and yields. It found some evidence that CFs adopted SLM techniques in their demonstration plots but little impact on other farmers' adoption or yields.
3) While CFs and farmers interacted and farmers visited demonstration plots, this did not translate to widespread adoption of SLM or perceived productivity gains from the techniques. Overall the CF training approach showed limited success in increasing SLM adoption and agricultural productivity.
Achievements and challenges: Country experiences of response management and c...CIMMYT
- Uganda established a National MLN Task Force to coordinate response efforts for managing and controlling Maize Lethal Necrosis (MLN) disease, which was first reported in Uganda in 2012 and poses a threat to maize production.
- Key achievements included establishing the Task Force, conducting surveillance to determine MLN spread, training extension workers in MLN, and strengthening diagnostic capacity. Challenges included delays, insufficient initial information on seed transmission, and inadequate monitoring and control of seed and grain movement.
- Lessons learned indicated that multistakeholder involvement across the value chain is important for management, seed contributes significantly to spread, and training has helped limit further spread.
This document discusses different methods for measuring multi-dimensional poverty for children using household survey data. It compares the properties of three indices: a simple "sum-count" index, the Alkire Foster index, and a "categorical counting" index. Through analysis of simulated and real survey data, it finds the categorical counting index exhibits issues like exaggeration, asymmetry, and nonlinear sensitivity to correlation between indicators compared to the other indices. These properties could impact its ability to reliably measure poverty levels, changes over time, and differences between groups as required for SDG monitoring. The results provide insight into how the different index properties should inform decisions around their optimal use.
This document provides a summary of regression results from analyses of the 2005 and 2011 Ethiopian Demographic and Health Surveys. The analyses examined factors associated with fertility rates in urban areas. Wealth, women's education, and child mortality were consistently associated with lower fertility across age groups and survey years. Primary and secondary education were associated with lower fertility for women ages 20-34 in 2011. Higher education was associated with lower fertility for women under age 35 in both survey years.
Futures Group is a global health nonprofit headquartered in Washington DC with over 450 staff worldwide. It operates in over 30 countries, providing technical assistance for health programs. It has developed a suite of open source "IQSolutions" for electronic medical records, mobile phone reporting using SMS, and monitoring and evaluation for health projects in remote areas with limited infrastructure. These solutions aim to address challenges of scale-up, data quality, and cost-effectiveness for health programs in Africa and elsewhere.
Jim kowalkowski presentation to wsu supt certification program groupWSU Cougars
This presentation provided strategies for small and rural school district leaders. It discussed the unique challenges they face, including high visibility and community expectations. It emphasized building relationships with legislators to advocate for students. The presentation showed examples of a district capital project and partnerships. Attendees learned about mobilizing community support for bonds and the importance of connecting with local representatives.
The document summarizes MSI's family planning services in Northern Karamoja, Uganda for the third quarter of 2012. MSI provided family planning services through outreaches to health facilities in Moroto, Napak, Kotido, and Kaabong districts. The report shows uptake of various family planning methods by district for 2010, 2011, and the third quarter of 2012. It identifies challenges like low uptake due to cultural beliefs and lack of spouse support, as well as opportunities to increase training and outreach.
Similar to Moz agric extension-contact-farmers_zambezi-valley (7)
Este documento discute a capacidade de formulação de políticas agrárias em Moçambique, identificando lacunas entre pesquisa e tomada de decisões. Propõe a criação do Centro de Políticas Agro-Alimentares (CEPAD) para melhorar a coordenação entre universidades, ministérios e instituições, a fim de fornecer evidências que informem políticas baseadas em pesquisa.
Moz land policy-for-agric-transformationIFPRI-Maputo
The document discusses land tenure reforms in Mozambique. It begins with background information on land tenure issues and reforms globally and in Africa. It then describes the data and methodology used, which involves analyzing a household survey in Mozambique to assess perceptions of tenure security and demand for more secure rights. The results suggest tenure insecurity is higher in areas with more land scarcity, and households demand improved rights more in high potential agricultural areas. Higher perceived tenure security was also found to correlate with more long-term investments.
The 2012 Global Hunger Index document summarizes key findings about global hunger levels. It finds that while global hunger has decreased by 26% since 1990, hunger remains serious with 20 countries classified as having alarming or extremely alarming hunger levels, mostly in Sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia. The report examines the challenges of ensuring sustainable food security given pressures on land, water and energy resources. It advocates policy frameworks and technical approaches that manage these resources sustainably to address the nexus of food, land, water and energy security and meet rising global food demand. The report also highlights Concern Worldwide's work on hunger and climate risk reduction in Mozambique.
This document discusses the integration of food markets in Mozambique and the opportunities and challenges presented. It defines market integration as producers being connected to consumers through price arbitrage. Integrating local markets into the wider economy is important for Mozambique's food security and ability to feed other parts of Southeast Africa using its agricultural potential in the north and center. The key factor in market integration is reducing transaction costs. The document discusses several econometric models that can be used to measure market integration based on price data and estimates of transaction costs. It also presents results of applying these models to maize price data from several Mozambican markets. Finally, it outlines some policy options that could increase market integration such as improving transport infrastructure, information systems
The document summarizes a study analyzing the impacts of accelerated agricultural growth in Mozambique. The study uses an economic model to compare a baseline growth scenario to a "CAADP scenario" where agriculture grows at 7% annually by focusing on high-potential regions. The model finds the CAADP scenario would significantly reduce poverty and food insecurity compared to the baseline. However, the document notes policies should target all regions to ensure equal outcomes and discusses interactions between agriculture and other development strategies.
The International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) conducts research to improve food security and reduce poverty. It provides evidence-based analysis to policymakers in countries like Mozambique. IFPRI collaborates with over 550 partners worldwide, including universities, NGOs, and government agencies. Its goal is to strengthen local capacity and support sustainable solutions to end hunger and malnutrition.
This document summarizes a presentation on agricultural input subsidies. It discusses the economics of subsidies and conventional wisdoms around deadweight loss. It provides examples to illustrate deadweight loss and how benefits are distributed. Conditions where subsidies may still make sense include market failures or externalities. Potential alternatives to subsidies include public infrastructure, research and alternatives. The document discusses targeting methods like geographical and indicator-based targeting. It also covers monitoring and evaluation of subsidies and the need for a clear exit strategy. Key questions around objectives, economic characteristics, outcomes, targeting, and alternatives are raised.
Public investments in agriculture in Mozambique have achieved impressive growth rates in recent years, however this growth may not be sustainable. While agricultural GDP and public spending on agriculture have grown at average annual rates of 8.4% and 12.2% respectively between 2000-2011, there are indications that further technical change is needed to maintain this level of growth. Models suggest that public investment in agriculture would need to increase substantially, to around 18-28% annually, in order to spur sufficient technical change through investments in areas like agricultural R&D, infrastructure, and institutional development. Understanding the determinants of public investment decisions, such as the country's budgeting process and the incentives of various actors, will be important to guide investments toward
1. Seeing is Believing? Evidence from a
Demonstration Plot Experiment in
Mozambique
Florence Kondylis
Valerie Mueller (Presenter)
IFPRI Workshop
Mozambique Strategy and Support Program
October 18, 2012
INTERNATIONAL FOOD POLICY RESEARCH INSTITUTE 1
2. Motivation
Extension services used to disseminate ag
information
• Quality of information
• Lack of administrative-field work balance
• Source of information is important
• Women lack access
Contact Farmers (Moz and elsewhere)
• Link extension workers to farmers
• Low knowledge-high transaction costs
• Need clear set of activities to encourage visits
from extensionist and improve CF knowledge
2
3. IE of Extension Activities within
Smallholders’ Project
Educational agenda for extension agents—
SLM (mulching, crop rotation, intercropping, reduced tillage,
micro-basins, contour farming, row planting, and improved
fallowing)
Improve quality of information by training
both agents and CFs (October 2010)
Reduce transactional costs associated with CF
knowledge transfer
• Demonstration plot within the community
• Toolkit which includes bicycle
Increase access to women—female CF
3
4. Evaluation Design
Market-led Smallholders Development in the
Zambezi valley Project—GOM & World Bank
Census of communities in five districts of
Tete, Sofala, and Zambezia provinces
Census of 200 communities to randomize
• 50 communities into control group
• 150 communities have male CF with training
and demonstration plot
• 75 (of 150) also have a female CF with a
demonstration plot to reach women
4
5. Survey
Pre and post-harvest survey in 2012 done by
INE (February-April & May-June)
4,000 households in 200 communities
Household demographics, male and female
knowledge of SLM and non-SLM practices,
labor allocation, employment, and income,
plot-specific info, and production
• GPS coordinates
• GPS measured adoption rates
Community, extension, and CF surveys
5
8. Similarity of CFs
2.5
2
1.5
Density
1
.5
0
-.5 0 .5 1
Soico-Economic Distance
Farmers in Treatment 1
Farmers in Treatment 2
Farmers in Control 1
8
9. Effects of Demonstration Plots
Yi,h,j=β0+β1MCFj+ β2FCFj+β3Xi,h,j+εi,h,j.
Y: Knowledge and Adoption
MCF: Has a male contact farmer (T1 and T2)
FCF: Has a female contact farmer (T2)
X: individual gender, age, grades completed,
marital status, number of children, number of
males and females by age categories, number
of rooms in the house, housing wall and roof
materials, average education of adults, total
landholdings, enumerator and ap dummies.
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10. Knowledge and Adoption
Knowledge Self-reported SR Objective
Score Adoption No. of No. of
dummy SLM SLM
adopted adopted
All (N=6078) (N=5395) (N=5395) (N=5395)
MCF -0.001 -0.016 -0.037 -0.065
FCF 0.007 0.024 0.080* 0.081**
Mean 0.24 0.82 1.33 1.06
Females (N=3599) (N=3100) (N=3100) (N=3100)
MCF -0.000 -0.018 -0.026 -0.087*
FCF 0.009* 0.026 0.097** 0.108**
Mean 0.24 0.82 1.28 1.06
Males (N=2479) (N=2295) (N=2295) (N=2295)
MCF -0.001 -0.015 -0.046 -0.039
FCF 0.003 0.022 0.055 0.050
Mean 0.25 0.84 1.39 1.07 10
12. Learning Channels
Distinctions in access attenuate MCF effect?
• Proximity to the house of male CF affects
knowledge
• Females far from male CF in T2 have reduced
knowledge
Missing data from 2/3rds CFs
• Extension agents visit sites with FCF more?
NO
• Intensity of Treatment varies by Treatment?
Female contact farmers might have visited
farmers more
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13. Peer teachers versus CFs
% adopted by Females Males
MCF -0.014 -0.042 -0.007 -0.033
FCF 0.029 -0.016 -0.051 0.105
Share of female peer teachers 0.998* 0.485
MCF*Share of female teachers 0.098 -0.173
FCF*Share of female teachers -0.392 0.631*
Share of male peer teachers -0.464 0.264
MCF*Share of male teachers 0.400 0.120
FCF*Share of male teachers 0.091 -0.728
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14. Peer teachers versus CFs
Avg. SLM techniques Females Males
adopted
MCF 0.084 -0.352 -0.338 0.052
FCF 0.079 -0.228 -0.126 0.245
Share of female peer teachers 4.574 -1.356
MCF*Share of female teachers -1.373* 2.189
FCF*Share of female teachers -1.050 1.926
Share of male peer teachers -2.849 4.276**
MCF*Share of male teachers 2.987* -1.607
FCF*Share of male teachers 1.995 -1.479
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15. Discussion
Targeting women in extension increased their
SLM and non-SLM knowledge and SLM adoption
Male CF may have no effect after 15 months;
Evidence of male peers teaching women
Missing 2/3rds of FCFs. Project team verified they
exist, so we will survey them soon
Future work
• Labor constraints to adoption
• Explore how to enhance existing CF structure by
studying perceptions of contact farmers, the selection
process and arrangements made between MCF and
FCFs, gender-differentiated issues with trust, sharing
information, soliciting advice, and risk aversion in round
2 (January 2013)
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