This document summarizes a presentation on the gender implications of UK welfare reform proposals, including the proposed Universal Credit system. It discusses key findings from qualitative research with low-income couples regarding the importance of independent income for women. The presentation notes potential issues for women under the Universal Credit system, such as joint assessment reducing incentives for second earners and responsibility for budgeting/spending traditionally falling to women. It argues qualitative research is valuable for understanding lived experiences but has had limited influence on policy to date. The presentation concludes a full gender analysis of welfare reform proposals is needed.
The spirit level revisited - slides 15 Mar 17NevinInstitute
Slides from NERI Seminar on ‘The Spirit level revisited: importance of relative income position for well-being’ , presentation by Dr Lisa Wilson, Economist, NERI on 15th March, 2017.
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Presented at Merlien Institute's International Conference on Qualitative Consumer Research & Insights, 7 & 8 April 2011, Malta
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The spirit level revisited - slides 15 Mar 17NevinInstitute
Slides from NERI Seminar on ‘The Spirit level revisited: importance of relative income position for well-being’ , presentation by Dr Lisa Wilson, Economist, NERI on 15th March, 2017.
Using discourse analysis to fuel brand strategies presentationMerlien Institute
Using Discourse Analysis to Fuel Brand Strategies
By Ray Poynter
Presented at Merlien Institute's International Conference on Qualitative Consumer Research & Insights, 7 & 8 April 2011, Malta
Co-creating consumer insights for successful new product developmentMerlien Institute
Co-creating consumer insights for successful new product development by Jochum Stienstra
Presented at Merlien Institute's International Conference on Qualitative Consumer Research & Insights, 7 & 8 April 2011, Malta
Unpaid Care Work: An Integral Contributor to Gendered Poverty and Intra-Hous...Prema Rahman
Summative Essay for GY421 Gender and Development: Geographical Perspectives. This paper analyzes the relationship between care work and gendered poverty within the household, and calls for GAD policies and initiatives to incorporate unpaid care work in households into their agenda.
Grade: Distinction
Regendering care in the aftermath of recession (UK)Al James
Against a backdrop of persistent gender inequalities around childcare, recent research suggests that some men – and especially fathers – are engaging to a greater extent in the everyday tasks of social reproduction. However, our understanding of the multiple factors, motivations and institutions that facilitate and constrain this nuanced ‘regendering of care’ phenomenon in different national contexts remains limited. Previous work has theorized the uneven rise of male primary caregiving in North America and Scandinavia. This
article extends these debates through an empirical focus on the United Kingdom in the wake of the 2008–09 recession and double dip of 2011–12, to explore male work-care in relation to economic restructuring, welfare spending cuts, rising costs of childcare, policy interventions which seek to culturally and numerically defeminize care work, and concerns over work–life balance in an ‘age of austerity’. The final part of the
article explains the significance of a larger research agenda that recentres the expansive work–life balance literature through an expanded focus of analysis on men, work-care intermediaries and socially sustainable modes of post-recessionary growth.
Research married n unmarried parent hoodMyWritings
Information shared by M.Ali Lahore for the benefits of society. Get positive feedback after reading and serve the human being just through knowledge/money.You will get reward here and hereafter.Its depends upon you how you will use information for sake of ALLAH.You will be responsible for doing wrongs otherwise ALLAH have created human being for NAIKEE(Good Works).
Contact for More Information : MERITEHREER786@gmail.com
This paper uses Chinese micro survey data to construct a sort selection model. By considering the income level and urban-rural differences, the heterogeneous relationship and influence mechanism between income structure and happiness are systematically studied, and the results of the study pass the test of robustness. The empirical results show that the coverage of operating income is wider, the impact on the happiness of low and middle income families is more significant, and the income of business income and happiness is "U" type; wage income is only certain for the happiness of middle-income families. The significant influence, the relationship shows a "U" type; the transfer income is more likely to affect high-income families, and the relationship between income and happiness is inverted "U" type; property income is not statistically significant under the above circumstances. The policy meaning of this paper is: to improve the happiness of residents, starting from the income level and income structure, focusing on improving the family's operating income and property income.
Joanna R. Pepin University of Texas–AustinBeliefs About Mo.docxvrickens
Joanna R. Pepin University of Texas–Austin
Beliefs About Money in Families: Balancing Unity,
Autonomy, and Gender Equality
Objective: This study provides the first nation-
ally representative data on U.S. adults’ percep-
tions of income sharing within families.
Background: Modern couples confront tensions
between ideals of mutual interests and values
of economic autonomy, a departure from fit-
ting themselves into culturally expected family
arrangements of the past. This study teases apart
the conditions under which people might priori-
tize one cultural value over another.
Method: The author conducted a nationally rep-
resentative survey experiment (N = 3,986 indi-
viduals). The respondents selected an income
allocation arrangement for a fictional couple
with varied relationships investments (i.e., mar-
riage, parenthood, length of relationship) and
earning disparities.
Results: Although stronger relationship invest-
ments were associated with greater support
for sharing all income, the most commonly
selected income allocation arrangement was
a hybrid arrangement of sharing some income
and keeping the rest separate. When respondents
preferred some amount of financial autonomy,
the primary earner was expected to maintain
ownership of a greater amount of the total
household income. The preferred level of with-
holding income was slightly larger in magnitude
when women were shown as the primary earner
when compared with men shown as the primary
earner.
Population Reasearch Center, 305 E. 23rd Street, Austin,
Texas 78712-1699 ([email protected]).
Key Words: couples, culture, family economics, family
resource management, gender roles, money management.
Conclusion: The pursuit of economic auton-
omy, in combination with beliefs about gender,
are important dimensions of gender inequality
located within families.
Introduction
Two contradictions related to the ways couples
share money are commonly studied. First, cou-
ples must reconcile the conflict between their
commitment to a collective family unit and their
desire for individual autonomy (Treas, 1993;
Vogler, Brockmann, & Wiggins, 2008). Sec-
ond, many couples struggle to create equality
in the home given inequalities prevalent in the
labor market (Blumstein & Schwartz, 1983; Bur-
goyne, 1990; Pahl, 1989; Treas, 1993; Vogler
et al., 2008). To understand how these contradic-
tions are reconciled within American families,
researchers initially focused on grouping sys-
tems of money arrangements into analytical cat-
egories (Ashby & Burgoyne, 2008; Pahl, 1995).
Thereafter, many have searched for possible
explanations for the prevalence of various cat-
egories and sought to identify the consequences
of these arrangements (for an overview of prior
research, see Bennett, 2013).
Drawing conclusions about how people rec-
oncile these competing cultural values based
on couples’ behavioral practices may be par-
tial or even misleading (Ashby & Burgoyne,
2008, 2009). Behaviors tend to reflect a mi ...
Presentation by Michał Myck at Development Day 2018 – Gender Equality and Economic Development: From Research to Action. This year conference was focused on existing constraints and also highlighted initiatives that could help to create an equal society.
More about the conference and research in transition economics can be found on SITE’s website: https://www.hhs.se/site
Mobile Research – What’s the point - Millward BrownMerlien Institute
at Market Research in the Mobile World Africa 2014
November 5-6, 2014 Cape Town
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Check out our upcoming events by visiting http://mrmw.net/
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Unpaid Care Work: An Integral Contributor to Gendered Poverty and Intra-Hous...Prema Rahman
Summative Essay for GY421 Gender and Development: Geographical Perspectives. This paper analyzes the relationship between care work and gendered poverty within the household, and calls for GAD policies and initiatives to incorporate unpaid care work in households into their agenda.
Grade: Distinction
Regendering care in the aftermath of recession (UK)Al James
Against a backdrop of persistent gender inequalities around childcare, recent research suggests that some men – and especially fathers – are engaging to a greater extent in the everyday tasks of social reproduction. However, our understanding of the multiple factors, motivations and institutions that facilitate and constrain this nuanced ‘regendering of care’ phenomenon in different national contexts remains limited. Previous work has theorized the uneven rise of male primary caregiving in North America and Scandinavia. This
article extends these debates through an empirical focus on the United Kingdom in the wake of the 2008–09 recession and double dip of 2011–12, to explore male work-care in relation to economic restructuring, welfare spending cuts, rising costs of childcare, policy interventions which seek to culturally and numerically defeminize care work, and concerns over work–life balance in an ‘age of austerity’. The final part of the
article explains the significance of a larger research agenda that recentres the expansive work–life balance literature through an expanded focus of analysis on men, work-care intermediaries and socially sustainable modes of post-recessionary growth.
Research married n unmarried parent hoodMyWritings
Information shared by M.Ali Lahore for the benefits of society. Get positive feedback after reading and serve the human being just through knowledge/money.You will get reward here and hereafter.Its depends upon you how you will use information for sake of ALLAH.You will be responsible for doing wrongs otherwise ALLAH have created human being for NAIKEE(Good Works).
Contact for More Information : MERITEHREER786@gmail.com
This paper uses Chinese micro survey data to construct a sort selection model. By considering the income level and urban-rural differences, the heterogeneous relationship and influence mechanism between income structure and happiness are systematically studied, and the results of the study pass the test of robustness. The empirical results show that the coverage of operating income is wider, the impact on the happiness of low and middle income families is more significant, and the income of business income and happiness is "U" type; wage income is only certain for the happiness of middle-income families. The significant influence, the relationship shows a "U" type; the transfer income is more likely to affect high-income families, and the relationship between income and happiness is inverted "U" type; property income is not statistically significant under the above circumstances. The policy meaning of this paper is: to improve the happiness of residents, starting from the income level and income structure, focusing on improving the family's operating income and property income.
Joanna R. Pepin University of Texas–AustinBeliefs About Mo.docxvrickens
Joanna R. Pepin University of Texas–Austin
Beliefs About Money in Families: Balancing Unity,
Autonomy, and Gender Equality
Objective: This study provides the first nation-
ally representative data on U.S. adults’ percep-
tions of income sharing within families.
Background: Modern couples confront tensions
between ideals of mutual interests and values
of economic autonomy, a departure from fit-
ting themselves into culturally expected family
arrangements of the past. This study teases apart
the conditions under which people might priori-
tize one cultural value over another.
Method: The author conducted a nationally rep-
resentative survey experiment (N = 3,986 indi-
viduals). The respondents selected an income
allocation arrangement for a fictional couple
with varied relationships investments (i.e., mar-
riage, parenthood, length of relationship) and
earning disparities.
Results: Although stronger relationship invest-
ments were associated with greater support
for sharing all income, the most commonly
selected income allocation arrangement was
a hybrid arrangement of sharing some income
and keeping the rest separate. When respondents
preferred some amount of financial autonomy,
the primary earner was expected to maintain
ownership of a greater amount of the total
household income. The preferred level of with-
holding income was slightly larger in magnitude
when women were shown as the primary earner
when compared with men shown as the primary
earner.
Population Reasearch Center, 305 E. 23rd Street, Austin,
Texas 78712-1699 ([email protected]).
Key Words: couples, culture, family economics, family
resource management, gender roles, money management.
Conclusion: The pursuit of economic auton-
omy, in combination with beliefs about gender,
are important dimensions of gender inequality
located within families.
Introduction
Two contradictions related to the ways couples
share money are commonly studied. First, cou-
ples must reconcile the conflict between their
commitment to a collective family unit and their
desire for individual autonomy (Treas, 1993;
Vogler, Brockmann, & Wiggins, 2008). Sec-
ond, many couples struggle to create equality
in the home given inequalities prevalent in the
labor market (Blumstein & Schwartz, 1983; Bur-
goyne, 1990; Pahl, 1989; Treas, 1993; Vogler
et al., 2008). To understand how these contradic-
tions are reconciled within American families,
researchers initially focused on grouping sys-
tems of money arrangements into analytical cat-
egories (Ashby & Burgoyne, 2008; Pahl, 1995).
Thereafter, many have searched for possible
explanations for the prevalence of various cat-
egories and sought to identify the consequences
of these arrangements (for an overview of prior
research, see Bennett, 2013).
Drawing conclusions about how people rec-
oncile these competing cultural values based
on couples’ behavioral practices may be par-
tial or even misleading (Ashby & Burgoyne,
2008, 2009). Behaviors tend to reflect a mi ...
Presentation by Michał Myck at Development Day 2018 – Gender Equality and Economic Development: From Research to Action. This year conference was focused on existing constraints and also highlighted initiatives that could help to create an equal society.
More about the conference and research in transition economics can be found on SITE’s website: https://www.hhs.se/site
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Money matters in low moderate income families and the gender implications of uk welfare reform
1. DEPARTMENT OF SOCIAL POLICY AND INTERVENTION
Money matters in low/moderate
income families and the gender
implications of UK welfare reform
Fran Bennett
Senior Research Fellow, Department of Social Policy
and Intervention, University of Oxford
Sirin Sung,
University Lecturer, Queens University Belfast
26-27 May 2011, Qualitative Research For Policy Making
May 26, 2011
2. Outline
Welfare reform in the UK: proposals for universal credit and
potential gender issues
Equality impact assessments of policy proposals
Gender implications for welfare reform of findings from
qualitative research on low/moderate income couples/families
Discussion: reflections on policy influencing
Conclusions:
- value of qualitative research for policy on welfare reform;
- essential components of gender analysis of welfare reform
Presentation title, edit in May 26, 2011
header and footer
(view menu)
3. Welfare reform in the UK: proposals for
universal credit
Context: focus on ‘welfare to work’, increased means testing
Recent history:
- benefit simplification seen as key, including ‘single working
age benefit’ (proposed by think tanks + Labour government)
- activation of partners + joint claims for jobseeker’s allowance
White Paper: Universal Credit: Welfare that Works (2010) +
Welfare Reform Bill: universal (sic) credit phased in from
2013; abolishes distinction in/out of work; ‘all work rewarded’
Means-tested, bringing together benefits in and out of work
and housing benefit etc. (not non-means-tested benefits)
Presentation title, edit in May 26, 2011
header and footer
(view menu)
4. Potential gender issues in relation to
universal credit
Joint claims; + (as now) joint assessment of income & assets;
both partners to fulfil (work-related) conditions if appropriate
Focus on getting one person in household into paid work: as
now, couple disregard, not individual; many ‘2nd earners’’
incentives worse; government not concerned about 2nd earners
giving up work, but sees this as improving work/life balance
Couples choose which partner is payee – payment not split
(eg child + childcare elements to main carer) as now
Payment likely to be monthly (not weekly/fortnightly, as now)
and single taper (withdrawal rate) applied as income rises
Presentation title, edit in May 26, 2011
header and footer
(view menu)
5. Equality impact assessments: current
position in UK
Government must show due regard, when developing new
policies/processes, to their impact on race, disability and
gender; Equality Act 2010 (April 2011) adds new categories
Processes should be in place to help ensure that :
- strategies/policies/services are free from discrimination;
- departments comply with equalities legislation;
- due regard is given to equality in decision making etc.; + -
opportunities for promoting equality are identified.
Equality Impact Assessments: show impact on protected
groups (including women) of proposed policy changes, to
ensure that policies do what is intended and for everybody
Presentation title, edit in May 26, 2011
header and footer
(view menu)
6. Qualitative research on low/moderate
income couples
Within Household Inequalities and Public Policy research:
part of Gender Equality Network (www.genet.ac.uk), funded by
Economic and Social Research Council
Aim: to take account of gender inequalities within household in
assessing impacts of welfare reforms and associated policies
Qualitative research: semi-structured interviews (with men
and women separately) in low/moderate income couples in GB
Relevant findings: loyalty to coupledom, but women more
aware of autonomy issues; women often responsible for spend-
ing on children + day to day items, managing family budget etc.
Presentation title, edit in May 26, 2011
header and footer
(view menu)
7. Findings: importance of independent
income
Togetherness: ‘all in one pot’ was catchphrase, with both men
and women talking about their ‘team’, ‘no yours and mine’ etc.
BUT ‘choice’ exercised by couple is gendered choice – both
may believe in togetherness, but joint decisions can still have
unequal impact (couples’ choice is not same as individuals’)
And receipt of independent income means someone is more
likely to have a say/be able to maintain separate finances/not
have to ask for money/not have to justify personal spending
Joint accounts common, but women were more likely to have
individual account (with benefits/tax credits often paid into it)
Presentation title, edit in May 26, 2011
header and footer
(view menu)
8. ‘I think you’ve got to have a little bit of your own … I wouldn’t
say security … but I’ve never been used to being totally hand in
hand with somebody with finances’ (Case 27, woman)
‘If I wasn’t [making that contribution via wages] then I’d be
dependent on him. I don’t like being dependent on people.
Although [my wages] are, like, family money, they’re like, my
wages.’ (Case 1, woman)
‘I used to [justify my personal spending], but I think not now I’m
earning my own money. Because he was the main
breadwinner. I suppose I felt I had to ask for money if I wanted
it for my clothes and things.’ (Case 18, woman)
Presentation title, edit in May 26, 2011
header and footer
(view menu)
9. Evidence from other qualitative
research
Recent study of 30 BME women in low-income families in
north-east England found that some women had so little access
to income that their husbands were in control of virtually all
aspects of their lives (Warburton Brown, 2011)
Even couples with joint account, described as having financial
equality, turned out to be less equal on further questioning –
but those saying they had more ‘say’ had own earnings
Independent income can give more ‘say’ (Goode et al, 1998) –
and this can be from non-means-tested benefit as well
Presentation title, edit in May 26, 2011
header and footer
(view menu)
10. Gender implications for welfare reform
Importance of access to independent income (wage/benefit)
which is not dependent on presence/activities of partner
But Institute for Fiscal Studies confirms ‘2nd earners’ in many
couples to face much higher losses from each £ than now
under universal credit
Help with childcare costs: unchanged total spending, despite
extension to those working under 16 hours – possibility of
earning likely to be even more compromised for ‘2nd earners’
Child benefit and carer’s allowance continuing outside
universal credit (at least for now)
Presentation title, edit in May 26, 2011
header and footer
(view menu)
11. Findings: responsibility for spending
and managing
Continuity of traditional gendered patterns in our sample
(largely long-standing couples)
Men often responsible for monthly bills, women for more
frequent items (eg weekly shopping) – including in some
cases daily pocket money for man
This could change with frequency of pay – but in one example,
traditional patterns were so strong couple swopped wages
In most cases, women were more responsible for ensuring
children’s needs met
Presentation title, edit in May 26, 2011
header and footer
(view menu)
12. ‘I’m bills, she’s food etc.’ (Case 17, man). ‘I am mostly respons-
ible for, like, the food shopping and household things, and [he]
deals with rent, bills, like electric, gas and that sort of thing.’
(Case 17, woman)
‘My wages go into [her] bank and [her] wages go into my bank
… the simple reason being because [she] is paid monthly and
that pays the bills, that stops in the bank and pays all the direct
debits. I get paid weekly and [she] does the shopping, and we
find it works a lot better like that.’ (Case 13, man)
[Who had main responsibility for spending on children?]: ‘Me …
Me I would think really … I think because the mother tends to
be a bit more with it …’ (Case 9, woman)
Presentation title, edit in May 26, 2011
header and footer
(view menu)
13. Evidence from other qualitative
research
Women are ‘shock absorbers’ of poverty (Lister, in WBG, 2006)
Women tend to manage household budget in low-income
families (source of stress, not power) (Goode et al, 1998)
Budgeting can involve ‘juggling’ payments and bills (IPPR)
Women responsible for ensuring children’s needs met
(Warburton Brown, 2011); Rake and Jayalatika, 2002)
Women also more likely to be responsible for managing
household debts (research cited in WBG, 2006)
Presentation title, edit in May 26, 2011
header and footer
(view menu)
14. Gender implications for welfare reform
Daily/weekly items are easier to cut with financial pressures, so
monthly payment of universal credit would have more impact
on women
Income likely to change more rapidly from month to month (+
more localised discretionary extras): harder to budget
Payment all in one gives less space for juggling budget
Payment all in one gives financial power to one partner
Payment not labelled as money for children: less likely to be
spent on them? (with consequences for women)
Presentation title, edit in May 26, 2011
header and footer
(view menu)
15. Discussion: reflections on policy
influencing
Involvement to date has included:
- Assistance with preliminary gender assessment of consultation
document on welfare reform (by Janet Veitch, for Oxfam)
- Help with evidence for Fawcett Society judicial review of gov-
ernment for not doing gender impact assessment of Budget
- Women’s Budget Group: briefings, meetings and seminar for
civil servants; evidence to Public Bill Committee
- Written evidence to Work and Pensions Select Committee
Presentation title, edit in May 26, 2011
header and footer
(view menu)
16. Obstacles to influencing:
- government had clear idea of objectives and favoured system
- financial constraints (government response to credit crunch etc)
- administrative imperative – but failure to learn from experience
of previous systems (e.g. importance of financial security)
- officials’ lack of knowledge of lives of low-income families
- our research not framed around policy makers’ concerns/plans
+ couples interviewed not matching relevant demographic
Presentation title, edit in May 26, 2011
header and footer
(view menu)
17. Assumptions apparently being made in policy making:
- ‘you can’t (and shouldn’t) affect how families deal with money’
- but research shows who gets income can influence how used
- ‘different households budget and handle their finances in
different ways’; but research shows common gendered
patterns in doing so - and policy already intervenes in this
- ‘joint accounts mean it doesn’t matter who gets the income’
- symbol of togetherness, yes; but don’t guarantee equal access
Presentation title, edit in May 26, 2011
header and footer
(view menu)
18. Despite danger of undermining government’s own aims:
Worse incentives for ‘2nd earners’ could work against:
- aims of individualised conditionality for partners
- government support for shared parenting
- maternity provisions helping women with rights to return
- reduction of workless households and tackling child poverty in
the longer term (e.g. if couples with only one earner separate)
- ‘All or nothing’ universal credit may work against goal of
encouraging committed couples (because of greater risk)
- (eg) for virtually all women in one small study, ‘the security of
some financial independence was described ... as providing the
necessary security for the relationship to flourish’ (Lewis, 2006)
Presentation title, edit in May 26, 2011
header and footer
(view menu)
19. Conclusions: value of qualitative
research
Government proposals on universal credit have been much
influenced by (particular form of) economic modelling;
participation tax rates, incentives, dynamic effects seen as key
But many other factors are important in real lives:
- e.g. how systems work in ‘real time’; how households operate
as financial units; and how money has social meaning:
‘... the significance of the source of income, its recipient, and
the way it is “labelled”, for shaping both perceptions and
allocation of financial resources’ (Goode et al, 1999: 11)
Models may assume economic rationality + equal sharing etc -
qualitative research explores significant roles, relationships
Presentation title, edit in May 26, 2011
header and footer
(view menu)
20. Proposals for universal credit also very influenced by
ideology (unitary view of family + equal sharing/male
breadwinner household): uses out-of-date model of households
and concern about ‘dependency’ on state, not within families
But how best to deliver welfare to all within household and take
account of social meanings of money?
Government has undertaken to monitor distribution of
income within household under universal credit
Key: how to combine qualitative with other forms of research?
(eg to untangle necessary simplifications of economic models?)
Presentation title, edit in May 26, 2011
header and footer
(view menu)
21. Conclusions: essential components of
gender analysis of welfare reform
Gender impact assessment of Welfare Reform Bill examined
effects on single men and women - and on couples
We argue proposals should be judged not only on number of
men and women affected and amounts involved, but also:
- make-up + labelling of payments changing balance of resour-
ces between women/men + impact on roles and relationships
- effects on autonomy and financial security of men and
women; on their caring responsibilities; and on inequalities
within the household, at point of change and over lifetime
These principles were cited by government in equality impact
assessment of White Paper - but not fully taken on board
Presentation title, edit in May 26, 2011
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