MOLECULAR STRUCTUREsfgdxvxgddv nvfsefeaw

MOLECULAR
STRUCTURES
Prepared by:
Elmer Jr. Martin
Peter John Simon

DNA
• DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID, famously known as DNA.
• It is the hereditary material in humans and almost all other
organisms.
• A polymer composed of two polynucleotide chains that coil
around each other to form a double helix. It is a polymer,
meaning it is made up of many small, repeating molecular
units.
• It is a type of nucleic acid which are made up of building
blocks called NUCLEOTIDES. (Nucleic acids are large
biomolecules whose functions involve the storage and
expression of genomic information. On the other hand, a
biomolecule, also called biological molecule, is any of
numerous substances that are produced by cells and living
organisms.)
March 2023 Molecular Structure of DNA 5

9/3/20XX Presentation Title 6
• Deoxyribose
• Phosphate Group
• Nitrogenous Base
(a) Adenine
(b) Thymine
(c) Cytosine
(d) Guanine

• These sugar-phosphate bonds run down
each of the helix in OPPOSITE
DIRECTIONS.
• DNA strands called antiparallel strands,
meaning that its strands run parallel but
oppositely directed. DNA are antiparallel
because of the presence of hydrogen
bonds.
• One strand of nucleotide begins at the top
of the first phosphate connected to the
molecule’s 5th carbon and ending with a free
end at the sugar molecule’s 3rd molecule. (5’
to 3’)
• On the other strand, it begins up top with a
free end at the sugar’s 3rd carbon and the
phosphate connect to the 5th carbon. (3’ to
5’)
Presentation Title 11

• What is DNA?
• What is the building block of DNA?
• What makes up a Nucleotide?

RNA
• Ribonucleic Acid – principally involved in the synthesis of proteins, carrying
the messenger instructions from DNA, which itself contains the genetic
instructions required for the development and maintenance of life.
• carries genetic information that is translated by ribosomes into various proteins
necessary for cellular processes.
• Its primary function is to create proteins via translation.
• Has three types.
March 2023 Molecular Structure of DNA 17

DNA vs RNA
DNA
• Double strand of molecule.
• Sugar in DNA is called
Deoxyribose.
• Nitrogenous bases are Adenine,
Guanine, Cytosine, and Thymine
• Found inside the nucleus.
• Can self-replicate.
RNA
• Single strand of molecule
• Sugar in RNA is called Ribose.
(One more oxygen atom)
• Nitrogenous bases are Adenine,
Guanine, Cytosine, and Uracil.
• Found both inside and outside the
nucleus.
• Cannot self-replicate.

Types of
RNA
a) mRNA
b) tRNA
c) rRNA

Types of RNA
mRNA tRNA rRNA
• Messenger RNA
• Delivers a copy of a DNA
code from the nucleus and
then to a ribosome.
• Once the ribosome has the
mRNA instructions, it can
then build a protein in the
process called “translation”
.
• Transfer RNA
• Transfers amino acids from
the cytoplasm to a ribosome.
• The amino acids will then be
linked together by the
ribosome in the process of
translation.
• Ribosomal RNA
• Main component of
ribosomes.
• rRNA bonds with special
proteins to form a ribosome,
and ribosome builds
proteins.

Protein
• Large, complex molecules that play
many crucial roles in our body.
• Does most of the work in cells and
are required for the structure,
function, and regulation of the body’s
tissues and organs.
• Made up of amino acid chains, and
structure levels are up to four.

Protein Structure
• Protein structure is defined as a polymer of amino acids
joined by peptide bonds.
• Four Levels of Protein Structure:
1. Primary Structure
2. Secondary Structure
3. Tertiary Structure
4. Quaternary Structure

Primary Structure
• The sequence of amino acids linked together to form a
polypeptide chain – a string of amino acids connected
together by peptide bonds.
• All documented genetic disorders, such as cystic fibrosis,
sickle cell anemia, albinism, etc., are caused by mutations
resulting in alterations in the primary protein structures,
which in turn lead to alterations in the secondary , tertiary
and probably quarterly structure.

Secondary Structure
• Refers to regular, local structure of the
protein backbone, stabilized by intramolecular and
sometimes intermolecular hydrogen bonding of amide
groups.
• Protein secondary structure is the local spatial
conformation of the polypeptide backbone excluding the
side chains. The two most common secondary structural
elements are alpha helices and beta sheets.

Tertiary Structure
• Tertiary structure refers to the overall folding of the entire
polypeptide chain into a specific 3D shape. The tertiary
structure of enzymes is often a compact, globular shape.
• Tertiary structure gives proteins a very specific shape.
• The tertiary structure is the structure at which polypeptide
chains become functional. At this level, every protein has a
specific three-dimensional shape and presents functional
groups on its outer surface, allowing it to interact with other
molecules, and giving it its unique function

Quaternary Structure
• The association of several protein chains or subunits into a
closely packed arrangement
• Each of the subunits has its own primary, secondary, and
tertiary structure. The subunits are held together by
hydrogen bonds and van der Waals forces between
nonpolar side chains.
• Proteins with quaternary structure are called oligomeric
proteins. Oligomeric proteins are involved in various
biological processes, such as metabolism, signal
transduction, and chromosome replication.

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MOLECULAR STRUCTUREsfgdxvxgddv nvfsefeaw

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