1. UNIVERSIDAD AUTONOMA DE MEDICINA
FACULTAD DE MEDICINA
FISIOLOGIA MÉDICA
MODULO DE SANGRE Y HEMOSTASIA
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61. A 42-year-old patient is scheduled for surgery that will likely require a
transfusion. Because the patient has a rare blood type, an autologous blood transfusion
isplanned. Prior to surgery, 1500 mL of blood is collected. The collection tubes
contain calcium citrate to prevent coagulation. Which of the following is the mechanism
for citrate’s anticoagulative action?
a. Activating plasminogen
b. Binding factor XII
c. Binding vitamin K
d. Blocking thrombin
e. Chelating calcium
62. Preoperative evaluation of a 56-year-old man scheduled for knee replacement surgery
reveals frequent bruising and a family history of a bleeding disorder, but no bleeding
problems himself. The patient is found to have a normal PT, increased aPTT, and a
Factor VIII activity level of 40%. These findings are indicative of which of
the following conditions?
a. Bernard–Soulier syndrome
b. Glanzmann thrombasthenia
c. Hemophilia A
d. Hemophilia B
e. von Willebrand disease
63. A 44-year-old woman with a history of excessive menstrual bleeding and menstrual
cycles that generally last over 7 days complains of increasing fatigue and cold
extremities. Laboratory results reveal a hemoglobin (Hb) concentration of 6 g/dL. In
this patient with anemia, which of the following would be reduced?
a. Arterial PO2
b. Dissolved oxygen content
c. Oxygen extraction
d. Percent O2 saturation in the arterial blood
e. Total arterial oxygen content
65. A 24-year-old woman presents to her family physician with intractable hiccups. The
patient is instructed to breathe into and out of a bag in order to rebreathe
2. exhaled CO2. In the blood, the majority of CO2 is transported as which of the following
forms?
a. Bicarbonate
b. Carbaminohemoglobin
c. Carbonic acid
d. Carboxyhemoglobin
e. Dissolved CO2
66. A 67-year-old woman with a history of venous thromboembolism is placed on warfarin
(Coumadin; Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, New York, NY USA)
prophylactically. The blood concentration of Coumadin becomes too high and bleeding
occurs. The bleeding can best be treated by the administration of which of the
following?
a. Fibrinogen
b. Platelets
c. Protein C
d. Thrombin
e. Vitamin K
67. A 37-year-old man presents with low exercise tolerance. Blood work shows a normal
hematocrit and Hb concentration but a decreased P50. Which would be true of
his oxyhemoglobin transport and dissociation?
a. Hb’s affinity for oxygen is increased
b. O2 loading at the alveolar-capillary level is less than normal
c. O2 saturation is lower than normal at any PaO2
d. O2 unloading is increased at the tissue level
e. The differential diagnosis includes a point mutation resulting in increased binding
of H+ to his Hb chains.
68. A 35-year-old woman presents to her family physician’s office with fatigue of at
least 3 months’ duration. Her only explanation is that keeping up with her twin
4-year-olds really tires her out, and she does not even have enough energy to make
nutritious meals for her and her husband. Vital signs and ECG are normal, but a
third heart sound is heard with auscultation and she is pale. Blood results are as
follows: Hb, 8 g/dL; hematocrit, 30%; MCV, 115 fL; WBC, 8000/μL; platelets,
200,000/μL. A deficiency of which of the following substances can most likely account
for these findings?
a. Folate
b. Glucose-6-phosphatase
c. Iron
d. Niacin
e. Zinc
69. A 65-year-old slightly cyanotic man presents to his physician complaining of
pruritus and nose bleeds. A blood test reveals a hematocrit of 62%, leading to the
diagnosis of polycythemia vera. Treatment includes aspirin to prevent thrombosis and
periodic phlebotomy to reduce the hematocrit. The reduction in hematocrit is
beneficial because it does which of the following?
a. Decreases cardiac output
b. Increases arterial oxygen content
3. c. Increases arterial oxygen saturation
d. Reduces blood velocity
e. Reduces blood viscosity
70. A 65-year-old man with chronic bronchitis is admitted to the emergency department
with cyanosis and shortness of breath. Arterial and venous blood samples
show the following:
pa02 50 mm Hg
paC02 67 mm Hg
pv02 30 mm Hg
Sa02 80%
Sv02 50%
Hb 20 g/dl
What do these data reveal about the patient’s gas exchange and transport?
a. Arteriovenous oxygen content difference is lower than normal
b. Dissolved CO2 content in the arterial blood is lower than normal
c. Dissolved O2 content in the venous blood is higher than normal
d. Oxygen extraction is higher than normal
e. Oxyhemoglobin content in the arterial blood is lower than normal
71. A 23-year-old man with a ruddy complexion presents with chief complaints of
headache, dizziness, and lethargy. Blood analysis shows erythrocytosis and a P50
of 20 mm Hg. He denies any history of tobacco smoking and is unaware of any other
exposure to carbon monoxide or nitrites. Which of the following is a probable
cause for these findings?
a. α-Thalassemia-2
b. β-Thalassemia major
c. High-O2 affinity hemoglobinopathy
d. Low-O2 affinity hemoglobinopathy
e. Sickle cell trait
72. A 42-year-old woman presents to her doctor’s office with heavy menstrual bleeding
for up to 2 weeks’ duration for each of the past five cycles. She also reports
that she has a tendency to bruise easily, and has had several episodes of epistaxis
over the past couple of months. Blood analysis shows: Hb, 8 g/dL; hematocrit, 24%;
MCV, 70; platelet count, 230,000/μL. Which of the following is a likely cause of her
bleeding disorder?
a. Aplastic anemia
b. Hemophilia
c. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs
d. Vitamin B12 deficiency
e. von Willebrand disease
73. A 26-year-old woman presents at the obstetrician’s office for her second trimester
evaluation. Which of the following values would normally be less in the fetus
than in the mother?
a. Affinity of Hb for oxygen
b. Cardiac glycogen content
c. Cardiac output/kg body weight
d. Erythrocyte binding of 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate
4. e. Hb concentration
74. A 61-year-old man presents to his family physician with the chief complaint of
frequent diarrhea accompanied by weight loss. He reports a tendency to bruise
easily and laboratory data reveal a PT of 19 seconds (normal, 11–14 seconds). The
bruising and prolonged PT can be explained by a decrease in which of the following
vitamins?
a. A
b. C
c. D
d. E
e. K
75. A 52-year-old man is brought to the emergency department with severe chest pain.
Angiography demonstrates a severe coronary occlusion. A thrombolytic agent
is administered to reestablish perfusion. Which of the following does the thrombolytic
agent activate?
a. Heparin
b. Kininogen
c. Plasminogen
d. Prothrombin
e. Thrombin
76. A 32-year-old woman presents to the emergency department with a chief complaint of
acute shortness of breath and right-sided chest pain, which increases during
inspiration. She does not have a cough or fever, and does not have a history of asthma
or other respiratory disease. She has not been ill or immobile, but reports having
taken oral contraceptives for 8 years until shortly before conceiving her first child
about 2 years ago. The family history is notable for her mother who died of a
pulmonary embolism. Her respiratory rate is 25 breaths/min and her heart rate is 110
beats/min. Chest x-ray is normal, but a ventilation/perfusion scan reveals a
possible pulmonary embolism. Which of the following blood disorders is associated with
a hypercoagulable state?
a. Activated protein C resistance
b. Antithrombin III (AT-III) excess
c. Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC)
d. Hypoprothrombinemia
e. Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura
77. A 9-year-old African American boy is brought to the emergency department by his
mother who states that he was complaining of muscle aches and pain while
playing basketball, which became worse whenever he was running up and down the court.
She reports that he was sick with a fever last week, but she thought he was
feeling better so she let him go to his summer basketball camp. Blood tests show
anemia, increased reticulocyte count, and crescent-shaped cells. Hb electrophoresis
confirms the presence of HbS. The primary mechanism for the change in RBC shape during
a sickle cell crisis is which of the following?
a. A decrease in erythrocyte volume during dehydration
b. A rightward shift in the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve of HbS compared with
normal
5. c. Low levels of erythropoietin
d. Polymerization of HbS as it is deoxygenated
e. The presence of antibodies against the red blood cell membrane
78. A 67-year-old man with chronic bronchitis is brought to the emergency department
exhibiting labored breathing and cyanosis. The presence of cyanosis is due to
which of the following?
a. Decreased O2 unloading at the tissue capillary level
b. Decreased oxyhemoglobin content in the capillary blood
c. Decreased total arterial oxygen content
d. Increased concentration of deoxygenated Hb
e. Increased hematocrit
