This document discusses applications of electron beam technology. It begins by describing electron beam accelerators and their uses in curing, sterilization, and other industrial processes. It then provides details on specific applications like curing coatings, composites, tires, and medical device sterilization. It also discusses food irradiation and the electron beam sterilization market. In general, the summary discusses how electron beams are used for curing, sterilization, and other industrial applications.

1. FEIXE DE ELÉTRONS NA
CURA POR RADIAÇÃO E
SUAS APLICAÇÕES
Wilson Aparecido Parejo Calvo
Centro de Tecnologia das Radiações
IPEN-CNEN/SP
wapcalvo@ipen.br
Paulo Roberto Rela
CBE
prela06@yahoo.com.br

2. APPLICATIONS OF RADIATION AND
RADIOISOTOPES TECHNIQUES IN INDUSTRY
Gamma irradiation
Electron beam irradiation
Accelerator irradiation
Ion beam irradiation
X-ray fluorescence (XRF)
Neutron activation analysis (NAA)
Ion beam analysis
Radiometric measurements
Related techniques
Radiography
Digital radioscopy
Computer tomography
Nuclear related techniques
Transmission
Backscattering
Multibeam multienergy
Computer tomography
Low activity
Prompt Gamma (PGNAA)
Delayed gamma (DGNAA)
Gamma loggers
Residence Time Distribution
Mass balance
Thin Layer Activation
Gamma scanning
Neutron backscattering
Computer Fluid Dynamics
Single Particle Tracking
Emission computer tomography
RADIOTRACERS AND
SEALED SOURCES
NDT
NUCLEONICS
GAUGES
INDUSTRY
NUCLEAR
ANALYTICAL
TECHNIQUES
RADIATION
PROCESSING
Source: IAEA

3. Gamma Rays, Electron Beam and X-Rays
Gamma Rays (60Co) Electron Beam
(10 MeV, 50 kW)
X-Rays
(5–7 MeV)
Source: IBA and IPEN-CNEN/SP
50 cm (1,0 g/cm3)
10 kGy/h
5 cm (1,0 g/cm3)
72 MGy/h
50 cm (1,0 g/cm3)
100 kGy/h

5. FUNDAMENTOS DA TECNOLOGIA
POR FEIXE DE ELÉTRONS
Ligação molecular carbono-carbono antes da cura (LINEAR)
C C C C C C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
Ligação molecular carbono-carbono, após a cura utilizando
Electron Beam (RETICULADO)

6. PROCESSO DE CURA POR FEIXE DE
Os elétrons penetram no material
com velocidade de 2/3 da luz
As duplas ligações carbono-carbono
são rompidas formando radicais
livres
Os radicais procuram níveis de
energia mais baixos ligando-se a
outros radicais curando o material
A cura é praticamente instantânea
Processo a frio (acréscimo de até
15oC) e evita distorção
Não há necessidade de
fotoiniciadores
O produto não fica radioativo
ELÉTRONS (EB)
Não curado
C C C C C C
Curado por EB
C
C
C
C
C
C
C

7. PARÂMETROS ENVOLVIDOS NO
A cura por EB é definida em função do nível
do tratamento/ beneficio desejado que
depende da quantidade de energia a ser
depositada ou transferida ao produto – Dose
de radiação
Dose de radiação é definida como a quantidade de
energia depositada em uma determinada massa de
produto
Unidades utilizadas:
Gray= Joule/kg
Rad= 100Gy(USA)
PROCESSO
Source: IPEN-CNEN/SP

8. Acceleration Voltage X Application
X-ray conversion
Sterilization
Wire Cable,
Waste Water Treatment
Heat Shrinkable Tubing
Rubber Tire
Foamed P. E. Plastics
De-NOx/De-SOx of
Exhaust Gas
Curing
(Coating/Lamination/Printing)
Acceleration Voltage (kV)
5000
2000
1000
500
300
200
100
Dose (kGy)
Dose X Application
300
100
50
40
30
20
10
P.E.Wire
Sterilization Foamed P.E.
Curing
P.V.C.Wire
Heat Shrinkable Tubing
P.V.C.Tape
Rubber Tire
De-NOx/De-SOx of Exhaust Gas
ELECTRON BEAM APPLICATIONS
Source: IAEA

10. Agência Internacional de Energia
IAEA Specific Safety Guide
SSG-8
Radiation Safety of Gamma,
Electron and X Ray
Irradiation Facilities
Categoria I
Categoria II
Atômica (IAEA)

11. ACELERADORES INDUSTRIAIS DE
ELÉTRONS
Classificação dos Aceleradores de Elétrons (função da energia do
feixe de elétrons)
Baixa energia: 150 keV to 300 keV
Média energia: 300 keV to 5 MeV
Alta energia: 5 MeV to 10 MeV
Vantagens e Limitações no Processamento por Feixe de Elétrons
Vantagens: alta velocidade de processamento de produtos bem
definidos e de grandes superfícies com espessuras finas
Limitações: baixo poder de penetração

12. Aplicações dos Aceleradores
Industriais de Elétrons
150 keV - 300 keV

15. SOLVENTE
SISTEMAS DE CURA (Térmica, UV e EB)
DILUENTE REATIVO DILUENTE REATIVO
ADITIVOS ADITIVOS ADITIVOS
RESINA
PIGMENTOS
RESINA RESINA
PIGMENTOS PIGMENTOS
FOTOINICIADOR
SISTEMA
CONVENCIONAL
SISTEMA UV SISTEMA EB
Source: RadTech South America

16. UV/EB RADIATION CURING - PERFORMANCE
EB versus UV (Free Radicals)
High energy
High crosslinking density
High penetration into opaque materials
No photoinitiators
Speed cure at hundredths of seconds
Effectiveness on thin layers
materials
Elaborate formulation for thick
layers
Low penetration limited to clear
materials
Photoinitiators need
Speed cure at tenths of seconds
Electron beam curing has several advantages
over conventional thermal curing methods:
Improved parts; improved material handling;
ability to combine various materials and
functions in a single operation; ability to
utilize lower cost tooling; and reduced cure
times
Source: RadTech South America

17. ENERGY
Voltage (keV) Layer thickness (μm)
150 100
175 150
200 250
300 500
ELECTRON BEAM (EB) CURING
VELOCITY PROCESSING
Dose (kGy) Velocity (m/min) Applications
20 0-600 Silicone application
30 0-600 Printing
60 0-200 Adhesives
ITEMS DURABILITY
Titanium window 2,000 hours
Tungsten Filament 10,000 hours
O-rings 2,000 - 5,000 hours
Maintenance time * 20 - 30 hours/year
* Maintenance cost per year = ~ 5% of the Electron Beam
Accelerator’s price
Source: IPEN-CNEN/SP

18. 300
200
100
0
0 100 200 300 400
Penetração (microns)
Energia (keV)
Penetração do Feixe de Elétrons (EB)
Source: IPEN-CNEN/SP

19. Economia de Energia Elétrica
Sistemas Solvente Cura EB
Revestimento sólido 60% 100%
Energia para curar (kJ/m2) 328 0.86
(solvente = 27,3 kJ/g e
EB dose = 30 kGy)
Energia elétrica (Wh/m2) 91 0.24
Source: IPEN-CNEN/SP

20. Zero VOC*: ASTM D5403-93 (2013) Standard Test
Methods for Volatile Content of Radiation Curable
Materials
Não há eliminação de gases (greenhouse)
Redução de perdas
Amigável ao Meio Ambiente
*VOC – Componentes orgânicos voláteis

23. UV/EB RADIATION CURING - Equipments
Energy Scineces, Inc. (ESI)
(www.ebeam.com)
Web widths: 20 to 66” (508 to 1,676 mm)
Speed capability: 335 m/min
Thickness: 0.03 mm
Web widths: 30 to 120” (762 to 3,048
mm)
Speed capability: 305 m/min
Thickness: 0.35 mm
Source: ESI

24. UV/EB RADIATION CURING - Equipments
PCT Engineered Systems, LLC
(www.teampct.com)
Voltage: 125 to 300 keV
Web widths: 130” (3,300 mm)
Voltage: 70 to 125 keV
Web widths: 36”(914mm) to 68”(1,727mm)
Source: PCT

26. UV/EB RADIATION CURING
e5
efficient
enabling
economical
energy savings
environmental friendly
Source: RadTech

27. Cura de revestimentos e tintas de impressão
Cura de materiais estruturais (materiais compostos)
X-33/Venture Star
F22- ASTOVL
Cura de silicones, adesivos e filmes
08/03/2008 : Food Contact
Notification (FCN) 772 -
Food and Drug
Administration (FDA)
Permite o contato direto
dos revestimentos
curados por UVEB com
alimentos
APLICAÇÕES

31. Advanced Packaging Materials
⇒Application of Radiation Technology in the Development of Advanced Packaging
Materials for Food Products: Development of Advanced Food Packaging Materials
Based on Polymer Petroleum-Derived for Pre-Packaged Irradiated Foods and
Based on Biobased and Compostable Materials for Dry Food Packaging
Source: IAEA and IPEN-CNEN/SP

32. DISINFESTATION OF SEEDS
Low Energy Electron
Beam (105 to 145
keV)
E-ventus (30 tons/h, € 35/ton, € 1.5 million)
Sources: Fraunhofer Institut-FEP (DRESDEN, Schimdt Seeger AG)
Seeds
EB Flow
Seed Treatment Principle Seed surface Seed layers
Disinfestation:
Chemical = 5%
EB = 11%

34. MERCADO PARA OS ACELERADORES DE
ELÉTRONS (150keV – 300keV)
América do Norte (RadTec 2006): mercado de 5 a 10% das
curas por radiação (UV/EB)
Mercado total de produtos UV/EB (2005) = 95.000 ton
Gary Cohen Executive Director RadTech 2006

35. Aplicações dos Aceleradores
Industriais de Elétrons
300 keV - 10 MeV

36. ELECTRON BEAM (EB)
FEIXE DE ELÉTRONS
Source: IBA and IPEN-CNEN/SP

37. Aceleradores dimensionados pelo
fabricante
Alta blindagem
Formação de raios X durante a
irradiação
Necessitam atmosfera inerte em
função da formação de ozônio
Exaustão
ACELERADORES DE ELÉTRONS NO IPEN-CNEN/
SP (1,5 MeV)

38. PROCESSO DE CURA POR FEIXE DE ELÉTRONS
NO IPEN-CNEN/SP (1,5 MeV)
Atmosfera inerte
Escala de laboratório = amostra contida em recipiente fechado
Escala industrial = Fluxo de gás inerte entre a janela do
acelerador e a amostra

39. IRRADIATION OF WIRE/ELECTRIC CABLES AND
POLYETHILINE FOAM
ACOME (Brazil) = 15,000 km/month
Source: IPEN-CNEN/SP

40. HEAT SHRINKABLE TUBES IRRADIATION
SEMICONDUCTORS IRRADIATION and POLYMER DEGRADATION
Powered PTFE (TeflonTM)
Diodes
Source: IAEA and IPEN-CNEN/SP

41. Japan: Automobiles
tires = 95%
IRRADIATION OF TIRES COMPONENTES
BRAZIL: Bridgestone-Firestone
Source: IPEN-CNEN/SP

42. Materiais Compósitos
Indústrias Automobilísticas e
Aeroespaciais

43. Materiais Compósitos

44. ACELETRON INDUSTRIAL IRRADIATION
18 kW (10 MeV)
Source: ACELETRON

45. FOOD IRRADIATION
Source: IPEN-CNEN/SP
• Military Food (10-50kGy)
• Potatoes and Onions (0.05-0.15kGy)
• Bread (2-10kGy)
• Strawberries (0.2-1.0kGy)
Brazilian Agrobusiness:
43% of the total exportation

46. RHODOTRON
TT200 (100 kW)
⇒ Radiation Curing of
Composites for Enhancing
their Features and Utility in
Health Care and Industry:
Development of Radiation
Processing to Functionalize
Carbon Nanofiber to Use in
Nanocomposite for
Industrial Application
Sterilized
Medical
Devices:
135.000
m³/year
Source: IAEA, IPEN-CNEN/SP and CBE

47. STERILIZATION OF MEDICAL, PHARMACEUTICAL AND
BIOLOGICAL PRODUCTS
World: ~60% (1500 electron beam
accelerators)
Source: IAEA
STERILIZATION PROCESSES
NECESSARY
CONTROLS
Gases Liquids Vapor Filtration Radiation
Time xxxxxx xxxxxx xxxxxx xxxxxxx xxxxxxx
Temperature xxxxxx xxxxxx xxxxxx
Package xxxxxx xxxxxx xxxxxx
Pressure xxxxxx xxxxxx xxxxxxx
Humidity xxxxxx xxxxxx
Concentration xxxxxx xxxxxx
pH xxxxxx

48. MOBILE ELECTRON ACCELERATOR
Beam Energy: 0.4 ~ 0.7 MeV
Beam Power: 20 kW
Total weight: 40 tons
Source: EB-Tech

49. Mobile e-beam in flue gas purification from oil-refinery
in Saudi Arabia
Source: EB-Tech

50. MUITO
OBRIGADO !