The document discusses several topics related to business-to-business (B2B) models and technology infrastructure. It describes common B2B models including types of business webs, agora, aggregation, value chains, and alliances. It also covers computer networking protocols, internet infrastructure, domain name resolution, and application protocols like HTTP, SMTP, and how computers communicate over the internet.

1. Company Centric B2B
The B2B Field
Module 9-Ghana 2002 Kizuki-AMSCO

2. The Major B2B Models
 Types of B-Webs
 Agora
 Aggregation
 Value Chain
 Alliance
 Distributive Networks
Module 9-Ghana 2002 Kizuki-AMSCO

3. What is a Business Model?
A system which defines how a firm will build and use its resources to offer its
customers superior value profitably.
Business model
Customer Value
Scope
Revenue sources
Connected Activities
Implementation
Capabilities
Performance
Environment
Five Forces
Industry Drivers
Industry Dynamics
Macro
Module 9-Ghana 2002 Kizuki-AMSCO

4. How do computers talk?
 Accomplished through
Protocol Stack
 Protocol-a set of rules of
standards that define certain
relationships or behaviour.
 A stack-a layer of layers
 Internet uses the TCP/IP
protocol stack.
 TCP-Transmission control
Protocol
 IP-Internet Protocol
Module 9-Ghana 2002 Kizuki-AMSCO

5. What are the Protocol Layers?
Protocol Layer Comments
Application protocol Layer Specific to the application such as www and E-
mail
Transmission Contol Protocol Layer TCP directs packets to a specific location on a
computer port
Internet Protocol Layer IP directs packet to a specific computer using the
IP address
Hardware Layer Converts binary packet data to network
signals and back. This is done using
network cards, modems etc.
Module 9-Ghana 2002 Kizuki-AMSCO

6. The Message Path
Application
Application
TCP
TCP
IP
IP
Hardware
Hardware
Internet
Your Computer Kizuki-AMSCO Another Computer
Module 9-Ghana 2002

7. The Details
 The message starts at the top of the protocol stack on your computer and work
downwards
 The message is broken into chucks known as packets.
 The packets would go through the Application Layer and continue to the TCP layer.
Each layer is assigned a port number.
 We need to know which program needs to recive the message. So the computer
listens through the ports to know which program to assigned the message to.
 After going throuh the TCP layer, the packets proceed to the IP layer. This is where
the packets reveived their IP destination address.
 Now the message has a port number and an IP address. Ready to be sent over the
internet.
 The hardware layer converts the packets into electronic signals and transmitting them
over the phone line.
 On the other end of the phone line, your ISP has direct connection to the internet.
The ISP receives the message and routes it to the IP address on you have given.
 The packets reach the other computer. Here it starts at the bottom and work
upwards.
Module 9-Ghana 2002 Kizuki-AMSCO

8. Understanding E-
Business Technology
Networking Infrastructure-
What actually makes up the
internet
Module 9-Ghana 2002 Kizuki-AMSCO

9. The Layout
Public Telephone
Modem Network
Your computer Router
1.2.3.4 Modem Pool ISP Port Server
 ISP-Internet Services Provider
 ISP provides services that connects you to the internet.
 ISP maintains a pool of modems for their dial in customers
 Modem pool managed by a port server which controls the flow of data from the modem pool to the
routers
 After your packets go through the public phone and through your ISP equipment, they are routed to the
ISP backbone OR a backbone that the ISP buys bandwidth from.
Module 9-Ghana 2002 Kizuki-AMSCO

10. Internet Infrastructure
 The Internet backbone is made up of many large
networks which interconnet with each other. This
larger network is known as Network Services
Providers or NSPs
 Cerfnet, IBM, BBN Planet, SprintNet and PSINet
are the well known
 Each of these is required to connect to three
Network Access Points.
Module 9-Ghana 2002 Kizuki-AMSCO

11. Internet Routing
How does the packets find their way across the internet
 Through a router. A router is usually connected between networks to
route packets between then.
 Each router knows about its subnetwork and which IP addresses
they use.
 When a packet arrives at a router, the router examines the IP
address put thier by the originating computer.
 The router checks its routing table. If the network containing the IP
address is found, the packet is sent to that network.
 If not found, the router sends the packet to a default route.
Module 9-Ghana 2002 Kizuki-AMSCO

12. Understanding E-
Business Technology
Domain Names and Address
Resolutions
Module 9-Ghana 2002 Kizuki-AMSCO

13. The Structure
Root
org
net com
gov
edu
NASA NOAA NSF IBM
HP
Module 9-Ghana 2002 Kizuki-AMSCO

14. The Important Point
 Domain names reside in a Domain Name
Server-DNS
 DNS assigns an IP address to your
domain name.
Module 9-Ghana 2002 Kizuki-AMSCO

15. Application Protocols
HTTP and WWW
 HTTP-Hyper Text Transfer Protocol. This is the protocol that web browsers
and web servers use to comunicate with each other over the internet.
 Basically its the protocol used to send requests to web elements such as
pages and images.
 When you type url into a web browser, the browser firsts connects to a
domain name server and retrieves the corresponding IP address for the
web server
 The web browser connects to the web server and sends an http requests to
the desired web page.
 The web server receives the request and checks for the desired page. If the
page exists, the server sends it. If the server cannot find it, it will send an
HTTP 404 error message. (404 means Page not found).
 The web browser recieves the page back and the connection is closed.
Module 9-Ghana 2002 Kizuki-AMSCO

16. Application Protocols
SMTP and Electronic Mail
 SMTP-Simple Mail Transfer
Protocol. This is a text mail
protocol for e-mail applications.
Module 9-Ghana 2002 Kizuki-AMSCO

17. Wrap Up
 This is version 4 and it only allows 232
addresses.
 Eventually, we will run out of IP
addresses.
 Version 6 is currently been tested
Module 9-Ghana 2002 Kizuki-AMSCO

18. Resources
 http://www.ietf.org is the home page of the
Internet Engineering Task Force. It has
responsibility for the development of internet
protocols.
 http://www.internic.org is the organisation
responsible for administering domain names
 http://www.internetweather.com shows animated
maps of internet latency
Module 9-Ghana 2002 Kizuki-AMSCO

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