This presentation was given as part of a webinar on the different approaches to incorporate the economic value of nature into decision-making and more specifically in revised National Biodiversity Strategies and Action Plans (NBSAPs). This module focuses on the role of Monetary assessments and introduced participants to the different approaches and methodologies that exist to assess the montary values of biodiversity and ecosystem services.
Methods of economic valuation - with a focus on marine ecosystemsIwl Pcu
Rolf Willmann
FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Department
Presentation at the 2nd Targeted Workshop for GEF IW Projects in Africa on Economic Valuation in November 2012 in Addis Ababa.
This document discusses various water valuation methods that can be used to support economic instruments for integrated water resource management. It outlines cost-benefit analysis and how valuation methods can measure the benefits and costs of water to inform pricing policies. Demand functions are estimated using data on water use and prices, while contingent valuation and hedonic pricing are also employed. Valuation of water as an intermediate good for agriculture and industry involves residual imputation and alternative cost approaches. The document considers the usefulness and feasibility of different valuation methods for policymaking.
This document discusses principles and techniques for valuing the environment. It defines the different types of environmental values, including direct use, indirect use, non-use, and intrinsic values. Methods for valuing the environment are also presented, including market-based approaches like factor of production valuation and defensive expenditures, as well as non-market approaches like contingent valuation. The document provides examples and limitations of each technique.
Presented by IWMI's Miriam Otoo at a stakeholder workshop on 'Opportunities for sustainable municipal solid waste management services in Batticaloa District, in Sri Lanka, on September 23, 2016.
Applying Environmental Accounting for assessing the value4money of Miramare M...francesca visintin
The document discusses applying environmental accounting to assess the value of the Miramare Marine Protected Area (MPA). It presents an environmental accounting model that treats MPAs as institutional units with natural stock and flow accounts. The model was applied to the Miramare MPA, quantifying environmental costs and benefits in monetary terms. The results found that €1 spent on protection returns €18 in environmental, social, and economic benefits to society. The accounting provides a framework to analyze interactions between the economy and environment to inform sustainable development policies.
This document describes a tool to evaluate the costs and benefits of conservation scenarios using the Agricultural Conservation Planning Framework (ACPF). The tool quantifies direct costs, such as installation and maintenance, and opportunity costs of best management practices (BMPs) using geospatial and hydrologic models. For a case study in central Iowa, conservation scenarios were analyzed. Direct and opportunity costs, such as forgone crop revenues, were estimated to be $3.19 million annually for a scenario involving cover crops, wetlands, and saturated buffers on over 45,000 acres. The tool aims to identify high-benefit, low-cost BMP placements and support conservation planning.
Presented by IWMI's Liza Debevec at a Roundtable on Building Resilience to Climate Change through Community Dialogues held in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, September 20, 2016.
This document discusses economic instruments for integrated water resource management. It outlines key concepts like the public good nature of water, supply and demand, and full cost recovery. Economic instruments can help balance water supply and demand management by addressing issues like markets not being active in the water sector. Instruments mentioned include water tariffs, taxes, subsidies, fees, permits, and pollution charges. The goal is to help recover the full costs of water services provision given water's public good features.
Methods of economic valuation - with a focus on marine ecosystemsIwl Pcu
Rolf Willmann
FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Department
Presentation at the 2nd Targeted Workshop for GEF IW Projects in Africa on Economic Valuation in November 2012 in Addis Ababa.
This document discusses various water valuation methods that can be used to support economic instruments for integrated water resource management. It outlines cost-benefit analysis and how valuation methods can measure the benefits and costs of water to inform pricing policies. Demand functions are estimated using data on water use and prices, while contingent valuation and hedonic pricing are also employed. Valuation of water as an intermediate good for agriculture and industry involves residual imputation and alternative cost approaches. The document considers the usefulness and feasibility of different valuation methods for policymaking.
This document discusses principles and techniques for valuing the environment. It defines the different types of environmental values, including direct use, indirect use, non-use, and intrinsic values. Methods for valuing the environment are also presented, including market-based approaches like factor of production valuation and defensive expenditures, as well as non-market approaches like contingent valuation. The document provides examples and limitations of each technique.
Presented by IWMI's Miriam Otoo at a stakeholder workshop on 'Opportunities for sustainable municipal solid waste management services in Batticaloa District, in Sri Lanka, on September 23, 2016.
Applying Environmental Accounting for assessing the value4money of Miramare M...francesca visintin
The document discusses applying environmental accounting to assess the value of the Miramare Marine Protected Area (MPA). It presents an environmental accounting model that treats MPAs as institutional units with natural stock and flow accounts. The model was applied to the Miramare MPA, quantifying environmental costs and benefits in monetary terms. The results found that €1 spent on protection returns €18 in environmental, social, and economic benefits to society. The accounting provides a framework to analyze interactions between the economy and environment to inform sustainable development policies.
This document describes a tool to evaluate the costs and benefits of conservation scenarios using the Agricultural Conservation Planning Framework (ACPF). The tool quantifies direct costs, such as installation and maintenance, and opportunity costs of best management practices (BMPs) using geospatial and hydrologic models. For a case study in central Iowa, conservation scenarios were analyzed. Direct and opportunity costs, such as forgone crop revenues, were estimated to be $3.19 million annually for a scenario involving cover crops, wetlands, and saturated buffers on over 45,000 acres. The tool aims to identify high-benefit, low-cost BMP placements and support conservation planning.
Presented by IWMI's Liza Debevec at a Roundtable on Building Resilience to Climate Change through Community Dialogues held in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, September 20, 2016.
This document discusses economic instruments for integrated water resource management. It outlines key concepts like the public good nature of water, supply and demand, and full cost recovery. Economic instruments can help balance water supply and demand management by addressing issues like markets not being active in the water sector. Instruments mentioned include water tariffs, taxes, subsidies, fees, permits, and pollution charges. The goal is to help recover the full costs of water services provision given water's public good features.
Towards sustainable financing in Indonesia: Policy initiative on environmenta...CIFOR-ICRAF
Presented by Laksmi Dhewanthi of the Ministry of Environment and ForestryRepublic of Indonesia at the 3rd Asia-Pacific Rainforest Summit, on 23–25 April 2018 in Yogyakarta, Indonesia
1034+1038_Hayes_Promoting_Avoidance_For_Conservation_final_revisedgenevieve hayes
This document discusses tools and frameworks for avoiding negative impacts on biodiversity from development projects. It presents four levels of avoidance: 1) pre-site selection, 2) spatial, 3) temporal, and 4) design. Several specific tools are described that can help with pre-site selection avoidance, including the BirdLife Migratory Soaring Bird Sensitivity Map, Toolkit for Ecosystem Service Site-Based Assessment (TESSA), and Integrated Biodiversity Assessment Tool (IBAT). The document also provides examples of spatial avoidance in various sectors and discusses how genetic analysis could help with spatial avoidance decisions.
This document summarizes a study that used targeted conservation planning to identify opportunities for improving ecosystem services in an agricultural watershed. The Agricultural Conservation Planning Framework was used to assess field-level risks of runoff and nitrate leaching. Fields were then prioritized based on their combined biophysical risk and opportunity costs. This approach identified fields where conservation practices could reduce nutrient losses at low cost and high ecological benefit, optimizing environmental and economic outcomes. The results provide an example of how targeted conservation can be implemented in a watershed to meet nutrient reduction goals in a cost-effective manner.
The document summarizes a study that estimated the costs of municipal waste collection/disposal programs and curbside recycling programs using survey data from over 400 municipalities. The key findings were:
1) Both marginal and average costs of recycling programs exceeded costs of waste collection/disposal programs.
2) Economies of scale existed for waste collection/disposal across all quantities, but only for low quantities of recycling. Cost curves for recycling took on a U-shape at high quantities.
3) Costs were also estimated as functions of factor costs like labor and program attributes like collection frequency.
The Challenges of Decentralized Management of the Ngoyla-Mintom Forest Massif...AI Publications
The document summarizes a study on the challenges of decentralized management of the Ngoyla-Mintom Forest Massif in southeast Cameroon. It finds that the Ngoyla-Mintom forest conservation project had overall positive ecological and socioeconomic impacts. Locally, it led to regeneration of flora and repopulation of wildlife. It also improved livelihoods by financing income-generating activities and infrastructure. However, the project also faced some challenges in its ownership by local communities. The study assessed the strengths of the project, including capacity building of local actors, a financing mechanism, and participatory zoning of the forest area.
Potential for Biodiversity Offsets as a Biodiversity Finance Mechanism in IndiaDivya Narain
Potential for Biodiversity Offsets as a Biodiversity Finance Mechanism in India - a presentation made at the CBD workshop on 'the role of private sector in achieving national biodiversity finance targets' at CII's 10th National Sustainability Summit in New Delhi on Sep. 16th 2015
This document proposes a stepwise approach to conducting a water-energy-food nexus assessment. The assessment aims to understand interactions between water, energy and food systems in a given context and evaluate the performance of interventions. The assessment involves analyzing the current context, applying specific tools to quantify impacts, and assessing interventions' resource use efficiency and productivity versus context status. Key stakeholders should be engaged throughout to build consensus on strategic issues across sectors and scales. The assessment helps inform nexus-related strategies, policies, planning and institutional responses.
The document summarizes the Amazon Eco-Regional Research Program which aims to improve collaboration across the Amazon region to address challenges like deforestation, degradation, poverty and climate change through linking local, regional and global knowledge and action. It outlines four priority research areas: 1) mitigation and adaptation to climate change, 2) adoption of sustainable land use systems, 3) enhanced benefits from forests for livelihoods, and 4) development of market value chains for Amazon products. The program is implemented through collaborative projects between research institutions across the Amazon countries.
Assessing and Capitalizing on the Potential to Enhance Forest Carbon Sinks th...CIFOR-ICRAF
1) The document summarizes a project between IUCN and BMU to identify potential areas in Mexico for forest landscape restoration to meet restoration goals under the Bonn Challenge.
2) The methodology involved defining ecological, economic and social criteria through workshops, gathering and processing spatial data from Mexican institutions, and conducting a multicriteria evaluation and mapping to identify priority restoration sites.
3) The results identified over 302,000 km2 of land in Mexico as priority areas for forest landscape restoration, and highlighted specific priority sites within biological corridors and regions.
The document provides guidelines for establishing an effective computer security incident response capability. It recommends that organizations create an incident response policy and plan, develop procedures for incident handling and reporting, select an appropriate incident response team structure, and determine services the team should provide. The document also stresses the importance of preventing incidents through effective security controls and reducing their impact through efficient detection, containment, eradication and recovery procedures. Coordination with external groups is also highlighted as a key part of incident response.
The scope for using habitat banking to ensure NNL of ecosystems and their ser...leonardo_mazza
This is a presentation to EEB's Biodiversity working group on the scope for using habitat banking to ensure No net loss of ecosystems and their services. The presentation reviews EU's commitments to ensuring NNL of biodiversity and ecosystem services and discusses the contribution that offsetting and habitat banking could make to meeting this policy objective. This is complemented with the presentation of preliminary results from a case study on the use of the Eco-accounts schemes in the German Land of Baden-Wurttemberg to achieve a similar commitment introduced by the German Impact Mitigation Regulation.
Las tres principales razones trigonométricas son: el seno, que es igual al cateto opuesto dividido por la hipotenusa; el coseno, que es igual al cateto adyacente dividido por la hipotenusa; y la tangente, que es igual al cateto opuesto dividido por el cateto adyacente.
The document announces an education conference on 19-20 October 2013 in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. It provides details on the speakers, sessions, and topics which include men's styling, developing corporate clients, etiquette training, and beauty pageantry. The conference offers continuing education units for attendees. Following the conference on 21-22 October, there will be a post-conference workshop by keynote speaker Carla Mathis on discovering personal identity and maximizing color impact.
ATOMS is a French manufacturer that provides Human-Machine Interfaces for military and railway applications, including joysticks, master controllers, and optical encoders. They offer products compliant with military and safety standards up to SIL3. ATOMS also provides sales, technical support, ergonomic assessments, safety documentation, and global support through direct service or partners.
Approaches to Green Infrastructure Implementation in EU Member Statesleonardo_mazza
This presentation provides insights into a selected range of initiatives implementing the Green Infrastructure approach and concept in the area of spatial and land use planning.
Introduction to Azure Resource Manager, Global Azure Bootcamp 2016.04Lukasz Kaluzny
Introduction to Azure Resource Manager presented at Global Azure Bootcamp 2016 in Warsaw, Poland.
Basics about deploying services and their organization and control with the help of Azure Resource Manager.
This document discusses the economic evaluation of biodiversity and ecosystem services. It begins by introducing key concepts like ecosystems, biodiversity, and ecosystem services. It then discusses how placing monetary values on ecosystem services can help inform better decision making. The document outlines challenges to valuing ecosystem services and different methodologies used, including production function methods, contingent valuation methods, hedonic pricing methods, and travel cost methods. It also discusses classifying the different values of biodiversity and conserving biodiversity for both economic and environmental benefits.
Towards sustainable financing in Indonesia: Policy initiative on environmenta...CIFOR-ICRAF
Presented by Laksmi Dhewanthi of the Ministry of Environment and ForestryRepublic of Indonesia at the 3rd Asia-Pacific Rainforest Summit, on 23–25 April 2018 in Yogyakarta, Indonesia
1034+1038_Hayes_Promoting_Avoidance_For_Conservation_final_revisedgenevieve hayes
This document discusses tools and frameworks for avoiding negative impacts on biodiversity from development projects. It presents four levels of avoidance: 1) pre-site selection, 2) spatial, 3) temporal, and 4) design. Several specific tools are described that can help with pre-site selection avoidance, including the BirdLife Migratory Soaring Bird Sensitivity Map, Toolkit for Ecosystem Service Site-Based Assessment (TESSA), and Integrated Biodiversity Assessment Tool (IBAT). The document also provides examples of spatial avoidance in various sectors and discusses how genetic analysis could help with spatial avoidance decisions.
This document summarizes a study that used targeted conservation planning to identify opportunities for improving ecosystem services in an agricultural watershed. The Agricultural Conservation Planning Framework was used to assess field-level risks of runoff and nitrate leaching. Fields were then prioritized based on their combined biophysical risk and opportunity costs. This approach identified fields where conservation practices could reduce nutrient losses at low cost and high ecological benefit, optimizing environmental and economic outcomes. The results provide an example of how targeted conservation can be implemented in a watershed to meet nutrient reduction goals in a cost-effective manner.
The document summarizes a study that estimated the costs of municipal waste collection/disposal programs and curbside recycling programs using survey data from over 400 municipalities. The key findings were:
1) Both marginal and average costs of recycling programs exceeded costs of waste collection/disposal programs.
2) Economies of scale existed for waste collection/disposal across all quantities, but only for low quantities of recycling. Cost curves for recycling took on a U-shape at high quantities.
3) Costs were also estimated as functions of factor costs like labor and program attributes like collection frequency.
The Challenges of Decentralized Management of the Ngoyla-Mintom Forest Massif...AI Publications
The document summarizes a study on the challenges of decentralized management of the Ngoyla-Mintom Forest Massif in southeast Cameroon. It finds that the Ngoyla-Mintom forest conservation project had overall positive ecological and socioeconomic impacts. Locally, it led to regeneration of flora and repopulation of wildlife. It also improved livelihoods by financing income-generating activities and infrastructure. However, the project also faced some challenges in its ownership by local communities. The study assessed the strengths of the project, including capacity building of local actors, a financing mechanism, and participatory zoning of the forest area.
Potential for Biodiversity Offsets as a Biodiversity Finance Mechanism in IndiaDivya Narain
Potential for Biodiversity Offsets as a Biodiversity Finance Mechanism in India - a presentation made at the CBD workshop on 'the role of private sector in achieving national biodiversity finance targets' at CII's 10th National Sustainability Summit in New Delhi on Sep. 16th 2015
This document proposes a stepwise approach to conducting a water-energy-food nexus assessment. The assessment aims to understand interactions between water, energy and food systems in a given context and evaluate the performance of interventions. The assessment involves analyzing the current context, applying specific tools to quantify impacts, and assessing interventions' resource use efficiency and productivity versus context status. Key stakeholders should be engaged throughout to build consensus on strategic issues across sectors and scales. The assessment helps inform nexus-related strategies, policies, planning and institutional responses.
The document summarizes the Amazon Eco-Regional Research Program which aims to improve collaboration across the Amazon region to address challenges like deforestation, degradation, poverty and climate change through linking local, regional and global knowledge and action. It outlines four priority research areas: 1) mitigation and adaptation to climate change, 2) adoption of sustainable land use systems, 3) enhanced benefits from forests for livelihoods, and 4) development of market value chains for Amazon products. The program is implemented through collaborative projects between research institutions across the Amazon countries.
Assessing and Capitalizing on the Potential to Enhance Forest Carbon Sinks th...CIFOR-ICRAF
1) The document summarizes a project between IUCN and BMU to identify potential areas in Mexico for forest landscape restoration to meet restoration goals under the Bonn Challenge.
2) The methodology involved defining ecological, economic and social criteria through workshops, gathering and processing spatial data from Mexican institutions, and conducting a multicriteria evaluation and mapping to identify priority restoration sites.
3) The results identified over 302,000 km2 of land in Mexico as priority areas for forest landscape restoration, and highlighted specific priority sites within biological corridors and regions.
The document provides guidelines for establishing an effective computer security incident response capability. It recommends that organizations create an incident response policy and plan, develop procedures for incident handling and reporting, select an appropriate incident response team structure, and determine services the team should provide. The document also stresses the importance of preventing incidents through effective security controls and reducing their impact through efficient detection, containment, eradication and recovery procedures. Coordination with external groups is also highlighted as a key part of incident response.
The scope for using habitat banking to ensure NNL of ecosystems and their ser...leonardo_mazza
This is a presentation to EEB's Biodiversity working group on the scope for using habitat banking to ensure No net loss of ecosystems and their services. The presentation reviews EU's commitments to ensuring NNL of biodiversity and ecosystem services and discusses the contribution that offsetting and habitat banking could make to meeting this policy objective. This is complemented with the presentation of preliminary results from a case study on the use of the Eco-accounts schemes in the German Land of Baden-Wurttemberg to achieve a similar commitment introduced by the German Impact Mitigation Regulation.
Las tres principales razones trigonométricas son: el seno, que es igual al cateto opuesto dividido por la hipotenusa; el coseno, que es igual al cateto adyacente dividido por la hipotenusa; y la tangente, que es igual al cateto opuesto dividido por el cateto adyacente.
The document announces an education conference on 19-20 October 2013 in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. It provides details on the speakers, sessions, and topics which include men's styling, developing corporate clients, etiquette training, and beauty pageantry. The conference offers continuing education units for attendees. Following the conference on 21-22 October, there will be a post-conference workshop by keynote speaker Carla Mathis on discovering personal identity and maximizing color impact.
ATOMS is a French manufacturer that provides Human-Machine Interfaces for military and railway applications, including joysticks, master controllers, and optical encoders. They offer products compliant with military and safety standards up to SIL3. ATOMS also provides sales, technical support, ergonomic assessments, safety documentation, and global support through direct service or partners.
Approaches to Green Infrastructure Implementation in EU Member Statesleonardo_mazza
This presentation provides insights into a selected range of initiatives implementing the Green Infrastructure approach and concept in the area of spatial and land use planning.
Introduction to Azure Resource Manager, Global Azure Bootcamp 2016.04Lukasz Kaluzny
Introduction to Azure Resource Manager presented at Global Azure Bootcamp 2016 in Warsaw, Poland.
Basics about deploying services and their organization and control with the help of Azure Resource Manager.
This document discusses the economic evaluation of biodiversity and ecosystem services. It begins by introducing key concepts like ecosystems, biodiversity, and ecosystem services. It then discusses how placing monetary values on ecosystem services can help inform better decision making. The document outlines challenges to valuing ecosystem services and different methodologies used, including production function methods, contingent valuation methods, hedonic pricing methods, and travel cost methods. It also discusses classifying the different values of biodiversity and conserving biodiversity for both economic and environmental benefits.
VALUATION OF RENEWABLE NATURAL RESOURESDronak Sahu
This document discusses various methods for valuing renewable natural resources. It begins by defining renewable and non-renewable resources. It then explains that valuing natural resources is complex due to public goods aspects. Methods are grouped as direct and indirect. Indirect methods include travel cost and hedonic pricing, using actual choices to model preferences. Direct methods like contingent valuation directly ask about willingness to pay. Specific valuation methods are then outlined for different renewable resources like land, water, forests and grazing lands. The document concludes with references.
Environmental valuation techniques a reviewDocumentStory
This document discusses various techniques for valuing environmental assets and services that are not traded in markets. It begins by defining environmental valuation and explaining concepts like total economic value and willingness to pay. It then describes several techniques in detail: hedonic pricing, travel cost method, contingent valuation method, production factor method, and averting behavior method. As an example, it summarizes a case study valuing the non-use benefits of maintaining a wetland in Greece using contingent valuation surveys.
Presentation on quantitative methods for valuaing the environment farah (roll...FarahShamimaSultana
This document provides an overview of quantitative methods for valuing the environment, including theoretical frameworks and applications. It discusses contingent valuation methods like stated preference surveys that ask people to assign monetary values to environmental goods and services. It also covers revealed preference methods like the travel cost method and hedonic pricing that use market data to value environmental attributes. The document examines different perspectives on contingent valuation from neoclassical and Marxist economic theories and provides examples of how international organizations have applied these valuation methods.
Appropriate valuation method for Soil Conservation.loknlamsal
This document outlines LOK NATH LAMSAL's presentation on valuing soil conservation. The presentation will include an introduction, conceptual framework, methods of soil valuation, total value of conservation, appropriate valuation techniques, and analysis of different methods. It will discuss how soil degradation in Nepal was recognized, and factors responsible like steep slopes, fragility, and rainfall. Valuing conservation considers private and social worth. Total economic value includes direct use, indirect use, option and existence values. Methods assessed are market-based, production functions, preventative expenditures, damage avoided, replacement costs, and contingent valuation which estimates willingness to pay. No single technique is sufficient due to soil's complex roles, but contingent valuation can consider all functions though results
This document provides an overview of chapter six from a course on natural resource and environmental economics. It discusses the need to value environmental resources and classify their economic benefits. Techniques for measuring the economic value of non-market environmental goods include stated preference methods like contingent valuation and revealed preference methods like the travel cost approach. Environmental cost-benefit analysis balances monetary estimates of the benefits and costs of projects or policies over time. Valuing the environment helps incorporate important externalities, identify market failures, and propose solutions.
Measurement of economic value of environmentSharon Kour
This document discusses methods for valuing the environment economically. It begins by defining economics and environmental valuation. Indirect methods like the hedonic pricing method and travel cost method are revealed preference approaches that observe real market choices. Direct methods like contingent valuation ask people how much an environmental good is worth. The document explains each method in detail and their applications and limitations. It concludes that environmental valuation is important for natural resource management by accounting for the total economic value of ecosystems.
This document summarizes a case study evaluating potential financing mechanisms for Tapantí National Park in Costa Rica based on the economic value of ecosystem services. Key points:
- The study estimated the annual monetary value of biodiversity maintenance, water supply, and recreation/tourism services to be $2.5 million or $43 per hectare, with hydroelectric companies receiving 65% of the total benefits.
- Willingness-to-pay surveys found local stakeholders would pay at least $339,000 annually, enough to cover current and improved park management budgets.
- Proposed financing mechanisms include payments from hydroelectric companies through a water tax and contributions from other beneficiaries.
- Challenges include
Un resumen del enfoque del proyecto The Economics of Ecosystem and Biodiversty (TEEB) acerca de los servicios que proveen los humedales y de los beneficios que éstos nos reportan.
Edwin Use Of Economic Incentives In Bioregionsa95osksj
The document discusses using economic incentives to promote biodiversity conservation outside of protected areas as protected areas alone cannot meet biodiversity targets. It argues that mainstreaming biodiversity conservation as an economic issue through economic incentives can help correct market failures and change behaviors of economic agents to support conservation goals. Cost-benefit analysis and analyzing institutions are approaches that can assess how workable conservation plans are and determine what economic incentives may be most effective. Several areas of potential research on using incentives for conservation oriented regional management are outlined.
16 cost benefit analysis of the environmentPrabha Panth
- The document discusses methods for conducting cost-benefit analyses of the environment, including both direct and indirect methods.
- Direct methods like contingent valuation try to assign monetary values to environmental benefits, while indirect methods estimate costs of environmental degradation.
- However, all of these methods underestimate environmental costs since they are spread over long periods and spaces, do not include costs to non-human species, and cannot fully capture costs to non-living systems or future costs.
Healthy ecosystems provide a variety of such critical goods and services. Created by the interactions of living organisms with their environment, these “ecosystem services” provide both the conditions and processes that sustain human life. The awareness of ecosystem services’ importance in human life styles started more than 2500 years ago. Economists have developed different ways to measure the economic value of the nature, all of which required extrapolation or assumptions.
Ignorance, Institutions and Market Failure are the main reasons to the under-protected status of Ecosystem Services. The environment provides critically important services. Some of these are captured by markets, but many are not. They are positive externalities that are therefore regarded by the beneficiaries as free. As a result, many ecosystem services tend to be both under-conserved and undervalued. If beneficiaries had to pay for explicit service provision, however, governments would think differently about their policies and property owners would think very differently about sustainable land management practices. In basic economic terms, payments for ecosystem services (PES) seek to “get the incentives right” by capturing the positive externalities, by providing accurate signals to both service providers and users that reflect the real social benefits that ecosystem services deliver.
Voluntary agreements between buyers and sellers of ecosystem services for cash or other rewards creating markets for ecosystem services which provide incentives and finance to land and resource managers and thereby strengthening conservation and livelihoods are called as PES.
Wide range of potential buyers and sellers are available depending on the ecosystem service. When the market fails to reward on-site ecosystem service providers, or to compensate them for their costs (e.g. changing land use) charge off-site users for the benefits they enjoy (e.g. clean water) PES create a market for natural resources making conservation a more profitable land-use proposition. Information, technical barriers, policy and regulation and institutional barriers are the major challenges in implementing PES.
Creating economic incentives that encourage PES schemes, including environmental taxes and subsidies, transferable discharge permits and environmental labelling, developing specific PES projects with farmers, foresters and/or fisher folks in their region, or their watershed and providing incentives for the private sector to engage in PES schemes are some recommendations for a better PES system.
Financing FLR: Governance and funding opportunities for landscape management ...Etifor srl
Presentation by Etifor at the workshop Maich Chania organised in the context of the Mediterre3 project. The project is supported by the European Climate Initiative (EUKI)
Ecosystem services are the benefits that people obtain from ecosystems. They are indispensable to the well-being of all living organisms, everywhere in the world. They include provisioning, regulating, and cultural services that directly affect people, and supporting services needed to maintain the other services (Anon., 2005). From the availability of adequate food and water, to disease regulation of vectors, pests, and pathogens, human well-being depends on these services and conditions from the natural environment. Ecosystem services depend on ecosystem conditions, and if these are impacted via pressures, consequently ecosystem services will be as well (Daily G, 1997). Human use of all ecosystem services is growing rapidly. Approximately 60% of the ecosystem services (including 70% of regulating and cultural services) are being degraded or used unsustainably. Certain changes place the sustained delivery of ecosystem services at risk. Human activity is impairing and destroying ecosystem services. Services by the ecosystem are facing some serious threats from urbanization, climate change and introduction of invasive species and pathogens which have come into existence through human activities (Anon., 1997). Ecosystem evaluation is a tool used in determining the impact of human activities on an environmental system, by assigning an economic value to an ecosystem or its ecosystem services. Ecosystem values are measures of how important ecosystem services are to people – what they are worth. Economists classify ecosystem values into several types. The two main categories are use values and non-use, or passive use values. Whereas use values are based on actual use of the environment, non-use values are values that are not associated with actual use, or even an option to use, an ecosystem or its services (Brookshire, et al.,1983). There are several methods of valuation of environmental assets, goods and amenities, services and functions like market price method, productivity method, hedonic pricing method, travel cost method and contingent valuation method.
This document discusses payment for environmental services (PES). It defines PES as a market-based mechanism that translates the non-market values of ecosystem services into financial incentives. This is done to ensure the provision of services like water purification, erosion control, and carbon sequestration. The document outlines different conceptualizations of PES and methods to value ecosystem services. It also discusses the effectiveness and efficiency of PES programs, challenges like leakage, and provides examples of PES programs around the world.
Assessing monetary value of the nuisance caused by an msw landfillIAEME Publication
This document describes a study that uses conjoint analysis to assess the monetary value of nuisance caused by a municipal solid waste landfill site in Kerala, India. The study identifies attributes affected by the landfill, including drinking water source, proximity to facilities, contamination level, and plot access. It then designs a conjoint analysis survey with choices combining these attributes at different levels, along with a monetary savings attribute. The survey responses are analyzed to determine the monetary value (willingness to pay) that residents assign to avoiding each nuisance attribute from the landfill. This monetary value represents the external costs of the landfill that should be included in its overall cost calculation.
Presented by IWMI's Liza Debevec at a Roundtable on Building Resilience to Climate Change through Community Dialogues held in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, September 20, 2016
This document discusses various methods for valuing water to support the use of economic instruments for integrated water resource management. It outlines cost-benefit analysis and different approaches for estimating demand and willingness to pay for water. These include demand curves, hedonic pricing, travel cost methods, and contingent valuation. Methods for valuing water as an intermediate good, like agriculture and power generation, are also presented, including residual and alternative cost approaches. The document encourages considering which valuation methods are most useful and feasible given available resources.
An astonishing, first-of-its-kind, report by the NYT assessing damage in Ukraine. Even if the war ends tomorrow, in many places there will be nothing to go back to.
El Puerto de Algeciras continúa un año más como el más eficiente del continente europeo y vuelve a situarse en el “top ten” mundial, según el informe The Container Port Performance Index 2023 (CPPI), elaborado por el Banco Mundial y la consultora S&P Global.
El informe CPPI utiliza dos enfoques metodológicos diferentes para calcular la clasificación del índice: uno administrativo o técnico y otro estadístico, basado en análisis factorial (FA). Según los autores, esta dualidad pretende asegurar una clasificación que refleje con precisión el rendimiento real del puerto, a la vez que sea estadísticamente sólida. En esta edición del informe CPPI 2023, se han empleado los mismos enfoques metodológicos y se ha aplicado un método de agregación de clasificaciones para combinar los resultados de ambos enfoques y obtener una clasificación agregada.
Acolyte Episodes review (TV series) The Acolyte. Learn about the influence of the program on the Star Wars world, as well as new characters and story twists.
Essential Tools for Modern PR Business .pptxPragencyuk
Discover the essential tools and strategies for modern PR business success. Learn how to craft compelling news releases, leverage press release sites and news wires, stay updated with PR news, and integrate effective PR practices to enhance your brand's visibility and credibility. Elevate your PR efforts with our comprehensive guide.
Here is Gabe Whitley's response to my defamation lawsuit for him calling me a rapist and perjurer in court documents.
You have to read it to believe it, but after you read it, you won't believe it. And I included eight examples of defamatory statements/
1. 1Webinar series. Module 4. 7th June 2013
NBSAP Capacity building Seminars
Webinar # 2: Economic approaches to incorporating values
Module #3
Monetary assessments
Leonardo Mazza
Environmental Economics Programme, IEEP
Patrick ten Brink
Senior Fellow and Head of Brussels Office, IEEP
7 June 2013
2. Webinar series. Module 3. 7th June 2013
I. Why monetary valuation of BD & ESS
II. Economic approaches to demonstrate the values:
A. Direct valuation methods
B. Revealed preference methods
C. Contingent valuation method
D. Choice modelling method
E. Deliberative monetary valuation
F. Benefits/Value transfer
III. Choosing the approach
IV. Commitments relating to valuation in NBSAPs
V. Summary and conclusions
Presentation’s structure
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In some cases, physical data on the state, functions and services from nature
is enough to demonstrate the values of biodiversity & ecosystems
Where community or citizen preferences are clear & heard, this can also be
sufficient to safeguard or invest in biodiversity
Approaches have proved insufficient to halt biodiversity loss.
In practice:
• Policy-makers have attributed a too low or no value to ecosystems/nature
• badly informed decisions about whether to conserve or convert
ecosystems
• loss of biodiversity, ecosystems & their services; unacceptable trade-offs
• significant human, social and economic losses
To get a full picture decision-making needs to be based on a wider picture based
on a mix of qualitative, quantitative and monetary approaches and information.
I. Why demonstrate the values of nature in monetary
terms?
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Exploring the economic value of ecosystem services is just an additional way
of assessing the role and importance of nature.
Monetary analysis: translating qualitative (non numerical data) & quantitative
data (numerical data) into monetary units; to help to inform decision making
as part of a wider evidence base.
Some dimensions of the anthropocentric/ economic rationale for nature
conservation are best expressed in monetary terms
Demonstrations of the values of ecosystems in decision-making:
• Critical for attracting policy interest/attention
• To demonstrate the need for action
• To promote political and public support for action
• To clarify policy response, e.g. policy instrument choice & design
I. Why demonstrate the values of nature in monetary
terms?
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Monetary estimates have proved to be an important additional evidence
base in particular for:
• policy development (e.g. cost-benefit analysis of different policy
options) and implementation,
• design and use of policy instruments (e.g. spatial planning and zoning
choices also involving establishment of protected areas; payments for
ecosystem services schemes),
• land use conversion decisions (e.g. permitting decision and associated
consultation process),
• informed investment choices (e.g. for restoration, sustainable
management, and new investment for ecosystem based solutions).
I. Why demonstrate the values of nature in monetary
terms?
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II. Economic approaches to demonstrate the
values – monetary valuation
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II. Overview of the main monetary valuation
approaches & methods
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Revealed preferenceapproaches Stated preferenceapproaches
Direct methods Direct market valuation
Restoration/replacementcosts
Avoided costs, production
function based
Contingent valuation
Indirect methods Protection expenditure and
preventative behaviour
Travel costs
Hedonic pricing
Choice modelling / experiment
methods
contingent classification,
comparisons in pairs
Economic values for ecosystem services may be estimated:
• directly for the site and issues in question, or may
• use values already developed in other studies of a similar ecosystem & context in which a
valuation has been done. Method known as ‘benefits transfer/value transfer method’.
Approaches & methods
involve:
the use of available
market prices to
observe/calculate
values,
the careful use of
methods to reveal
values,
methods which
require values to be
stated by those
benefitting
=> Each category has its weaknesses & strengths.
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observed values in actual markets
Assessment of data from existing markets (i.e. prices, costs,
and quantities) = actual preferences and incurred costs by
individuals
Two most common techniques:
a) market price based: price of goods
b) cost-based: estimation of the costs incurred if an ecosystem
service would have to be recreated by artificial means (regulating
services: e.g. for water purification or water retention)
II.A. Direct valuation methods
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A variety of market valuation approaches (market
prices, replacement costs, avoided damages) were
used to value a range of direct and indirect values
from the That Luang Marsh (outskirts of the City of
Vientiane in Lao).
Ecosystem services (including rice cultivation, capture
fisheries, flood protection or wastewater purification)
provided by the march estimated at around under
$US 5 million annually.
Important evidence as drainage plans were being
drawn up; renewed interest in sustainable
management of wetlands after study - to achieve
a balance between flood protection and delivery
of the services from the marsh.
II.A. Example of uses of the direct valuation method
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Source: Gerrard (2004); TEEBcase by P. Gerrad (2010)
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Applicable primarily to the goods with already established
markets => Useful to estimate many use-values
Most often used approaches to obtain the value of
provisioning services, as they are often sold in markets (e.g.
agricultural products)
HOWEVER, if market is distorted prices not a reliable estimate
& may need to be adjusted (where possible)
Little help for estimating indirect use values (e.g. climate
regulation) and any non-use values (e.g. cultural services)
II.A. Applicability of direct valuation methods
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II.B. Revealed preference methods
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revealed values in actual markets
Directly observing individual’s choices in existing markets related to
ecosystem services being valued.
Economic agents‘reveal’ their preferences through their choices
Techniques:
a) Travel cost Method (TC): Looking at people’s travelling expenses
for going to a site/ecosystem (i.e. direct costs + opportunity costs); for
recreation value, tourism value, value of water
b) Hedonic Pricing (HP) approach: Environmental characteristics
(property features) are reflected in property prices; i.e. positive increase
in prices for being near attractive nature
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Combination of travel cost & contingent
valuation methods used to estimate value of
the Hanauma Bay Nature Preserve (Hawaii).
Travel cost method considered three types of expenditures (1)
actual costs of transportation; (2) costs related to the travel
time; & (3) the local expenditures.
Valuation study was an important input for the
subsequent setting of reef damage penalties,
as it served as a measure to determine the
possible loss from degradation.
Meta-analysis of hedonic pricing studies from
the US estimated that an increase in the
probability of flood risk of 0.01 in a year is
associated to a difference in transaction price
of an otherwise similar house of –0.6%.
II.B. Example of uses of the revealed preference method
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Source: TEEBcase by P. v. Beukering and H. Cesar (2010)
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Used for recreational services, but also can work for some
regulating services (e.g. flood protection)
Requires rather complex statistical analyses (i.e. data + resources)
High data demand, and reliance on assumptions on the relationship
of the ESs and the surrogate market
Again, the market imperfections might distort the value
estimations
II.B. Applicability of the revealed preference method
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Stated preference approaches; hypothetical
market creation:
Simulation of market demand for a
ecosystem good/service: surveys on
estimating monetary values associated with
hypothetical changes in ecosystem service
provision
Way of getting people to be explicit
about their willingness to pay (e.g. for cleaner
water, species protection) (or willingness to accept
compensation (e.g. for the reduction or loss of ESS)
II.C. The contingent valuation method
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Yellowstone national park (US): CVM of park visitors
to assess wolf direct use (wildlife viewing) & existence
values; wolf reintroduced as valuation revealed
increased visitor expenditure would by far outweigh
losses in hunter benefits (reduced hunter expenditure
due to additional livestock losses)
US government agencies can sue for damage to
environmental resources. Estimating damages
relying on CVM allows to also recover non-use and
existence values. Contingent valuation surveys used
for the assessment of the damages from the Exxon
Valdez oil spill
II.C. Example of uses of the contingent valuation method
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technique widely used by US government departments when performing
CBA of projects impacting on the environment
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Also called ‘discrete choice experiments’ - this is still stated preference approach
relying on a hypothetical market creation
Alternative to more familiar valuation techniques
People choose from a ‘menu of options’ with differing levels of ecosystem
services and differing costs
Respondents indicate their order of preference & values are inferred from
trade-offs people make
Today increasingly relies on computer-administered/
web-based surveys
Applicability: This method seems to be ideally suited to inform
the choice & design of multidimensional policies
II.D. The choice modelling method
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Uses formal methods of deliberation to express values
for environmental change in monetary terms
Principle:
• Individuals are provided with detailed info about
the issues, discuss & deliberate
• They learn about the issue + are encouraged to
understand issue beyond their personal welfare
Deliberative approaches can:
• stimulate citizen involvement
• increase information on ecosystem services
• Process itself results in greater
legitimacy/ownership
II.E. Deliberative monetary valuation methods
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Obtaining consistent & precise ecosystem valuation can be
expensive and time consuming
the‘value/benefits transfer’ method: approach that
minimises the cost and time of valuing of environmental
costs and benefits
values of one site are ‘transferred’ to another; e.g.
estimating economic values in the study location (e.g. a
site in the Netherlands) by using values already developed
in other studies (e.g. from a site in the UK).
II.F. Benefits/Value transfer method
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• Benefit transfer needs to take due account of
site/country/habitat differences and make appropriate
adjustments, where possible (e.g. to take account of differences
in income per capita)
• When differences between the study site & the literature site
are too great value/benefits transfer is not robust/applicable
• values used for a benefit transfer may change over time (e.g.
carbon prices)
• The broader the base of studies from which values can be
taken, the more likely it will be a robust technique
II. F. Drawbacks of using the benefits transfer method
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Approach monetary assessments with a sense of proportionality:
Rapid assessment upfront to identify real needs, i.e. right focus and level of
detail/ precision/ robustness required
A rapid assessment framework should pursue three objectives:
1) obtain a general view of the full range of services provided by a
site/ecosystem
2) give guidance on how to interpret first-stage results & communicate them
3) help identify which ecosystem services could be selected for further in-
depth analysis and most appropriate the methods in light of constraints
In a nutshell, which approach to choose will depend on:
• the scale/ significance of the decision
• the type(s) of benefit(s) being measured
• the time & resources available (some approaches particularly time & resource
intensive) + Available skills
III. Choosing the approach
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Ultimately, what matters is that the approach chosen is fit for purpose:
• Policy Making, e.g. impact assessment of different policy options –
approximate estimates of value of ESS sometimes enough – e.g. if clear
that benefits are much larger than costs (or vice versa) => robust order of
magnitude can suffice
• Instrument Design – eg PES, REDD+, ETS – greater precision needed to
get the design right (e.g. what level of payments, defining additionality & conditionality)
• In compliance checking – as precise an answer as possible is needed as
verifiability crucial to functioning (e.g. performance under PES/REDD)
• In project and permit assessment – as precise an answer as possible is
needed
III. Choosing the approach
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IV. Valuation in revised NBSAPs: France
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France’s National Strategy for
Biodiversity 2011-2020:
• recognises that links between
biodiversity loss & poverty,
degradation of health & well-being
have been demonstrated
• Highlights benefits from
biodiversity;
• Points to the increasing costs
resulting from the degradation of
the biosphere
• concludes that promoting
biodiversity should not be seen as
an additional cost but an investment
Strategic goal A: “show that
biodiversity provides essential services
linking it to health, food, employment,
the economy, quality of life, leisure,
sports and cultural activities”so “each
one (…) is aware of his/her
dependence on the services provided
by biodiversity & this awareness
informs their decisions and
behaviour”
Relevant targets (a selection):
• include biodiversity in economic
decision-making;
• turn biodiversity into a driver for
development;
• develop & organise mainstreaming
of biodiversity concerns in all
education and training courses
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IV. Valuation in revised NBSAPs: Switzerland
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2012 Biodiversity Strategy:
A section dedicated to the importance
of biodiversity to society
direct use values as well as options,
heritage & existence values mentioned
“economic values” of BD outlined:
highlights different ecosystem
services; links the provision of these
services to biodiversity;
most important services delivered by
certain types of ecosystems
highlighted
The links between the economy (value
creation) and biodiversity are also
made explicit in a section dedicated to
actions for biodiversity taken to date
in specific sectors.
Relevant targets and commitments
Strategic objective: by 2020, the
services provided by ecosystems are
identified and quantified in order for
them to be “integrated in the
measurement of well-being as indicators
that complement GDP as well as the
impact assessment or regulations”.
As regards actions the Strategy points
to a catalogue of 23 ecosystem services
that are particularly useful to the Swiss
population that has already been
prepared.
Action Plan to determine specific
measures still under development
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Demonstrating values of ecosystems in economic terms => increased
awareness & improved evidence for better informed decisions
Which approach/technique is best will depend on the ecosystem services
being valued and the wider context
Proportionality of approach used & fitness for purpose considerations
important
Valuation best applied for assessing the consequences of changes resulting
from alternative management options;
Where no method for monetization exists, important to nevertheless
identify all significant changes in ESS
Learning by doing/ from others - key for realising road map and reaching
objectives/create solid foundation for improved policy
V. Summary & conclusions
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=> The TEEB initiative’s website has
become a key resource on the Economics of
ecosystems and biodiversity. Provides
information on the main TEEB Study
reports, published since 2010
=> The CBD Technical Series no. 28 focuses
on the issue of economic Valuation and
explores the tools and methodologies
=> Social and Economic Benefits of
Protected Areas: an Assessment Guide:
aims to do so by synthesising wide-ranging
global evidence on benefits provided by PAs
and providing concrete, step-wise and
practice-oriented guidance on how to
identify asses and communicate the various
benefits
V. Further reading
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26. www.ieep.eu
@IEEP_eu
IEEP is an independent not for profit institute dedicated to advancing
an environmentally sustainable Europe through policy analysis,
development and dissemination.
Contacts: Leonardo Mazza: lmazza@ieep.eu
Patrick ten Brink: ptenbrink@ieep.eu
Thank you for your attention!