Module 2.pptx
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This document discusses language diversity in the classroom. It defines multilingualism as an individual or community's ability to use multiple languages. Multilingual education uses multiple languages for instruction or study. It recognizes, values, and utilizes the linguistic diversity in a society. Benefits of multilingual education include flexibility, motivation, self-esteem, global citizenship preparation, and bridging student differences. Theories discussed include the deficit theory, which suggests some students have inadequate language skills, and the discontinuity theory, which proposes first and second language acquisition differ. The document also defines dialect and register, and discusses understanding students' language backgrounds, including first versus second language learners and home versus school language. It notes the importance of not overpower
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This document discusses teaching English in Pakistan. It begins by stating that English has become a global lingua franca and is taught in Pakistan up to the college level. It then defines language and discusses the key components of language including semantics, phonetics, syntax, and morphology. It outlines some of the main functions and aspects of language study such as phonetics, phonology, grammar, and semantics. The document also discusses some of the challenges of teaching English in Pakistan, including psychological factors, outdated textbooks, and the relationship between language learning and the learner. It concludes by outlining some of the objectives of teaching English in Pakistan.
Eex 502 Presentatin All
The document discusses language development and dialects. It describes how language and culture are intertwined and how dialects vary regionally and socially in the United States. Challenges in assessing English language learners are outlined, emphasizing the need for culturally sensitive evaluations. Instructional approaches for students with limited English proficiency, language differences, or learning disabilities are also reviewed.
Working With Culturally and Linguistically Diverse StudentsCha.docx
Working With Culturally and Linguistically Diverse Students
Chapter 9
Cultural Differences in the Mainstream Classroom
Cultures differ from one to along the following dimensions (Brown & Lundrum-Brown, 1995).
Axiology – The interpersonal values held by members of a cultural group.
Ethos – The beliefs that guide social interactions among members of a cultural group.
Epistemology – Ways of knowing and learning.
Accommodating Cultural Differences in the Classroom
It is very important that you learn the cultural background of your students in order to build a report with the students.
Learning cultural backgrounds can be achieved by doing the following:
Read about students’ home cultures.
Talk with family members to find out about their home literacy practices.
Talk with community members or colleagues who are familiar with students’ home cultures.
Linguistic Differences in the Mainstream Classroom
Cultural Diversity and Linguistic Diversity are two different things. Linguistic differences refer to the different languages of different ethnic groups.
Languages and Dialects. Often times different socio-economic classes have different dialects. There has been a great debate over the past few years about the following:
Ebonics – Is it a dialect or is it incorrect grammar?
Should we accommodate non-standard dialects within the classroom?
How does English Compare to Other Languages?
There are certain aspects of the English language that make it difficult to learn. The English language has more sounds than any other language. There are as many as 3x more sounds in the English language than any other.
Consider the following aspects when analyzing the English language:
Phonology
Morphology
Syntax
How does English Compare to Other Languages?
Aspects of the English Language Cont’d
Pragmatics
Writing Systems
What Do We Do to Support English Language Development in the Mainstream Classroom?
Make the classroom a space that is conducive to learning for English language learners.
Provide “comprehensible input”.
Encourage language production by English language learners.
Draw English language learners’ attention to linguistic forms.
Include home languages in the mainstream classroom.
Assessment of Culturally and Linguistically Diverse Students
When assessing English language learners it is very necessary to have modifications in the following areas:
Presentation of the test
Response to test questions
Setting
Timing/Scheduling
Reinforcement
References
...
Working With Culturally and Linguistically Diverse StudentsCha.docx
Working With Culturally and Linguistically Diverse Students
Chapter 9
Cultural Differences in the Mainstream Classroom
Cultures differ from one to along the following dimensions (Brown & Lundrum-Brown, 1995).
Axiology – The interpersonal values held by members of a cultural group.
Ethos – The beliefs that guide social interactions among members of a cultural group.
Epistemology – Ways of knowing and learning.
Accommodating Cultural Differences in the Classroom
It is very important that you learn the cultural background of your students in order to build a report with the students.
Learning cultural backgrounds can be achieved by doing the following:
Read about students’ home cultures.
Talk with family members to find out about their home literacy practices.
Talk with community members or colleagues who are familiar with students’ home cultures.
Linguistic Differences in the Mainstream Classroom
Cultural Diversity and Linguistic Diversity are two different things. Linguistic differences refer to the different languages of different ethnic groups.
Languages and Dialects. Often times different socio-economic classes have different dialects. There has been a great debate over the past few years about the following:
Ebonics – Is it a dialect or is it incorrect grammar?
Should we accommodate non-standard dialects within the classroom?
How does English Compare to Other Languages?
There are certain aspects of the English language that make it difficult to learn. The English language has more sounds than any other language. There are as many as 3x more sounds in the English language than any other.
Consider the following aspects when analyzing the English language:
Phonology
Morphology
Syntax
How does English Compare to Other Languages?
Aspects of the English Language Cont’d
Pragmatics
Writing Systems
What Do We Do to Support English Language Development in the Mainstream Classroom?
Make the classroom a space that is conducive to learning for English language learners.
Provide “comprehensible input”.
Encourage language production by English language learners.
Draw English language learners’ attention to linguistic forms.
Include home languages in the mainstream classroom.
Assessment of Culturally and Linguistically Diverse Students
When assessing English language learners it is very necessary to have modifications in the following areas:
Presentation of the test
Response to test questions
Setting
Timing/Scheduling
Reinforcement
References
.
Language development among children of linguistic diversity
This document discusses language development among children from linguistically diverse backgrounds. It describes dialect diversity, interactions between language groups like pidgins and creoles, and the academic register used in schools. The document emphasizes that all languages and dialects are equally complex and that bilingualism provides cognitive benefits. It also outlines factors that influence second language acquisition, such as the age of learning, amount of input, and social settings. Teachers are advised to acknowledge and support students' home languages to facilitate learning.
Trends and Issues in EFL
This document discusses various issues and trends related to teaching English as a foreign language. It addresses common problems that can arise, such as learner inhibition, low participation, and lack of motivation. It also explores different methods for teaching second languages to children, such as immersion programs, sign language instruction, and combining language learning with physical actions. The document emphasizes the importance of finding an instructional method that suits each learner's individual needs. It also notes challenges like insufficient time and resources for language teaching in some contexts. Overall, the document provides an overview of current issues, methods, and debates surrounding the field of teaching English as a foreign language.
Language Across the Curriculum .....pptx
The document discusses language acquisition and the use of first and second languages in the classroom. It defines language acquisition as the process of learning structures, rules and representations to perceive, comprehend and produce language. First language acquisition refers to learning one's native language, usually before age 5. Second language acquisition is learning additional languages after one's native language. The document outlines the importance of teaching both first and second languages for personality development, universal knowledge, and brain stimulation. It provides examples of how teachers and students can use both languages in the classroom for instruction, clarification and building shared understanding.
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unite (1) 6508.pptx
This document discusses teaching English in Pakistan. It begins by stating that English has become a global lingua franca and is taught in Pakistan up to the college level. It then defines language and discusses the key components of language including semantics, phonetics, syntax, and morphology. It outlines some of the main functions and aspects of language study such as phonetics, phonology, grammar, and semantics. The document also discusses some of the challenges of teaching English in Pakistan, including psychological factors, outdated textbooks, and the relationship between language learning and the learner. It concludes by outlining some of the objectives of teaching English in Pakistan.
Eex 502 Presentatin All
The document discusses language development and dialects. It describes how language and culture are intertwined and how dialects vary regionally and socially in the United States. Challenges in assessing English language learners are outlined, emphasizing the need for culturally sensitive evaluations. Instructional approaches for students with limited English proficiency, language differences, or learning disabilities are also reviewed.
Working With Culturally and Linguistically Diverse StudentsCha.docx
Working With Culturally and Linguistically Diverse Students
Chapter 9
Cultural Differences in the Mainstream Classroom
Cultures differ from one to along the following dimensions (Brown & Lundrum-Brown, 1995).
Axiology – The interpersonal values held by members of a cultural group.
Ethos – The beliefs that guide social interactions among members of a cultural group.
Epistemology – Ways of knowing and learning.
Accommodating Cultural Differences in the Classroom
It is very important that you learn the cultural background of your students in order to build a report with the students.
Learning cultural backgrounds can be achieved by doing the following:
Read about students’ home cultures.
Talk with family members to find out about their home literacy practices.
Talk with community members or colleagues who are familiar with students’ home cultures.
Linguistic Differences in the Mainstream Classroom
Cultural Diversity and Linguistic Diversity are two different things. Linguistic differences refer to the different languages of different ethnic groups.
Languages and Dialects. Often times different socio-economic classes have different dialects. There has been a great debate over the past few years about the following:
Ebonics – Is it a dialect or is it incorrect grammar?
Should we accommodate non-standard dialects within the classroom?
How does English Compare to Other Languages?
There are certain aspects of the English language that make it difficult to learn. The English language has more sounds than any other language. There are as many as 3x more sounds in the English language than any other.
Consider the following aspects when analyzing the English language:
Phonology
Morphology
Syntax
How does English Compare to Other Languages?
Aspects of the English Language Cont’d
Pragmatics
Writing Systems
What Do We Do to Support English Language Development in the Mainstream Classroom?
Make the classroom a space that is conducive to learning for English language learners.
Provide “comprehensible input”.
Encourage language production by English language learners.
Draw English language learners’ attention to linguistic forms.
Include home languages in the mainstream classroom.
Assessment of Culturally and Linguistically Diverse Students
When assessing English language learners it is very necessary to have modifications in the following areas:
Presentation of the test
Response to test questions
Setting
Timing/Scheduling
Reinforcement
References
...
Working With Culturally and Linguistically Diverse StudentsCha.docx
Working With Culturally and Linguistically Diverse Students
Chapter 9
Cultural Differences in the Mainstream Classroom
Cultures differ from one to along the following dimensions (Brown & Lundrum-Brown, 1995).
Axiology – The interpersonal values held by members of a cultural group.
Ethos – The beliefs that guide social interactions among members of a cultural group.
Epistemology – Ways of knowing and learning.
Accommodating Cultural Differences in the Classroom
It is very important that you learn the cultural background of your students in order to build a report with the students.
Learning cultural backgrounds can be achieved by doing the following:
Read about students’ home cultures.
Talk with family members to find out about their home literacy practices.
Talk with community members or colleagues who are familiar with students’ home cultures.
Linguistic Differences in the Mainstream Classroom
Cultural Diversity and Linguistic Diversity are two different things. Linguistic differences refer to the different languages of different ethnic groups.
Languages and Dialects. Often times different socio-economic classes have different dialects. There has been a great debate over the past few years about the following:
Ebonics – Is it a dialect or is it incorrect grammar?
Should we accommodate non-standard dialects within the classroom?
How does English Compare to Other Languages?
There are certain aspects of the English language that make it difficult to learn. The English language has more sounds than any other language. There are as many as 3x more sounds in the English language than any other.
Consider the following aspects when analyzing the English language:
Phonology
Morphology
Syntax
How does English Compare to Other Languages?
Aspects of the English Language Cont’d
Pragmatics
Writing Systems
What Do We Do to Support English Language Development in the Mainstream Classroom?
Make the classroom a space that is conducive to learning for English language learners.
Provide “comprehensible input”.
Encourage language production by English language learners.
Draw English language learners’ attention to linguistic forms.
Include home languages in the mainstream classroom.
Assessment of Culturally and Linguistically Diverse Students
When assessing English language learners it is very necessary to have modifications in the following areas:
Presentation of the test
Response to test questions
Setting
Timing/Scheduling
Reinforcement
References
.
Language development among children of linguistic diversity
This document discusses language development among children from linguistically diverse backgrounds. It describes dialect diversity, interactions between language groups like pidgins and creoles, and the academic register used in schools. The document emphasizes that all languages and dialects are equally complex and that bilingualism provides cognitive benefits. It also outlines factors that influence second language acquisition, such as the age of learning, amount of input, and social settings. Teachers are advised to acknowledge and support students' home languages to facilitate learning.
Trends and Issues in EFL
This document discusses various issues and trends related to teaching English as a foreign language. It addresses common problems that can arise, such as learner inhibition, low participation, and lack of motivation. It also explores different methods for teaching second languages to children, such as immersion programs, sign language instruction, and combining language learning with physical actions. The document emphasizes the importance of finding an instructional method that suits each learner's individual needs. It also notes challenges like insufficient time and resources for language teaching in some contexts. Overall, the document provides an overview of current issues, methods, and debates surrounding the field of teaching English as a foreign language.
Language Across the Curriculum .....pptx
The document discusses language acquisition and the use of first and second languages in the classroom. It defines language acquisition as the process of learning structures, rules and representations to perceive, comprehend and produce language. First language acquisition refers to learning one's native language, usually before age 5. Second language acquisition is learning additional languages after one's native language. The document outlines the importance of teaching both first and second languages for personality development, universal knowledge, and brain stimulation. It provides examples of how teachers and students can use both languages in the classroom for instruction, clarification and building shared understanding.
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Part one
in eliciting a learner’s answer.
• 4-As prompter: while learners are doing tasks.
• 5-As participant: in joining in activities with learners.
• 6-As resource: in providing information to learners.
• 7-As tutor: in giving individual attention to learners.
Stages of language proficiency
The document discusses mainstreaming English and language proficiency. It defines mainstreaming as the bridge to language proficiency, especially for listening skills. There are five stages of language proficiency from basic to advanced proficient levels. Mainstreaming is important because it acknowledges minority languages and allows students to learn in their native language before transitioning to English, helping ensure they do not fall behind in other subjects.
Multilingual
1. The document discusses multilingualism, its advantages and disadvantages, and how it can be used as a resource in the classroom.
2. Some key advantages of multilingualism include personal, social, cognitive, and economic benefits. However, disadvantages can include issues with pronunciation, syntax, and the development of "pidgin" languages.
3. The document recommends using students' multiple languages as a classroom resource to increase participation, confidence, and understanding that all languages are equally valid. This approach supports learning English while valuing linguistic diversity.
English as Second Language (ESP)
The document discusses different approaches to using a student's mother tongue in an English language classroom. It argues that using the mother tongue can help students understand new concepts by relating them to what is already known. It also allows students to feel secure enough to ask questions and explain problems. However, there is a risk they will hear too little English. The document provides practical ideas for balancing mother tongue and English use, such as giving instructions in both languages or teaching classroom language phrases. The overall approach is to use English as much as possible while avoiding student confusion.
Common Core for ELL
Check this out for an overview of applying the Common Core Standards to the teaching of English Language Learners.
Teaching English in the K to 12
The document discusses the teaching of English in the K to 12 curriculum in the Philippines. It outlines the philosophy, guiding principles, needs of learners, outcomes, and framework of the English language curriculum. The framework includes learning processes like spiral progression and integration of skills. It also covers developing understanding of cultures, language, and language processes and strategies through macro-skills. Assessment is holistic and aims to provide feedback to support student development.
English 344 session 1
The document summarizes key points from two sessions of an English language teaching foundations course. It outlines the agenda, course objectives, materials and assignments. Regarding first language acquisition, it discusses the typical developmental stages children progress through, from babbling to one-word sentences and eventually two to three word sentences by ages 3 to 5. It also briefly covers different theories of first language acquisition from behaviorist, innatist and interactionist perspectives.
Chapter 1 bilingual advantage
This document discusses considerations for promoting success for English language learners. It addresses defining bilingualism, the benefits of bilingualism for individuals and societies, and the effects of bilingualism on children according to research. While bilingual education has challenges in the U.S., the document outlines strategies like using students' native language in instruction, collaborative teaching, and challenging instruction to promote deep proficiency in both languages.
1- Language.pptx
1. The document discusses various topics related to language including definitions of language, varieties of languages, language registers, and language change.
2. It provides details on the many languages spoken in the Philippines and classifications of language varieties such as dialects, pidgins, and creoles.
3. Examples are given of formal, casual, intimate, and other language registers and how register varies based on social context and relationships between speakers.
Teaching Oral Communication Skills
The document discusses several topics related to teaching oral communication skills, including pronunciation teaching, accuracy versus fluency, affective factors, and interaction effects. It provides examples of micro-skills involved in oral communication, such as producing chunks of language, stress patterns, and strategic devices. The document also discusses factors that affect pronunciation learning, such as native language and age, and provides a model for correcting speech errors. Overall, the document offers guidance on techniques for developing students' oral communication abilities.
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GLOSSARY
This document defines key terms related to language teaching and learning:
Total physical response (TPR) is a language teaching method developed by James Asher based on observing child language development. The silent period refers to the early stage of second language acquisition where learners do not speak. Drills involve repetitious exercises to teach and perfect a skill. Phonics teaches reading by associating letters with sounds. An approach establishes effective learning environments for individuals with disabilities or impairments. Multiple intelligences sees intelligence as consisting of distinct capacities rather than a single ability.
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The document discusses the objectives, features, and components of the English curriculum for Grade 5 in the Philippines. It aims to develop students' communicative competence, understanding of language concepts, and appreciation for English. The curriculum is learner-centered, integrative, and focuses on developing 21st century skills. It teaches language domains like reading, writing, and vocabulary through spiralling content across grade levels based on learning standards defining what students should know and be able to do.
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Applied linguistics is the interdisciplinary study of language and its applications in real world contexts. It draws on linguistic theories and research to solve practical language-related problems. Key areas include second language acquisition, teaching methodology, testing, and the relationships between language and society, technology, and other fields. Throughout the 20th century, applied linguistics influenced the development of language teaching methods, shifting the focus from grammar translation to more communicative, meaning-based approaches grounded in theories of language acquisition and use.
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This document discusses the importance of language and a child's mother tongue in their education and development. It outlines several key points:
1) Developing strong language skills in a child's mother tongue helps develop their identity and leads to better educational outcomes like understanding the curriculum. It also makes learning additional languages easier.
2) Using a child's mother tongue in education improves self-esteem, parent involvement, and academic performance. It allows skills to transfer rather than be re-learned.
3) Mastering the four language skills of reading, writing, speaking and listening in one's mother tongue is important for developing communication abilities and logical thinking. It also fosters creativity and knowledge acquisition.
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The document discusses second language acquisition, distinguishing between foreign language learning and second language learning. It covers barriers to acquisition for adults, including embarrassment over accent and lack of interest in the other culture. The document also examines factors important for learners such as motivation, comprehensible input and output, and the development of communicative competence, which involves grammatical, sociolinguistic, and strategic competence. Finally, it notes that applied linguistics investigates the nature of second language learning and deals with practical teaching issues.
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Part one
in eliciting a learner’s answer.
• 4-As prompter: while learners are doing tasks.
• 5-As participant: in joining in activities with learners.
• 6-As resource: in providing information to learners.
• 7-As tutor: in giving individual attention to learners.
Stages of language proficiency
The document discusses mainstreaming English and language proficiency. It defines mainstreaming as the bridge to language proficiency, especially for listening skills. There are five stages of language proficiency from basic to advanced proficient levels. Mainstreaming is important because it acknowledges minority languages and allows students to learn in their native language before transitioning to English, helping ensure they do not fall behind in other subjects.
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1. The document discusses multilingualism, its advantages and disadvantages, and how it can be used as a resource in the classroom.
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The document discusses different approaches to using a student's mother tongue in an English language classroom. It argues that using the mother tongue can help students understand new concepts by relating them to what is already known. It also allows students to feel secure enough to ask questions and explain problems. However, there is a risk they will hear too little English. The document provides practical ideas for balancing mother tongue and English use, such as giving instructions in both languages or teaching classroom language phrases. The overall approach is to use English as much as possible while avoiding student confusion.
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The document discusses the teaching of English in the K to 12 curriculum in the Philippines. It outlines the philosophy, guiding principles, needs of learners, outcomes, and framework of the English language curriculum. The framework includes learning processes like spiral progression and integration of skills. It also covers developing understanding of cultures, language, and language processes and strategies through macro-skills. Assessment is holistic and aims to provide feedback to support student development.
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The document summarizes key points from two sessions of an English language teaching foundations course. It outlines the agenda, course objectives, materials and assignments. Regarding first language acquisition, it discusses the typical developmental stages children progress through, from babbling to one-word sentences and eventually two to three word sentences by ages 3 to 5. It also briefly covers different theories of first language acquisition from behaviorist, innatist and interactionist perspectives.
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This document discusses considerations for promoting success for English language learners. It addresses defining bilingualism, the benefits of bilingualism for individuals and societies, and the effects of bilingualism on children according to research. While bilingual education has challenges in the U.S., the document outlines strategies like using students' native language in instruction, collaborative teaching, and challenging instruction to promote deep proficiency in both languages.
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1. The document discusses various topics related to language including definitions of language, varieties of languages, language registers, and language change.
2. It provides details on the many languages spoken in the Philippines and classifications of language varieties such as dialects, pidgins, and creoles.
3. Examples are given of formal, casual, intimate, and other language registers and how register varies based on social context and relationships between speakers.
Teaching Oral Communication Skills
The document discusses several topics related to teaching oral communication skills, including pronunciation teaching, accuracy versus fluency, affective factors, and interaction effects. It provides examples of micro-skills involved in oral communication, such as producing chunks of language, stress patterns, and strategic devices. The document also discusses factors that affect pronunciation learning, such as native language and age, and provides a model for correcting speech errors. Overall, the document offers guidance on techniques for developing students' oral communication abilities.
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This document discusses the topic of sociolinguistics. It defines sociolinguistics as the study of language use in society and how language interacts with and helps shape social structures. The document outlines three subcategories of sociolinguistic study: micro-sociolinguistics, macro-sociolinguistics, and three areas of sociolinguistic research - language variation, language contact, and linguistic relativity. It provides examples of research within these areas and discusses implications for language teaching.
GLOSSARY
This document defines key terms related to language teaching and learning:
Total physical response (TPR) is a language teaching method developed by James Asher based on observing child language development. The silent period refers to the early stage of second language acquisition where learners do not speak. Drills involve repetitious exercises to teach and perfect a skill. Phonics teaches reading by associating letters with sounds. An approach establishes effective learning environments for individuals with disabilities or impairments. Multiple intelligences sees intelligence as consisting of distinct capacities rather than a single ability.
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The document discusses the objectives, features, and components of the English curriculum for Grade 5 in the Philippines. It aims to develop students' communicative competence, understanding of language concepts, and appreciation for English. The curriculum is learner-centered, integrative, and focuses on developing 21st century skills. It teaches language domains like reading, writing, and vocabulary through spiralling content across grade levels based on learning standards defining what students should know and be able to do.
Applied linguistics
Applied linguistics is the interdisciplinary study of language and its applications in real world contexts. It draws on linguistic theories and research to solve practical language-related problems. Key areas include second language acquisition, teaching methodology, testing, and the relationships between language and society, technology, and other fields. Throughout the 20th century, applied linguistics influenced the development of language teaching methods, shifting the focus from grammar translation to more communicative, meaning-based approaches grounded in theories of language acquisition and use.
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This document discusses the importance of language and a child's mother tongue in their education and development. It outlines several key points:
1) Developing strong language skills in a child's mother tongue helps develop their identity and leads to better educational outcomes like understanding the curriculum. It also makes learning additional languages easier.
2) Using a child's mother tongue in education improves self-esteem, parent involvement, and academic performance. It allows skills to transfer rather than be re-learned.
3) Mastering the four language skills of reading, writing, speaking and listening in one's mother tongue is important for developing communication abilities and logical thinking. It also fosters creativity and knowledge acquisition.
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The document discusses designing curriculum for Arabic Heritage Learners (AHLs) and outlines criteria for developing cultural profiles for AHL textbooks, including familiarity with Arab culture, traditions, values, and sociolinguistic contexts. It also provides examples of themes and chapters in the textbook "Ana Min El Balad Di" that explore Egyptian culture, and assessment approaches for measuring AHL students' cultural competence, identity, and language skills.
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- 1. Module 2 Language Diversity in the Classroom
- 2. Multilingualism- Meaning, Nature, and Scope The ability of an individual speaker or a community of speakers to use multiple languages Multilingualism in education refers to the practice of using multiple languages as mediums of instruction or as subjects of study within the educational system. It involves recognizing, valuing, and utilizing the linguistic diversity present in a given society.
- 3. • ensure flexibility in classroom activities • enhance student motivation • build self-esteem • prepare for global citizenship •Bridge differences among students •Make the expertise of teachers available to the diversified student community • Deepen understanding
- 4. Deficit theory (Eller 1989) • suggested that working-class children have an inadequate command of grammar and vocabulary to express complex ideas. • It explains why students fail in using language. They have: Poor linguistic ability, weak vocabulary foundation, limited range of grammatical constructions; inadequate communicative ability with persons from a different language background, lack of coherence in their presentations. As a result, students experience psychological problems and feel incompetent in class.
- 5. Discontinuity theory • suggests that there might be a fundamental difference between first language (L1) and second language (L2) acquisition. • This theory proposes that the mechanisms or processes involved in acquiring a first language differ significantly from those involved in learning a second language, leading to a perceived gap or discontinuity between the two.
- 6. Sociocultural Variants with special focus to Dialect and Register
- 7. Dialect • a particular form of a language which is peculiar to a specific region or social group • A dialect is distinguished by its vocabulary, grammar, and pronunciation • a regional variety of language distinguished by features of vocabulary, grammar, and pronunciation from other regional varieties and constituting together with them a single language • a form of a language spoken in a particular geographical area or by members of a particular social class or occupational group, distinguished by its vocabulary, grammar, and pronunciation. • Malayali English,Maharashtrian English, Punjabi English, Bengali English, Hindi English
- 8. Register • Register often refers to the degree of formality of language,but in a more general sense it means the language used by a group of people who share similar work or interests, such as doctors or lawyers. • A register is one of the many styles or varieties of language determined by such factors social occasion, purpose, and audience.
- 10. Understanding the Language background of the students
- 11. First and Second language Learners
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- 13. Power dynamics • The superiority of the target language or the language followed in schools must not be overpowered by the home language of the student. • The home language can however be used by teachers as a stepping stone to raise the thinking ability of the child and to make quick associations. • Dialectal differences-language varieties of different regions- must not be overlooked.
- 14. Language used in teaching the subject - issues and Challenges