This module is Concerned with Ethics , Morality and values to be followed by computer users. the computer user should ethical while they are using computer. if any computer user has unethical behavior he/she can not user the computer properly rather he/she think how can I damage others data or documents. So I am initiated to prepare this module in order to deliver basic concepts of ethics and morality. Objectives 1. Defined critical analysis, ethics, morality and values. 2. Apply critical analysis through thinking. 3. Explain the needs of ethics, moral and values. 4. Explain liberty according to different scholars

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A. Objectives
1. Defined critical analysis, ethics, morality and values.
2. Apply critical analysis through thinking.
3. Explain the needs of ethics, moral and values.
4. Explain liberty according to different scholars
5.
B. What Is Critical Analysis?
 It is the ability to think critically and objectively about an issue and to present a
well-constructed argument.
 It is a careful examination and evaluation of a text, image, or other work or
performance.
 It may help to understand the interaction of particular elements that contribute to a
work’s power and effectiveness.
C. What are Ethics, Morality and Values?
 A system of moral principles. They affect how people make decisions and lead
their lives.
 Concerned with what is good for individuals and society and is also described as
moral philosophy.
 The differentiation of intentions, decisions, and actions between those that are
distinguished as proper and those that is improper.
 In other words, it is the disjunction between right and wrong.
SCHOOL OF COMPUTING & INFORMATICS
Department of Information Technology
ETHICS

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 Abroad preferences concerning appropriate courses of action or outcomes.
o As such, values reflect a person's sense of right and wrong or what "ought"
to be.
 Denotes the degree of importance of something or action, with the aim of
determining what actions are best to do or what way is best to live, or to describe
the significance of different actions.
 It tends to influence attitudes and behaviour.
A. Mill’s Liberty Presumptions
 Liberty as the freedom to act and liberty as the absence of cruelty.
 It is neutral on its face between various ideas of the good life.
 It is neutral in its intent.
 It is neutral in its interpretation
B. Discussion of Mill’s on Liberty
 Human choice gains value when freely made. Even bad choices have value in this
sense, so long as they are free choice.
 Authorship: The independent person is a being who is author of his or her actions,
an agent in some full sense.
 If Millan independent is valuable, it is easy to see how legal force prevents its
attainment.
 A force choice is not an independent choice expressive of the agent’s authorship.
 The threat of the law can rob our actions of any of those decisional processes one
rightly values as independent or free choice.
MORALITY
VALUES

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C. Liberty – Limiting Principles
 The Harm Principle – Individual liberty is justifiably limited to prevent harm to
others.
 The Principle of Legal Paternalism – Individual liberty is justifiably limited to
prevent harm to self.
 The Principle of Legal Moralism – Individual liberty is justifiably limited to
prevent immoral behavior.
 The Offense Principle – Individual liberty is justifiably limited to prevent
offense to others.
D. Comparative Justice
Allows us to double-check the fairness of the treatment we mete out to any individual by
comparing it to the treatment that others are accorded.
 Benn and Peters maintain that “To act justly…is to treat all men alike except where there are
relevant differences between them”.
E. Distributive Justice
 It assumes that there is a large amount of fairness in the distribution of goods.
 Equal work should provide individuals with an equal outcome in terms of goods
acquired or the ability to acquire goods.
 If two workers performed the exact same job for the exact same length of time
(with a similar amount of experience), then, if distributive justice is at play, both
workers will be able to acquire the same amount of goods.
o The 3 Focus Principles:
 Equality
 All members of a society are allowed to participate in acquiring goods.
 No one is blocked from acquiring more goods.
 Proportionality – Equal work produces equal outcomes.
 Fairness – The quality of treating people equally or in a way that is right or
reasonable.
A. Nature of Rights

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 Rights are held to be grounded in interests, since their instrumental value derives
from the innate value of well‐being.
B. Kinds of Rights
 The rights are broadly classified into two categories:
 Moral Rights
 Not guaranteed by the state, these are to be emphasized by the citizen.
Right to resist the state is a moral right.
 Legal Rights
 Recognized by the state and is also enforced by the state.
o Civil Rights
Right to Life – A citizen has the right to life and the right to protect his body. It is the
fundamental of human existence.
Right to Liberty – It means that a citizen is entitled to enjoy privileges freely for the
development of his inner self without hindrances.
Right to Property – It creates a sense of possession, responsibility and interest to work.
Right to Equality – All are born equal and are to be treated equally.
Right to Contract – The citizens can enter into contracts with their fellow beings on the basis of
equality.
Right to Family – This is another important civil right enjoys by the citizens.
Right to form Union & Association – As human beings are destined to live in groups, this right
is enjoyed by every citizen.
Right to Freedom of Religion and Conscience – This was treated by some as a right and the
individuals were given the option to choose their own religion.
Right to Freedom of Speech and Expression – The freedom of thought and the freedom of
speech and expression are the cornerstone of democracy.
Right to Language and culture – The rights of every citizen to preserve protect and develop his
own language and culture is an important civil right.
Right to Freedom of Movement – To move freely throughout the territory of a state, is a civil
right enjoyed by the citizen of that state.

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Right to Education – The right to education aims at minimum intellectual level and training that
form a part of his civil rights.
Right to Freedom of Assembly – The right to freedom of assembly in a peaceful manner
without arms is also an important civil right.
Political Rights
Right to Vote – Every adult citizen has the right to cast his vote freely without fear and it
confers the right against discriminatory treatment in this regard.
Right to be Elected – The right to contest election and the right to be elected are closely
connected with the right to vote.
Right to hold Public Office – The right to hold public office in accordance with the established
procedure and without any discrimination.
Right to Petition – The people can submit petition against one government to another
government.
Right to Discuss Public Policy – The people enjoy the right to discuss public policy either to
appreciate or to criticize it. This keeps the government on the right track.
Right to Residence – A citizen has the right to reside and settle in any part of the state. As
voting rights are connected with residence, so it is an important political right.
Right to Protection while Staying Abroad – When a citizen goes to a foreign state or stays
abroad he gets all kinds of protection from his native state.
Right to Public Meeting – A citizen enjoys freedom to transmit his views in a public meeting
without any fear.
Economic Rights
Part of a range of legal principles based on the philosophy of human cultural and social
obligations in which economic equality and freedom are preserved.
 Rights like:
 right to work
 right to rest and leisure etc.
C. Grounds of Rights

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 A law that authorizes a person to protect and defend one's own life and branch
against threat or recognized threat.
D. Human Rights
 These are things that are allowed to be, to do or to have. These rights are there for
your protection against people who might want to harm or hurt you. It helps us to get
along with each other and live in peace.
E. Derivative Moral Rights
 Derivative Rights
o Designed to further the interests of persons other than those to whom the
rights are granted.
 Moral Rights
o The right of creators of copyrighted works generally recognized in civil
law jurisdictions and, to a lesser extent, in some common
law jurisdictions.
o They include the right of attribution, the right to have a work
published anonymously or pseudonymously, and the right to the integrity
of the work.
F. Kant’s Ethical Formalism and Rawls Social Justice Ethics
 Kant’s Ethical Formalism
o It is a blend between reason, experience and revelation.
o Knowledge and truth is a combination of the empirical (experimental) and
the rational (balance) elements or what he called pure practical reason or
a `priori’ judgment.

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o An act is moral if it can be a universal law and carried out with a sense of
duty, not as means to an end and people can deduce the same moral laws
by living in a kingdom of ends.
 Rawls Social Justice Ethics
o Rawls attempts to solve the problem of distributive justice (the socially
just distribution of goods in a society) by utilizing a variant of the familiar
device of the social contract.
o Rawl’s theory provides a framework that explains the significance, in a
society assumed to consist of free and equal persons, of political and
personal liberties, of equal opportunity, and cooperative arrangements that
benefit the more and the less advantaged members of society.