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Modern Pharmacognosy BIO DRUG AND BIO DRUG-FOOD INTERACTIONS
- 1. MODERN PHARMACOGNOSY-I • BIO DRUG-DRUGAND BIO DRUG-FOOD INTERACTION SATHYAMOORTHY. K M.PHARM 1YEAR 1 SEMESTER JKKMRF COLLEGE OF PHARMACY KOMARAPALAYAM
- 2. CONTENT • Introduction • Typesof drug interaction • Effect of drug interaction • Factors contributing to drug interaction • Mechanism • Pharmaceutical interactions • Pharmacokinetic interaction • Pharmacodynamic interaction • Consequences of drug interaction • Reducing the risk of drug interaction • Influence of smoking and alcohol • Bio drug –food interaction
- 3. INTRODUCTION Drug interaction Defined asthe pharmacological activity of one drug is altered by the concomitant use of another drug or by the presence of some other substance. Objective drug The drug whose activity is effected by such an interaction Precipitant The agent which precipitates such an interaction
- 4. TYPE OF DRUGINTERACTIONS
- 5. THE NET EFFECTOF DRUG INTERACTION Generally quantitative i.e. increased or decreased effect Seldom qualitative i.e. rapid or slower effect Adverse effect Precipitation of newer or increased adverse effect
- 6. FACTORS CONTRIBUTING TODRUG INTERACTION 1. Multiple drug therapy 2. Multiple prescribers 3. Multiple pharmacological effect of drug 4. Multiple disease predisposing illness 5. Poor patient compliance 6. Advancing age of patient 7. Drug –related factors
- 7. MECHANISMS OF DRUG INTERACTIONS Thethree mechanisms by which an interaction can develop are Pharmaceutical interactions Pharmacokinetic interactions Pharmacodynamic interactions
- 8. PHARMACEUTICAL INTERACTIONS Also calledas incompatibility It is a physicochemical interaction that occurs when drug are mixed in I.v infusion causing precipitation or inactivation of active principles. Example :Ampicillin, chlorpromazine & barbiturates interact with dextran in solutions and are broken down or form chemical compounds.
- 9. PHARMACOKINETIC INTERACTIONS • These interactionsare those in which ADME properties of the object drug is altered by the precipitant and hence such interactions are also called as ADME interactions. • The resultant effect is altered plasm concentration of the object drug. • These are classified as: • Absorption interactions • Distribution interactions • Metabolism interactions • Excretion interactions
- 10. MAJOR MECHANISM OFABSORPTION INTERACTIONS ARE: 1. Complexation and adsorption 2. Alteration in GI pH 3. Alteration in gut motility 4. Inhibition of GI enzymes 5. Alteration of GI micro flora 6. Malabsorption syndrome
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- 12. DISTRIBUTION INTERACTIONS Are thosewhere the distribution pattern of the object drug is altered. The major mechanism for this interaction is alteration in protein-drug binding.
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- 15. PHARMACODYNAMIC INTERACTIONS • Arethose in which the activity of the object drug at its site of action is altered by the precipitant. • Such interactions may be direct or indirect. These are of two types 1.Direct pharmacodynamic interaction. 2.Indirect pharmacodynamic interaction.
- 16. • In whichdrugs having similar or opposing pharmacological effect are used concurrently. • The three consequences of direct interactions are: • 1.Antagonism. • 2.Addition or summation. • 3.Synergism or potentiation. DIRECT PHARMACODYNAMIC INTERACTIONS
- 17. CONSEQUENCES OF DRUGINTERACTION The consequences of drug interactions may be: • Major-life threatening. • Moderate-deterioration of patient status. • Minor - little effect.
- 18. REDUCING THE RISKOF DRUG INTERACTIONS 1. Identify the patients risk factors 2. Take through drug history 3. Be knowledge about the actions of the drugs being used 4. Consider therapeutics alternatives 5. Avoid complex therapeutics regiments when possible 6. Educate the patient 7. Monitor therapy
- 19. INFLUENCE OF SMOKINGON DRUG INTERACTIONS Smoking increases the activity of drug metabolizing enzyme in the liver, with the result that certain therapeutics agents. Example : Diazepam, propoxyphene, theophylline , olanzapine are metabolized more rapidly and their effect is decreased.
- 20. INFLUENCE OF ALCOHOLON DRUG INTERACTION Chronic use alcohol beverages may increases the rate of metabolism of drug such as warfarin and phenytoin, probably by increasing the activity of hepatic enzymes. • Acute use of alcohol by non alcoholic individuals may cause an inhibition of hepatic enzyme • Use of alcohol beverages with sedatives and other depressants drugs could result in an excessive depressant response.
- 21. INFLUENCE OF FOODDRUG INTERACTION • effects the rate and extent of absorption of drugs from the GI tract. • Example: Many anti biotics should be given at least 1hr before or 2hr after meals to achieve Optimal absorption. • The type of food may be important with regard to the absorption of concurrently administered Drugs. • Example: Dietary items such as milk and other dairy products that contain calcium may decrease the absorption of tetracycline and fluoroquinolone derivatives. • Diet also may influence urinary pH values.