King Prithvi Narayan Shah unified Nepal in the 1740s by defeating neighboring principalities. His successors continued expanding the kingdom, gaining control of territories in modern-day India, Sikkim, and Tibet. However, the 1816 Sugauli Treaty with British India forced Nepal to cede about one-third of its territory. In the 1840s, Jung Bahadur Rana staged several coups and massacres to seize power, establishing the autocratic Rana regime that ruled Nepal until 1951. As the first Prime Minister, Jung Bahadur enacted significant political, legal, and social reforms while maintaining close ties with Britain.
Atal Bihari Vajpayee was a renowned Indian politician who served three terms as the Prime Minister of India. He was born in 1924 in Gwalior, Madhya Pradesh to a middle-class Brahmin family. He received his post-graduation degree from Dayanand Anglo-Vedic College. Vajpayee was a co-founder and the first president of the Bharatiya Janata Party. He was the first non-Congress prime minister to complete a full five-year term in office. Some of his key accomplishments as Prime Minister included conducting nuclear tests, fighting the Kargil War, and pursuing peace initiatives with Pakistan. He received India's highest civilian honor, the B
This Presentation is about the Second Carnatic War. The Second Carnatic War (1749-54) was a struggle for power between various Indian claimants to power in southern India, each supported by the French or the British. This Presentation discusses about the period, effect, conclusion of the war etc.
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Please Like and Share
- Abhishek Sharma
(Slide_Maker4u)
The document provides an introduction to Nepal, summarizing key information about its location, history, geography, economy, culture, and tourism. Some of the key points covered include:
- Nepal is a landlocked country located between India and China in Southern Asia.
- It has a diverse landscape ranging from Himalayan mountains to hills and plains.
- Nepal was historically made up of small kingdoms and was unified in 1768. It transitioned to a democratic republic in 2008.
- The country has a population of around 30 million and its economy relies heavily on agriculture, tourism, and foreign employment.
- Nepali culture is rich and diverse, with influences from Hinduism, Buddhism
Atal Bihari Vajpayee was an Indian statesman who served three terms as Prime Minister of India. He was born in 1924 in Gwalior and was elected to parliament in 1957 as a member of the Bharatiya Jana Sangh party, which he helped found. As prime minister, he ordered nuclear weapons tests in 1998, took a bus to Pakistan to improve relations, and oversaw economic growth despite a global recession. He was awarded India's highest civilian honor, the Bharat Ratna, in 2015 for his service as a leader and poet.
1. The document provides biographical information on 15 prominent Indian freedom fighters and leaders, including Lakshmi Bai, Bhagat Singh, Chakravarthi Rajagopalachari, Vithalbhai Patel, Bal Gangadhar Tilak, Dadabhai Naoroji, Gopal Krishna Gokhale, Dr. Ambedkar, Mahatma Gandhi, Jawaharlal Nehru, Dr. Rajendra Prasad, Chandrasekhar Azad and others.
2. It gives the date of birth, date of death, place of birth and brief background of each leader.
3. The leaders played an important role in the Indian
Balaji Vishwanath assisted the Maratha Emperor Shahu to consolidate power after a period of civil war and attacks from the Mughals. He helped establish the Maratha State and came from a Konkani Brahmin family from coastal Maharashtra. Bajirao I was a legendary general and Peshwa of the Maratha Empire from 1720-1740, expanding the Empire's territory significantly. He came from the Bhat family and was the son of Balaji Vishwanath. His successors also contributed to the growth of the Maratha Empire, though internal conflicts and attacks from outsiders also challenged it.
Bal Gangadhar Tilak, born as Keshav Gangadhar Tilak, was an Indian nationalist, journalist, teacher, social reformer, lawyer and an independence activist. He was the first leader of the Indian Independence Movement.
HISTORY OF SIKKIM:
INTRODUCTION:
History of Sikkim can be divided into three different phases –
Establishment of Namgyal dynasty
British incursion in Sikkim
Democratic Sikkim
Atal Bihari Vajpayee was a renowned Indian politician who served three terms as the Prime Minister of India. He was born in 1924 in Gwalior, Madhya Pradesh to a middle-class Brahmin family. He received his post-graduation degree from Dayanand Anglo-Vedic College. Vajpayee was a co-founder and the first president of the Bharatiya Janata Party. He was the first non-Congress prime minister to complete a full five-year term in office. Some of his key accomplishments as Prime Minister included conducting nuclear tests, fighting the Kargil War, and pursuing peace initiatives with Pakistan. He received India's highest civilian honor, the B
This Presentation is about the Second Carnatic War. The Second Carnatic War (1749-54) was a struggle for power between various Indian claimants to power in southern India, each supported by the French or the British. This Presentation discusses about the period, effect, conclusion of the war etc.
Hope You Like It
Please Like and Share
- Abhishek Sharma
(Slide_Maker4u)
The document provides an introduction to Nepal, summarizing key information about its location, history, geography, economy, culture, and tourism. Some of the key points covered include:
- Nepal is a landlocked country located between India and China in Southern Asia.
- It has a diverse landscape ranging from Himalayan mountains to hills and plains.
- Nepal was historically made up of small kingdoms and was unified in 1768. It transitioned to a democratic republic in 2008.
- The country has a population of around 30 million and its economy relies heavily on agriculture, tourism, and foreign employment.
- Nepali culture is rich and diverse, with influences from Hinduism, Buddhism
Atal Bihari Vajpayee was an Indian statesman who served three terms as Prime Minister of India. He was born in 1924 in Gwalior and was elected to parliament in 1957 as a member of the Bharatiya Jana Sangh party, which he helped found. As prime minister, he ordered nuclear weapons tests in 1998, took a bus to Pakistan to improve relations, and oversaw economic growth despite a global recession. He was awarded India's highest civilian honor, the Bharat Ratna, in 2015 for his service as a leader and poet.
1. The document provides biographical information on 15 prominent Indian freedom fighters and leaders, including Lakshmi Bai, Bhagat Singh, Chakravarthi Rajagopalachari, Vithalbhai Patel, Bal Gangadhar Tilak, Dadabhai Naoroji, Gopal Krishna Gokhale, Dr. Ambedkar, Mahatma Gandhi, Jawaharlal Nehru, Dr. Rajendra Prasad, Chandrasekhar Azad and others.
2. It gives the date of birth, date of death, place of birth and brief background of each leader.
3. The leaders played an important role in the Indian
Balaji Vishwanath assisted the Maratha Emperor Shahu to consolidate power after a period of civil war and attacks from the Mughals. He helped establish the Maratha State and came from a Konkani Brahmin family from coastal Maharashtra. Bajirao I was a legendary general and Peshwa of the Maratha Empire from 1720-1740, expanding the Empire's territory significantly. He came from the Bhat family and was the son of Balaji Vishwanath. His successors also contributed to the growth of the Maratha Empire, though internal conflicts and attacks from outsiders also challenged it.
Bal Gangadhar Tilak, born as Keshav Gangadhar Tilak, was an Indian nationalist, journalist, teacher, social reformer, lawyer and an independence activist. He was the first leader of the Indian Independence Movement.
HISTORY OF SIKKIM:
INTRODUCTION:
History of Sikkim can be divided into three different phases –
Establishment of Namgyal dynasty
British incursion in Sikkim
Democratic Sikkim
Subhash Chandra Bose was an influential figure in the Indian independence movement. He was born in 1897 in Orissa and strongly influenced by Swami Vivekananda's teachings. Though he passed the civil service exam in 1920, he resigned the following year to participate fully in the freedom struggle. He disagreed with Gandhi's principle of non-violence and was twice elected president of the Indian National Congress. In 1941, he fled British house arrest and traveled through Germany and Japan to form the Indian National Army to fight for India's independence. Though the circumstances of his death in 1945 are mysterious, he remains a revered figure for his leadership in the independence movement.
,
the political history of bangladesh : development
,
ancient history of bengal: political dynamics
,
mediaeval history of bengal: development trend t
,
pre ancient history of bengal
,
key political person of bangladesh
,
modern history: british colonial ruletime frame:
,
mediaeval history of bengal: political dynamics
Gandhi was born in 1869 in India and faced discrimination in South Africa, experiences that shaped his advocacy for nonviolent civil rights movements. He helped organize satyagraha campaigns of noncooperation in Champaran (1917) and Kheda (1918) that achieved concessions from British authorities. The Jallianwala Bagh massacre in 1919 prompted Gandhi to launch a noncooperation movement across India, later suspended due to violence at Chauri Chaura in 1922. Gandhi was imprisoned from 1922-1924.
The document summarizes the integration of princely states into independent India after the British rule ended. It discusses that British India was divided into British Indian provinces under direct British control and princely states ruled by princes with internal autonomy. At independence, over 500 princely states were given the option to join India or Pakistan or remain independent. This posed serious challenges to unity. Sardar Patel played a key role in negotiating accessions diplomatically and bringing most states into the Indian union, with some exceptions like Hyderabad and Manipur that required military intervention due to people's movements and resistance from rulers. While most issues were resolved, some resentment remains in Manipur today regarding the merger process.
Bal Gangadhar Tilak was an Indian independence leader born in 1856 in Maharashtra. He received degrees in mathematics and law. Tilak was a teacher who started educational institutions with others. He also began Marathi and English newspapers to spread nationalist ideas. Tilak advocated for women's rights and celebrated Indian festivals. As a leader, he was imprisoned multiple times for his radical views but continued writing. Tilak is known for the phrase "Swaraj is my birthright and I shall have it," advocating self-rule for India. He died in 1920 after making major contributions to the Indian independence movement through his educational and journalistic work.
1. Bhagat Singh was a prominent figure in India's independence movement who was born in 1907 and died in 1931 after being executed by the British.
2. He was involved in numerous revolutionary organizations fighting for independence and was radicalized by events like the Jalianwala Bagh massacre.
3. In 1929, Bhagat Singh and Batukeshwar Dutt threw a bomb in the Central Legislative Assembly while protesting the British government's Defence of India Act, for which they were sentenced to life in prison.
1. Nepal has a long history dating back 11,000 years, with early settlements by people of Bhutanese-Mongoloid parentage. It is mentioned in ancient Hindu texts like the Ramayana and Mahabharata.
2. In ancient times, Nepal consisted of many small kingdoms, the most powerful being the Shakyas of Kapilvastu, from which Buddha emerged. Later, the Mauryas and Licchhavis ruled over Nepal.
3. In medieval times, the Malla kings ruled separate kingdoms in Kathmandu Valley. Nepal was largely undisturbed during this period except for some unsuccessful invasions. The country was divided into many small states.
Rajiv Gandhi served as the 6th Prime Minister of India from 1984 to 1989. Some key facts about him:
- He was born in 1944 to Feroze Gandhi and Indira Gandhi. He studied in India and the UK but did not complete a degree.
- He married Sonia Gandhi in 1968. They had two children, Rahul and Priyanka.
- He entered politics in the 1980s following the death of his brother Sanjay Gandhi.
- He became Prime Minister in 1984 after the assassination of his mother, Indira Gandhi.
- His term was dominated by economic liberalization and the Bofors scandal. He was assassinated in 1991
The document summarizes the key developments in the Indian independence movement. It discusses how nationalism grew in response to British rule, oppression, and economic exploitation. The movement started with moderate groups like the Indian National Congress but later adopted more radical tactics under leaders like Tilak, Lajpat Rai, and Bipin Chandra Pal. Major events that intensified nationalism included the partition of Bengal, the Jallianwala Bagh massacre, and the non-cooperation movement led by Gandhi. The movement eventually led to independence from Britain in 1947 after campaigns of civil disobedience and the Quit India movement, though partition resulted in violence and loss of life.
The jallianwala bagh massacre presentationMonica Sharma
The Jallianwala Bagh Massacre holds a very important place in India's struggle for Freedom .It not only triggered protests across the country but also led to the start of the Non Cooperation Movement
The East India Company was formed in 1600 as a trading company to participate in the spice trade with East and Southeast Asia and India. It gained control over local rulers through a series of military conflicts and alliances in the 18th century. Key battles included Plassey (1757), Buxar (1764), and Anglo-Mysore Wars, resulting in the British controlling Bengal and expanding their territorial control. Resistance from Marathas and Sikhs was also defeated, allowing the British to consolidate political power over much of India by the mid-19th century.
Gopal Krishna Gokhale was a prominent Indian political leader and reformer born in 1866 in Maharashtra. He received his early education locally and higher education in Bombay. He went on to teach history and political economy while becoming involved in public life and the Indian National Congress. Gokhale advocated for self-government and moderate reforms in India through establishment of organizations like the Servants of India Society. He mentored and influenced future leaders like Mahatma Gandhi and Muhammad Ali Jinnah. Gokhale continued his political work until his early death in 1915.
This document provides a detailed history of the ancient kingdom of Mithila in North India and Nepal from its origins to the 16th century CE. It describes how Mithila was established by King Nimi and his son Mithi, and traces the lineage of kings from the Janak dynasty that ruled Mithila for many centuries. These included King Janak, father of Sita from the Hindu epic Ramayana. The document outlines the successive kingdoms and dynasties that ruled Mithila over time, including the Vajjisangh republic, Pala dynasty, Sen dynasty, Karnata dynasty, and Oiniyar dynasty, until Mithila was conquered by Sikandar Lodi in 1526.
Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose was a prominent Indian nationalist leader who fought for India's independence. He was born in 1897 to an affluent family in Cuttack. Bose was expelled from college in 1916 after beating a racist British teacher. He joined the Indian independence movement and worked under leaders like Chittaranjan Das. Bose advocated for complete independence from Britain and was elected president of the Indian National Congress in 1938 and 1939. During World War II, he escaped from house arrest in India and sought support from Axis powers like Germany and Japan to liberate India. He formed the Azad Hind Fauj, or Indian National Army, to fight the British. While the details of his death remain
Mohandas Gandhi led the Indian independence movement using non-violent tactics like non-cooperation and peaceful resistance. When Indians were massacred at Jallianwala Bagh, anger grew but Gandhi continued advocating non-violence. Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel unified India's princely states through diplomacy. Bhagat Singh used violence in protest and was hanged for throwing a bomb in the legislative assembly. Subhas Chandra Bose formed the Indian National Army to fight alongside Japan for India's independence.
Hundreds of thousands of Indians sacrificed their lives fighting for independence from foreign rule. They came from different backgrounds but were united in their fight against British imperialism. The document profiles several prominent Indian freedom fighters and revolutionaries who made significant contributions to the struggle, including Tantia Tope, Nana Sahib, Kunwar Singh, Rani Lakshmi Bai, Bal Gangadhar Tilak, Mangal Pandey, Begum Hazrat Mahal, Bipin Chandra Pal, Chandra Shekhar Azad, Dadabhai Naoroji, Jawaharlal Nehru, Lala Lajpat Rai, Mahatma Gandhi, and Kamalade
This document provides a history of Sikkim divided into three phases:
1) The establishment of the Namgyal dynasty in the 13th century by Khye Bumsa, a Tibetan prince, who made a blood brotherhood with the indigenous Lepcha people.
2) British incursion into Sikkim in the 18th-19th centuries which resulted in the loss of territory to British India.
3) The transition to a democratic system after Sikkim became a protectorate of India in the 1950s and joined India as its 22nd state in 1975. It then summarizes the rule of the 12 Namgyal kings who ruled Sikkim for 333 years until it became
The document summarizes the history of Darbhanga Raj, a former princely state located in Bihar, India. It discusses how the region was originally ruled by various dynasties until the 13th century when control passed to Maithil Brahmins. Two Maithil Brahmin families went on to establish the Khandavala Dynasty during Mughal rule in the 16th century. By the time of British rule, the estate of Darbhanga Raj had grown to over 6,200 square kilometers and was the largest and richest zamindari in India, ruled by the Raj Darbhanga family. The document then lists the 18 Maharajas of Darbhanga Raj from
Subhash Chandra Bose was an influential figure in the Indian independence movement. He was born in 1897 in Orissa and strongly influenced by Swami Vivekananda's teachings. Though he passed the civil service exam in 1920, he resigned the following year to participate fully in the freedom struggle. He disagreed with Gandhi's principle of non-violence and was twice elected president of the Indian National Congress. In 1941, he fled British house arrest and traveled through Germany and Japan to form the Indian National Army to fight for India's independence. Though the circumstances of his death in 1945 are mysterious, he remains a revered figure for his leadership in the independence movement.
,
the political history of bangladesh : development
,
ancient history of bengal: political dynamics
,
mediaeval history of bengal: development trend t
,
pre ancient history of bengal
,
key political person of bangladesh
,
modern history: british colonial ruletime frame:
,
mediaeval history of bengal: political dynamics
Gandhi was born in 1869 in India and faced discrimination in South Africa, experiences that shaped his advocacy for nonviolent civil rights movements. He helped organize satyagraha campaigns of noncooperation in Champaran (1917) and Kheda (1918) that achieved concessions from British authorities. The Jallianwala Bagh massacre in 1919 prompted Gandhi to launch a noncooperation movement across India, later suspended due to violence at Chauri Chaura in 1922. Gandhi was imprisoned from 1922-1924.
The document summarizes the integration of princely states into independent India after the British rule ended. It discusses that British India was divided into British Indian provinces under direct British control and princely states ruled by princes with internal autonomy. At independence, over 500 princely states were given the option to join India or Pakistan or remain independent. This posed serious challenges to unity. Sardar Patel played a key role in negotiating accessions diplomatically and bringing most states into the Indian union, with some exceptions like Hyderabad and Manipur that required military intervention due to people's movements and resistance from rulers. While most issues were resolved, some resentment remains in Manipur today regarding the merger process.
Bal Gangadhar Tilak was an Indian independence leader born in 1856 in Maharashtra. He received degrees in mathematics and law. Tilak was a teacher who started educational institutions with others. He also began Marathi and English newspapers to spread nationalist ideas. Tilak advocated for women's rights and celebrated Indian festivals. As a leader, he was imprisoned multiple times for his radical views but continued writing. Tilak is known for the phrase "Swaraj is my birthright and I shall have it," advocating self-rule for India. He died in 1920 after making major contributions to the Indian independence movement through his educational and journalistic work.
1. Bhagat Singh was a prominent figure in India's independence movement who was born in 1907 and died in 1931 after being executed by the British.
2. He was involved in numerous revolutionary organizations fighting for independence and was radicalized by events like the Jalianwala Bagh massacre.
3. In 1929, Bhagat Singh and Batukeshwar Dutt threw a bomb in the Central Legislative Assembly while protesting the British government's Defence of India Act, for which they were sentenced to life in prison.
1. Nepal has a long history dating back 11,000 years, with early settlements by people of Bhutanese-Mongoloid parentage. It is mentioned in ancient Hindu texts like the Ramayana and Mahabharata.
2. In ancient times, Nepal consisted of many small kingdoms, the most powerful being the Shakyas of Kapilvastu, from which Buddha emerged. Later, the Mauryas and Licchhavis ruled over Nepal.
3. In medieval times, the Malla kings ruled separate kingdoms in Kathmandu Valley. Nepal was largely undisturbed during this period except for some unsuccessful invasions. The country was divided into many small states.
Rajiv Gandhi served as the 6th Prime Minister of India from 1984 to 1989. Some key facts about him:
- He was born in 1944 to Feroze Gandhi and Indira Gandhi. He studied in India and the UK but did not complete a degree.
- He married Sonia Gandhi in 1968. They had two children, Rahul and Priyanka.
- He entered politics in the 1980s following the death of his brother Sanjay Gandhi.
- He became Prime Minister in 1984 after the assassination of his mother, Indira Gandhi.
- His term was dominated by economic liberalization and the Bofors scandal. He was assassinated in 1991
The document summarizes the key developments in the Indian independence movement. It discusses how nationalism grew in response to British rule, oppression, and economic exploitation. The movement started with moderate groups like the Indian National Congress but later adopted more radical tactics under leaders like Tilak, Lajpat Rai, and Bipin Chandra Pal. Major events that intensified nationalism included the partition of Bengal, the Jallianwala Bagh massacre, and the non-cooperation movement led by Gandhi. The movement eventually led to independence from Britain in 1947 after campaigns of civil disobedience and the Quit India movement, though partition resulted in violence and loss of life.
The jallianwala bagh massacre presentationMonica Sharma
The Jallianwala Bagh Massacre holds a very important place in India's struggle for Freedom .It not only triggered protests across the country but also led to the start of the Non Cooperation Movement
The East India Company was formed in 1600 as a trading company to participate in the spice trade with East and Southeast Asia and India. It gained control over local rulers through a series of military conflicts and alliances in the 18th century. Key battles included Plassey (1757), Buxar (1764), and Anglo-Mysore Wars, resulting in the British controlling Bengal and expanding their territorial control. Resistance from Marathas and Sikhs was also defeated, allowing the British to consolidate political power over much of India by the mid-19th century.
Gopal Krishna Gokhale was a prominent Indian political leader and reformer born in 1866 in Maharashtra. He received his early education locally and higher education in Bombay. He went on to teach history and political economy while becoming involved in public life and the Indian National Congress. Gokhale advocated for self-government and moderate reforms in India through establishment of organizations like the Servants of India Society. He mentored and influenced future leaders like Mahatma Gandhi and Muhammad Ali Jinnah. Gokhale continued his political work until his early death in 1915.
This document provides a detailed history of the ancient kingdom of Mithila in North India and Nepal from its origins to the 16th century CE. It describes how Mithila was established by King Nimi and his son Mithi, and traces the lineage of kings from the Janak dynasty that ruled Mithila for many centuries. These included King Janak, father of Sita from the Hindu epic Ramayana. The document outlines the successive kingdoms and dynasties that ruled Mithila over time, including the Vajjisangh republic, Pala dynasty, Sen dynasty, Karnata dynasty, and Oiniyar dynasty, until Mithila was conquered by Sikandar Lodi in 1526.
Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose was a prominent Indian nationalist leader who fought for India's independence. He was born in 1897 to an affluent family in Cuttack. Bose was expelled from college in 1916 after beating a racist British teacher. He joined the Indian independence movement and worked under leaders like Chittaranjan Das. Bose advocated for complete independence from Britain and was elected president of the Indian National Congress in 1938 and 1939. During World War II, he escaped from house arrest in India and sought support from Axis powers like Germany and Japan to liberate India. He formed the Azad Hind Fauj, or Indian National Army, to fight the British. While the details of his death remain
Mohandas Gandhi led the Indian independence movement using non-violent tactics like non-cooperation and peaceful resistance. When Indians were massacred at Jallianwala Bagh, anger grew but Gandhi continued advocating non-violence. Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel unified India's princely states through diplomacy. Bhagat Singh used violence in protest and was hanged for throwing a bomb in the legislative assembly. Subhas Chandra Bose formed the Indian National Army to fight alongside Japan for India's independence.
Hundreds of thousands of Indians sacrificed their lives fighting for independence from foreign rule. They came from different backgrounds but were united in their fight against British imperialism. The document profiles several prominent Indian freedom fighters and revolutionaries who made significant contributions to the struggle, including Tantia Tope, Nana Sahib, Kunwar Singh, Rani Lakshmi Bai, Bal Gangadhar Tilak, Mangal Pandey, Begum Hazrat Mahal, Bipin Chandra Pal, Chandra Shekhar Azad, Dadabhai Naoroji, Jawaharlal Nehru, Lala Lajpat Rai, Mahatma Gandhi, and Kamalade
This document provides a history of Sikkim divided into three phases:
1) The establishment of the Namgyal dynasty in the 13th century by Khye Bumsa, a Tibetan prince, who made a blood brotherhood with the indigenous Lepcha people.
2) British incursion into Sikkim in the 18th-19th centuries which resulted in the loss of territory to British India.
3) The transition to a democratic system after Sikkim became a protectorate of India in the 1950s and joined India as its 22nd state in 1975. It then summarizes the rule of the 12 Namgyal kings who ruled Sikkim for 333 years until it became
The document summarizes the history of Darbhanga Raj, a former princely state located in Bihar, India. It discusses how the region was originally ruled by various dynasties until the 13th century when control passed to Maithil Brahmins. Two Maithil Brahmin families went on to establish the Khandavala Dynasty during Mughal rule in the 16th century. By the time of British rule, the estate of Darbhanga Raj had grown to over 6,200 square kilometers and was the largest and richest zamindari in India, ruled by the Raj Darbhanga family. The document then lists the 18 Maharajas of Darbhanga Raj from
1. Sri Lanka gained independence from Britain in 1948 and became a republic in 1972. It has experienced major events like the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami that killed over 40,000 people and the conclusion of the 26-year civil war in 2009.
2. The country has a long history with kingdoms dating back to 500 BC and was subsequently ruled by the Portuguese, Dutch, and British before independence. There remains ethnic and political tensions between the Sinhalese majority and Tamil minority.
3. The rupee replaced the Ceylonese rixdollar as the official currency in 1836 under British rule and became the sole legal tender in 1872, evolving from the British monetary system over time.
IMPORTANT INCIDENTS & CONSPIRACY CASES IN FREEDOM MOVEMENT.pptAthmanathan Nathan
The document summarizes key events in the Indian independence movement's Ghadar programme and other revolutionary activities between 1914-1931. It discusses the Ghadar party's plans for an armed revolt in 1915 that was foiled, as well as later conspiracies like the Kakori conspiracy of 1925. It also profiles influential revolutionary leaders like Bhagat Singh, Sukhdev, Rajguru, Ashfaqullah Khan, and Chandra Shekhar Azad who were involved in these activities and were imprisoned, exiled or executed by the British authorities.
This document is a presentation about India's struggle for independence from British rule, culminating in freedom on August 15, 1947. It discusses key figures in the independence movement like Gandhi, Nehru, and Bose. It outlines the periods of British East India Company rule and direct British government rule over India. It highlights events like the Salt March and formation of the Indian National Congress and Muslim League. The presentation concludes with India gaining independence in 1947 after the partition into India and Pakistan, though accompanied by violence and mass refugee migration between the new countries.
This document is a presentation about India's struggle for independence from British rule, culminating in freedom on August 15, 1947. It discusses key figures in the independence movement like Gandhi, Nehru, and Bose. It outlines the periods of British East India Company rule and direct British government rule over India. It highlights events like the Salt March and formation of the Indian National Congress that advanced the independence movement. The presentation concludes with India gaining independence in 1947 after the partition into India and Pakistan, though violence and refugee crises ensued.
This document is a presentation about India's struggle for independence from British rule, culminating in freedom on August 15, 1947. It discusses key figures in the independence movement like Gandhi, Nehru, and Bose. It outlines the periods of British East India Company rule and direct British government rule over India. It highlights events like the Salt March and formation of the Indian National Congress that advanced the independence movement. The presentation concludes with India gaining independence in 1947 after the partition into India and Pakistan, though violence and refugee crises ensued.
This document is a presentation about India's struggle for independence from British rule, which was achieved on August 15, 1947. It discusses key figures in the independence movement like Gandhi, Nehru, and Subhas Chandra Bose. It outlines the periods of British East India Company rule and direct British government rule over India. It highlights events like the Salt March and formation of the Indian National Army in the fight for independence. The presentation concludes with India gaining independence in 1947 after the partition into India and Pakistan, though violence and mass refugee migration accompanied the partition.
This document is a presentation about India's struggle for independence from British rule, culminating in freedom on August 15, 1947. It discusses key figures in the independence movement like Gandhi, Nehru, and Bose. It outlines the periods of British East India Company rule and direct British government rule over India. It highlights events like the Salt March and formation of the Indian National Congress that advanced the independence movement. The presentation concludes with India gaining independence in 1947 after the partition into India and Pakistan, though violence and refugee crises ensued.
This document is a presentation about India's struggle for independence from British rule, culminating in freedom on August 15, 1947. It discusses key figures in the independence movement like Gandhi, Nehru, and Bose. It outlines the periods of British East India Company rule and direct British government rule over India. It highlights events like the Salt March and formation of the Indian National Congress that advanced the independence movement. The presentation concludes with India gaining independence in 1947 after the partition into India and Pakistan, though violence and refugee crises ensued.
This document is a presentation about India's struggle for independence from British rule, culminating in freedom on August 15, 1947. It discusses key figures in the independence movement like Gandhi, Nehru, and Bose. It outlines the periods of British East India Company rule and direct British rule over India. It highlights events like the Salt March and formation of the Indian National Congress and Muslim League. The presentation concludes with India gaining independence in 1947 after the partition into India and Pakistan, though accompanied by violence and mass migration between the new countries.
This document is a presentation about India's struggle for independence from British rule, culminating in freedom on August 15, 1947. It discusses key figures in the independence movement like Gandhi, Nehru, and Bose. It outlines the periods of British East India Company rule and direct British government rule over India. It highlights events like the Salt March and formation of the Indian National Congress that advanced the independence movement. The presentation concludes with India gaining independence in 1947 after the partition into India and Pakistan, though violence and refugee crises ensued.
This document is a presentation about India's struggle for independence from British rule, culminating in freedom on August 15, 1947. It discusses key figures in the independence movement like Gandhi, Nehru, and Bose. It outlines the periods of British East India Company rule and direct British government rule over India. It highlights events like the Salt March and formation of the Indian National Congress that advanced the independence movement. The presentation concludes with India gaining independence in 1947 after the partition into India and Pakistan, though violence and displacement accompanied the partition.
This document is a presentation about India's struggle for independence from British rule, culminating in freedom on August 15, 1947. It discusses key figures in the independence movement like Gandhi, Nehru, and Bose. It outlines the periods of British East India Company rule and direct British government rule over India. It highlights events like the Salt March and formation of the Indian National Congress that advanced the independence movement. The presentation concludes with India gaining independence in 1947 after the partition into India and Pakistan, though violence and refugee crises ensued.
This document is a presentation about India's struggle for independence from British rule, culminating in freedom on August 15, 1947. It discusses key figures in the independence movement like Gandhi, Nehru, and Bose. It outlines the periods of British East India Company rule and direct British government rule over India. It highlights events like the Salt March and formation of the Indian National Congress that advanced the independence movement. The presentation concludes with India gaining independence in 1947 after the partition into India and Pakistan, though violence and refugee crises ensued.
This document is a presentation about India's struggle for independence from British rule, culminating in freedom on August 15, 1947. It discusses key figures in the independence movement like Gandhi, Nehru, and Bose. It outlines the periods of British East India Company rule and direct British government rule over India. It highlights events like the Salt March and formation of the Indian National Congress that advanced the independence movement. The presentation concludes with India gaining independence in 1947 after the partition into India and Pakistan, though violence and refugee crises ensued.
This document is a presentation about India's struggle for independence from British rule, culminating in freedom on August 15, 1947. It discusses key figures in the independence movement like Gandhi, Nehru, and Bose. It outlines the periods of British East India Company rule and direct British government rule over India. It highlights events like the Salt March and formation of the Indian National Congress that advanced the independence movement. The presentation concludes with India gaining independence in 1947 after the partition into India and Pakistan, though violence and refugee crises ensued.
This document is a presentation about India's struggle for independence from British rule, culminating in freedom on August 15, 1947. It discusses key figures in the independence movement like Gandhi, Nehru, and Bose. It outlines the periods of British East India Company rule and direct British government rule over India. It highlights events like the Salt March and formation of the Indian National Congress that advanced the independence movement. The presentation concludes with India gaining independence in 1947 after the partition into India and Pakistan, though violence and refugee crises ensued.
This document is a presentation about India's struggle for independence from British rule, culminating in freedom on August 15, 1947. It discusses key figures in the independence movement like Gandhi, Nehru, and Subhas Chandra Bose. It outlines the periods of British East India Company rule and direct British government rule, and resistance that occurred. It highlights Gandhi's non-violent campaigns like the Salt March and calls for non-cooperation. The presentation notes the violence and refugee crisis around the bloody partition of India and Pakistan upon independence in 1947.
This document is a presentation about India's struggle for independence from British rule, culminating in freedom on August 15, 1947. It discusses key figures in the independence movement like Gandhi, Nehru, and Bose. It outlines the periods of British East India Company rule and direct British government rule over India. It highlights events like the Salt March and formation of the Indian National Congress that advanced the independence movement. The presentation concludes with India gaining independence in 1947 after the partition into India and Pakistan, though violence and refugee crises ensued.
16062024_First India Newspaper Jaipur.pdfFIRST INDIA
Find Latest India News and Breaking News these days from India on Politics, Business, Entertainment, Technology, Sports, Lifestyle and Coronavirus News in India and the world over that you can't miss. For real time update Visit our social media handle. Read First India NewsPaper in your morning replace. Visit First India.
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Recent years have seen a disturbing rise in violence, discrimination, and intolerance against Christian communities in various Islamic countries. This multifaceted challenge, deeply rooted in historical, social, and political animosities, demands urgent attention. Despite the escalating persecution, substantial support from the Western world remains lacking.
18062024_First India Newspaper Jaipur.pdfFIRST INDIA
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Shark Tank Jargon | Operational ProfitabilityTheUnitedIndian
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12062024_First India Newspaper Jaipur.pdfFIRST INDIA
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ग्रेटर मुंबई के नगर आयुक्त को एक खुले पत्र में याचिका दायर कर 540 से अधिक मुंबईकरों ने सभी अवैध और अस्थिर होर्डिंग्स, साइनबोर्ड और इलेक्ट्रिक साइनेज को तत्काल हटाने और 13 मई, 2024 की शाम को घाटकोपर में अवैध होर्डिंग के गिरने की विनाशकारी घटना के बाद अपराधियों के खिलाफ सख्त कार्रवाई की मांग की है, जिसमें 17 लोगों की जान चली गई और कई निर्दोष लोग गंभीर रूप से घायल हो गए।
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15062024_First India Newspaper Jaipur.pdfFIRST INDIA
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#WenguiGuo#WashingtonFarm Guo Wengui Wolf son ambition exposed to open a far...rittaajmal71
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2. Kings, Prime minister and their Ruling period
S.No. Name of King Ruling Period Time Name of Prime Minister Term of office Time
1 Prithvi Narayan Shah
25th Sep 1743-
11st Jan 1775
31Y 3M
18D
- - -
2 Pratap Singh Shah
11st Jan 1775-
17th Nov 1777
2Y 10M
7D
- - -
3
Rana Bahadur Shah
(Abdicated)
17th Nov 1777-
8th Mar 1799
1Y 3M
20D
- - -
4
Girvan Yuddha Bikram Shah
(Shah expansion era1799–
1806)(Thapa/Pande era
(1806–1846)
8th Mar 1799-
20th Nov 1816
17Y 8M
13D
Damodar Pande (Mul-Kaji)
Rana Bahadur Shah(Mukhtiyar)
Bhimsen Thapa (PM)
1799-1804
1806-1806
1806-1837
5Y
59D
31Y
5
Rajendra Bikram Shah
(Rana era 1846–1951)
20th Nov 1816-
12th May 1847
30Y 5M
23 D
Rana Jang Pande
Ranga Nath Poudyal
Chautariya Puskhar Shah
Rana Jang Pande
Ranga Nath Poudyal
Fateh Jung Shah
Mathabar Singh Thapa
Fateh Jung Shah
Jung Bahadur Rana
1837-1837
1837-1838
1838-1839
1839-1840
1840-1840
1840-1843
1843-1845
1845-1846
1846
1Y
1Y
1Y
1Y
1Y
3Y
2Y
1Y
9,10,17
3. Contd…
S.No. Name of King Ruling Period Time Name of Prime Minister Term of office Time
6
Surendra Bikram Shah
(Abdicated)
12th May 1847-
17th May 1881
34Y 6D
Jung Bahadur Rana
Bam Bahadur Kunwar
Krishna Bahadur Kunwar
Rana (Acting PM)
Jung Bahadur Rana
Ranodip Singh Kunwar
1846-1856
1856-1857
1857-1857
1857-1877
1877
9,10,17
0,9,24
0,1,4
19,7,28
8,8,28
7
Prithvi Bir Bikram Shah
(GS of Surendra Bikram Shah)
17th May 1881-
11st Dec 1911
30Y 6M
25D
Ranodip Singh Kunwar
Bir Shumsher JBR
Dev Shumsher JBR
Chandra Shumsher JBR
1877-1885
1885-1901
1901-1901
1901-1929
8,8,28
15,3,11
0,3,22
28,5,0
8 Tribhuvan Bir Bikram Shah
11st Dec 1911-
7th Nov 1950
30Y
10M
28D
Chandra Shumsher JBR
Bhim Shumsher JBR
Juddha Shumsher JBR
Padma Shumsher JBR
Mohan Shumsher JBR
1901-1929
1929-1932
1932-1945
1945-1948
1948
28,5,0
2,8,6
13,3,28
2,5,1
3,6,13
4. Contd…
S.No. Name of King Ruling Period Time Name of Prime Minister
Term of
office
Time
9 Gyanendra Bir Bikram Shah
(Stepped Down)
7th Nov 1950-
7th Jan 1951
2M
1D
Mohan Shumsher JBR
1948-1951 3,6,13
10
Tribhuvan Bir Bikram Shah
(Transition era (1951–1960)
7th Jan 1951-
13th Mar 1955
2Y
2M
7D
Matrika Prasad Koirala(NC)
Direct Rule
Matrika Prasad Koirala(RPP)
1951-1952
1952-1953
1953-1955
0,8,29
0,10,1
1,10,0
11
Mahendra Bir Bikram Shah
(Panchayat era 1960–1990)
13th Mar
1955-
31st Jan 1972
16Y
10M
19D
Direct Rule
Tanka Prasad Acharya(NPP)
Kunwar Inderjit Singh(UDP)
Subarna Shamsher Rana(NC)
Bishweshwar Prasad Koirala(NC)
Tulsi Giri(P)
Surya Bahadur Thapa(P)
Tulsi Giri(P)
Surya Bahadur Thapa(P)
Kirti Nidhi Bista(P)
Gehendra Bahadur Rajbhandari(P)
Kirti Nidhi Bista(P)
1955-1956
1956-1957
1957-1958
1915-1959
1959-1960
1960-1963
1963-1964
1964-1965
1965-1969
1969-1970
1970-1971
1971-1973
0,9,13
1,5,29
0,9,19
1,0,11
1,7,0
2,11,27
0,2,3
0,10,28
4,2,15
1,0,6
1,0,1
2,3,2
5. Contd…
S.No. Name of King Ruling Period Time Name of Prime Minister Term of office Time
12
Birendra Bir Bikram Shah
(Assassinated)
(Constitutional monarchy
1990–2008)
31st Jan 1972-
1st Jun 2001
29Y
4M
2D
Kirti Nidhi Bista(P)
Nagendra Prasad Rijal(P)
Tulsi Giri(P)
Kirti Nidhi Bista(P)
Surya Bahadur Thapa(P)
Lokendra Bahadur Chand(P)
Nagendra Prasad Rijal(P)
Marich Man Singh Shrestha(P)
Lokendra Bahadur Chand(P)
Krishna Prasad Bhattarai(NC)
Girija Prasad Koirala(NC)
Man Mohan Adhikari(CPN/UML)
Sher Bahadur Deuba(NC)
Lokendra Bahadur Chand(RPP)
Surya Bahadur Thapa(RPP)
Girija Prasad Koirala(NC)
Krishna Prasad Bhattarai(NC)
Girija Prasad Koirala(NC)
1971-1973
1973-1975
1975-1977
1977-1979
1979-1983
1983-1986
1986-1986
1986-1990
1990-1990
1990-1991
1991-1994
1994-1995
1995-1997
1997-1997
1997-1998
1998-1999
1999-2000
2000-2001
2,3,2
2,4,15
1,9,11
1,8,18
4,1,12
2,8,9
0,2,25
3,9,22
0,2,13
402D
1284D
286D
547D
209D
190D
411D
296D
491D
6. Contd.
S.No. Name of King Ruling Period Time Name of Prime Minister Term of office Time
13 Dipendra Bir Bikram Shah
(Committed Suicide)
1st Jun 2001-
4th Jun 2001
4D Girija Prasad Koirala(NC) 2000-2001 491D
14 Gyanendra Bir Bikram Shah
(Deposed)
4th Jun 2001-
28th May 2008
6Y
11M
25D
Sher Bahadur Deuba(NC)
Direct rule
Lokendra Bahadur
Chand(RPP)
Surya Bahadur Thapa(RPP)
Sher Bahadur Deuba(NC)
Direct rule
Girija Prasad Koirala(NC)
2001-2001
2002-2002
2002-2003
2003-2004
2004-2005
2005-2006
2006-2008
435D
7D
237D
364D
243D
448D
764D
7. Federal Democratic Republic of Nepal (2008–present)
S. No. President
Prime Ministers Political
party
Term of
office
Time
1
Dr. Ram Baran Yadav
(23 July 2008 – 29 October 2015)
(7Y 3M 6D)
Girija Prasad Koirala NC 2008-2008 83D
Pushpa Kamal Dahal CPN(MC) 2008-2009 280D
Madhav Kumar Nepal CPN(UML) 2009-2011 622D
Jhala Nath Khanal NC 2011-2011 204D
Baburam Bhattarai CPN(MC) 2011-2013 563D
Khil Raj Regmi
(Acting Prime Minister)
NP 2013-2014
334D
Sushil Koirala NC 2014-1015 608D
Khadga Prasad Sharma Oli CPN(UML) 2015-2016 297D
2
Bidya Devi Bhandari
(29th Oct 2015-Present)
Khadga Prasad Sharma Oli CPN(UML) 2015-2016 297D
Pushpa Kamal Dahal CPN(MC) 2016-2017 300D
Sher Bahadur Deuba NC 7th Jun 2017-
Present
8. Greater Nepal
• Campaigns by Shah kings
• King Prithvi Narayan Shah decided to enlarge the kingdom(2500
Sq. KM)
• Defeated major principalities in wars and unified them under his
rule (1740s)
• Gorkha Kingdom’s capital from Gorkha region to Kathmandu in
1769
• Eldest son Pratap Singh Shah continued defeating other smaller
kingdoms
• 2nd son Bahadur Shah continued
9. Greater Nepal Contd…
• Wars with kingdoms in neighbouring countries, British India
and Tibet
• Tibetan Conflict
• Victory over Kumaon Kingdom, Garhwal Kingdom and Kangra
• Victory over Sikkim and Darjeeling
• Sugauli Treaty
• Gorkhaland Movement
10. Greater Nepal Contd…
• Tibetan Conflict
• Sino-Nepalese War, Nepal invaded Tibet
• Fuk’aang Chief Commander of Tibetan Campaign
• Nepalese–Tibetan War was fought (1855 to 1856)
in Tibet between the forces of the Tibetan government and
Nepalese army
• Victory of Nepal
11. Greater Nepal Contd…
• Victory over Kumaon Kingdom, Garhwal Kingdom and Kangra
• Invaded Kumaon Kingdom and occupied it in 1790–91
• Invaded Garhwal Kingdom and occupied it in 1804
• Gorkha army absorbed all the small kingdoms up to Satluj River
• Gorkha's attack on Kangra and siege of Kangra Fort was repulsed by the
Kangra king with help from Maharaja Ranjit Singh of Punjab in 1809
• Absorbed Kangra and extended the kingdom to Ravi river, India
12. Greater Nepal Contd…
• Victory over Sikkim and Darjeeling
• Raja of Sikkim had been engaged in an unsuccessful warfare against the
Gorkhas
• From 1780 the Gorkhas continually made inroads into Sikkim
• By the beginning of the 19th century, the Gorkhas had overrun Sikkim as far-
eastward as the Teesta
• Video: Greater Nepal
13. Greater Nepal Contd…
• Sugauli Treaty
• Gorkhas were forced to accept a peace treaty with the British in 1816
• The treaty that established the boundary line of Nepal
• About one-third of Nepalese controlled territory was lost
• 4 different regions in 2029 BS (1972) and 5 regions in 2037 BS(1982)
14. Greater Nepal Contd…
• Gorkhaland Movement
• In 1986 the Gorkhaland movement began in the district of Darjeeling
• Subash Ghising the leader of the movement
• Sent a letter to then king of Nepal Birendra Bir Bikram Shah pleading that
Darjeeling belonged to Nepal (No Response)
• Wrote to the Indian prime minister to clarity the legitimate status of
Darjeeling
• Sent a letter to the then prime minister of Nepal Girija Prasad Koirala
• Filed a case in the Supreme Court of India(political issue)
15. Rise of Rana Regime (1847 AD-1951 AD)
1. Instable Politics of Nepal
2. Series of murder
3. Three massacre (Parvas)
4. Marital relations with the royal family:
5. Royal Seal of 24th Srawan 1913
16. 1. Political instability
• Demise of PN Shah- son Pratap Singh ascended the throne.
• Expired only after 2 years 9 months in his office.
• Rana Bahadur Shah(son), at the age of 3 ascended the throne
• Political instability started in Nepal.
17. 2. Series of murders
• Mathbar Singh Thapa murdered-Chautaria Fatte Jung became the PM
• Gagan Singh was the powerful person in the court and favourite
person of the Queen Rajjya Laxmi
• On the night of 31st Bhadra, 1903 B.S. he was mysteriously murdred.
• Assembly to find out the murder turned out into the court massacre
“kot parva”
18. 3. Three massacre(parvas)
• Through Kot parva JBR became the PM and the chief of Nepalese
army
• On 17th Kartik 1903 Bhandar Khal Parva occurred
• JBR exiled the king and the queen to Banaras
• After Alau Parva –JBR charged the king of treason- kept him under
house arrest
• Surendra was formally declared the king.
19. 4. Marital relations with the royal family:
• JBR married the sister of Fatte Jung
• He got Surendra married to the daughter of his brother, Krishna
Bahadur.
• The two sons of Janga Bahadur Jagat jung and Jeet Jung were married
to the daughter of King Surendra
• Later his two daughters were married to the crown prince Trailokya.
20. 5. Royal Seal of 24th Srawan 1913
• Title of Shree 3 Maharaja of Kaski and Lamjung was awarded by
surendra to JBR
• He became the most powerful person
• He started the autocratic rule.
21. Jung Bahadur Rana (1846-1856)
• Political reforms
• Relations with Tibet had been mediated through China
• First Prime-Minister to get state honors in the court
of Queen Victoria in 1850
• First Nepali Prime Minister to visit Europe.
• In 1912, Thapathali Treaty was signed.
• He was the first one to held National census
• Established civil court(Muluki adda), Jangi Adda, Kaushal
Adda(drafting laws),Muluki Khanas(rev.)
• British were firm supporters of Jung Bahadur's
government
• Nepal and Britain became strong allies after Jung
Bahadur's return from England visit.
• Fought hard battles and aided the British in their
campaigns around Gorakhpur and lucknow
22. Contd…
• Economic reforms
• Issued first ever written law called
Muluki Ain in 1910 BS in the
name of Surendra, to maintain
uniformity in the field of law
• Unmarried girls, 35 years of age
got rights on the parental
property.
• Strict rules against gambling
• He tried to abolish Sati and
slavery.
• Introduction of English Education
in Nepal
• Social reforms
• Issued first ever written law called
Muluki Ain in 1910 BS in the name of
Surendra, to maintain uniformity in the
field of law
• Unmarried girls, 35 years of age got
rights on the parental property.
• Strict rules against gambling
• He tried to abolish Sati and slavery.
• Introduction of English Education in
Nepal
• Establishment of Durbar School
• Establishment of Guide Press
• Strictly Implemented the caste system
formed by Jayasthiti Malla
23. Ranodwip Singh Kunwar(1877-1885)
• Social reforms
• Set up new building for the English School
established by Jung Bahadur Rana
• Provided scholarship for poor Sanskrit
students
• Road to Pashupati was paved with stone
• Political Reforms
• Established Court of Justice
• Strict laws against bribery and corruption
24. Bir Shumsher Jang Bahadur Rana(1885-1901)
• Social Reform
• Water pipes were laid.
• English was taught in schools.
• Hospitals were made.
• Established Durbar High School, Bir hospital,
Bir Tower (Ghanta Ghar), Pathshala (School)
and a sanitary system.
• The postal system was reformed and many
roads of Kathmandu were broadened.
• Established the Bir Library for the collection
and preservation of valuable books and
manuscripts.
• Provided a good supply of drinking water to
the towns.
25. Contd…
• Economic Reform
• Reorganized land tax and
created a better
administrative body.
• Political Reform
• Sent large number of troops
to the British and the British
gave him the title of Knight
Grand Commander.
26. Dev Shumsher Jang Bahadur Rana(1901-1901)
• Social Reform
• First person to introduce the newspaper to
Nepal.
• Publication of Weekly Gorkhapatra started
in May 1901 (B.S. 1958. Bhaisakh 24)
• Proclaimed universal education, began to
build schools
• Took steps to abolish slavery
• He introduced gambling for 2 months, along
with Bhajan from 3-5 p.m. and silent
movies from 8-10 p.m.
• Introduced several social welfare schemes.
• 17 days annual leave & Office time 10:00 to
17:00
27. Contd…
• Economic Reform
• Iron ore mine was started in
Thosay.
• Political Reform
• Decided to establish a
parliament and built a big hall
in his Thapathali Durbar.
• Made his 'Sindure Yatra'
royal proclamation 8 times.
• Planned to send Nepali
youths to Japan for higher
studies.
Level No. of School No. of Students
Primary 321 8505
Secondary 11 1680
College 1 250
Total 333 10435
28. Chandra Shumsher Jang Bahadur Rana(1901-1929)
Social Reform
Abolished sati system
Made illegal to kill a person for witchcraft
Abolished slavery with the money from the treasury of
Pashupatinath temple
Built first college of Nepal i.e. Tri- Chandra college in 1975
Established Chandra military hospital and Built Singha
durbar which is the largest palace in Asia
Built Chandra nahar in Saptari
First railway sevice was started in Nepal from Raxaul to
Amlekhgunj
Established several canals in Terai region
Started ropeway from Bhimphedi to Matatirtha
29. Contd…
Political Reform
Signed Nepal-Britain treaty in
1923 which defined Nepal as
independent and sovereign
nation
• Economic Reform
• Established Chandra Jyoti
hydro in Pharping
30. Bhim Shumsher Jung Bahadur Rana(1929-1932)
Reforms
Salt, cotton and livestock were made
tax free
Arranged good supply of drinking
water in Kathmandu
Started Saturday holiday system
31. Juddha Shumsher Jang Bahadur Rana(1932-1945)
• Social Reform
• Janakpur- Jayanagar Railway were constructed
• Roads were constructed
• Banned Child Marriage
• Founded SLC Board of Examination
• Settled the long pending disputes between the
Brahmans of different status
• Publication of ‘Sharada’ and ‘Udyog’ Gorkhapatra
was published twice a week
• Introduced the system of Pension Payment to the
civil servants
• Opened office for keeping the records of people birth
and death
32. Contd…
• Economic Reform
• Nepal Rastra Bank was Established
• Large scale industries like Biratnagar Jute Mill, Juddha Match
Factory , Nepal Plywood Company etc were Established
• Established Hydropower station at Sundarijal
• Irrigation canal was constructed and its source was the
manushmara river of rautahat
33. Padma Shumsher Jang Bahadur Rana(1945-1948)
• Social Reform
• Established Sugar Mill in Morang and Nepal
Cigarette Factory
• Teachers Training Program was implemented
• Started female education with the establishment of
padmodaya high school, kanya mandir school and
padma kanya college in dillibazar
• Allowed public to freely express their difficulties
and trouble
• ‘Gorkhapatra’ was published trice a week
• Political Reform
• Introduced the first constitution of Nepal, Nepal
government constitutional law , 2004 B.S
34. Mohan Shumsher Jang Bahadur Rana(1948-1951)
•Social Reform
• Development of Tourism
• Constructed janasewa cinema
• In 2005 B.S. he opened nearly 87
primary schools in the country
• Tree plantation was encouraged
35. Contd…
• Economic Reform
• Teachers and their salaries
were increased
• Advertisement for vacancies
for several governmental and
non-governmental posts
• Political Reforms
• Made attempts for Nepal’s
membership to the UNO
36. Fall of Rana Regime
1. Family Scuffle/ Clash
2. Exclusion of "C" class Ranas
3. Anti Rana movement
4. Abandonment of throne by King Tribhuvan
37. Tribhuwan Bir Bikram Shah(1911-1950 & 1951–1955)
Political Reform
End of rana regime
•Social Reform
• Janak Education Material
Centre(1950)
• Rise of Democracy 7th
Falgun, 2007
38. Mahendra Bir Bikram Shah(1955-1972)
• Political Reform
• Introduced several reforms for improving the
administration, political system and society.
• In 1960 the King established the Panchayat
System
• Established the National Planning Council
• Land Reforms Act in January, 1964.
• Introduced Five-year Plans that focused on
the development of the country.
• He created and introduced the New Civil
Code (Muluki Ain) on 17th August 1963 to
protect the rights of women, children and
weaker sections of the society.
39. Contd…
• Social Reform
• He focused on the development of
villages and established a National
Campaign – “Back to the Village” in
1967
• Tribhuvan University(1959) and
Teacher's Training Institute
• Economic Reform
• He also launched numerous industries and
provided employment for his people.
• Bansbari Leather Shoes Factory and
Janakpur Cigarette factory were
established.
• He laid down the foundation of the East-
West Highway (Mahendra Highway) that
serves as a trade route between Nepal and
its neighboring countries.
• National Sports Council, Rastriya Nachghar,
Rastriya Sabhagriha and Dasarath Stadium.
• United Nations (U.N.O) in 1955
40. Panchyat System
• Characteristics:
• Provision of Prime Minister in
Government
• King was active leader of
government & cabinet
• Every youth should serve own
motherland or local area at least 1
year after the completion of
Master degree
• Bias less, discrimination less, equal
society
• Develop village economically
• Reforms:
• Land reforms led to the
confiscation of large Rana estates
• 2019 1st Panchayat constitution
was introduced & amended on
2023, 2nd amendment 2032
• 6th Asoj 2024 launched a new
program ‘Gaun Phark Abhiyan’
(Retreat the Village)
• Primary education was made free
on the occasion of the cornation
of King Birendra (2031)
41. Contd…
• The Referendum, 2036
• To solve problem, King Birendra made a
proclamation of referendum on 10th
Jestha 2036 with 2 options:
• To retain panchayat system with correction
according to time and situation
• To establish Multi-Party system
• Referendum was held on 20th Baishak
2037
• Result:
• People’s Movement of 1990
• Multiparty movement in Nepal that
brought an end to absolute monarchy
• The beginning of constitutional
democracy
• Eliminated the Panchayat system
• Officially started on February 18, 1990,
which is Democracy day in Nepal
• The movement gathered some 2,00,000
people who marched in protest of the
monarchy
• April 8, 1990 the king removed the ban
on political parties
Total = 7192451
100%
Voter = 4813486
66.92%
Panchyat System Multi-Party System
2433452 Votes 2007965 Votes
54.79% 45.21%
42. Birendra Bir Bikram Shah(1972-2001)
Political Reform:
• lifted the ban on political parties and agreed to
become a constitutional monarch in April, 1990
• Multi-party system was established by abolishing
panchayat system 26th Chaitra 2046
• Panchayat related articles were dissolved and interim
government was formed(3rd Baishak 2047)
• Expanding diplomatic relations with foreign nations
like France and the USA.
• Safeguarded Nepal's independence and prevented it
from being another protectorate of India.
• He was appointed as a British Field Marshal in 1980.
• Conflict between Maoist rebels and government
forces, which lasted from 1996 until 2006
43. Contd…
• Social Reform:
• To make primary education
available and free for every
child (announced at time of
coronation)
• Nepal as a zone of peace was
recognised by 116 countries
of the world. (1975 AD)
• Massacre of Royal Family
• 1 June 2001, Narayanhity Royal
Palace
• Conspiracy theories:
• Crown Prince Dipendra carried
out the murder
• Indian intelligence agency RAW or
the American CIA
• Gyanendra had a hand in the
massacre
• Accidental discharge of an
automatic weapon
44. Gynendra Bir Bikram Shah(2001-2008)
• Political Reform:
• Demolished "Tribhuvan Sadan" (the building where
the massacre occurred) Instead of making effective
investigation
• Suspended the constitution and assumed direct
authority in February 2005 to suppress the Maoist
insurgency.
• Restored the previous parliament in April 2006
• Exercised direct rule which resulted in mass
movements and civil war.
• Social Reform:
• He is a leading figure in the King Mahendra Trust for
Nature Conservation and has worked closely with the
World Wildlife Fund.
45. Fall of Shah Dynasty
• Internal Factors • External Factors
Role of the monarch in the 2046
The royal massacre
The last of the Shahs
The end of monarchy
Mass movement 2046
Falling trends of ‘king rulers’ all over
The mass movement 2062/63
Maoist Janayuddha
Wave of independence
46. Internal Factors
• Mass movement 2046
• End of panchayat system
• Constitution of kingdom
• The royal massacre
• Royal assassinated weakened faith
• Maoist Janayuddha
• Started armed people’s war (Sasastra
Janayuddha)
• The end of monarch
• Constitutional monarch is dismissed
by King Gyanendra
• To end absolute monarch Shah king
dissolve
• Role of the monarch in the 2046
• Constitutional Monarchy instead of
absolute monarchy
• The last of the Shahs
• The mass movement 2062/63
• End of absolute monarchy
• Establishment of loktantra
• External Factor
• Wave of independence
• World moving in a trend of independence
• Influence of Indian Government and its
policy
47. Federal Democratic Republic of Nepal
• On May 29, 2008, a new constitution was voted on by the Nepalese
Parliament (Interim Constitution of Nepal)
• Interim Constitution:
• Adopted in Jan 15th, 2007
• Abolition of Monarchy
• Implemented on May 27th, 2008
• Election
• Constituent Assembly were scheduled for April 10, 2008
48. Contd…
• Writing a new constitution deadline was extended several times, with
the last one set for 27 May 2012.
• Prime Minister Baburam Bhattarai called for a new election on 22
November after the deadline passed
• 19 November 2013 (2nd Election of Constituent Assembly)
• Constitution of Nepal 2015 came into effect on Sept 20, 2015,
replacing the Interim Constitution of 2007
49. Constitution of Nepal 2015
• Restructured the Nation into a federal republic
• Divided the nation into seven states
• Bicameral parliamentary system has been created
• Rights of gender and sexual minorities are protected
• Laws to protect, empower and develop minority groups
• Recognizing the rights of women ”women shall have equal ancestral right without
any gender-based discrimination.”
• Bans any acts leading to conversions from one religion to another.
• Declares the nation to be secular and neutral toward all religions.
• Continued to abolish the death penalty
• The Constitution defines wide range human rights as fundamental rights.