The document discusses several models of addiction, including the moral model, psychological model, cognitive model, learning model, psychodynamic model, personality model, family model, and cultural model. It then discusses codependency and provides summaries of two articles on codependency. The document examines different perspectives on codependency and whether it represents "blaming the victim" or can be a pathway to recovery for those affected by a loved one's addiction.
This document provides information about behavioral sciences and the biopsychosocial model of health care. It defines behavioral sciences as a branch of science that deals with human and animal behavior through systematic observation and experimentation. It notes key differences between behavioral sciences and social sciences in their level of analysis. The document also describes the biopsychosocial model, which views health as influenced by biological, psychological, and social factors rather than just biological ones. It discusses implications and challenges of this model in medicine.
This chapter discusses theories of child emotional abuse, including psychological, social, and transactional theories. Psychological theories see abuse arising from perpetrators' psychological problems, describing them as depressed, immature, aggressive, and insecure. Social theories view abuse as resulting from cultural and environmental factors being passed through generations. Transactional theory focuses on how factors like poverty, divorce, and personality traits can increase or decrease the likelihood of abuse occurring within the parent-child relationship and wider environment. Definitions of emotional abuse center around behaviors that convey a child is worthless or only valued for meeting others' needs.
Responsibility of a Critical Thinker in Contemporary Society 1 .docxjoellemurphey
Responsibility of a Critical Thinker in Contemporary Society 1
RESEARCH PAPER 3
Responsibility of a Critical Thinker in Contemporary Society
Dominique Noble
General Education Capstone
Candy Henry
11/23/2014
Domestic violence, depression and obesity are issues that are of most concern in any single community. This has been so due to the level of sensitivity that accompanies these issues. Every society therefore, has a survival tactic on how to handle the effects of this issues which can lead to adverse effects on a person`s self-esteem if not properly handled. Critical thinkers however have a huge role in controlling the effects of such issues.
Domestic violence is the pattern of human behavior that follows a series of violence or any other form of abuse from one person to another domestically. This involves intimate relationships, marriage or courtship and involves violence in form of battery, domestic abuse or spousal abuse. Through this violence one may acquire physical, sexual or psychological harm by physical aggression and assault that is, kicking, biting, hitting, strangling, burning or amputating.
Depression is a psychological condition mostly associated with deep thoughts and stress. It is defined as the state of having low mood leading to distractions while carrying out daily routine, behavior and feeling. This condition makes a person feel hopeless, worthless, increased anxiety and high level of irritability and restlessness. The side effects associated with depression are; one suddenly losses interest in activities that were pleasurable to him or her may experience weight loss and may even at times have loss of appetite or increased appetite.
Obesity on the other hand is a condition that is medically described as the accumulation of excess body lipids or fats to an extent of causing health problems or to an extreme of reducing the life expectancy of the patient. This condition is achieved when the body mass index exceeds 30kg/m2, with limits between 20-30 kg/m2 being considered as overweight. This condition increases the person`s risk of contracting various diseases such as heart attack, some types of cancer and even diabetes.
Literature Review
In a move to reduce the growth of the above contemporary issues, the government and concerned parties such as the activists are creating awareness on the issues. This involves ways in which to overcome situations when faced by these challenges. One of the best ways of doing so is through educating the citizens on these issues, which is done through previous published works in line with other methods. The following is a detailed literature review into the finding of other scholars on this contemporary issues discussed above and the responsibility of critical thinkers in the control of this issues.
Wilson (2009) found out that 74 percent of the women ...
The Behavior Therapy For Children With Attention Deficit...Amber Moore
The document discusses behavior therapy for children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) at school. It notes that ADHD affects about 3-10% of children worldwide and is more common in boys. Non-pharmacological interventions like behavior modification are evidence-based treatments for ADHD. The purpose is to outline behavior therapy strategies used at school, including modifying academic instruction and communication to improve daily functioning for children with ADHD.
Childhood Behaviors, Disorders, And Emotional IssuesKimberly Williams
This document discusses various childhood behaviors, disorders, and emotional issues. It notes that problematic behaviors often begin around age 2 and can include aggression, disruption, antisocial behavior, or defiance. Left unaddressed, some behaviors may persist into adolescence or adulthood. The document examines anxiety disorders, depression, bipolar disorder, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, and other conditions. It explores causes such as biology, environment, and trauma, as well as treatments like therapy and medication.
SAINT FRANCIS DE SALES COLLEGE, AALO
DEPARTMENT OF SOCIOLOGY,
NATIONAL WEBINAR
ON
“MENTAL HEALTH AND WELL- BEING”
Sociological Perspectives on
Mental Health and Illness
The document discusses the negative effects of social isolation on mental health and physical health. It notes that social isolation is associated with increased rates of mental illness, hospitalization, health problems, and even premature death. Being socially isolated can lead to constricted thinking, hopelessness, and stress that damages the body over time. Research shows that social relationships and interactions are essential to survival and well-being.
PSYCHOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF ABUSE IN INTIMATE RELATIONSHIPS AMONG YOUNG WOMEN IN...John1Lorcan
This study aims to investigate the psychological effects of abuse from intimate relationships on young
women. In order to overcome the complexity, challenges, and proposal for the best remedies face by the
sexually abuse victims in the Tangkhul community, both qualitative and quantitative approaches are
adopted. The study covers various aspects of research methodology, including study design, sampling
techniques, data collection tools, and analysis methods. Additionally, the study proposes a collaborative
effort between the state and other entities to enhance care and counseling services for survivors of intimate
partner abuse. The main intension and takeaway from the study is to comprehend the cultural changes
taking place along with the critically examination of the victims and how the community can take up
appropriate initiatives through care and counseling, which is the need of an hour.
This document provides information about behavioral sciences and the biopsychosocial model of health care. It defines behavioral sciences as a branch of science that deals with human and animal behavior through systematic observation and experimentation. It notes key differences between behavioral sciences and social sciences in their level of analysis. The document also describes the biopsychosocial model, which views health as influenced by biological, psychological, and social factors rather than just biological ones. It discusses implications and challenges of this model in medicine.
This chapter discusses theories of child emotional abuse, including psychological, social, and transactional theories. Psychological theories see abuse arising from perpetrators' psychological problems, describing them as depressed, immature, aggressive, and insecure. Social theories view abuse as resulting from cultural and environmental factors being passed through generations. Transactional theory focuses on how factors like poverty, divorce, and personality traits can increase or decrease the likelihood of abuse occurring within the parent-child relationship and wider environment. Definitions of emotional abuse center around behaviors that convey a child is worthless or only valued for meeting others' needs.
Responsibility of a Critical Thinker in Contemporary Society 1 .docxjoellemurphey
Responsibility of a Critical Thinker in Contemporary Society 1
RESEARCH PAPER 3
Responsibility of a Critical Thinker in Contemporary Society
Dominique Noble
General Education Capstone
Candy Henry
11/23/2014
Domestic violence, depression and obesity are issues that are of most concern in any single community. This has been so due to the level of sensitivity that accompanies these issues. Every society therefore, has a survival tactic on how to handle the effects of this issues which can lead to adverse effects on a person`s self-esteem if not properly handled. Critical thinkers however have a huge role in controlling the effects of such issues.
Domestic violence is the pattern of human behavior that follows a series of violence or any other form of abuse from one person to another domestically. This involves intimate relationships, marriage or courtship and involves violence in form of battery, domestic abuse or spousal abuse. Through this violence one may acquire physical, sexual or psychological harm by physical aggression and assault that is, kicking, biting, hitting, strangling, burning or amputating.
Depression is a psychological condition mostly associated with deep thoughts and stress. It is defined as the state of having low mood leading to distractions while carrying out daily routine, behavior and feeling. This condition makes a person feel hopeless, worthless, increased anxiety and high level of irritability and restlessness. The side effects associated with depression are; one suddenly losses interest in activities that were pleasurable to him or her may experience weight loss and may even at times have loss of appetite or increased appetite.
Obesity on the other hand is a condition that is medically described as the accumulation of excess body lipids or fats to an extent of causing health problems or to an extreme of reducing the life expectancy of the patient. This condition is achieved when the body mass index exceeds 30kg/m2, with limits between 20-30 kg/m2 being considered as overweight. This condition increases the person`s risk of contracting various diseases such as heart attack, some types of cancer and even diabetes.
Literature Review
In a move to reduce the growth of the above contemporary issues, the government and concerned parties such as the activists are creating awareness on the issues. This involves ways in which to overcome situations when faced by these challenges. One of the best ways of doing so is through educating the citizens on these issues, which is done through previous published works in line with other methods. The following is a detailed literature review into the finding of other scholars on this contemporary issues discussed above and the responsibility of critical thinkers in the control of this issues.
Wilson (2009) found out that 74 percent of the women ...
The Behavior Therapy For Children With Attention Deficit...Amber Moore
The document discusses behavior therapy for children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) at school. It notes that ADHD affects about 3-10% of children worldwide and is more common in boys. Non-pharmacological interventions like behavior modification are evidence-based treatments for ADHD. The purpose is to outline behavior therapy strategies used at school, including modifying academic instruction and communication to improve daily functioning for children with ADHD.
Childhood Behaviors, Disorders, And Emotional IssuesKimberly Williams
This document discusses various childhood behaviors, disorders, and emotional issues. It notes that problematic behaviors often begin around age 2 and can include aggression, disruption, antisocial behavior, or defiance. Left unaddressed, some behaviors may persist into adolescence or adulthood. The document examines anxiety disorders, depression, bipolar disorder, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, and other conditions. It explores causes such as biology, environment, and trauma, as well as treatments like therapy and medication.
SAINT FRANCIS DE SALES COLLEGE, AALO
DEPARTMENT OF SOCIOLOGY,
NATIONAL WEBINAR
ON
“MENTAL HEALTH AND WELL- BEING”
Sociological Perspectives on
Mental Health and Illness
The document discusses the negative effects of social isolation on mental health and physical health. It notes that social isolation is associated with increased rates of mental illness, hospitalization, health problems, and even premature death. Being socially isolated can lead to constricted thinking, hopelessness, and stress that damages the body over time. Research shows that social relationships and interactions are essential to survival and well-being.
PSYCHOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF ABUSE IN INTIMATE RELATIONSHIPS AMONG YOUNG WOMEN IN...John1Lorcan
This study aims to investigate the psychological effects of abuse from intimate relationships on young
women. In order to overcome the complexity, challenges, and proposal for the best remedies face by the
sexually abuse victims in the Tangkhul community, both qualitative and quantitative approaches are
adopted. The study covers various aspects of research methodology, including study design, sampling
techniques, data collection tools, and analysis methods. Additionally, the study proposes a collaborative
effort between the state and other entities to enhance care and counseling services for survivors of intimate
partner abuse. The main intension and takeaway from the study is to comprehend the cultural changes
taking place along with the critically examination of the victims and how the community can take up
appropriate initiatives through care and counseling, which is the need of an hour.
CASE 6B – CHESTER & WAYNE Chester & Wayne is a regional .docxannandleola
CASE 6B – CHESTER & WAYNE
Chester & Wayne is a regional food distribution company. Mr. Chester, CEO, has asked your
assistance in preparing cash-flow information for the last three months of this year. Selected
accounts from an interim balance sheet dated September 30, have the following balances:
Cash $142,100 Accounts payable $354,155
Marketable securities 200,000 Other payables 53,200
Accounts receivable $1,012,500
Inventories 150,388
Mr. Wayne, CFO, provides you with the following information based on experience and
management policy. All sales are credit sales and are billed the last day of the month of sale.
Customers paying within 10 days of the billing date may take a 2 percent cash discount. Forty
percent of the sales is paid within the discount period in the month following billing. An
additional 25 percent pays in the same month but does not receive the cash discount. Thirty
percent is collected in the second month after billing; the remainder is uncollectible. Additional
cash of $24,000 is expected in October from renting unused warehouse space.
Sixty percent of all purchases, selling and administrative expenses, and advertising expenses is
paid in the month incurred. The remainder is paid in the following month. Ending inventory is
set at 25 percent of the next month's budgeted cost of goods sold. The company's gross profit
averages 30 percent of sales for the month. Selling and administrative expenses follow the
formula of 5 percent of the current month's sales plus $75,000, which includes depreciation of
$5,000. Advertising expenses are budgeted at 3 percent of sales.
Actual and budgeted sales information is as follows:
Actual: Budgeted:
August $750,000 October $826,800
September 787,500 November 868,200
December 911,600
January 930,000
The company will acquire equipment costing $250,000 cash in November. Dividends of $45,000
will be paid in December.
The company would like to maintain a minimum cash balance at the end of each month of
$120,000. Any excess amounts go first to repayment of short-term borrowings and then to
investment in marketable securities. When cash is needed to reach the minimum balance, the
company policy is to sell marketable securities before borrowing.
The company will acquire equipment costing $250,000 cash in November. Dividends of $45,000
will be paid in December.
The company would like to maintain a minimum cash balance at the end of each month of
$120,000. Any excess amounts go first to repayment of short-term borrowings and then to
investment in marketable securities. When cash is needed to reach the minimum balance, the
company policy is to sell marketable securities before borrowing.
Questions (use of spreadsheet software is recommended):
1. Prepare a cash budget for each month of the fourth quarter and for the quarter in total.
Prepare supporting schedules as needed. (Round all budge.
CASE 9 Bulimia Nervosa Table 9-1 Dx Checklist Bulimia Nervos.docxannandleola
"CASE 9 Bulimia Nervosa Table 9-1 Dx Checklist Bulimia Nervosa 1. Repeated binge-eating episodes. 2. Repeated performance of ill-advised compensatory behaviors (e.g., forced vomiting) to prevent weight gain. 3. Symptoms take place at least weekly for a period of 3 months. 4. Inappropriate influence of weight and shape on appraisal of oneself. (Based on APA, 2013.) Rita was a 26-year-old manager of a local Italian restaurant and lived in the same city as her parents. Her childhood was not a happy one. Her parents divorced when she was about 5 years of age. She and her three older brothers remained with their mother, who often seemed overwhelmed with her situation and unable to run the household effectively. Rita would often refer to her childhood as utterly chaotic, as if no one were in charge. Within a 12-month period, 1 percent to 1.5 percent of individuals will meet the diagnostic criteria for bulimia nervosa; at least 90 percent of cases occur in females (APA, 2013). She nevertheless muddled through. When her brothers were finally all off to college or beyond, Rita entered high school, and the household seemed more manageable. Ultimately, she developed a close relationship with her mother, indeed too close, Rita suspected. Her mother seemed like her closest friend, at times the entire focus of her social life. They were both women alone, so to speak, and relied heavily on one another for comfort and support, preventing Rita from developing serious friendships. The two often went shopping together. Rita would give her mother an update on the most recent fashion trends, and her mother would talk to Rita about “how important it is to look good and be put together in this day and age.” Rita didn’t mind the advice, but sometimes she did wonder if her mother kept saying that as a way of telling her that she didn’t think she looked good. Rita later attended a local public college, majoring in business. However, she quit after 3 years to take a job at the restaurant. She had begun working in the restaurant part-time while a sophomore and after 2 years was offered the position of daytime manager. It was a well-paying job, and since her interest was business anyway, Rita figured it made sense to seize an attractive business opportunity. Her mother was not very supportive of her decision to leave college, but Rita reassured her that she intended to go back and finish up after she had worked for a while and saved some money. Just before leaving college, Rita began a serious relationship with a man whom she met at school. Their interest in each other grew, and they eventually got engaged. Everything seemed to be going well when out of the blue, her fiancé’s mental state began to deteriorate. Ultimately he manifested a pattern of schizophrenia and had to be hospitalized. As his impairment extended from days to months and then to more than a year, Rita finally had to end the engagement; she had to pick up the pieces and go on without him. She felt .
Case 9 Bulimia Nervosa in Gorenstein and Comer (2014)Rita was a.docxannandleola
Rita is a 26-year-old woman who struggles with bulimia nervosa. She engages in binge eating episodes 2-3 times per week, consuming over 4,000 calories in a single sitting. After binges, she purges through vomiting to avoid weight gain. Rita is preoccupied with her weight and body image. Though her weight is in the normal range, she is highly critical of her body and engages in frequent weighing, clothing comparisons, and mirror checking. Her disordered eating patterns have become more severe over time, further compromising her physical and mental health.
Case 8.1 Pros and Cons of Balkan Intervention59Must the a.docxannandleola
Case 8.1 Pros and Cons of Balkan Intervention59
“Must the agony of Bosnia-Herzegovina be regarded, with whatever regrets, as somebody else’s trouble?
We don’t think so, but the arguments on behalf of that view deserve an answer. Among them are the
following:
The Balkan conflict is a civil war and unlikely to spread beyond the borders of the former
Yugoslavia. Wrong. Belgrade has missiles trained on Vienna. Tito’s Yugoslavia claimed, by way of
Macedonia, that northern Greece as far south as Thessaloniki belonged under its sovereignty. Those
claims may return. ‘Civil’ war pitting non-Slavic Albanians against Serbs could spread to Albania,
Turkey, Bulgaria, and Greece.
The United States has no strategic interest in the Balkans. Wrong. No peace, no peace dividend.
Unless the West can impose the view that ethnic purity can no longer be the basis for national
sovereignty, then endless national wars will replace the Cold War. This threat has appeared in
genocidal form in Bosnia. If it cannot be contained here, it will erupt elsewhere, and the Clinton
administration’s domestic agenda will be an early casualty.
If the West intervenes on behalf of the Bosnians, the Russians will do so on behalf of the Serbs, and
the Cold War will be reborn. Wrong. The Russians have more to fear from ‘ethnic cleansing’ than
any people on Earth. Nothing would reassure them better than a new, post-Cold War Western
policy of massive, early response against the persecution of national minorities, including the
Russian minorities found in every post-Soviet republic. The Russian right may favor the Serbs, but
Russian self-interest lies elsewhere.
The Serbs also have their grievances. Wrong. They do, but their way of responding to these
grievances, according to the State Department’s annual human rights report, issued this past week,
‘dwarfs anything seen in Europe since Nazi times.’ Via the Genocide Convention, armed
intervention is legal as well as justified.
The UN peace plan is the only alternative. Wrong. Incredibly, the plan proposes the reorganization
of Bosnia-Herzegovina followed by a cease-fire. A better first step would be a UN declaration that
any nation or ethnic group proceeding to statehood on the principle of ethnic purity is an outlaw
state and will be treated as such. As now drafted, the UN peace plan, with a map of provinces that
not one party to the conflict accepts, is really a plan for continued ‘ethnic cleansing.’”
Case 8.2 Images, Arguments, and the Second Persian Gulf Crisis, 1990–
1991
The analysis of policy arguments can be employed to investigate the ways that policymakers represent or
structure problems (Chapter 3). We can thereby identify the images, or problem representations, that
shape processes of making and justifying decisions. For example, during times of crisis, the images which
United States policymakers have of another country affect deliberations about the use of peacekeeping
and negotiation, the imposition of economic sanctions, o.
Case 6-2 Not Getting Face Time at Facebook—and Getting the Last La.docxannandleola
Case 6-2 Not Getting Face Time at Facebook—and Getting the Last Laugh!
In August 2009, Facebook turned down job applicant Brian Acton, an experienced engineer who had previously worked at Yahoo and Apple. More than 4 years later, Facebook paid him $3 billion to acquire his 20% stake of WhatsApp, a start-up he had cofounded immediately after Facebook rejected his job application.(1) WhatsApp Messenger is a proprietary, cross-platform, instant-messaging subscription service for smartphones and selected feature phones that use the Internet for communication. In addition to text messaging, users can send each other images, video, and audio media messages, as well as their location using integrated mapping features.(2) How could Facebook, a highly successful firm, have made such a drastic mistake?
Back in 2009, Brian Acton was a software engineer who was out of work for what seemed like a very long time. He believed he had what it took to make a difference in the industry, but his career did not work out as planned. Even though he spent years at Apple and Yahoo, he got rejected many times by Twitter and Facebook.(3) Acton described the details of the interview process that he failed to do well in as follows:
First of all, interviewing a person for a job that requires technical skills is difficult for both the interviewer and the interviewee. Facebook is a highly desirable firm to work for and requires the best skills and talents from all of their potential employees. It is therefore not surprising that the selection process rivals, if not tops, any company in the industry. The process starts with an email or a phone call from a recruiter in response to an online application or [to] a recommendation from a friend who may work for Facebook. Sometimes, in the initial chat online, timed software coding challenges are set to find the best performers. If this chat goes well, an applicant will go on to the next level—an initial in-person interview or phone screening.(4)
In this next hurdle, the applicant will have a 45-minute chat with a fellow engineer/potential coworker, [with] whom he or she shares the same area of expertise. They will tell you about their job and what their role is in Facebook; then they ask about the applicant’s résumé, motivation, and interests. Additionally, the applicant will be tested about his or her technical skills, coding exercises, and programming abilities.(5)
If successful, the applicant will be invited for back-to-back interviews. This part of the process is very grueling and stressful since all the interviews take place throughout a single day. The candidate will also be asked to manually write a program on a whiteboard to make sure that the applicant is knowledgeable about program writing. The goal in this final step is to see how one approaches a problem and comes up with a solution [that] is simple enough to solve in 10–30 minutes and can be easily explained.(6)
As a potential coworker, the applicant will be te.
Case 6.4 The Case of the Poorly Performing SalespersonEd Markham.docxannandleola
Case 6.4 The Case of the Poorly Performing Salesperson
Ed Markham, the African American sales manager at WCTV, is considering how to handle a problem with one of his salespersons, Jane Folsom, who is White. Ed was promoted to sales manager three months ago after working at WCTV for 2 years. He earned his promotion by exceeding sales goals every month after his first on the job. He developed a research report using secondary data like MRI and the Lifestyle Market Analyst to analyze the market. His former boss praised the report, gave a copy to all salespersons, and included a summary of it in the rate card. When his former boss left for a new job in a larger market, he recommended Ed as his replacement.
Jane has been a salesperson at WCTV for 2 years. For most of that time, she has exceeded sales quotas about as much as Ed had. For the past 3 months, she has not met sales quotas. After his second month as sales manager, Ed talked to Jane about her performance. She attributed her below-average performance to the closing of a major advertiser, Anthony’s Fashions. This local clothing store closed because several major retailers, including JC Penney and Dillard’s, had opened at the local mall.
Ed listened to Jane’s explanation and then suggested ways to obtain new clients. He asked Jane whether she had set personal sales goals, set up a prospect file of new and inactive advertisers as well as existing businesses that were potential clients, come up with research and data on the market to use in presentations and reports to clients, come up with new ideas or opportunities to advertise for clients, or asked her clients about their needs and goals (Shaver, 1995). Jane said no, she simply telephoned or visited her clients regularly to see if they wanted to run ads.
Ed also asked Jane why several of her clients had not paid their bills. He explained that a salesperson must check out a client’s ability to pay before running a schedule. Jane replied that she was not aware of that fact and that no one had ever trained her to sell. She had sold time for a radio station before, but that was all the training she had. Ed’s predecessor had just hired her and cut her loose.
Ed gave Jane a memo after their first meeting a month ago asking her to focus on sales training for the next month. First, she should read Shaver’s (1995) Making the Sale! How to Sell Media With Marketing. He gave her a copy, told her to read it, and asked her to contact him if she had any questions. After reading the book, he told her that she should establish written personal sales goals, begin to develop a prospect file (with two new and two inactive clients), and develop three ideas for new advertising opportunities for existing clients. In the memo, Ed told Jane that he would not hold her to sales performance standards that month. He wanted Jane to focus on doing the background work he assigned to help her improve her future sales performance.
At the meeting a month later, Ed discovered.
Case 5.6Kelo v City of New London545 U.S. 469 (2005)Ye.docxannandleola
Case 5.6
Kelo v City of New London
545 U.S. 469 (2005)
Yes, Actually, They Can Take That Away From You
Facts
In 1978, the city of New London, Connecticut, undertook a redevelopment plan for purposes of creating a redeveloped area in and around the existing park at Fort Trumbull. The plan sought to develop the related ambience a state park should have, including the absence of pink cottages and other architecturally eclectic homes. Part of the redevelopment plan was the city’s deal with Pfizer Corporation for the location of its research facility in the area. The preface to the city’s development plan included the following statement of goals and purpose:
To create a development that would complement the facility that Pfizer was planning to build, create jobs, increase tax and other revenues, encourage public access to and use of the city’s waterfront, and eventually “build momentum” for the revitalization of the rest of the city, including its downtown area.
The affected property owners, including Susette Kelo, live in homes and cottages (15 total) located in and around other existing structures that would be permitted to stay in the area designated for the proposed new structures (under the city’s economic development plan) that would be placed there primarily by private land developers and corporations. The city was assisted by a private, nonprofit corporation, the New London Development Corporation (NLDC), in the development of the economic plan and piloting it through the various governmental processes, including that of city council approval. The central focus of the plan was getting Pfizer to the Fort Trumbull area (where the homeowners and their properties were located) with the hope of a resulting economic boost that such a major corporate employer can bring to an area.
Kelo and the other landowners whose homes would be razed to make room for Pfizer and the accompanying and resulting economic development plan filed suit challenging New London’s legal authority to take their homes. The trial court issued an injunction preventing New London from taking certain of the properties but allowing others to be taken. The appellate court found for New London on all the claims, and the landowners (petitioners) appealed.
Judicial Opinion
STEVENS, Justice Two polar propositions are perfectly clear. On the one hand, it has long been accepted that the sovereign may not take the property of A for the sole purpose of transferring it to another private party B, even though A is paid just compensation. On the other hand, it is equally clear that a State may transfer property from one private party to another if future “use by the public” is the purpose of the taking; the condemnation of land for a railroad with common-carrier duties is a familiar example. Neither of these propositions, however, determines the disposition of this case.
The disposition of this case therefore turns on the question whether the City’s development plan serves a “public purpos.
CASE 5.10 FIBREBOARD PAPER PRODUCTS CORP. V. NLRB SUPREME COURT OF.docxannandleola
CASE 5.10 FIBREBOARD PAPER PRODUCTS CORP. V. NLRB SUPREME COURT OF THE UNITED STATES, 379 U.S. 203 (1964).
[After receiving union proposals for contract revisions for the benefit of the maintenance workers at the company’s Emeryville, California, plant, the company advised the union that negotiations for a new contract would be pointless because it had definitely decided to contract out the work performed by the employees covered by the agreement upon the expiration of the agreement. The company planned to replace these employees with an independent contractor’s employees and expected that substantial savings would be effected by this contracting-out of the work. The Board ordered the company to reinstate the maintenance operation with the union employees, reinstate the employees with back pay, and fulfill its statutory bargaining obligation. The court of appeals granted the Board’s enforcement petition, and the Supreme Court agreed to hear the case.]
WARREN, C. J.... I. Section 8(a)(5) of the National Labor Relations Act provides that it shall be an unfair labor practice for an employer “to refuse to bargain collectively with the representatives of his employees.” Collective bar- gaining is defined in Section 8(d)
as the performance of the mutual obligation of the employer and the representative of the employees to meet at reasonable times and confer in good faith with respect to wages, hours, and other terms and conditions of employment.
“Read together, these provisions establish the obligation of the employer and the representative of its employees to bargain with each other in good faith with respect to ‘wages, hours, and other terms and conditions of employment....’ The duty is limited to those subjects, and within that area neither is legally obligated to yield. Labor Board v. American Ins. Co., 343 U.S. 395. As to other matters, however, each party is free to bargain or not to bargain....” Labor Board v. Wooster Div. of Borg-Warner Corp., 356 U.S. 342, 349. Because of the limited grant of certiorari, we are concerned here only with whether the subject upon which the employer allegedly refused to bargain— contracting out of plant maintenance work previously performed by employees in the bargaining unit, which the employees were capable of continuing to perform—is covered by the phrase “terms and conditions of employment” within the meaning of Section 8(d).
The subject matter of the present dispute is well within the literal meaning of the phrase “terms and conditions of employment.”
As the Court of Appeals pointed out, it is not necessary that it be likely or probable that the union will yield or supply a feasible solution but rather that the union be afforded an opportunity to meet management’s legitimate complaints that its maintenance was unduly costly.
We are thus not expanding the scope of mandatory bargaining to hold, as we do now, that the type of “contracting out” involved in this case—the replacement of employees in the exi.
Case 4 The McDonald’s China Food Supplier Scandal1. What we.docxannandleola
Case 4:
The McDonald’s China Food Supplier Scandal
1. What were the root causes for Husi’s misbehavior?
2. What are the major challenges faced by the multinationals such as McDonald’s in supply chain management in China?
3. Should McDonald’s be held responsible for the scandal? How could McDonald’s avoid similar situations from happening again?
4. Should OSI be held responsible for the scandal? What should OSI do to prevent similar situations from happening again?
.
Case 3 Neesha Wilson Phoenix Rising Risks, Protective Factors, and.docxannandleola
Neesha Wilson, a 10-year-old African American girl, was referred for assessment by her school due to poor academic performance and behavioral issues. She lives with her mother and older brother, as her father left the family 3 years ago. Testing showed Neesha's intellectual abilities were likely underestimated and her academic skills were well above grade level, though she was repeating 4th grade. Neesha reported worries about school performance and family stressors, and showed signs of anxiety through somatic symptoms like fatigue. While most scores were normal, elevated scales indicated concerns with negative mood, physiological arousal, and somatic complaints.
Case 48 Sun Microsystems Done by Nour Abdulaziz Maryam .docxannandleola
Case 48: Sun Microsystems
Done by: Nour Abdulaziz
Maryam Barifah
Shrouq Al-Jaadi
Balqees Mekhalfi
Yara El-Feki
Introduction
•In 2009, Oracle was planning to acquire Sun Microsystems.
•This acquisition would allow Oracle;
•to further diversify their brand, customers and acquire various new platforms that would be added to their portfolio such as MySQL, Solaris and Java.
•Oracle originally placed an offer of $9.50 per share price which is considerably higher than Sun Microsystem’s price that is $6.69.
•This will cut the production costs and make the company more efficient throughout all the value chain.
•Oracle aimed to capitalize on Sun Microsystem’s decline by getting particular assets or the whole company at the deflated price.
Is Sun Microsystems a good strategic fit for Oracle? Should Oracle acquire Sun Microsystems?
- as it will allow them to achieve their vision of becoming the Apple of the software industry.
- it will allow the company to deliver high-quality customer products by combining both hardware and software components, hence reducing the consumer setup process.
Continue
It will provide Oracle with the needed expansion.
-This acquisition fits Oracle’s overall strategy which is to improve through acquiring and effectively integrating other companies
Worth of Sun Microsystems and Valuation Approaches
To know how much Sun Microsystems worth, we must find the Stand Alone Value of the company.
The Stand Alone value represents the present value of Sun Microsystem individually before factoring the synergy that would be created when Oracle acquires Sun.
Another method is the value of Sun Microsystem with synergies, which after being acquired by Oracle, must be found. This is done to see whether or not the acquisition was a proper strategic decision or not
Another method of valuing the Sun Microsystem is through the comparative company analysis (CCA). That is done through the thorough assessment of rival and peer businesses of similar size and industry.
Finally, the acquisition price, which is the price that is paid to the target when it is first acquired, is also used as a separate method of valuation. The value of the acquisition price ranges between the values of the stand-alone and the synergies.
USING THE DCF
To be able to find the values of both, the Stand Alone and the synergies, we have decided the best way to do so is by calculating the discounted cash flow (DCF) by using the multiples and the perpetuity growth methods and finding the average of both.
DCF Using Multiples MethodDCF Using Perpetuity Growth MethodIt does not consider long-term growth rate or the economics of business.This method seems inaccurate as the company assumes a certain growth rate will remains the same 2014 onwards (forever) which is unrealistic.It is considered a challenging method to use as it is very difficult to identify truly comparable companies.
USING THE WACC
The weig.
CASE 42 Myasthenia Gravis The immune response turns agai.docxannandleola
CASE 42 Myasthenia Gravis
The immune response turns against the host.
The specific adaptive immune response can, in rare instances, be mounted
against self antigens and cause autoimmune disease. Injury to body tissues
can result from antibodies directed against cell-surface or extracellular-matrix
molecules, from antibodies bound to circulating molecules that deposit as
immune complexes, or from clones of T cells that react with self antigens. A
special class of autoimmune disease is caused by autoantibodies against cell
surface receptors (Fig. 42.1). Graves' disease and myasthenia gravis are two
well-studied examples . Graves' disease is caused by autoantibodies against
the receptor on thyroid cells for thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), secreted
by the pituitary gland. In this disease, autoantibody binds to the TSH recep
tor; like TSH, it stimulates the thyroid gland to produce thyroid hormones.
In myasthenia gravis, the opposite effect is observed: antibodies against the
acetylcholine receptor at the neuromuscular junction impede the binding of
acetylcholine and stimulate internalization of the receptor, thereby block
ing the t ransmission of nerve impulses by acetylcholine (Fig. 42.2). In addi
tion, the presence of autoantibodies at the neuromuscular junction initiates
complement-mediated lysis ofthe muscle endplate and damages the muscle
membrane.
Myasthenia gravis means severe (gravis) muscle (my) weakness (asthenia).
This disease was first identified as an autoimmune disease when an immun
ologist immunized rabbits with purified acetylcholine receptors to obtain
antibodies against this receptor. He noticed that the rabbits developed floppy
ears, like the droopy eyelids (ptosis) that are the most characteristic symptom
of myasthenia gravis in humans. Subsequently, patients with this disease
were found to have antibodies against the acetycholine receptor. In addition,
pregnant women with myasthenia gravis transfer the disease to their newborn
infants. As IgG is the only maternal serum protein that crosses the placenta
fro m mother to fetus, neonatal myasthenia gravis is clear evidence that
myasthenia gravis is caused by an anti-IgG antibody. More recently, patients
with myasthenia gravis have been identified who have autoantibodies against
muscle-specific kinase (MUSK) rather than the acetylcholine receptor.
MUSK is a tyrosine kinase receptor involved in clustering acetylcholine
receptors; therefore, these autoantibodies also inhibit signaling through the
neuromuscular junction.
Topics bearing on
this case:
Humoral autoimmunity
Transfer of maternal
antibodies
Mechanisms for
breaking tolerance
This case was prepared by RaifGeha , MD, in collaboration with Janet Chou, MD.
~ Case 42: Myasthenia Gravis
Fig. 42.1 Autoimmune diseases caused
by antibody against surface or matrix
antigens. These are known as type II
autoimmune diseases. Damage by
IgE-mediated responses (type I) does no.
Case 4 JetBlue Delighting Customers Through Happy JettingIn the.docxannandleola
Case 4 JetBlue: Delighting Customers Through Happy Jetting
In the early years, JetBlue was a thriving young airline with a strong reputation for outstanding service. In fact, the low-fare airline referred to itself as a customer service company that just happened to fly planes. But on a Valentine’s Day, JetBlue was hit by the perfect storm, literally, of events that led to an operational meltdown. One of the most severe storms of the decade covered JetBlue’s main hub at New York’s John F. Kennedy International Airport with a thick layer of snow and ice. JetBlue did not have the infrastructure to deal with such a crisis. The severity of the storm, coupled with a series of poor management decisions, left JetBlue passengers stranded in planes on the runway for up to 11 hours. Worse still, the ripple effect of the storm created major JetBlue flight disruptions for six more days. Understandably, customers were livid. JetBlue’s efforts to clean up the mess following the six-day Valentine’s Day nightmare cost over $30 million in overtime, flight refunds, vouchers for future travel, and other expenses. But the blow to the company’s previously stellar customer-service reputation stung far more than the financial fallout. JetBlue became the butt of jokes by late night talk show hosts. Some industry observers even predicted that this would be the end
of JetBlue. But just three years later, the company is not only still flying, it is growing, profitable, and hotter than ever. During a serious economic downturn competing airlines were cut routes, retiring aircraft, laying off employees, and lost money. JetBlue added planes, expanded into new cities, hired thousands of new employees, and turning profits.
Truly Customer Focused What’s the secret to JetBlue’s success? Quite simply, it’s an obsession with making sure that every customer experience lives up to the company slogan, “Happy Jetting.” Lots of companies say they focus on customers. But at JetBlue, customer well-being is ingrained in the culture. From the beginning, JetBlue set out to provide features that would delight customers. For example, most air travelers expect to be squashed when flying coach. But JetBlue has configured its seats with three more inches of legroom than the average airline seat. That may not sound like much. But those three inches allow six-foot three-inch Arianne Cohen, author of The Tall Book: A Celebration of Life from on High, to stretch out and even cross her legs. If that’s not enough, for as little as $10 per flight, travelers can reserve one of JetBlue’s “Even More Legroom” seats, which offer even more space and a flatter recline position. Add the fact that every JetBlue seat is well padded and covered in leather, and you already have an air travel experience that rivals first-class accommodations (something JetBlue doesn’t offer). Food and beverage is another perk that JetBlue customers enjoy. The airline doesn’t serve meals, but it offers the best selection of free.
Case 4-2 Hardee TransportationThe Assignment Answer the four .docxannandleola
Case 4-2 Hardee Transportation
The Assignment: Answer the four (4) questions at the end of Case 4-2
Resources: Course Textbook, Appendix 4B, Table 4B-1, Attached worksheet (Word or Excel format)
Acceptable Length:
Show your work for solution to questions 1 and 2
. Well-written responses to question 3 and 4.
Formatting Requirements:
Enter your name and date
Provide well-structured solutions/answers- incomplete answers will receive partial credit
Show your work
2. Answer case questions,
using the attached word template or excel document
. Complete assignment and submit as an attachment using the assignment link when finished.
.
Case 3-8 Accountant takes on Halliburton and Wins!1. Descri.docxannandleola
Case 3-8 Accountant takes on Halliburton and Wins!
1. Describe the inadequacies in the corporate governance system at Halliburton.
2. Consider the role of KPMG in the case with respect to the accounting and auditing issues. How did the firms’ actions relate to the ethical and professional expectations for CPAs by the accounting profession?
3. The Halliburton case took place before the Dodd-Frank Financial Reform Act was adopted by Congress. Assume Dodd-Frank had been in effect and Menendez decided to inform the SEC under Dodd-Frank rather than SOX because it had been more than 180 days since the accounting violation had occurred. Given the facts of the case would Menendez have qualified for whistleblower protection? Explain.
4. Some critics claim that while Menendez’s actions may have been courageous, he harmed others along the way. His family was in limbo for many years and had to deal with the agony of being labeled a whistleblower and disloyal to Halliburton. The company’s overall revenue did not change; a small amount was merely shifted to an earlier period. Halliburton didn't steal any money, they didn't cheat the IRS, they didn't cheat their customers or their employees. In fact, they lessened their cash flows by paying out taxes earlier than they should have under the rules. How do you respond to these criticisms?
.
Case 3 Ford’s Pinto Fires The Retrospective View of Ford’s Fiel.docxannandleola
Case 3
Ford’s Pinto Fires: The Retrospective View of Ford’s Field Recall Coordinator
Brief Overview of the Ford Pinto Fires
Determined to compete with fuel- efficient Volkswagen and Japanese imports, the Ford Motor Company introduced the subcompact Pinto in the 1971 model year. Lee Iacocca, Ford’s president at the time, insisted that the Pinto weigh no more than 2,000 pounds and cost no more than $2,000. Even with these restrictions, the Pinto met federal safety standards, although some people have argued that strict adherence to the restrictions led Ford engineers to compromise safety. Some 2 million units were sold during the 10- year life of the Pinto.
The Pinto’s major design flaw— a fuel tank prone to rupturing with moderate speed rear- end collisions— surfaced not too long after the Pinto’s entrance to the market. In April 1974, the Center for Auto Safety petitioned the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) to recall Ford Pintos due to the fuel tank design defect. The Center for Auto Safety’s petition was based on reports from attorneys of three deaths and four serious injuries in moderate- speed rear- end collisions involving Pintos. The NHTSA did not act on this petition until 1977. As a result of tests performed for the NHTSA, as well as the extraordinary amount of publicity generated by the problem, Ford agreed, on June 9, 1978, to recall 1.5 million 1971– 1976 Ford Pintos and 30,000 1975– 1976 Mercury Bobcat sedan and hatchback models for modifications to the fuel tank. Recall notices were mailed to the affected Pinto and Bobcat owners in September 1978. Repair parts were to be delivered to all dealers by September 15, 1978.
Unfortunately, the recall was initiated too late for six people. Between June 9 and September 15, 1978, six people died in Pinto fires after a rear impact. Three of these people were teenage girls killed in Indiana in August 1978 when their 1973 Pinto burst into flames after being rear- ended by a van. The fiery deaths of the Indiana teenagers led to criminal prosecution of the Ford Motor Company on charges of reckless homicide, marking the first time that an American corporation
was prosecuted on criminal charges. In the trial, which commenced on January 15, 1980, “Indiana state prosecutors alleged that Ford knew Pinto gasoline tanks were prone to catch fire during rear- end collisions but failed to warn the public or fix the problem out of concern for profits.” On March 13, 1980, a jury found Ford innocent of the charges. Production of the Pinto was discontinued in the fall of 1980.
Enter Ford’s Field Recall Coordinator
Dennis A. Gioia, currently a professor in the Department of Management and Organization at Pennsylvania State University, was the field recall coordinator at Ford Motor Company as the Pinto fuel tank defect began unfolding. Gioia’s responsibilities included the operational coordination of all the current recall
92 Business Ethics
campaigns, tracking incoming information.
Case 3Competition in the Craft Brewing Industry in 2017John D. Var.docxannandleola
Case 3Competition in the Craft Brewing Industry in 2017
John D. Varlaro
Johnson & Wales University
John E. Gamble
Texas A&M University–Corpus Christi
Locally produced or regional craft beers caused a seismic shift in the U.S. beer industry during the early 2010s with the gains of the small, regional newcomers coming at the expense of such well-known brands as Budweiser, Miller, Coors, and Bud Light. Craft breweries, which by definition sold fewer than 6 million barrels (bbls) per year, expanded rapidly with the deregulation of intrastate alcohol distribution and retail laws and a change in consumer preferences toward unique and high-quality beers. The growing popularity of craft beers allowed the total beer industry in the United States to increase by 6.7 percent annually between 2011 and 2016 to reach $39.5 billion. The production of U.S. craft breweries more than doubled from 11.5 million bbls per year to about 24.6 million bbls per year during that time. In addition, production by microbreweries and brewpubs accounted for 90 percent of craft brewer growth in 2016.1
The industry had begun to show signs of a slowdown going into 2017, with Boston Beer Company, the second largest craft brewery in the United States and known for its Samuel Adams brand, experiencing a 4 percent sales decline in 2016 that erased two years of of growth. The annual revenues of Anheuser-Busch InBev SA, whose portfolio included global brands Budweiser, Corona, and Stella Artois and numerous international and local brands, remained relatively consistent from 2014 to 2016. However, the sales volume of Anheuser-Busch’s flagship brands and its newly acquired and international brands such as Corona, Goose Island, Shock Top, Beck’s, and St. Pauli Girl allowed it to control 45.8 percent of the U.S. market for beer in 2016.2
Industry competition was increasing as grain price fluctuations affected cost structures and growing consolidation within the beer industry—led most notably by AB InBev’s acquisition of several craft breweries, Grupo Modelo, and its pending $104 billion acquisition of SABMiller—created a battle for market share. While the market for specialty beer was expected to gradually plateau by 2020, it appeared that the slowing growth had arrived by 2017. Nevertheless, craft breweries and microbreweries were expected to expand in number and in terms of market share as consumers sought out new pale ales, stouts, wheat beers, pilsners, and lagers with regional or local flairs.The Beer Market
The total economic impact of the beer market was estimated to be 2.0 percent of the total U.S. GDP in 2016 when variables such as jobs within beer production, sales, and distribution were included.3Exhibit 1 presents annual beer production statistics for the United States between 2006 and 2016.
Year
Barrels Produced (in millions)*
2006
198
2007
200
2008
200
2009
197
2010
195
2011
193
2012
196
2013
192
2014
193
2015
191
2016
189
*Rounded to the nearest million. .
CASE 3.2 Ethics, Schmethics-Enrons Code of EthicsIn Jul.docxannandleola
CASE 3.2 "Ethics, Schmethics"-Enron's Code of Ethics
In July 2000, Enron Corporation published an internal code of ethics docu-
ment that ran 64 pages in length (see the Appendix 1).Page 12 of the document
proudly announced the company's position on business ethics:
Employees of Enron Corp., its subsidiaries, and its affiliated companies
(collectively the "Company") are charged with conducting their business
affairs in accordance with the highest ethical standards. An employee
shall not conduct himself or herself in a manner which directly or indi-
rectly would be detrimental to the best interests of the Company or in
a manner which would bring to the employee financial gain separately
derived as a direct consequence of his or her employment with the Com-
pany. Moral as well as legal obligations will be fulfilled openly, promptly,
and in a manner which will reflect pride on the Company's name.
Products and services of the Company will be of the highest quality and
as represented. Advertising and promotion will be truthful, not exagger-
ated or misleading.
Agreements, whether contractual or verbal, will be honored. No bribes,
bonuses, kickbacks, lavish entertainment, or gifts will be given or received
. in exchange for special position, price or privilege . . . Relations with
the Company's many publics-customers, stockholders, governments,
employees, suppliers, press, and bankers-will be conducted in honesty,
candor, and fairness." .- ~ ~ ~ -
Subsequent investigations into the inner workings of Enron Corp. revealed that
the only time this code of ethics received formal attention (other than, presum-
ably,when it was created and formally accepted) was when the board of directors
voted to waive key provisions of the code in order to allow the off-balance-sheet
partnerships that Chief Financial Officer Andy Fastow ultimately used to hide
over half a billion dollars of debt from analysts and investors.
A more realistic picture of the apparent flexibility of Enron's ethical culture
can be found in the extreme conflict of interest represented in its relationship
with Arthur Andersen. Andersen provided both consulting and auditing ser-
vices for fees running into millions of dollars-money that became so critical to
Andersen's continued growth that its employees were encouraged to sign off on
off-balance-sheet transactions-transactions that were not shown on Enron's
publicly-reported balance sheet-that stretched the limits of generally accepted
accounting principles (GAAP) to their furthest edges. In addition, Enron hired
former Andersen employees to manage the affairs of their former colleagues,
which further strengthened the conflict of interest in a relationship that was
supposed, at the very least, to be at arm's length, and, at best, above reproach.
1. What is the purpose of a code of ethics?
2. Do you think the employees of Enron Corp. were told about the vote to put
aside key elements of the code of ethics? If not, why not? If they had .
it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
CASE 6B – CHESTER & WAYNE Chester & Wayne is a regional .docxannandleola
CASE 6B – CHESTER & WAYNE
Chester & Wayne is a regional food distribution company. Mr. Chester, CEO, has asked your
assistance in preparing cash-flow information for the last three months of this year. Selected
accounts from an interim balance sheet dated September 30, have the following balances:
Cash $142,100 Accounts payable $354,155
Marketable securities 200,000 Other payables 53,200
Accounts receivable $1,012,500
Inventories 150,388
Mr. Wayne, CFO, provides you with the following information based on experience and
management policy. All sales are credit sales and are billed the last day of the month of sale.
Customers paying within 10 days of the billing date may take a 2 percent cash discount. Forty
percent of the sales is paid within the discount period in the month following billing. An
additional 25 percent pays in the same month but does not receive the cash discount. Thirty
percent is collected in the second month after billing; the remainder is uncollectible. Additional
cash of $24,000 is expected in October from renting unused warehouse space.
Sixty percent of all purchases, selling and administrative expenses, and advertising expenses is
paid in the month incurred. The remainder is paid in the following month. Ending inventory is
set at 25 percent of the next month's budgeted cost of goods sold. The company's gross profit
averages 30 percent of sales for the month. Selling and administrative expenses follow the
formula of 5 percent of the current month's sales plus $75,000, which includes depreciation of
$5,000. Advertising expenses are budgeted at 3 percent of sales.
Actual and budgeted sales information is as follows:
Actual: Budgeted:
August $750,000 October $826,800
September 787,500 November 868,200
December 911,600
January 930,000
The company will acquire equipment costing $250,000 cash in November. Dividends of $45,000
will be paid in December.
The company would like to maintain a minimum cash balance at the end of each month of
$120,000. Any excess amounts go first to repayment of short-term borrowings and then to
investment in marketable securities. When cash is needed to reach the minimum balance, the
company policy is to sell marketable securities before borrowing.
The company will acquire equipment costing $250,000 cash in November. Dividends of $45,000
will be paid in December.
The company would like to maintain a minimum cash balance at the end of each month of
$120,000. Any excess amounts go first to repayment of short-term borrowings and then to
investment in marketable securities. When cash is needed to reach the minimum balance, the
company policy is to sell marketable securities before borrowing.
Questions (use of spreadsheet software is recommended):
1. Prepare a cash budget for each month of the fourth quarter and for the quarter in total.
Prepare supporting schedules as needed. (Round all budge.
CASE 9 Bulimia Nervosa Table 9-1 Dx Checklist Bulimia Nervos.docxannandleola
"CASE 9 Bulimia Nervosa Table 9-1 Dx Checklist Bulimia Nervosa 1. Repeated binge-eating episodes. 2. Repeated performance of ill-advised compensatory behaviors (e.g., forced vomiting) to prevent weight gain. 3. Symptoms take place at least weekly for a period of 3 months. 4. Inappropriate influence of weight and shape on appraisal of oneself. (Based on APA, 2013.) Rita was a 26-year-old manager of a local Italian restaurant and lived in the same city as her parents. Her childhood was not a happy one. Her parents divorced when she was about 5 years of age. She and her three older brothers remained with their mother, who often seemed overwhelmed with her situation and unable to run the household effectively. Rita would often refer to her childhood as utterly chaotic, as if no one were in charge. Within a 12-month period, 1 percent to 1.5 percent of individuals will meet the diagnostic criteria for bulimia nervosa; at least 90 percent of cases occur in females (APA, 2013). She nevertheless muddled through. When her brothers were finally all off to college or beyond, Rita entered high school, and the household seemed more manageable. Ultimately, she developed a close relationship with her mother, indeed too close, Rita suspected. Her mother seemed like her closest friend, at times the entire focus of her social life. They were both women alone, so to speak, and relied heavily on one another for comfort and support, preventing Rita from developing serious friendships. The two often went shopping together. Rita would give her mother an update on the most recent fashion trends, and her mother would talk to Rita about “how important it is to look good and be put together in this day and age.” Rita didn’t mind the advice, but sometimes she did wonder if her mother kept saying that as a way of telling her that she didn’t think she looked good. Rita later attended a local public college, majoring in business. However, she quit after 3 years to take a job at the restaurant. She had begun working in the restaurant part-time while a sophomore and after 2 years was offered the position of daytime manager. It was a well-paying job, and since her interest was business anyway, Rita figured it made sense to seize an attractive business opportunity. Her mother was not very supportive of her decision to leave college, but Rita reassured her that she intended to go back and finish up after she had worked for a while and saved some money. Just before leaving college, Rita began a serious relationship with a man whom she met at school. Their interest in each other grew, and they eventually got engaged. Everything seemed to be going well when out of the blue, her fiancé’s mental state began to deteriorate. Ultimately he manifested a pattern of schizophrenia and had to be hospitalized. As his impairment extended from days to months and then to more than a year, Rita finally had to end the engagement; she had to pick up the pieces and go on without him. She felt .
Case 9 Bulimia Nervosa in Gorenstein and Comer (2014)Rita was a.docxannandleola
Rita is a 26-year-old woman who struggles with bulimia nervosa. She engages in binge eating episodes 2-3 times per week, consuming over 4,000 calories in a single sitting. After binges, she purges through vomiting to avoid weight gain. Rita is preoccupied with her weight and body image. Though her weight is in the normal range, she is highly critical of her body and engages in frequent weighing, clothing comparisons, and mirror checking. Her disordered eating patterns have become more severe over time, further compromising her physical and mental health.
Case 8.1 Pros and Cons of Balkan Intervention59Must the a.docxannandleola
Case 8.1 Pros and Cons of Balkan Intervention59
“Must the agony of Bosnia-Herzegovina be regarded, with whatever regrets, as somebody else’s trouble?
We don’t think so, but the arguments on behalf of that view deserve an answer. Among them are the
following:
The Balkan conflict is a civil war and unlikely to spread beyond the borders of the former
Yugoslavia. Wrong. Belgrade has missiles trained on Vienna. Tito’s Yugoslavia claimed, by way of
Macedonia, that northern Greece as far south as Thessaloniki belonged under its sovereignty. Those
claims may return. ‘Civil’ war pitting non-Slavic Albanians against Serbs could spread to Albania,
Turkey, Bulgaria, and Greece.
The United States has no strategic interest in the Balkans. Wrong. No peace, no peace dividend.
Unless the West can impose the view that ethnic purity can no longer be the basis for national
sovereignty, then endless national wars will replace the Cold War. This threat has appeared in
genocidal form in Bosnia. If it cannot be contained here, it will erupt elsewhere, and the Clinton
administration’s domestic agenda will be an early casualty.
If the West intervenes on behalf of the Bosnians, the Russians will do so on behalf of the Serbs, and
the Cold War will be reborn. Wrong. The Russians have more to fear from ‘ethnic cleansing’ than
any people on Earth. Nothing would reassure them better than a new, post-Cold War Western
policy of massive, early response against the persecution of national minorities, including the
Russian minorities found in every post-Soviet republic. The Russian right may favor the Serbs, but
Russian self-interest lies elsewhere.
The Serbs also have their grievances. Wrong. They do, but their way of responding to these
grievances, according to the State Department’s annual human rights report, issued this past week,
‘dwarfs anything seen in Europe since Nazi times.’ Via the Genocide Convention, armed
intervention is legal as well as justified.
The UN peace plan is the only alternative. Wrong. Incredibly, the plan proposes the reorganization
of Bosnia-Herzegovina followed by a cease-fire. A better first step would be a UN declaration that
any nation or ethnic group proceeding to statehood on the principle of ethnic purity is an outlaw
state and will be treated as such. As now drafted, the UN peace plan, with a map of provinces that
not one party to the conflict accepts, is really a plan for continued ‘ethnic cleansing.’”
Case 8.2 Images, Arguments, and the Second Persian Gulf Crisis, 1990–
1991
The analysis of policy arguments can be employed to investigate the ways that policymakers represent or
structure problems (Chapter 3). We can thereby identify the images, or problem representations, that
shape processes of making and justifying decisions. For example, during times of crisis, the images which
United States policymakers have of another country affect deliberations about the use of peacekeeping
and negotiation, the imposition of economic sanctions, o.
Case 6-2 Not Getting Face Time at Facebook—and Getting the Last La.docxannandleola
Case 6-2 Not Getting Face Time at Facebook—and Getting the Last Laugh!
In August 2009, Facebook turned down job applicant Brian Acton, an experienced engineer who had previously worked at Yahoo and Apple. More than 4 years later, Facebook paid him $3 billion to acquire his 20% stake of WhatsApp, a start-up he had cofounded immediately after Facebook rejected his job application.(1) WhatsApp Messenger is a proprietary, cross-platform, instant-messaging subscription service for smartphones and selected feature phones that use the Internet for communication. In addition to text messaging, users can send each other images, video, and audio media messages, as well as their location using integrated mapping features.(2) How could Facebook, a highly successful firm, have made such a drastic mistake?
Back in 2009, Brian Acton was a software engineer who was out of work for what seemed like a very long time. He believed he had what it took to make a difference in the industry, but his career did not work out as planned. Even though he spent years at Apple and Yahoo, he got rejected many times by Twitter and Facebook.(3) Acton described the details of the interview process that he failed to do well in as follows:
First of all, interviewing a person for a job that requires technical skills is difficult for both the interviewer and the interviewee. Facebook is a highly desirable firm to work for and requires the best skills and talents from all of their potential employees. It is therefore not surprising that the selection process rivals, if not tops, any company in the industry. The process starts with an email or a phone call from a recruiter in response to an online application or [to] a recommendation from a friend who may work for Facebook. Sometimes, in the initial chat online, timed software coding challenges are set to find the best performers. If this chat goes well, an applicant will go on to the next level—an initial in-person interview or phone screening.(4)
In this next hurdle, the applicant will have a 45-minute chat with a fellow engineer/potential coworker, [with] whom he or she shares the same area of expertise. They will tell you about their job and what their role is in Facebook; then they ask about the applicant’s résumé, motivation, and interests. Additionally, the applicant will be tested about his or her technical skills, coding exercises, and programming abilities.(5)
If successful, the applicant will be invited for back-to-back interviews. This part of the process is very grueling and stressful since all the interviews take place throughout a single day. The candidate will also be asked to manually write a program on a whiteboard to make sure that the applicant is knowledgeable about program writing. The goal in this final step is to see how one approaches a problem and comes up with a solution [that] is simple enough to solve in 10–30 minutes and can be easily explained.(6)
As a potential coworker, the applicant will be te.
Case 6.4 The Case of the Poorly Performing SalespersonEd Markham.docxannandleola
Case 6.4 The Case of the Poorly Performing Salesperson
Ed Markham, the African American sales manager at WCTV, is considering how to handle a problem with one of his salespersons, Jane Folsom, who is White. Ed was promoted to sales manager three months ago after working at WCTV for 2 years. He earned his promotion by exceeding sales goals every month after his first on the job. He developed a research report using secondary data like MRI and the Lifestyle Market Analyst to analyze the market. His former boss praised the report, gave a copy to all salespersons, and included a summary of it in the rate card. When his former boss left for a new job in a larger market, he recommended Ed as his replacement.
Jane has been a salesperson at WCTV for 2 years. For most of that time, she has exceeded sales quotas about as much as Ed had. For the past 3 months, she has not met sales quotas. After his second month as sales manager, Ed talked to Jane about her performance. She attributed her below-average performance to the closing of a major advertiser, Anthony’s Fashions. This local clothing store closed because several major retailers, including JC Penney and Dillard’s, had opened at the local mall.
Ed listened to Jane’s explanation and then suggested ways to obtain new clients. He asked Jane whether she had set personal sales goals, set up a prospect file of new and inactive advertisers as well as existing businesses that were potential clients, come up with research and data on the market to use in presentations and reports to clients, come up with new ideas or opportunities to advertise for clients, or asked her clients about their needs and goals (Shaver, 1995). Jane said no, she simply telephoned or visited her clients regularly to see if they wanted to run ads.
Ed also asked Jane why several of her clients had not paid their bills. He explained that a salesperson must check out a client’s ability to pay before running a schedule. Jane replied that she was not aware of that fact and that no one had ever trained her to sell. She had sold time for a radio station before, but that was all the training she had. Ed’s predecessor had just hired her and cut her loose.
Ed gave Jane a memo after their first meeting a month ago asking her to focus on sales training for the next month. First, she should read Shaver’s (1995) Making the Sale! How to Sell Media With Marketing. He gave her a copy, told her to read it, and asked her to contact him if she had any questions. After reading the book, he told her that she should establish written personal sales goals, begin to develop a prospect file (with two new and two inactive clients), and develop three ideas for new advertising opportunities for existing clients. In the memo, Ed told Jane that he would not hold her to sales performance standards that month. He wanted Jane to focus on doing the background work he assigned to help her improve her future sales performance.
At the meeting a month later, Ed discovered.
Case 5.6Kelo v City of New London545 U.S. 469 (2005)Ye.docxannandleola
Case 5.6
Kelo v City of New London
545 U.S. 469 (2005)
Yes, Actually, They Can Take That Away From You
Facts
In 1978, the city of New London, Connecticut, undertook a redevelopment plan for purposes of creating a redeveloped area in and around the existing park at Fort Trumbull. The plan sought to develop the related ambience a state park should have, including the absence of pink cottages and other architecturally eclectic homes. Part of the redevelopment plan was the city’s deal with Pfizer Corporation for the location of its research facility in the area. The preface to the city’s development plan included the following statement of goals and purpose:
To create a development that would complement the facility that Pfizer was planning to build, create jobs, increase tax and other revenues, encourage public access to and use of the city’s waterfront, and eventually “build momentum” for the revitalization of the rest of the city, including its downtown area.
The affected property owners, including Susette Kelo, live in homes and cottages (15 total) located in and around other existing structures that would be permitted to stay in the area designated for the proposed new structures (under the city’s economic development plan) that would be placed there primarily by private land developers and corporations. The city was assisted by a private, nonprofit corporation, the New London Development Corporation (NLDC), in the development of the economic plan and piloting it through the various governmental processes, including that of city council approval. The central focus of the plan was getting Pfizer to the Fort Trumbull area (where the homeowners and their properties were located) with the hope of a resulting economic boost that such a major corporate employer can bring to an area.
Kelo and the other landowners whose homes would be razed to make room for Pfizer and the accompanying and resulting economic development plan filed suit challenging New London’s legal authority to take their homes. The trial court issued an injunction preventing New London from taking certain of the properties but allowing others to be taken. The appellate court found for New London on all the claims, and the landowners (petitioners) appealed.
Judicial Opinion
STEVENS, Justice Two polar propositions are perfectly clear. On the one hand, it has long been accepted that the sovereign may not take the property of A for the sole purpose of transferring it to another private party B, even though A is paid just compensation. On the other hand, it is equally clear that a State may transfer property from one private party to another if future “use by the public” is the purpose of the taking; the condemnation of land for a railroad with common-carrier duties is a familiar example. Neither of these propositions, however, determines the disposition of this case.
The disposition of this case therefore turns on the question whether the City’s development plan serves a “public purpos.
CASE 5.10 FIBREBOARD PAPER PRODUCTS CORP. V. NLRB SUPREME COURT OF.docxannandleola
CASE 5.10 FIBREBOARD PAPER PRODUCTS CORP. V. NLRB SUPREME COURT OF THE UNITED STATES, 379 U.S. 203 (1964).
[After receiving union proposals for contract revisions for the benefit of the maintenance workers at the company’s Emeryville, California, plant, the company advised the union that negotiations for a new contract would be pointless because it had definitely decided to contract out the work performed by the employees covered by the agreement upon the expiration of the agreement. The company planned to replace these employees with an independent contractor’s employees and expected that substantial savings would be effected by this contracting-out of the work. The Board ordered the company to reinstate the maintenance operation with the union employees, reinstate the employees with back pay, and fulfill its statutory bargaining obligation. The court of appeals granted the Board’s enforcement petition, and the Supreme Court agreed to hear the case.]
WARREN, C. J.... I. Section 8(a)(5) of the National Labor Relations Act provides that it shall be an unfair labor practice for an employer “to refuse to bargain collectively with the representatives of his employees.” Collective bar- gaining is defined in Section 8(d)
as the performance of the mutual obligation of the employer and the representative of the employees to meet at reasonable times and confer in good faith with respect to wages, hours, and other terms and conditions of employment.
“Read together, these provisions establish the obligation of the employer and the representative of its employees to bargain with each other in good faith with respect to ‘wages, hours, and other terms and conditions of employment....’ The duty is limited to those subjects, and within that area neither is legally obligated to yield. Labor Board v. American Ins. Co., 343 U.S. 395. As to other matters, however, each party is free to bargain or not to bargain....” Labor Board v. Wooster Div. of Borg-Warner Corp., 356 U.S. 342, 349. Because of the limited grant of certiorari, we are concerned here only with whether the subject upon which the employer allegedly refused to bargain— contracting out of plant maintenance work previously performed by employees in the bargaining unit, which the employees were capable of continuing to perform—is covered by the phrase “terms and conditions of employment” within the meaning of Section 8(d).
The subject matter of the present dispute is well within the literal meaning of the phrase “terms and conditions of employment.”
As the Court of Appeals pointed out, it is not necessary that it be likely or probable that the union will yield or supply a feasible solution but rather that the union be afforded an opportunity to meet management’s legitimate complaints that its maintenance was unduly costly.
We are thus not expanding the scope of mandatory bargaining to hold, as we do now, that the type of “contracting out” involved in this case—the replacement of employees in the exi.
Case 4 The McDonald’s China Food Supplier Scandal1. What we.docxannandleola
Case 4:
The McDonald’s China Food Supplier Scandal
1. What were the root causes for Husi’s misbehavior?
2. What are the major challenges faced by the multinationals such as McDonald’s in supply chain management in China?
3. Should McDonald’s be held responsible for the scandal? How could McDonald’s avoid similar situations from happening again?
4. Should OSI be held responsible for the scandal? What should OSI do to prevent similar situations from happening again?
.
Case 3 Neesha Wilson Phoenix Rising Risks, Protective Factors, and.docxannandleola
Neesha Wilson, a 10-year-old African American girl, was referred for assessment by her school due to poor academic performance and behavioral issues. She lives with her mother and older brother, as her father left the family 3 years ago. Testing showed Neesha's intellectual abilities were likely underestimated and her academic skills were well above grade level, though she was repeating 4th grade. Neesha reported worries about school performance and family stressors, and showed signs of anxiety through somatic symptoms like fatigue. While most scores were normal, elevated scales indicated concerns with negative mood, physiological arousal, and somatic complaints.
Case 48 Sun Microsystems Done by Nour Abdulaziz Maryam .docxannandleola
Case 48: Sun Microsystems
Done by: Nour Abdulaziz
Maryam Barifah
Shrouq Al-Jaadi
Balqees Mekhalfi
Yara El-Feki
Introduction
•In 2009, Oracle was planning to acquire Sun Microsystems.
•This acquisition would allow Oracle;
•to further diversify their brand, customers and acquire various new platforms that would be added to their portfolio such as MySQL, Solaris and Java.
•Oracle originally placed an offer of $9.50 per share price which is considerably higher than Sun Microsystem’s price that is $6.69.
•This will cut the production costs and make the company more efficient throughout all the value chain.
•Oracle aimed to capitalize on Sun Microsystem’s decline by getting particular assets or the whole company at the deflated price.
Is Sun Microsystems a good strategic fit for Oracle? Should Oracle acquire Sun Microsystems?
- as it will allow them to achieve their vision of becoming the Apple of the software industry.
- it will allow the company to deliver high-quality customer products by combining both hardware and software components, hence reducing the consumer setup process.
Continue
It will provide Oracle with the needed expansion.
-This acquisition fits Oracle’s overall strategy which is to improve through acquiring and effectively integrating other companies
Worth of Sun Microsystems and Valuation Approaches
To know how much Sun Microsystems worth, we must find the Stand Alone Value of the company.
The Stand Alone value represents the present value of Sun Microsystem individually before factoring the synergy that would be created when Oracle acquires Sun.
Another method is the value of Sun Microsystem with synergies, which after being acquired by Oracle, must be found. This is done to see whether or not the acquisition was a proper strategic decision or not
Another method of valuing the Sun Microsystem is through the comparative company analysis (CCA). That is done through the thorough assessment of rival and peer businesses of similar size and industry.
Finally, the acquisition price, which is the price that is paid to the target when it is first acquired, is also used as a separate method of valuation. The value of the acquisition price ranges between the values of the stand-alone and the synergies.
USING THE DCF
To be able to find the values of both, the Stand Alone and the synergies, we have decided the best way to do so is by calculating the discounted cash flow (DCF) by using the multiples and the perpetuity growth methods and finding the average of both.
DCF Using Multiples MethodDCF Using Perpetuity Growth MethodIt does not consider long-term growth rate or the economics of business.This method seems inaccurate as the company assumes a certain growth rate will remains the same 2014 onwards (forever) which is unrealistic.It is considered a challenging method to use as it is very difficult to identify truly comparable companies.
USING THE WACC
The weig.
CASE 42 Myasthenia Gravis The immune response turns agai.docxannandleola
CASE 42 Myasthenia Gravis
The immune response turns against the host.
The specific adaptive immune response can, in rare instances, be mounted
against self antigens and cause autoimmune disease. Injury to body tissues
can result from antibodies directed against cell-surface or extracellular-matrix
molecules, from antibodies bound to circulating molecules that deposit as
immune complexes, or from clones of T cells that react with self antigens. A
special class of autoimmune disease is caused by autoantibodies against cell
surface receptors (Fig. 42.1). Graves' disease and myasthenia gravis are two
well-studied examples . Graves' disease is caused by autoantibodies against
the receptor on thyroid cells for thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), secreted
by the pituitary gland. In this disease, autoantibody binds to the TSH recep
tor; like TSH, it stimulates the thyroid gland to produce thyroid hormones.
In myasthenia gravis, the opposite effect is observed: antibodies against the
acetylcholine receptor at the neuromuscular junction impede the binding of
acetylcholine and stimulate internalization of the receptor, thereby block
ing the t ransmission of nerve impulses by acetylcholine (Fig. 42.2). In addi
tion, the presence of autoantibodies at the neuromuscular junction initiates
complement-mediated lysis ofthe muscle endplate and damages the muscle
membrane.
Myasthenia gravis means severe (gravis) muscle (my) weakness (asthenia).
This disease was first identified as an autoimmune disease when an immun
ologist immunized rabbits with purified acetylcholine receptors to obtain
antibodies against this receptor. He noticed that the rabbits developed floppy
ears, like the droopy eyelids (ptosis) that are the most characteristic symptom
of myasthenia gravis in humans. Subsequently, patients with this disease
were found to have antibodies against the acetycholine receptor. In addition,
pregnant women with myasthenia gravis transfer the disease to their newborn
infants. As IgG is the only maternal serum protein that crosses the placenta
fro m mother to fetus, neonatal myasthenia gravis is clear evidence that
myasthenia gravis is caused by an anti-IgG antibody. More recently, patients
with myasthenia gravis have been identified who have autoantibodies against
muscle-specific kinase (MUSK) rather than the acetylcholine receptor.
MUSK is a tyrosine kinase receptor involved in clustering acetylcholine
receptors; therefore, these autoantibodies also inhibit signaling through the
neuromuscular junction.
Topics bearing on
this case:
Humoral autoimmunity
Transfer of maternal
antibodies
Mechanisms for
breaking tolerance
This case was prepared by RaifGeha , MD, in collaboration with Janet Chou, MD.
~ Case 42: Myasthenia Gravis
Fig. 42.1 Autoimmune diseases caused
by antibody against surface or matrix
antigens. These are known as type II
autoimmune diseases. Damage by
IgE-mediated responses (type I) does no.
Case 4 JetBlue Delighting Customers Through Happy JettingIn the.docxannandleola
Case 4 JetBlue: Delighting Customers Through Happy Jetting
In the early years, JetBlue was a thriving young airline with a strong reputation for outstanding service. In fact, the low-fare airline referred to itself as a customer service company that just happened to fly planes. But on a Valentine’s Day, JetBlue was hit by the perfect storm, literally, of events that led to an operational meltdown. One of the most severe storms of the decade covered JetBlue’s main hub at New York’s John F. Kennedy International Airport with a thick layer of snow and ice. JetBlue did not have the infrastructure to deal with such a crisis. The severity of the storm, coupled with a series of poor management decisions, left JetBlue passengers stranded in planes on the runway for up to 11 hours. Worse still, the ripple effect of the storm created major JetBlue flight disruptions for six more days. Understandably, customers were livid. JetBlue’s efforts to clean up the mess following the six-day Valentine’s Day nightmare cost over $30 million in overtime, flight refunds, vouchers for future travel, and other expenses. But the blow to the company’s previously stellar customer-service reputation stung far more than the financial fallout. JetBlue became the butt of jokes by late night talk show hosts. Some industry observers even predicted that this would be the end
of JetBlue. But just three years later, the company is not only still flying, it is growing, profitable, and hotter than ever. During a serious economic downturn competing airlines were cut routes, retiring aircraft, laying off employees, and lost money. JetBlue added planes, expanded into new cities, hired thousands of new employees, and turning profits.
Truly Customer Focused What’s the secret to JetBlue’s success? Quite simply, it’s an obsession with making sure that every customer experience lives up to the company slogan, “Happy Jetting.” Lots of companies say they focus on customers. But at JetBlue, customer well-being is ingrained in the culture. From the beginning, JetBlue set out to provide features that would delight customers. For example, most air travelers expect to be squashed when flying coach. But JetBlue has configured its seats with three more inches of legroom than the average airline seat. That may not sound like much. But those three inches allow six-foot three-inch Arianne Cohen, author of The Tall Book: A Celebration of Life from on High, to stretch out and even cross her legs. If that’s not enough, for as little as $10 per flight, travelers can reserve one of JetBlue’s “Even More Legroom” seats, which offer even more space and a flatter recline position. Add the fact that every JetBlue seat is well padded and covered in leather, and you already have an air travel experience that rivals first-class accommodations (something JetBlue doesn’t offer). Food and beverage is another perk that JetBlue customers enjoy. The airline doesn’t serve meals, but it offers the best selection of free.
Case 4-2 Hardee TransportationThe Assignment Answer the four .docxannandleola
Case 4-2 Hardee Transportation
The Assignment: Answer the four (4) questions at the end of Case 4-2
Resources: Course Textbook, Appendix 4B, Table 4B-1, Attached worksheet (Word or Excel format)
Acceptable Length:
Show your work for solution to questions 1 and 2
. Well-written responses to question 3 and 4.
Formatting Requirements:
Enter your name and date
Provide well-structured solutions/answers- incomplete answers will receive partial credit
Show your work
2. Answer case questions,
using the attached word template or excel document
. Complete assignment and submit as an attachment using the assignment link when finished.
.
Case 3-8 Accountant takes on Halliburton and Wins!1. Descri.docxannandleola
Case 3-8 Accountant takes on Halliburton and Wins!
1. Describe the inadequacies in the corporate governance system at Halliburton.
2. Consider the role of KPMG in the case with respect to the accounting and auditing issues. How did the firms’ actions relate to the ethical and professional expectations for CPAs by the accounting profession?
3. The Halliburton case took place before the Dodd-Frank Financial Reform Act was adopted by Congress. Assume Dodd-Frank had been in effect and Menendez decided to inform the SEC under Dodd-Frank rather than SOX because it had been more than 180 days since the accounting violation had occurred. Given the facts of the case would Menendez have qualified for whistleblower protection? Explain.
4. Some critics claim that while Menendez’s actions may have been courageous, he harmed others along the way. His family was in limbo for many years and had to deal with the agony of being labeled a whistleblower and disloyal to Halliburton. The company’s overall revenue did not change; a small amount was merely shifted to an earlier period. Halliburton didn't steal any money, they didn't cheat the IRS, they didn't cheat their customers or their employees. In fact, they lessened their cash flows by paying out taxes earlier than they should have under the rules. How do you respond to these criticisms?
.
Case 3 Ford’s Pinto Fires The Retrospective View of Ford’s Fiel.docxannandleola
Case 3
Ford’s Pinto Fires: The Retrospective View of Ford’s Field Recall Coordinator
Brief Overview of the Ford Pinto Fires
Determined to compete with fuel- efficient Volkswagen and Japanese imports, the Ford Motor Company introduced the subcompact Pinto in the 1971 model year. Lee Iacocca, Ford’s president at the time, insisted that the Pinto weigh no more than 2,000 pounds and cost no more than $2,000. Even with these restrictions, the Pinto met federal safety standards, although some people have argued that strict adherence to the restrictions led Ford engineers to compromise safety. Some 2 million units were sold during the 10- year life of the Pinto.
The Pinto’s major design flaw— a fuel tank prone to rupturing with moderate speed rear- end collisions— surfaced not too long after the Pinto’s entrance to the market. In April 1974, the Center for Auto Safety petitioned the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) to recall Ford Pintos due to the fuel tank design defect. The Center for Auto Safety’s petition was based on reports from attorneys of three deaths and four serious injuries in moderate- speed rear- end collisions involving Pintos. The NHTSA did not act on this petition until 1977. As a result of tests performed for the NHTSA, as well as the extraordinary amount of publicity generated by the problem, Ford agreed, on June 9, 1978, to recall 1.5 million 1971– 1976 Ford Pintos and 30,000 1975– 1976 Mercury Bobcat sedan and hatchback models for modifications to the fuel tank. Recall notices were mailed to the affected Pinto and Bobcat owners in September 1978. Repair parts were to be delivered to all dealers by September 15, 1978.
Unfortunately, the recall was initiated too late for six people. Between June 9 and September 15, 1978, six people died in Pinto fires after a rear impact. Three of these people were teenage girls killed in Indiana in August 1978 when their 1973 Pinto burst into flames after being rear- ended by a van. The fiery deaths of the Indiana teenagers led to criminal prosecution of the Ford Motor Company on charges of reckless homicide, marking the first time that an American corporation
was prosecuted on criminal charges. In the trial, which commenced on January 15, 1980, “Indiana state prosecutors alleged that Ford knew Pinto gasoline tanks were prone to catch fire during rear- end collisions but failed to warn the public or fix the problem out of concern for profits.” On March 13, 1980, a jury found Ford innocent of the charges. Production of the Pinto was discontinued in the fall of 1980.
Enter Ford’s Field Recall Coordinator
Dennis A. Gioia, currently a professor in the Department of Management and Organization at Pennsylvania State University, was the field recall coordinator at Ford Motor Company as the Pinto fuel tank defect began unfolding. Gioia’s responsibilities included the operational coordination of all the current recall
92 Business Ethics
campaigns, tracking incoming information.
Case 3Competition in the Craft Brewing Industry in 2017John D. Var.docxannandleola
Case 3Competition in the Craft Brewing Industry in 2017
John D. Varlaro
Johnson & Wales University
John E. Gamble
Texas A&M University–Corpus Christi
Locally produced or regional craft beers caused a seismic shift in the U.S. beer industry during the early 2010s with the gains of the small, regional newcomers coming at the expense of such well-known brands as Budweiser, Miller, Coors, and Bud Light. Craft breweries, which by definition sold fewer than 6 million barrels (bbls) per year, expanded rapidly with the deregulation of intrastate alcohol distribution and retail laws and a change in consumer preferences toward unique and high-quality beers. The growing popularity of craft beers allowed the total beer industry in the United States to increase by 6.7 percent annually between 2011 and 2016 to reach $39.5 billion. The production of U.S. craft breweries more than doubled from 11.5 million bbls per year to about 24.6 million bbls per year during that time. In addition, production by microbreweries and brewpubs accounted for 90 percent of craft brewer growth in 2016.1
The industry had begun to show signs of a slowdown going into 2017, with Boston Beer Company, the second largest craft brewery in the United States and known for its Samuel Adams brand, experiencing a 4 percent sales decline in 2016 that erased two years of of growth. The annual revenues of Anheuser-Busch InBev SA, whose portfolio included global brands Budweiser, Corona, and Stella Artois and numerous international and local brands, remained relatively consistent from 2014 to 2016. However, the sales volume of Anheuser-Busch’s flagship brands and its newly acquired and international brands such as Corona, Goose Island, Shock Top, Beck’s, and St. Pauli Girl allowed it to control 45.8 percent of the U.S. market for beer in 2016.2
Industry competition was increasing as grain price fluctuations affected cost structures and growing consolidation within the beer industry—led most notably by AB InBev’s acquisition of several craft breweries, Grupo Modelo, and its pending $104 billion acquisition of SABMiller—created a battle for market share. While the market for specialty beer was expected to gradually plateau by 2020, it appeared that the slowing growth had arrived by 2017. Nevertheless, craft breweries and microbreweries were expected to expand in number and in terms of market share as consumers sought out new pale ales, stouts, wheat beers, pilsners, and lagers with regional or local flairs.The Beer Market
The total economic impact of the beer market was estimated to be 2.0 percent of the total U.S. GDP in 2016 when variables such as jobs within beer production, sales, and distribution were included.3Exhibit 1 presents annual beer production statistics for the United States between 2006 and 2016.
Year
Barrels Produced (in millions)*
2006
198
2007
200
2008
200
2009
197
2010
195
2011
193
2012
196
2013
192
2014
193
2015
191
2016
189
*Rounded to the nearest million. .
CASE 3.2 Ethics, Schmethics-Enrons Code of EthicsIn Jul.docxannandleola
CASE 3.2 "Ethics, Schmethics"-Enron's Code of Ethics
In July 2000, Enron Corporation published an internal code of ethics docu-
ment that ran 64 pages in length (see the Appendix 1).Page 12 of the document
proudly announced the company's position on business ethics:
Employees of Enron Corp., its subsidiaries, and its affiliated companies
(collectively the "Company") are charged with conducting their business
affairs in accordance with the highest ethical standards. An employee
shall not conduct himself or herself in a manner which directly or indi-
rectly would be detrimental to the best interests of the Company or in
a manner which would bring to the employee financial gain separately
derived as a direct consequence of his or her employment with the Com-
pany. Moral as well as legal obligations will be fulfilled openly, promptly,
and in a manner which will reflect pride on the Company's name.
Products and services of the Company will be of the highest quality and
as represented. Advertising and promotion will be truthful, not exagger-
ated or misleading.
Agreements, whether contractual or verbal, will be honored. No bribes,
bonuses, kickbacks, lavish entertainment, or gifts will be given or received
. in exchange for special position, price or privilege . . . Relations with
the Company's many publics-customers, stockholders, governments,
employees, suppliers, press, and bankers-will be conducted in honesty,
candor, and fairness." .- ~ ~ ~ -
Subsequent investigations into the inner workings of Enron Corp. revealed that
the only time this code of ethics received formal attention (other than, presum-
ably,when it was created and formally accepted) was when the board of directors
voted to waive key provisions of the code in order to allow the off-balance-sheet
partnerships that Chief Financial Officer Andy Fastow ultimately used to hide
over half a billion dollars of debt from analysts and investors.
A more realistic picture of the apparent flexibility of Enron's ethical culture
can be found in the extreme conflict of interest represented in its relationship
with Arthur Andersen. Andersen provided both consulting and auditing ser-
vices for fees running into millions of dollars-money that became so critical to
Andersen's continued growth that its employees were encouraged to sign off on
off-balance-sheet transactions-transactions that were not shown on Enron's
publicly-reported balance sheet-that stretched the limits of generally accepted
accounting principles (GAAP) to their furthest edges. In addition, Enron hired
former Andersen employees to manage the affairs of their former colleagues,
which further strengthened the conflict of interest in a relationship that was
supposed, at the very least, to be at arm's length, and, at best, above reproach.
1. What is the purpose of a code of ethics?
2. Do you think the employees of Enron Corp. were told about the vote to put
aside key elements of the code of ethics? If not, why not? If they had .
it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
This slide is special for master students (MIBS & MIFB) in UUM. Also useful for readers who are interested in the topic of contemporary Islamic banking.
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty,
International FDP on Fundamentals of Research in Social Sciences
at Integral University, Lucknow, 06.06.2024
By Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
This presentation includes basic of PCOS their pathology and treatment and also Ayurveda correlation of PCOS and Ayurvedic line of treatment mentioned in classics.
Main Java[All of the Base Concepts}.docxadhitya5119
This is part 1 of my Java Learning Journey. This Contains Custom methods, classes, constructors, packages, multithreading , try- catch block, finally block and more.
Strategies for Effective Upskilling is a presentation by Chinwendu Peace in a Your Skill Boost Masterclass organisation by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan on 08th and 09th June 2024 from 1 PM to 3 PM on each day.
Models or categories of addictionThe moral modelThis is based .docx
1. Models or categories of addiction
The moral model
This is based on religious and legal perspective. It acts as
guidance to the right and wrong ideology of individual conduct
within the society. However, the people who use the ideology
exercise their own choices on what to follow. Religion gives a
guideline of how people would live together harmoniously, but
the law is infinite, therefore, cannot be measured. If we
subconsciously know the wrong and right without having a set
of guideline does it mean that we are also wrong in God's law.
We incur emotional feelings that are unmeasurable and seen
through our actions and reactions, Newman et al. 2013. This is
in consideration to the consequences that involved due to their
action. In the case of alcohol abuse, the individual involved will
have addiction to the substance due to personal choice.
Psychological model
This refers to the social and emotional attributes that leads to
the substance use. According to Lewis et al. (2014),
individualren experience psychological trauma as an aftermath
of witnessing violent activities. The effect varies with the age
and gender of the individualren involved. Factors consistent in
the posttraumatic stress effect include anxiety attacks;
heightened stress level; emotional instability; developmental
issues; less cognitive and disrupted habitual patterns such as
sleep, eating disorder and emotional or physical pain. Life
complexities have resulted in acts that have emotional,
mentality and ability to act within different individuals. The
outcome encompasses merging the understanding of the inner
person and the society. The attribution to the concept includes
the behavioral, learning, psychodynamic and personality model.
Cognitive has the characteristics of a behavior motivated due to
the experiences that occurred in the intake of the drug. For
instance, the participant enjoyed the use of the substance would
want to indulge in the activity once more. This encourages the
2. repeat action of the individual. However NIAA argues that it
results in depression, withdrawal and nervousness of the
afflicted. The brain recognizes the substance thus develops
withdrawal characteristics in the person.
Learning model use the alcohol to establish positive
reinforcement to their attitude, personality or trait. The
dependent use the substance so as to reduce attacks that causes
nervousness, panic or anxiety, Capuzzi et al. 2012. The
hindrance of effectiveness of learning program may be caused
by the awareness disconnect of the brain. This caused by the
level of trauma that affected the ability of the individual to
separate the memory and emotions incapacitating them from
learning experience. Rigidity in the behavioral pattern inhibits
the learning experience due to the post trauma involvement that
form emotional attachment thus incapacitated the adaptability to
human assistance. This creates a communication barrier as the
individual becomes slow in the learning process in addition
inhibits fear and anxiety to learn new things. Sensitive issues
originating to their identity hence negative forces that influence
the acceptance to social support and aid (Lewis et al. 2014).
Psychodynamic model refers to as the linked personality
disorder. This means that afflicted abuse alcoholic substance
due to the traumatic experience in their childhood or current
situation. It may be contributed through masturbation,
homosexuality, rape, violent attacks or parents’ inadequacy.
This interconnection with the bad experience enhances use of
alcohol to forget their traumatic experience. They also use
alcoholic beverage to reduce of their painful experience thus
unable to regulate their intake. It causes disturbed object
relation. Conversely, it increases the dependency level and the
individual inhibits hostility, emotional display or depression.
Personality trait means that the individual character that
establishes adapting to social and cultural influences so as to fit
into the society, Strauffer et al., 2012.
Family model
This is based on the family set up, context and support for the
3. drug abuser. It may contribute to the afflicted behavior in terms
of genetic attribute, hostile environment and behavior. This can
reinforce the dependency on substance abuse or support towards
the recovery process of the patient. It is important for the
family to understand the position of alcoholic individual as well
as the disease so as to prevent the possibility of relapse. Some
parents will also use examples of coincidental situations that
occur to prove that there is a connection between drug abuse
and social use. Parents also use false consensus to believe that
reinforce wrong beliefs such as that about vaccines causing
autism symptoms. In the false consensus effect, parents are led
to believe that the subject belief concerning the danger of
vaccines is one which is widely held. This is mainly the result
of being exposed to selective data through various elements of
the media (Specter, 2009). In addition, most parents have no
way of getting feedback from others about questions regarding
this premise due to the unspoken rules regarding social
interaction. For instance, if a parent suspects that his son or
daughter is autistic because of the administrations of multiple
vaccines, this view is not likely to be corrected by others or by
doctors because it is unlikely that the parent will express it out
loud.
Cultural model
The identity of a person can be seen by the cultural background
and evidence in their disparity. In counselling an individual
who has been involved in post-traumatic experience hence
substance abuse, is important to understanding the element of
culture. This influences their social habits, cognitive ability and
human perception assists in the progressive analysis and
effectiveness of the program. Psychiatrists discovered that the
origin of the human being determine their behavioral attributes.
As a result, the development and emotional engagement made
consistent and linked together to improve their psychological
stability. As a result, programs developed in effort to intervene
their calamity hence enable them develop social personality and
behavior that consistent with the society code of conduct
4. (Kitayama & Cohen, 2010).
Social Model
Sociology studies the human behavior and experiences
influenced by societal norms, cultural difference, ethnical
group, historical background, social structures, individual self,
civilization and institution that govern our daily lives.
Sociology enables building relationship with individuals around
us basing on different social aspects that the influence such as
gender, racial background, families, institutions, individual
forces and other contributing factors. The evolving modern
societies have an impact on the way people relate to one
another. The changing trends may lead to combining all
variables that affect social aspects of a human being so as to
attain a civilized mode of living.
CODA’s patterns and characteristics
http://coda.org/index.cfm/meeting-documents/patterns-and-
characteristics-2011/
Serene Center typical codependent traits
http://www.serenecenter.com/self_help_docs/Serene%20Center
%20Addiction%20and%20Codependency%20Diagnostic%20Crit
eria.pdf
from the SAGE Social Science Collections. All Rights
Reserved.
at Apollo Group - UOP on March 30,
2015tfj.sagepub.comDownloaded from
http://tfj.sagepub.com/
5. at Apollo Group - UOP on March 30,
2015tfj.sagepub.comDownloaded from
http://tfj.sagepub.com/
at Apollo Group - UOP on March 30,
2015tfj.sagepub.comDownloaded from
http://tfj.sagepub.com/
Concept of codependency: blaming the victim or pathway to
recovery?
Alternate Title:
comment on B. G. Collins
Authors:
Favorini, Alison
Source:
Social Work; November 1995, Vol. 40, p827-830, 4p
Physical Description:
Bibliography
Document Type:
Article
Subjects:
Social work with women
Feminist criticism
Codependency
Psychiatric social work
Interpersonal relations
Codependents
Pathological psychology
Addictions
Addicts
Social workers
Social services
6. Abstract:
A commentary on B. Collins's “Reconstructing codependency
using self-in-relation theory: A feminist perspective,” which
appeared in Social Work, vol. 38, 1993, pp. 470-476. The writer
examines Collins's synopsis of the definitions of codependency
and descriptions of behavior and characteristics connected with
it and declares them to be consistent with what she has read on
the subject. She states that although documentation exists that
stress-related health problems are common in spouses of
alcoholics, Collins is correct in maintaining that the extension
of the disease concept from addiction to codependency is
inappropriate. However, she contends that Collins's article is a
frequently misleading analysis and critique of the concept of
codependency and outlines how this is so with reference to
previous studies on codependency, the origin of codependency,
and the help that social workers and self-help movements can
provide to codependents.
ISSN:
00378046
Accession Number:
508574272
Translate Full Text:
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Concept of Codependency: Blaming the Victim or Pathway to
Recovery?
Contents
1. Studies on Codependency
2. Origin of Codependency
3. Social Workers and Self-Help Movements
4. Conclusion
5. References
ListenSelect:
Section:
Points & Viewpoints
"Reconstruing Codependency Using Self-in-Relation Theory: A
7. Feminist Perspective" (Collins, 1993) was a thought-provoking
and well-written but frequently misleading analysis and critique
of the concept of codependency. As the second author of one of
the articles Collins cited as part of her argument (Jacob,
Favorini, Meisel, & Anderson, 1978), I felt compelled to
respond. Our article was written 16 years ago and, therefore,
predates the popularization and perhaps the formulation of the
codependency construct. The studies we reviewed typically
assessed the presence of psychopathology using measures such
as the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (Hathaway
& McKinley, 1951) and did not look for codependent behavior
specifically. This is an important distinction glossed over by
Collins.
In the 15 years since our article was published, a great deal has
been learned about addicted family systems that suggests the
prevalence of impaired problem solving and communication;
physical, emotional, and sexual abuse; and lasting negative
consequences for the children of these families. Certainly, to
locate the pathology of such a system in the addict's spouse is,
as Collins contends, "blaming the victim." However, as an adult
child of alcoholics (ACOA), I can testify personally to the value
of the concept of codependency in the recovery process of
surviving family members. Therefore, I would like to respond to
several points in Collins's article.
Collins's summary of the definitions of codependency and
descriptions of behavior and characteristics associated with it
are consistent with what I have read on the subject. The
hallmark trait is caretaking behavior--the codependent
individual will meet the needs of another before meeting his or
her own needs and will do this consistently. Collins suggests
that the term "codependency" is applied primarily to women and
that the behaviors described result in large part from societal
prescriptions of appropriate coping behavior for women.
However, authors writing on this subject do not limit the term's
application to women. Because most addicted individuals have
been male (this is changing), women may have more often
8. shown this pattern, but it is not limited in theory or in reality to
women.
Use of the term "sick" to label this behavior does seem extreme,
but most of the writings I have seen directed to ACOAs and
those recovering from codependency are primarily supportive
and caring and do not convey a tone of blaming the victim.
Although there is documentation that stress-related health
problems are common in spouses of alcoholics, I agree with
Collins that extension of the disease concept from addiction to
codependency is inappropriate.
Studies on Codependency
Collins actually cites no studies directly testing the existence of
codependence. Tweed and Ryff (1991) and Seefeldt and Lyon
(1991) both assessed ACOA characteristics but did not focus
specifically on codependence. The latter source is a conference
paper unavailable to this writer. Tweed and Ryff compared
higher-socioeconomic-status, demographically matched ACOAs
and non-ACOAs (according to the Children of Alcoholics
Screening Test) on 10 self-report measures of psychological
distress and well-being, personality, and psychological
development. Well-being assessment was included to examine
resilience.
ACOAs were significantly more depressed and anxious but did
not differ on the other eight measures. However, the younger
part of their sample were all college students, and the measures
used do not adequately tap the concept of codependence, nor is
the term used in their article. The ACOAs had significantly
more often received psychiatric treatment and were significantly
more concerned that they might have eating or alcohol
problems; they also more often reported emotional abuse in
childhood. Furthermore, all measures were self-reported,
allowing denial and social desirability to operate. Kaufman's
(1985) review of the literature, cited by Collins to support her
position, analyzed family system dynamics in substance-abusing
families and included a discussion of "coalcoholism," similar to
codependency. Kaufman described dynamics akin to those of the
9. codependent model.
In an intriguing review and synthesis of family systems theory
with the codependency model, Sheridan and Green (1993)
hypothesized that families of alcoholics differ from other
families in cohesiveness, adaptability, and competence (that is,
successful task performance while supporting individual
growth). Confusion over boundaries and roles, issues of control,
and rigidity of rules and expectations stifle the individuation of
family members and impair their self-esteem. Codependency is
defined as lack of self-definition and the seeking of identity
through external relationships. The authors cited many
supporting empirical studies, including two that reported a
tendency for ACOAs to be overresponsible for others and
underresponsible for themselves (Black, Bucky, & Wilder-
Padilla, 1986; Jackson, 1984/ 1985). In a discriminant function
analysis of data from 55 recovering ACOAs in clinical and self-
help programs, 33 nonrecovering ACOAs, and 39 adult children
of nonalcoholic parents, Sheridan and Green correctly classified
69 percent of the respondents with five significant predictor
variables--family of origin competence, family of origin
cohesion, individuation from parents, desire to control others,
and self-esteem. ACOAs reported more family-of-origin
problems with cohesion (either enmeshment or disengagement)
and competence and were less individuated, more controlling,
and lower in self-esteem. Although the study is limited because
of the middle-class sample and sampling methods, the variables
that emerged as significant predictors are indicative of
codependent traits and behavior patterns in ACOAs and support
the codependency model.
Origin of Codependency
Although Collins suggests otherwise, most writers addressing
codependency do acknowledge that codependent behaviors are
developed as a way to survive in an addictive or dysfunctional
family and note that these behaviors become dysfunctional when
continued into adulthood. Needing to always be in control and
having a strong care-giver orientation are some of the more
10. common adult sequelae. Most spouses of alcoholics or other
drug addicts grew up in families where drugs or alcohol were
abused and have developed enabling behaviors that attract
addicted individuals.
Anyone who doubts the existence of codependent behavior
patterns should visit ACA (Adult Children of Alcoholics),
CODA (Codependents Anonymous), or Al-Anon meetings to
witness the grip these behaviors have. I agree with Beattie
(1987, 1990) that it is a lifelong struggle to overcome these
ingrained behaviors. It is important to acknowledge the
diversity of ACOAs and spouses of alcoholics, but it is wishful
thinking to assert that living in such a family does not exert a
lasting effect that may fall short of diagnosable psycho-
pathology but can have persistent negative effects on personal
and work relationships.
The emphasis on nurturing the relationship to self is key to
recovery because the codependent has always put herself or
himself last. This self work must be done before the person can
have a mutual relationship of the type discussed by Collins. I
recommend Mellody and colleagues' (1989) Facing
Codependence for its discussion of how the self has been
damaged in abusive and dysfunctional families. Blaming and
boundary violations are extremely common in families of drug
addicts, and the victims must heal their damaged selves. Groups
such as ACA, CODA, and Al-Anon help to do this by providing
a supportive and nonjudgmental forum for sharing. As Woititz
(1983) said, "Children of alcoholics guess at what normal is" (p.
4). It is very healing for survivors to learn that there are others
like them who understand and who will not cast aspersions on
their experiences or behavior but will gently support them in
trying to change their lives. To recover, ACOAs and spouses
must understand how their own behavior and attitudes toward
self have kept them in an addictive relationship. Those who do
not learn from the past are doomed to repeat it.
Once the victims' self-esteem and boundaries are stronger, they
are then able to form healthy relationships with others without
11. being victimized again. Collins misinterprets authors on the
subject when she says they do not encourage relationships and
that they interpret "relational strengths as pathology" (p. 475).
It is enmeshed, enabling, and destructive relationships that must
be avoided, not all relationships:
Freedom begins with being open to love. The dilemma of
abandonment is a choice between painful intimacy or isolation,
but the consequence is the same--we protect ourselves by
rejecting the vulnerable inner-child and are forced to live
without warmth or love. Without love, intimacy and isolation
are equally painful, empty and incomplete. (ACA, no date)
Social Workers and Self-Help Movements
As a feminist, I can understand Collins's efforts to reinterpret
codependent behavior from a feminist perspective and power
theories. Society's denial of victimization has helped entrap
spouses and children, but this is changing, and one of the main
reasons is the self-help movements that Collins apparently
encourages social workers to eschew. She raises an interesting
point by asserting that authors on codependence (and the 12-
step movement) seek to avoid discussing the injustices of the
context in which codependent relationships occur.
The 12-step movement, which is closely linked to the
codependency model, has been ardently apolitical so as to keep
its appeal broad and to focus only on recovery from addiction,
one reason the movement has flourished and survived for
decades. Another reason for downplaying the societal context is
that blaming outside circumstances is a classic denial strategy
in addictive families. Excessive blaming interferes with taking
responsibility for one's own life.
Authors like Bradshaw (1988) and Mellody et al. (1989) do
discuss and promote equality in relationships, but they do not
frame this primarily in a feminist context. However, all these
authors seek to help clients and their readers recognize abuse of
power in those to whom they relate. This is politics writ small.
Social workers treating clients participating in self-help groups
might help them to see the larger political context. It would be a
12. mistake for social workers to see 12-step groups and the
codependence model as antifeminist. Bradshaw, Mellody et al.,
and Whitfield (1989) explicitly encouraged their readers to be
assertive about their rights. There is less emphasis on trying to
change the world, because overcontrolling behavior is
frequently prominent in these clients. For this reason, "letting
go" is stressed, but this should not be confused with being
unassertive or permitting further victimization.
I urge readers of Collins's article and this column to read the
authors discussed; attend ACA, CODA, or Al-Anon meetings;
and form their own opinions on this subject. Social workers
should not discourage clients from using a resource until they
understand it thoroughly.
Conclusion
Social workers cannot form a definitive opinion founded on a
limited database. It is apparent that more research is needed on
codependency. As researchers, we must humbly bear in mind
that our studies on related subjects have often shown conflicting
results, and it can take decades for a clear picture to emerge.
The construct of codependence must not be applied wholesale as
an explanation for most behaviors or social problems (see, for
example, Schaef, 1986). It must be more clearly defined to
permit operationalization into appropriate measures accurately
reflecting behavior patterns. Collins has done us a service by
encouraging us to examine this concept more critically. Only
then can research proceed and provide policy and clinical
guidance on the issue.
Meanwhile, social workers can draw on other sources of
knowledge such as the books discussed, clinical experience, and
self-help meetings to form a basis for whether and how they
will use the co-dependence construct and related self-help
groups in working with clients. Finally, perhaps social workers
can see our concept of empowerment in the following passage:
In childhood our identity is formed by the reflection we see in
the eyes of the people around us. We fear losing that reflection
.. . . thinking the mirror makes us real and we disappear or have
13. no self without it. The distorted image of family alcoholism is
not who we are. And we are not the unreal person trying to
mask that distortion. In ACA we stop abusing a substance or
losing ourselves in another. We stop believing we have no
worth and start to see our true identity, reflected in the eyes of
other adult children, as the strong survivors and valuable people
we actually are. (ACA, no date) .
References
Adult Children of Alcoholics. (no date). Newcomer's packet.
New York: Author.
Beattie, M. (1987). Co-dependent no more. New York: Harper &
Row.
Beattie, M. (1990). Co-dependents' guide to the 12 steps.
Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
Black, C., Bucky, S. F., & Wilder-Padilla, S. (1986). The
interpersonal and emotional consequences of being an adult
child of an alcoholic. International Journal of the Addictions,
21, 213-231.
Bradshaw, J. (1988). Bradshaw on: The family. Deerfield
Beach, FL: Health Communications.
Collins, B. (1993). Reconstruing codependency using self-in-
relation theory: A feminist perspective. Social Work, 38, 470-
476.
Hathaway, S. R., & McKinley, J. C. (1951). The Minnesota
Multiphasic Personality Inventory manual (rev. ed.). New York:
Psychological Corporation.
Jackson, J.G.W. (1985). The personality characteristics of adult
daughters of alcoholic fathers as compared with adult daughters
of nonalcoholic fathers. (Doctoral dissertation, U.S.
International University, 1984). Dissertation Abstracts
International, 46(1), 338B.
Jacob, T., Favorini, A., Meisel, S., & Anderson, C. (1978). The
alcoholic's spouse, children and family interactions: Substantive
findings and methodological issues. Journal of Studies on
Alcohol, 39, 12311251.
Kaufman, E. (1985). Family systems and family therapy of
14. substance abuse: An overview of two decades of research and
clinical experience. International Journal of the Addictions, 20,
897-916.
Mellody, P., with Miller, A. W., & Miller, J. K. (1989). Facing
codependence. San Francisco: Harper & Row.
Schaef, A. W. (1986). Co-dependence: Misunderstood--
Mistreated. San Francisco: Harper & Row.
Seefeldt, R., & Lyon, M. (1991, April). An attempt to validate
ACOA characteristics in a clinical sample. Paper presented at
the annual convention of the American Association of
Counseling and Development, Reno, NV.
Sheridan, M. J., & Green, R. G. (1993). Family dynamics and
individual characteristics of adult children of alcoholics: An
empirical analysis. Journal of Social Service Research, 17(1-2),
73-97.
Tweed, S., & Ryff, C. (1991). Adult children of alcoholics:
Profiles of wellness amidst distress. Journal of Studies on
Alcohol, 52, 133-141.
Whitfield, C. (1989). Co-dependence: Our most common
addiction--Some physical, mental, emotional, and spiritual
perspectives. Alcoholism Treatment Quarterly, 6, 19-36.
Woititz, J. (1983). Adult children of alcoholics. Deerfield
Beach, FL: Health Communications.
Accepted September 1, 1993
~~~~~~~~
By Alison Favorini
Alison Favorini, PhD, is associate professor, School of Social
Work, Wayne State University, 4756 Cass Avenue, Detroit, MI
48202.
Source: Social Work, November 1995, Vol. 40, p827, 4p
Item: 508574272
American Accent
15. Choose Language
Maria Chmielewska ISSN 2071-789X
RECENT ISSUES IN SOCIOLOGICAL RESEARCH
Economics & Sociology, Vol. 5, No 2, 2012
58
ECONOMICS
9 fÉv|ÉÄÉzç
Maria Chmielewska
Institute of Psychology, Cardinal
Stefan Wyszyński University in
Warsaw
ul. Dewajtis 5
01-815 Warszawa
Tel.: 22 561 88 00
MARITAL QUALITY IN THE
CONTEXT OF INTERPERSONAL
DEPENDENCY
E-mail: [email protected]
Received: April, 2012
1st Revision: June, 2012
Accepted: September, 2012
16. ABSTRACT. The survey presented in this paper partly
proved the main hypothesis “Marital quality and the degree
of interpersonal dependency are in inverse proportion, i.e.
the higher marital quality, the lower the degree of
interpersonal dependency”. The phenomenon of
interpersonal dependency is derived from the concept of
codependency, which is mainly related to alcoholism, but
also to other types of mental and physical dependence on
the substance or process.
JEL Classification: F22, Z10 Keywords: the quality of the
marriage; interpersonal dependency,
marriage
Introduction
The quality of the marriage depends on many factors. These
include, among others,
subjective sense of satisfaction of spouses, partners personality
type and their own activity
(see eg Spanier, Lewis, 1979; Braun-Gakowska, 1985, 1992,
2008; Plopa, 2008), as well as
the maturity to marry, reasons for choosing a spouse, chief
compliance attitudes towards
values and character traits, communication within marriage and
sexual arrangement (see, for
example: Earth, 1975; Rostowski, 1987; Janicka Niebrzydowski,
1994, Ryś, 1994, 1999,
2008b; Wojciszke, 2005; Plopa, 2008 ). Maria Trawińska (1997)
stresses the importance of
17. compliance of the established model of marriage, the motivation
to act on behalf of marriage
and the balance between the elements of continuity (family
tradition) and the components of
variation (self-development). Many researchers highlights the
important relationship between
economic and socio-ontic conditions and the quality of the
marriage (see eg Trawińska, 1977,
Braun-Gakowska, 1992, 2008, Ryś, 1999, 2008b; Wojciszke,
2005). Good material
conditions are positively correlated with the quality of the
marriage (see eg Amato, Johnson,
Booth, Rogers, 2003, for: Jankowiak, 2007, p. 16; Plopa, 2008).
However, there are studies that indicate that the level of
satisfaction with the marriage
remains to small extent dependent on coping with external tasks
such as the financial security
of the family. Maintaining internal cohesion and the exchange
of positive actions and feelings
in a relationship are of crucial meaning (see eg Brichler et al.,
1975, Gottman, 1979;
Levinger, 1964, for: Wojciszke, 2005, p. 149). Researchers have
also studied the quality of
marriage in the light of attachment theory (cf. eg Bowlby, 1969,
for Holmes, 2007, p. 129;
Hazan, Shaver, 1987, for Holmes, 2007, p. 129; Shaver et al.,
1988 , for: Wojciszke, 2005, p
Maria Chmielewska, Marital Quality in the Context of
Interpersonal Dependency,
Economics & Sociology, Vol. 5, No 2, 2012, pp. 58-74.
Maria Chmielewska ISSN 2071-789X
18. RECENT ISSUES IN SOCIOLOGICAL RESEARCH
Economics & Sociology, Vol. 5, No 2, 2012
59
87; Mikulincer, Nachson, 1991, Feeney, Noller, 1990 by:
Wojciszke, 2005, p. 90; Halpern,
2007). The marital satisfaction in late adulthood (Lee, 1988),
and the correlation between the
relationship quality and job satisfaction has been analyzed
(Rogers, May, 2003). In addition,
premarital cohabitation negatively correlated with the quality of
the marriage (see eg
Laskowski, 1987; Larson, Holman, 1994; Balakrishnan, Rao,
Lapierre-Adamcyk, Krótki,
1987; Bennett, Blac, Bloom, 1988; De Maris, Leslie, 1984,
Janus, Janus, 1993; Trussell, Rao,
1989; Thomson, Collela, 1992, Kamp Dush, Cohan, Amato,
2003, for: Jankowiak, 2007,
p. 17). Other studies have shown the importance of serial
cohabitation in the terms of the
quality of marriage (DeMaris, MacDonald, 1993, for: ibid, p
19). Sexual initiation before
marriage can have either a negative or positive effect on future
marriage (Cate, Long, Anger,
Draper, 1993, for: ibid, p. 20). Psychological differences
between sexes knowledge is also
important for high-quality relationship (cf. eg Sujak, 1988;
Zienkiewicz, 1988, Ryś, 1999;
Zarembowie, 2007; Pulikowski, 2008). Maria Ryś (1994, 1996,
1999) shows that integrating
conflict resolution deepens the intimacy of the spouses. Renata
Doniec (2001) emphasizes the
need for implementation of affiliation in the relationship.
Mieczyslaw Plopa (2008) points out
19. that there is a higher level of sense of coherence in spouses in a
successful relationships. All
authors emphasize the important role of love and emotional
involvement for the quality of
marriage.
The phenomenon of interpersonal dependency is derived from
the concept of
codependency, which is mainly related to alcoholism, but also
to other types of mental and
physical dependence on the substance or process. The problem
of alcoholism is particularly
acute in Poland. According to the statistical yearbook (last year)
125,896 people are registered
in outpatient drug treatment. However, a significant proportion
of people abusing alcohol is
not registered anywhere. It is estimated that in our country four
to five million people live in
families with alcohol problems, and adult children of alcoholics
are more than two million
(Ryś, Wódz, 2003, p. 118).
Until 1988, when the Institute of Psychology, Health and
Temperance of Polish
Psychological Association has being studied Polish wives of
alcoholics, there was little
objective data on their specific psychological situation, their
personal, social, marriage and
family issues, that affect them, as well as on the strategies that
they take in dealing with those
problems (Szczepańska, 1996, p. 5). As emphasized by Jerzy
Mellibruda (1999, p. 116), we
need a systematic study of psychological problems of co-
addicted individuals, as well as the
process of solving these problems, and the methods and forms
of therapy that can help to
20. manage this. Review of existing research on interpersonal
dependency indicates the
connotational diversity of the phenomenon. The authors point
out three main variants: the
destructive adaptation to living with an addict, so to chronic
stress (Szczepańska, 1996;
Sobolewska, Mellibruda, 1997; Mellibruda, 1999; Kisiel, 2001;
Sobolewska, 2001; Sztandera,
2006), psychosomatic illness, which means the individual’s
dependency of functioning from a
spouse, who is himself addicted to a substance or process
(Cermak, 1986, for:
Cierpiałkowska, 1998, pp. 75, Norwood, 1993, Cermak, Rutzky,
1998, Al-Anon Family
Groups, 1994; Woititz, 1994; Zaworska-Nikoniuk, 2000; Wobiz,
2001, Halpern, 2009); a set
of traits of personality or type of personality disorder, in which
a key role is played by the
origin of the phenomenon, that is the dysfunctional environment
in the family of origin
(Whitfield, 1984, 1989, for: Krawczinska, 2007, pp. 6-7,
Forward, 1992, Bradshaw, 1994;
Loughead, Spurlock, Yuan-yu ting, 1998, for: Margasiński,
2010, p. 117; Millon, 2005;
Mellody, 2008, Ryś, 2008b). Regardless of the approach, many
authors emphasize the
importance of harmful effects of family of origin (Bradshaw,
1994; Sobolewska, Mellibruda,
1997, Ryś, 2008b; Margasiński, 2010). Both Jerzy Mellibruda
(1999) and Howard Halpern
(2009) draw attention to the specificity of the addictive agent,
which is the second person.
John Bradshaw (1994) sees the origins of the phenomenon of
internalized shame, and Howard
21. Maria Chmielewska ISSN 2071-789X
RECENT ISSUES IN SOCIOLOGICAL RESEARCH
Economics & Sociology, Vol. 5, No 2, 2012
60
Halpern (2009) in hunger attachment. Maria Ryś (2008b)
emphasizes the abnormality of the
interpersonal relationship, in which the second person becomes
the criterion of self-esteem.
Marta Miklasiewicz (2007) draws attention to the relationship
of self-awareness with the
basic hope and styles of coping with stress in co-addicted
women. Many researchers
emphasizes the many negative feelings and emotional states that
accompany those
codependent (Cierpiałkowska, 1998; Majchrzyk-Mikula, 2006;
Woronowicz, 2009).
Broader understanding of interpersonal dependence evolves
along with the
development of the new addictions, including relationships with
partners such as dependent
on sex, drugs, gambling, food, internet, shopping (Beattie,
1994; Hemflet, Minirith, Meier,
2004) and may include professional relationship (Mellibruda,
1999; Krwczinska, 2007). The
researchers stress that staying in a codependent relationship
often means experiencing
violence (Walker, 1979, for Rothenberg, 2003, p. 777;
Rothenberg, 2003, Ben-Ari, Winstok,
Eisikovits, 2003; Mellibruda, 1999; Skłodowski, 2003, Ryś,
2008a). Rich and valuable
illustration of the phenomenon of addiction to another person,
22. apart from the scientific
literature, can also be found in popular scientific literature or in
fiction litarature (Hłasko,
2001; Grochola, 2003, 2008; Wesołowska, Wasilewska-Sleeper,
2004; Scibor-Marchocka,
2007, Miller, Cichocka, 2008, Pawlikowska, 2008).
Therefore, it is important to conduct research on the functioning
of codependent
people, so those who live in a specific destructive relationships;
research that will contribute
to a greater understanding of the characteristics of this group.
Conducting this analysis seems
to be further justified by the fact of the evolution of the
phenomenon, which covers, apart
from alcoholism, many other types of addictions, as well as the
evolution of the diversity of
the group, which includes wives of alcoholics, parents, siblings,
extended family and others
staying in a close emotional (even professional) relationship
with the codepentent person.
Theoretical introduction to the survey1
The notion of marriage and marital quality
Marriage is 1. “a legally recognised and regulated lasting union
between a man and a
woman, entered into for the purpose of starting a family”; in
addition, in the Polish language
the same term małżeństwo also refers to 2. “a husband and wife,
a married couple, spouses”
(as translated from Słownik Współczesnego Języka Polskiego,
1996, p. 495 – Dictionary of
23. Contemporary Polish).
Matrimony is the unity of two different individualities, two
unique personalities who
decide to spend the rest of their lives together (Ziemska, 1975,
p. 55). Psychology describes
relations between husband and wife as well as between the
spouses and their children and
more distant relatives. It emphasises mutual needs,
expectations, desires, emotions,
temperaments, ways of communicating, parenting models
applied to the children (Tokarczyk,
1999, p. 81).
Marriage is a dynamic community which offers a person an
opportunity to realise their
expectations, satisfy their needs as well as liberating from
selfishness and enriching their
personality by opening themselves to another person’s needs
(Ryś, 1999, p. 5).
According to Słownik Języka Polskiego (1988) – “Dictionary of
the Polish
Language”, quality is a property, a value or a set of attributes
which combine to make an item
“the” item and not another (ibid., Vol. 1, p. 820). According to
Słownik Współczesnego
1 The paper discusses the survey conducted as part of the
author’s master’s thesis written at the Institute of
Psychology of the Cardinal Stefan Wyszyński University in
Warsaw (UKSW), under the supervision of UKSW
Prof. Dr hab. Maria Ryś.
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Języka Polskiego (1996) – Dictionary of Contemporary Polish,
quality is a set of
characteristics determining the assessment of a given product
(ibid., p. 337).
In other words, high or low marital quality implies marital well-
being, a happy,
satisfactory marriage or marital success. Internal factors
constituting marriage include: mutual
love, spouses’ personalities, communication and problem-
solving skills, mental maturity of
partners as well as the choice of the right husband or wife. As
regards external factors, those
comprise: the financial standing and living standards (Braun-
Gałkowska, 1992, p. 20) as well
as wives’ employment status, the size of the household and
community embeddedness (Ryś,
1999, p. 102).
Marital quality is measured in dimensions such as: adjustment,
satisfaction, economic
well-being, happiness as well as marital integration and
communication (Lewis, Spanier,
1979, as cited in: Rostowski, 1987, p. 25). High marital quality
influences the stability of
marriage (Spanier, Lewis, 1980, as cited in: Ryś, 1994, p. 20).
According to Graham B. Spanier (1980), there are four key
25. determinants of marital
success: 1) consensus of the spouses on matrimony; 2) joint
participation in family life;
3) marital satisfaction and the need to stay in the relationship;
4. emotional expression of the
spouses (as cited in: Cieślak, 1989, pp. 1042–1049).
Other factors vital for satisfactory relationships are also: trust,
mutual respect,
involvement in the marriage, showing love, support in
occupational matters, similar lifestyles,
equal marital rights, absence of destructive jealousy, friends’
approval of marriage partner as
well as the spouses’ readiness to listen and effective
communication (Sabatelli, Pearce, 1980,
as cited in: Nęcki, 1990, from p. 253).
Jan Rostowski (1987) distinguishes three integral macro-
components building and
cementing marriage. Those are empathy, intimacy and
involvement (ibid., p. 75–95). Bogdan
Wojciszke (2005, p. 12) adds passion as an essential element of
a successful relationship. The
above factors constitute marriage, deepen the relationship
between spouses, strengthen their
self-disclosure, mutual communication and personal growth.
Marital quality is significantly affected by a given person’s
self-esteem. If a person is
convinced of their worthlessness and basically not being worth
loving, they will be prone to
interpret the partner’s unclear behaviour as a sign of
lovelessness (Brockner, 1983; as cited in:
Wojciszke, 2005, p. 117).
According to surveys identical for both sexes, attachment
26. patterns developed in early
childhood may continue also in later stages in life and have an
effect on marital quality2
(Hazan, Shaver, 1987; as cited in: Holmes, 2007, p. 129).
To recapitulate, the formation of a successful relationship with
a partner in adult life
originates in the process of developing attachment patterns in a
child in early periods of life.
Interpersonal dependency
The phenomenon – where the whole family life concentrates on
the needs and
behaviour of one addicted person, and the lives of individual
family members are affected by
compulsory and periodical use by that person of a substance or
engaging in a destructive
2 The following attachment styles are distinguished: The secure
style (56% of those surveyed) characterises
persons who find it easy to get close to others and have no
difficulty forming close, intimate relations with the
partner. They are not excessively worried about being
abandoned. The anxious-ambivalent style (19% of those
surveyed) characterises persons who expect others to be closer
to them than they in fact are. They often worry
about being abandoned. They do not fully believe in their
partners’ honest intentions. They wish to completely
merge with the loved person. The avoidant style (25% of those
surveyed) concerns persons who frequently feel
uncomfortable being close to others. They become nervous then.
They find it difficult to entirely trust others.
Their partners often want them to be more intimate and
27. disclosed (Bowlby, 1969; as cited in: Holmes, 2007, p.
129; cf. also Mikulincer, Nachson, 1991; Feeney, Noller, 1990;
as cited in: Wojciszke, 2005, p. 90).
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process – is referred to as codependency or, in other words,
interpersonal dependency, and
concerns dysfunctional dependency on another person (cf.
Sztander, 2006a, p. 7; Zaworska-
Nikoniuk, 2000, p. 382).
The dependency on another person means placing one’s self-
esteem in another
individual’s opinions and behaviour. A codependent person
desires another person’s approval,
at the expense of their own needs. Their thoughts, feelings,
judgements, decisions made and
the system of beliefs are focused on another person’s moods and
behaviour (Zubrzycka-
Nowak, 2008).
Control is central to the lives of codependent persons. In an
interpersonal relationship
merging with another person results in the limitation or loss of
one’s identity through
involvement in another person’s identity and issues (Hemflet,
Minirth, Meier, 2004, p. 12).
28. Interpersonal dependency understood as a condition includes
symptoms such as:
“denial; protectiveness, pity/concern about the drinker;
embarrassment; avoiding drinking
occasions; shift in relationships; guilt; obsession, continual
worry; fear; lying; false hope,
disappointment; euphoria; confusion; sex problems; anger;
lethargy; hopelessness, self-pity,
remorse and despair” (Woititz, 1986, p. 30).
In an addictive relationship there is responsibility conversion,
which means that the
addicted person holds the partner responsible for their
emotional states, at the same time
assuming full responsibility for the partner’s thoughts, feelings
and reactions (Wobiz, 2001, p.
20).
Interpersonal dependency understood as a form of adjustment to
a chronically
destructive dyad is a conscious continuation of a relationship
with an addict (Mellibruda,
1999, p. 128). It is determined by a very stressful situation,
childhood experiences and overall
changes in psychological patterns of an individual (Sobolewska,
Mellibruda, 1997, p. 24).
Interpersonal dependency presented as a personality disorder
approach is treated as a
set of characteristics developed in a dysfunctional family. A
codependent person has a
personality predisposed to initiate relationships which are
emotionally detrimental to them.
The notion of a dysfunctional family concerns families with any
form of neglect of emotional,
intellectual and spiritual needs (Forward, 1992, pp. 28–137).
29. Codependency is a defectively developed life attitude which
impairs personal
development of an individual, the ability to make rational
choices and exercise control over
one’s life (Mellody, 2008).
Codependency as a personality disorder is not only and not so
much a result of living
in close contact with an addict, but a certain type of an
immature personality, a certain
inclination towards the wrong ways of reacting to problematic
life situations and towards
disordered behaviours of others (Dziewiecki, 2000, p. 109).
Codependency stems from a distorted family system, a pattern
of rigid personality
traits embedded in internalised shame. Shame results from
neglect. It concerns persons living
in dysfunctional systems. It is the outcome of absence of own
identity. It represents
disappearance of one’s own internal reality and dependency on
external reality. It indicates a
crisis of “self”. It appears in a situation where a person places
their identity outside them, e.g.
in another person. With a very low self-esteem, a codependent
person goes beyond their limits
in their actions for others. They excessively seek other people’s
love and approval. They
sometimes tend to suffer a career burn-out (Bradshaw, 1994, p.
207).
In the case of emotional relationships, the addictive factor,
which is placed in addicted
persons rather than substances, assumes the form of
uncontrollable need to initiate and
30. maintain a relationship with a particular person. There are four
distinguishing features of
dependency: 1) compulsiveness (compulsion to stay in the
relationship, regardless of the
suffering involved); 2) fear (of breaking the relationship); 3)
abstinence symptoms (breaking
of the relationship may be followed by pain, e.g. in the chest,
stomach and abdominal area,
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tears, sleep disorders as well as the proneness to irritation,
depression, the feeling of
purposelessness, the conviction that it is necessary to go back to
the substance, i.e. that person
as the only remedy); 4) the feeling of liberation and triumph
appearing after the initial period
of suffering (Halpern, 2009, p. 16).
To recapitulate, the occurrence of dependency on another
person is determined by
staying in an emotionally strong and destructive relationship.
The development of
interpersonal dependency is embedded in a dysfunctional
family, functioning as a system of
pathological interactions. A system where one addicted
individual forms the core and
determines the directions for the whole family. The feeling,
thinking and acting by all family
31. members depends on that individual’s behaviours and moods.
Based on the literature gathered and the author’s own
experience in working with
families as a sociotherapist, a diagram was developed (Fig. 1) to
illustrate the phenomenon of
interpersonal dependency. Read from the centre of the circle to
its external circles,
interpersonal dependency derives from personality disorders
resulting from upbringing in a
dysfunctional family or represents a reaction to permanent
stress of living with an addicted
partner or a specific condition where the addictive substance is
another person. Codependency
is usually rooted in improperly developed family relationships
in the family of origin. Three
central determinants form the core of interpersonal dependency.
They influence the quality
and type of feelings, thoughts and behaviour of the codependent
person. Feelings, thoughts
and behaviour represent the middle and interrelated circles. The
feelings of codependent
persons tend to be frozen, which means that they are not
identified, named or expressed. Such
frozen feelings protect against internal suffering, but at the
same time completely block
contact with one’s own emotions, including positive
experiences. Constraining anger on a
regular basis then thwarts effective defence. Low self-esteem,
the feeling of having no
influence on the environment, a depressed mood and emotional
lability are all components of
disturbed emotionality.
Simultaneously, cognitive disorders are reflected in pejorative
thinking and
32. perception. Such disorders include: a negative image of oneself,
of the world, time and
environment as well as an ambivalent attitude to the partner and
denial of facts in favour of an
illusory status quo. Behaviours mostly represent a dichotomy in
reactions towards the partner
and others which are inadequate to the situation. Blackmail,
arguments and threats show
intensified helplessness with regard to the partner’s addition.
The continuation of a toxic
relationship, despite one’s one suffering, represents dramatic
support for the partner’s
addition and false hope for recovery without treatment. An
attitude characterised by the lack
of assertiveness, servility with occasional outbursts of
aggression, self-destruction, passivity,
repeating inefficient patterns as well as enduring one’s role as a
victim and tolerance of
pathology (e.g. tolerance of violence) is generally presented in
relations with the loved person
and the environment. The inadequacy of reactions towards the
partner also includes increased
control over their behaviour, an illusion of control over the
whole situation as well as
excessive sympathy and pity for them.
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Figura. 1. Diagram illustrating interpersonal dependency
Own study by: Maria Chmielewska
Methodology of own survey
Subject of study and hypotheses posited
The master’s thesis was aimed at examining the relationship
between marital quality
and interpersonal dependency. With a view to exploring whether
the two categories are
related, the following main hypothesis was put forward:
H: Marital quality and the degree of interpersonal dependency
are in inverse
proportion, i.e. the higher marital quality, the lower the degree
of interpersonal dependency.
Detailed hypotheses were also proposed as follows:
H1: Marital quality and self-esteem are in direct proportion.
Thus, the more proper
self-esteem, the higher marital quality.
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H2: Belief in being loved and marital quality are in direct
proportion. The more a
person believes in being loved, the higher marital quality.
H3: Exercising control over the spouse and marital quality are
in inverse proportion.
The more a person controls the spouse, the lower the quality of
their marriage.
Furthermore, this paper also puts research questions concerning
the differences
between men and women as well as the relationships between
variables such as: the spouses’
age; educational attainment level; place of residence; financial
and economic situation;
duration of their marriage, number of children and the degree of
interpersonal dependency
and marital quality.
Description of those surveyed
A total of 236 adults, i.e. 118 married couples, participated in a
research programme
supervised by UKSW Prof. Dr hab. Maria Ryś and conducted by
students and PhD students at
the Institute of Psychology of the Cardinal Stefan Wyszyński
University in Warsaw. Among
the respondents in question, for the purposes of this paper, 72
persons meeting initial
assumptions were selected at random, thus making 36
marriages: 36W and 36M.
35. The age of those surveyed ranged between 38 and 80 years, with
the mean age of M =
49.1 years (standard deviation SD = 6.6 years) The duration of
marriage among those
surveyed ranged from 8 to 38 years, with the mean duration of
M = 23.6 years (standard
deviation SD = 5.6 years)
University-educated persons constituted the largest group of
respondents, i.e. 42%,
with 4% declaring not having completed university education.
They were followed by persons
with secondary and vocational education (29% and nearly one-
fifth respectively). The
respondents with primary education represented 4%. Those who
refused to indicate their
educational attainment levels accounted for 6% of the
respondents.
The survey covered married couples with a varying number of
children. The most
numerous groups were those with three and two children (39%
and 31% respectively).
Families with one child constituted 22%. A mere 4% declared
having four children.
The majority of the respondents lived in cities (55%). A further
25% were those from
small towns. Rural residents accounted for 14%, whereas 6% of
the surveyed families lived in
bigger towns.
In terms of economic conditions, the largest group of married
couples described their
economic and financial situation as good (44%). Those were
36. followed by persons who
assessed the economic conditions of their families to be average
(accounting for 25%). 24%
of the families indicated their economic and financial standing
as very good. The least
numerous group (7%) represented those who were negative
about their living conditions.
Description of the research methodology
Interpersonal Dependency Scale
The Interpersonal Dependency Scale (Skala Uzależnienia
Interpersonalnego – SUIT)
by Maria Ryś (2008b) serves to study those who married an
addict or whose spouse
developed an addition to a substance during marriage. It enables
to survey persons from
dysfunctional families as well as those who in relations with
others are primarily oriented
towards satisfying the needs of their loved adults and assume
responsibility for them (ibid.,
pp. 4–5).
The method was constructed on the basis of 42 statements
corresponding to 5
particular scales, i.e. 1) Low self-esteem; 2) Lack of respect for
one’s own rights; 3) Lack of
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belief in being loved; 4) Assuming responsibility for the
spouse’s feelings and actions; 5)
Control over others (ibid., p. 10).
Particular scales were also analysed. The Cronbach alpha
coefficients were computed:
1 – 0.704; 2 – 0.696; 3 – 0.746; 4 – 0.759; 5 – 0.701 (ibid., p.
5).
Modified Marital Quality Scale
The tool in question consists of two basic parts. One refers to
assessments of real
marital quality by the surveyed married couples. The other
reflects their ideal images of
marriage. The Pearson’s r coefficient of the Scale is 0.78 (Ryś,
2005, p. 4).
The Scale contains 40 statements repeated in both parts. The
statements are
constructed on the basis of multidimensional analysis of marital
quality (ibid., pp. 3–4).
Raw data from each statement in the first part of the Scale are
deducted from raw
points obtained in the corresponding statements in the second
part of the survey. The resulting
difference determines the level of satisfaction with marital
38. quality as perceived by spouses
(with six satisfaction levels distinguished): the narrowest
difference (scores of 0 to 20 points)
indicates a very high level of satisfaction, whereas the greatest
difference (over 80 points)
implies the lack of marital satisfaction (ibid., p. 9).
Survey of Married Couples
The Survey of Married Couples was developed at the Institute
of Psychology of the
Cardinal Stefan Wyszyński University in Warsaw by a team of
students and PhD students
supervised by UKSW Prof. Dr hab. Maria Ryś. The survey was
designed for the purposes of a
research project on spouses’ and their children’s attitudes to
important issues of modern life.
The questions asked in the survey concern the families of
respondents as well as their
families of origin. The survey is anonymous. The information
gathered includes sex, age,
level of educational attainment, place of residence, number of
children and type of
occupation. The tool in question allows to describe relations
between the spouses, identify
possible family issues, determine attitudes to the children as
well as subjectively perceived
marital satisfaction.
Analysis of survey findings
39. In the first part of statistical analysis, based on Student’s t-test
of significance, men
and women were compared in terms of: 1) marital satisfaction;
real assessment of marital
quality; ideal image of marriage (Marital Quality Scale), and: 2)
low self-esteem; lack of
respect for one’s own rights; lack of belief in being loved;
assuming responsibility for the
partner; control over others (Interpersonal Dependency Scale).
In the second part the correlation between the scales of main
tools and demographic
and socio-economic variables was analysed.
Finally, the correlation between the variables on the
Interpersonal Dependency Scale
and those on the Marital Quality Scale was examined. To this
end, Pearson’s r coefficient was
applied (Table 1).
In order to verify the main hypothesis put forward in this paper
as well as the detailed
hypotheses and certain research questions on the correlation
between demographic and socio-
economic variables such as: spouses’ age, duration of their
marriage and number of children,
and interpersonal dependency and marital quality, Pearson’s r
coefficient was used to
calculate correlations between the variables in both of the
surveyed groups together. The
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choice of the coefficient in question is based on the assumption
that the variables are
measured on an interval scale, their dependence is linear and
that the distributions are normal.
With the aim of finding answers to certain research questions
concerning the
correlation between socio-economic variables such as: spouses’
educational attainment levels,
place of residence and assessments of economic conditions and
interpersonal dependency and
marital quality, Spearman’s rho correlation coefficients were
computed. That non-parametric
coefficient was chosen on account of the variables analysed,
measured on ordinal and nominal
scales.
Comparison of the groups of men and women
As regards assessments of marriage by sex, descriptive statistics
showed no significant
differences between men and women in terms of marital
satisfaction, assessment of real
marital quality and the ideal image of marriage.
According to Student’s t-test of the level of interpersonal
dependency by sex, there
were no statistically significant differences between men and
41. women on particular
interpersonal dependency scales.
Demographic and socio-economic variables
Analyses of Pearson’s r correlation coefficients indicated no
statistically significant
dependence between the age of those surveyed and the marital
quality and interpersonal
dependency scales.
Analyses of Spearman’s rho correlation coefficients showed no
statistically significant
dependence between the level of educational attainment, the
place of residence and
assessments of economic conditions of the surveyed persons and
the variables of both Scales.
At the same time, analyses of Pearson’s r correlation
coefficients indicated a
statistically significant dependence between the duration of
marriage and assuming
responsibility for the spouse’s feelings and actions. It means
that the longer the persons are
married, the more inclined they are to assume responsibility for
their spouses’ feelings and
actions.
Analyses of Pearson’s r correlation coefficients showed a
statistically significant
correlation between the number of children and the real
assessment of marital quality (directly
proportional relationship) and the ideal image of marriage
(inversely proportional
42. relationship). It means that the higher the number of children,
the better the assessments of
marital quality, but at the same time an increased number of
children results in a deteriorated
ideal image of marriage.
Analyses of Pearson’s r correlation coefficients indicated
statistically significant
relationships between the level of marital satisfaction and the
assessment of real marital
quality and the lack of belief in being loved. It means that the
higher the level of marital
satisfaction, the more favourable the assessments of marital
quality and the greater the belief
in being loved. In addition, correlation analyses also showed a
statistically significant
relationship between the assessment of marital quality and the
lack of belief in being loved. It
means that the better the respondents’ assessments of marital
quality, the greater was their
belief in being loved.
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Interrelations
43. Table 1. Pearson’s r coefficients of correlation between the
Marital Quality Scale variables
and the Interpersonal Dependency Scale variables
Variable Marital satisfaction
Assessment
of real
marital
quality
Ideal
image
of
marria
ge
Low
self-
esteem
Lack of
respect
for
one’s
own
rights
Lack of
belief in
44. being
loved
Assuming
responsibilit
y for the
spouse’s
feelings and
actions
Control
over
others
Marital satisfaction - 0.70* 0.02 0.03 0.07 -0.31* 0.07 0.09
Assessment of real
marital quality 0.70* - 0.11 -0.03 0.00 -0.37* 0.12 0.11
Ideal image of
marriage 0.02 0.11 - -0.10 -0.16 -0.21 -0.10 -0.24*
Low self-esteem 0.03 -0.03 -0.10 - 0.72* 0.54* 0.73* 0.64*
Lack of respect for
one’s own rights 0.07 0.00 -0.16 0.72* - 0.50* 0.42* 0.45*
Lack of belief in
being loved -0.31* -0.37* -0.21 0.54* 0.50* - 0.38* 0.42*
Assuming
responsibility for the
spouse’s feelings and
45. actions
0.07 0.12 -0.10 0.73* 0.42* 0.38* - 0.59*
Control over others 0.09 0.11 -0.24* 0.64* 0.45* 0.42* 0.59* -
Results: * p < 0.05; otherwise p > 0.05
The tests also indicated a statistically significant correlation
between the ideal image
of marriage and control over others. It means that if those
surveyed had higher results on the
ideal image of marriage scale, they exercised lesser control over
others at the same time.
Furthermore, correlation analyses proved the existence of
positive correlations between
particular scales on the Interpersonal Dependency Scale, which
means that an increase in the
level of one variable (a particular scale) is accompanied by a
rise in the level of another
variable (a different scale).
Psychological analysis and interpretation of the obtained
results. Summary
The survey presented in this paper partly proved the main
hypothesis (H), therefore it
is possible to assume that there is an inversely proportional
relationship between marital
quality and the degree of interpersonal dependency. It means
that the higher marital quality,
46. the lower the degree of interpersonal dependency.
The substantiation of two auxiliary hypotheses, H2 and H3,
speaks for the
corroboration of the main hypothesis.
H2 – there is a directly proportional relationship between the
belief in being loved and
marital quality. The stronger a person’s belief in being loved,
the higher marital quality is;
H3 – there is an inversely proportional relationship between
exercising control over
the spouse and marital quality. The more a person controls their
spouse, the lower the marital
quality is
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The survey in question demonstrated that belief in being loved
and marital quality are
in direct proportion. Which means that the stronger a person’s
belief in being loved, the
higher marital quality is (H2). Thus, there is a negative
correlation between marital
satisfaction from the Marital Quality Scale and the “Lack of
belief in being loved” sub-scale
on the Interpersonal Dependency Scale. It means that the more
those surveyed believed in
47. being loved, the greater their marital satisfaction was.
There is also a negative correlation between the assessment of
real marital quality
from the Marital Quality Scale and the “Lack of belief in being
loved” sub-scale on the
Interpersonal Dependency Scale. It means that the more the
respondents believed in being
loved, the more favourable their real assessments of marital
quality were. Thus, one may
assume that the survey in question showed statistically
significant correlations corroborating
the main hypothesis based on the detailed hypothesis H2 having
been verified.
It seems, therefore, that confidence in the sense of love from the
nearest person is an
essential element of the quality of the marriage. When the need
to be loved is satisfied by the
conviction of being needed or necessary in the life of a spouse,
love merges with pity and
sacrificing for the good of the relationship. In light of these
studies such a situation makes the
relationship far from satisfaction. This study in terms of sense
of being loved, and so in the
wider dimension of conjugal love are confirmed in a number of
both domestic and foreign
scientific analysis (see eg Brichler et al., 1975, Gottman, 1979;
Levinger, 1964, for:
Wojciszke, 2005, p. 149; Earth, 1975, Braun-Gakowska, 1985,
1992, 2008, Rostowski, 1986,
1987; Janicka Niebrzydowski, 1994; Trawińska, 1997, Ryś,
1999, 2008; Wojciszke, 2005,
Zarembowie, 2007; Plopa, 2008; Pulikowski, 2008).
Researchers agree that major importance
for the marital quality is in mutual love of the spouses. Jan
48. Rostowski (1986) points out that
love is an essential dimension of the selected compound and a
guarantee of authentic conjugal
happiness.
The survey in question also confirmed the auxiliary hypothesis
H3, demonstrating the
existence of an inversely proportional relationship between
exercising control over the spouse
and marital quality, which means that the more a person
controls their spouse, the lower the
marital quality is. It was proven by a negative correlation
between the ideal image of marriage
from the Marital Quality Scale and the “Control over others”
sub-scale from the Interpersonal
Dependency Scale. This relationship means that an increase in
the ideal image of marriage is
accompanied by diminished control over the spouse, thus it can
be assumed that high marital
quality is correlated with a low degree of control.
Increased control of a loved one is a compensation for sense of
insecurity in marriage
(Ryś, 2005, p. 10). An overly controlling person tries to know
about his or her partner as
much details as possible, including even those non-significant,
and in case of even a brief
separation, feels anxiety, tension and nervousness. Such a
person is somewhat obsessed with
his or her partner. This causes many misunderstandings and
quarrels in a relationship, and
thus reduces the quality of the marriage. In the light of this
study, it therefore appears that the
quality of a marriage is strengthened by the attitude of trusting
in the partner. What is more,
the attitude is free from excessive control.
49. According to the results of the validation studies of both Scales
used in the present
work, studies have also shown the existence of a strong,
significant statistical correlation
between all subscales within Interpersonal Dependency Scale as
well as between satisfaction
with marriage and its realistic assessment in Marital Quality
Scale.
Contrary to expectations, the specific hypothesis H1 did not
confirm – there is a
directly proportional correlation between self-esteem and
marital quality, which means that
the more proper sense of self-esteem, the higher the quality of
marriage.
The psychological literature shows the close correlation
between positive self-esteem
and high marital quality (Brockner, 1983; for: Wojciszke, 2005;
Satir, 2000). No confirmation
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70
of the assumed hypothesis may be due to too small number of
research groups. There may
also be too much uniformity in the research group. This
research, therefore, require a closer
analysis.
50. This study also gave answers to a number of research questions.
The literature repeatedly emphasizes gender differences (see
Wisłocka, 1985; Sujak,
1988; Zienkiewicz, 1988; Ryś, 1999; Eldredge, 2005;
Wojciszke, 2005; Zarembowie, 2007;
Pulikowski, 2008). Michalina Wisłocka (1985) points to
differences in the experience of
sexuality. Jan Rostowski (1986) demonstrates the volatility
dynamics of sexual relations
along with the length of marriage as far as the groups of wives
and husbands are concerned.
Like other authors, Maria Ryś (1999) draws attention to the
existence of many psychological
differences between men and women.
Having taken these data into consideration, would then be
expected significant
differences between spouses in their level of interpersonal
dependency and assessing the
marital quality. Comparative analysis of a group of men and
women carried out in this study
showed no statistically significant gender differences as for
examined variables. These results
can be explained by the small sample size and too much
uniformity of the research group.
The survey showed no differences between sexes in
interpersonal dependency or
marital quality. Neither did it demonstrate that women were
more inclined to control the
spouse than men. It is somewhat confirmed in survey findings
presented in the literature
(Walker, 1979, as cited in: Rothenberg, 2003, p. 777;
Rothenberg, 2003; Ben-Ari, Winstok,
51. Eisikovits, 2003; Mellibruda, 1999; Ryś, 2008a), with
corroborated hypotheses that strong
control exercised by men over their wives often takes the form
of domestic violence.
In these studies, there was no correlation between respect for
one’s rights and taking
over responsibility for the feelings and actions of the spouse
and the marital quality.
The correlation analysis of demographic and socio-economic
factors such as age of the
spouses, their level of education, place of residence and the
material conditions, the time
length of marriage and number of children as well as the level
of interpersonal dependency
showed statistically significant correlation between the length
of marriage and taking over
responsibility for the feelings and actions of spouse. This means
that the longer the
relationship, the more responsibility for the feelings of the
partner is taken. Probably it has to
do with mutual, various obligations, such as responsibility
towards children and extended
family, or financial obligations. One partner’s high
irresponsibility is burden to the family,
because the other spouse is trying to compensate for the losses
incurred. “Taking
responsibility for the partner's feelings and actions” is one of
the subscales of Interpersonal
Dependency Scale. If it correlates with the length of marriage,
it can mean that the length of
the relationship, to some extent, positively correlates with
interpersonal dependency,
deepening its level and the emotional involvement of the
spouses in a destructive relationship.
52. This result confirms the research of Jerzy Mellibruda and Hanna
Szczepańska (1996), who
demonstrated that a sense of inability to farewell with a partner
(which is a sign of
codependency) is paradoxically strengthened by the duration of
the relationship and the
subsequent destructive events caused by the partner’s addiction
and by repeated attempts to
leave the partner (Mellibruda, 1999, p. 81).
The correlation analysis of demographic and socio-economic
factors such as age of the
spouses, their level of education, place of residence and the
material conditions, the time
length of marriage and number of children and the marital
quality two statistically significant
correlation have been demonstrated.
First, it demonstrated a positive, statistically significant
correlation between the
number of children and a realistic assessment of the marital
quality. This means that the more
children, the higher the marital quality according to realistic
assessment of the spouses, in
Maria Chmielewska ISSN 2071-789X
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71
other words, if the spouses have more children, they assess their
relationship more
53. realistically.
Secondly, it also showed a negative, statistically significant
correlation between the
number of children brought up and a ideal image of the
relationship. This means that a greater
number of children in marriage at the same time lowers the
image of the perfect couple.
In conclusion, this study has shown that there are differences
between the real
assessment of the marital quality and the ideal image of the
relationship in the perception of
the spouses in relation to the number of children raised.
Namely, the people have more
children, the more realistically assess the quality of their
relationship, but on the other hand,
the increase in the number of children causes a decrease in the
perfect image of the
relationship. Therefore, studies show that there is a correlation
between the number of
children and the marital quality.
There are studies that indicate that the level of satisfaction with
the marriage is to a
small extent dependent on coping with external tasks, such as
raising children or family
financial security. It is crucial to maintain internal cohesion
while in a relationship as well as
positive, mutually supportive actions and to avoid negative
behaviors and feelings, that is to
maintain a satisfactory level of intimacy (Brichler et al., 1975;
Gottman, 1979; Levinger,
1964; for: Wojciszke, 2005, p. 149). Correlation analysis
performed in this paper partially
confirms the above-mentioned studies, showing no correlation
54. between economic status of
marriages, place of their residence and the marital quality.
However, it has shown the
correlation between the number of children and the marital
quality. No correlation may be
explained by the fact that the research has been carried out
mainly in the city (the city of
Warsaw) and the most common assessment of the material
conditions in the "good" category.
Therefore, these correlations require a more complex and
accurate analysis based on a more
differential sample.
These studies are also consistent with the psychological
literature, in which a group of
studies shows no statistically significant correlation between
age or level of education of the
spouses and the quality of their marriage. It should be noted,
however, that the literature
points to the pluralism of the results of the study for the
homogamy of the spouses and the
quality of their relationship. There are studies that show direct
correlation between the multi-
dimensional similarity between spouses (eg, in terms of
education, age, social and physical
attractiveness of the spouses) and their perceived marital
satisfaction (cf, eg: Levinger, 1979;
Rostowski, 1987; Garrison, Anderson, Reed, 1968, for: Ryś,
1999, p. 103). Other studies have
put the emphasis on the connection between the marital quality
and the spouses’ activity for
its good, showing no statistically significant correlation
between the quality of the
relationship and intellectual differences of the spouses (eg,
education) (see eg Braun-
Gałkowska, 1985, Nias, 1979 , for: Wojciszke, 2005;
55. Laskowski, 1987; Berscheid, Walster,
1978; Romer, Bergson, 1979, Walster, Aronson, Abrahams,
Rottmann, 1971, for: Ryś, 1999,
p. 102; Plopa, 2008).
The issue of the quality of a relationship is a vast subject, and
the research contained
in this paper does not exhaust the range. Interpersonal
dependency is a present and serious
mental problem of many people involved in a destructive
relationship with a partner. It is
therefore worthwhile to continue and deepen the study of the
psychology of human
relationships, including marital quality. Valuable and
interesting could be the research on the
quality and the intimacy of a marriage and a sense of coherence
and interpersonal
dependency, as well as any research aimed to find a new and
effective therapeutic methods
used in working with interpersonally dependent people.
Maria Chmielewska ISSN 2071-789X
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Economics & Sociology, Vol. 5, No 2, 2012
72
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ISSN 2071-789X
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ABOUT THE AUTHORS
Yulia Borshchevska
Centre of Sociological Research
Konovalca str. 10/49
Ternopil,46020
Ukraine
Tel.: +380 352 423758
E-mail: [email protected]
Helena Štimac
Faculty of Economics Osijek
Gajev trg 7
Croatia
HR-31000 Osijek
Tel. +385/31/224-400
Fax. +385/31/211-604
E-mail [email protected]
65. Mirna Leko Šimić
Faculty of Economics Osijek
Gajev trg 7
Croatia
HR-31000 Osijek
Tel. +385/31/224-400
Fax. +385/31/211-604
E-mail [email protected]
Alina Irina Popescu
Department of International Business and Economics
Academy of Economic Studies Bucharest 010374,
Romania
6, Piata Romana, 1st district,
Tel.:+4.021.319.19.00;
Fax: +4.021.319.18.99
Email: [email protected]
Ivan Gryshchenko
Kyiv National University of Technologies and Design
Nemirovich-Danchenko Street, 2
Kyiv 01011, Ukraine
Tel.:+38044-280-05-12
E-mail: [email protected]
Maria Chmielewska
Institute of Psychology, Cardinal Stefan Wyszyński
University in Warsaw
ul. Dewajtis 5
01-815 Warszawa, Poland
Tel.: 22 561 88 00
E-mail: [email protected]
P. Martin Dumas
Département des relations industrielles
Faculté des sciences sociales, Université Laval
1025, av. des Sciences-Humaines Pavillon J.-A. DeSève,
66. bureau 3260 Québec, Canada G1V A6
Tel : 418 656-3333
E-mail: [email protected]
Şansel Özpinar
Adnan Menderes University
Adnan Menderes University Nazilli İİBF İsabeyli Kampüsü
Nazilli/AYDIN/TURKEY
TEL: +902563477011
FAX: +902563477016
E-Mail: [email protected]
Necdet Coşkun Aldemir
Süleyman Demirel University
Efeler Mahallesi 326. Sokak No:19 Kat:2
Şirinyer/İZMİR/TURKEY
E-Mail: [email protected]
Dolores Gallardo-Vazquez
Department of Finance and Accounting
Faculty of Economics and Business Administration
University of Extremadura
Avda. Elvas, s/n 06006 Badajoz
Spain
E-mail: [email protected]
Isabel Sanchez-Hernandez
Department of Business Management and Sociology
Faculty of Economics and Business Administration
University of Extremadura
Avda. Elvas, s/n 06006 Badajoz
Spain
E-mail: [email protected]
Gergely Nyilasy
University of Melbourne,
Victoria 3010
Australia,
Tel.: +(61 3) 8344 4000