This paper aimed to model lightning strike events and evaluate its correlation with power outages in a Nigerian power distribution system. A specified coastal distribution network of southwest Nigeria was selected as a case study. Zone-specific records of cloud-to-ground lightning strikes for 84 months were obtained from the Nigerian Meteorological Agency (NiMet); records of power outage frequencies and durations for 36 months were obtained at the substations of the selected distribution network. Using numerical statistical analysis techniques, lightning activity in the system area were characterized in relative frequency terms, and correlation statistics were evaluated and analyzed for power outages and lightning events on the 11kV, 33kV, and 132kV voltage levels. An analysis of the results shows that the modelled lightning strike events patterns are closely related but the expected frequencies vary from one zone to another; and there is correlation between lightning strike and power outages in the distribution networks, which is strong and positive at the 33 kV and 132 kV circuits. In essence, the results provided salient information, useful for power systems lightning protection review, management and planning in the area.
The document discusses threats to the US power grid. It outlines that the grid is aging and vulnerable to disruptions from electromagnetic pulses, geomagnetic storms, physical attacks on infrastructure, and cyberattacks. Specifically, it notes the grid is at risk of disruptions that could cause Americans to experience longer and more frequent power interruptions due to its vulnerabilities.
Influence of volcanic_tephra_on_photovoltaic_pv-moBashaFayissa
The document describes an experimental study that tested the effect of volcanic tephra (ash) deposition on photovoltaic (solar) modules. Fine tephra particles were found to have a stronger negative impact on power generation than coarser particles. Applying the results to the 2010 Eyjafjallajökull eruption in Iceland suggests that ash fall could have significantly reduced power output from solar modules in Europe as far as 300 km from the volcano. Given the growth of solar energy usage, future large eruptions may harm commercial or private solar power production over hundreds to thousands of kilometers. Close monitoring of ash dispersal will be needed, along with PV maintenance strategies, to mitigate these impacts.
Influence of volcanic_tephra_on_photovoltaic_pv-mo (1)BashaFayissa
This document summarizes research on the effects of volcanic tephra (ash) deposition on photovoltaic (solar) modules. Through laboratory experiments using tephra from the 2010 Eyjafjallajökull eruption in Iceland, the researchers found that finer tephra particles have a stronger negative impact on power generation than coarser particles. Their analysis suggests the ash cloud from this eruption could have caused complete power failures of modules up to 300 km from the volcano. Given the growth of solar energy, future large eruptions may significantly impact commercial and private solar production over hundreds to thousands of kilometers. Close monitoring of ash dispersal will be needed, along with maintenance strategies for solar installations.
A lightning strike could bring thousands mega-ampere of current in a blink of eyes. As a result, a failure of grounding the strike may cause serious damage to the home and industrial appliances and gadgets. Hence, a lightning protection system is essential to the current transmission system. Lighting is a natural phenomenon that is unavoidable. Hence, the study of the properties and characteristics of lightning is a must in designing lighting protection system. Every application has different criteria to be fulfilled. The type of lighting protection system is categorized based on the location and user. The different of location is a public area, transportation system, power system transmission and generation system which include renewable energy source. Each area can conclude different level of protection. This paper is assessing the possibility and probability of transient impact on all applications including, public area, power system line, and generating system. The review includes countermeasure which addressed few steps to determine the effect of lightning and countermeasure of protection.
Mitchell Elder is proposing an engineering project for his Bachelor of Electrical Engineering thesis to design a novel power converter and energy storage system for powering wireless sensor network nodes using energy harvesting. The system will use modern power electronics to universally convert energy from different sources into electrical energy, collect and store energy from multiple sources using only capacitors, and deliver pulsed power to sensor nodes. The project aims to advance energy harvesting power supplies and prove the concept by powering a dummy sensor node with the developed system. A plan outlines experiments to test the system and collect performance data over 26 weeks of research.
Brief resource analysis of Ethiopia's energy infrastructure: sun, wind and grid interconnect. Lots of opportunity to bring basic electricity to the hardest constraint area to the remote SouthEast.
Energy Harvesting Alternatives for Powering Critical WSN Based and Autonomous...ijtsrd
Wireless Sensor Network WSN applications in the industry, domestic and commercial sectors are becoming quite interesting and exciting. For instance, since January 2005, major International Oil and Gas companies IOCs operating in Nigeria Niger Delta region have made wireless sensor network the defacto monitoring system for their vast oil and gas pipelines, oil wells and other facilities. This is because wireless technology has vast advantages over their wired counterpart. Despite the interest generated by the varied advantage of wireless sensor nodes in the oil and gas industry and other sectors, the biggest challenge lie in the limited battery energy of these tiny wireless sensor nodes. Battery energy of the wireless sensors are so limited that it will take maximum of one year to deplete and that will require massive replacements of the batteries so that the network will still be functional. This is almost impossible or very costly for a field of thousands or millions of wireless sensor nodes. This paper will examine the possibility of harvesting ambient or environmental energy sources such as RF, solar, piezoelectric, thermal etc to store and power these wireless sensor nodes so that the need for massive battery replacements will be avoided and costs saved. Fidelis C. Obodoeze | Ndidi Fidelia Ugwoke | Edith Angela Ugwu "Energy Harvesting Alternatives for Powering Critical WSN-Based and Autonomous Monitoring Systems" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-6 , October 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd29131.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electronics-and-communication-engineering/29131/energy-harvesting-alternatives-for-powering-critical-wsn-based-and-autonomous-monitoring-systems/fidelis-c-obodoeze
Active Anti-Islanding Protection For Grid Connected Solar Photovoltaic Power ...IJERA Editor
This document summarizes an active anti-islanding method for grid-connected solar photovoltaic power plants. The proposed method injects small voltage harmonics into the PWM modulating signal reference to detect islanding events. Simulations using POWERSIM show the effectiveness of the method. Islanding, or the condition where a distributed generator continues to power a location after being electrically separated from the main utility grid, can be dangerous. Active methods introduce disturbances and monitor their effects to detect islanding. The proposed method injects 6th harmonic voltage once every 15 cycles into the reference voltage to detect differences in current under islanding conditions.
The document discusses threats to the US power grid. It outlines that the grid is aging and vulnerable to disruptions from electromagnetic pulses, geomagnetic storms, physical attacks on infrastructure, and cyberattacks. Specifically, it notes the grid is at risk of disruptions that could cause Americans to experience longer and more frequent power interruptions due to its vulnerabilities.
Influence of volcanic_tephra_on_photovoltaic_pv-moBashaFayissa
The document describes an experimental study that tested the effect of volcanic tephra (ash) deposition on photovoltaic (solar) modules. Fine tephra particles were found to have a stronger negative impact on power generation than coarser particles. Applying the results to the 2010 Eyjafjallajökull eruption in Iceland suggests that ash fall could have significantly reduced power output from solar modules in Europe as far as 300 km from the volcano. Given the growth of solar energy usage, future large eruptions may harm commercial or private solar power production over hundreds to thousands of kilometers. Close monitoring of ash dispersal will be needed, along with PV maintenance strategies, to mitigate these impacts.
Influence of volcanic_tephra_on_photovoltaic_pv-mo (1)BashaFayissa
This document summarizes research on the effects of volcanic tephra (ash) deposition on photovoltaic (solar) modules. Through laboratory experiments using tephra from the 2010 Eyjafjallajökull eruption in Iceland, the researchers found that finer tephra particles have a stronger negative impact on power generation than coarser particles. Their analysis suggests the ash cloud from this eruption could have caused complete power failures of modules up to 300 km from the volcano. Given the growth of solar energy, future large eruptions may significantly impact commercial and private solar production over hundreds to thousands of kilometers. Close monitoring of ash dispersal will be needed, along with maintenance strategies for solar installations.
A lightning strike could bring thousands mega-ampere of current in a blink of eyes. As a result, a failure of grounding the strike may cause serious damage to the home and industrial appliances and gadgets. Hence, a lightning protection system is essential to the current transmission system. Lighting is a natural phenomenon that is unavoidable. Hence, the study of the properties and characteristics of lightning is a must in designing lighting protection system. Every application has different criteria to be fulfilled. The type of lighting protection system is categorized based on the location and user. The different of location is a public area, transportation system, power system transmission and generation system which include renewable energy source. Each area can conclude different level of protection. This paper is assessing the possibility and probability of transient impact on all applications including, public area, power system line, and generating system. The review includes countermeasure which addressed few steps to determine the effect of lightning and countermeasure of protection.
Mitchell Elder is proposing an engineering project for his Bachelor of Electrical Engineering thesis to design a novel power converter and energy storage system for powering wireless sensor network nodes using energy harvesting. The system will use modern power electronics to universally convert energy from different sources into electrical energy, collect and store energy from multiple sources using only capacitors, and deliver pulsed power to sensor nodes. The project aims to advance energy harvesting power supplies and prove the concept by powering a dummy sensor node with the developed system. A plan outlines experiments to test the system and collect performance data over 26 weeks of research.
Brief resource analysis of Ethiopia's energy infrastructure: sun, wind and grid interconnect. Lots of opportunity to bring basic electricity to the hardest constraint area to the remote SouthEast.
Energy Harvesting Alternatives for Powering Critical WSN Based and Autonomous...ijtsrd
Wireless Sensor Network WSN applications in the industry, domestic and commercial sectors are becoming quite interesting and exciting. For instance, since January 2005, major International Oil and Gas companies IOCs operating in Nigeria Niger Delta region have made wireless sensor network the defacto monitoring system for their vast oil and gas pipelines, oil wells and other facilities. This is because wireless technology has vast advantages over their wired counterpart. Despite the interest generated by the varied advantage of wireless sensor nodes in the oil and gas industry and other sectors, the biggest challenge lie in the limited battery energy of these tiny wireless sensor nodes. Battery energy of the wireless sensors are so limited that it will take maximum of one year to deplete and that will require massive replacements of the batteries so that the network will still be functional. This is almost impossible or very costly for a field of thousands or millions of wireless sensor nodes. This paper will examine the possibility of harvesting ambient or environmental energy sources such as RF, solar, piezoelectric, thermal etc to store and power these wireless sensor nodes so that the need for massive battery replacements will be avoided and costs saved. Fidelis C. Obodoeze | Ndidi Fidelia Ugwoke | Edith Angela Ugwu "Energy Harvesting Alternatives for Powering Critical WSN-Based and Autonomous Monitoring Systems" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-6 , October 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd29131.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electronics-and-communication-engineering/29131/energy-harvesting-alternatives-for-powering-critical-wsn-based-and-autonomous-monitoring-systems/fidelis-c-obodoeze
Active Anti-Islanding Protection For Grid Connected Solar Photovoltaic Power ...IJERA Editor
This document summarizes an active anti-islanding method for grid-connected solar photovoltaic power plants. The proposed method injects small voltage harmonics into the PWM modulating signal reference to detect islanding events. Simulations using POWERSIM show the effectiveness of the method. Islanding, or the condition where a distributed generator continues to power a location after being electrically separated from the main utility grid, can be dangerous. Active methods introduce disturbances and monitor their effects to detect islanding. The proposed method injects 6th harmonic voltage once every 15 cycles into the reference voltage to detect differences in current under islanding conditions.
Protection for 330 kV transmission line and recommendation for Nigerian tran...IJECEIAES
The transmission line is an integral part of the electrical power system; however, a fault has a negative impact on the system, like blackout, power loss, financial losses, and socio-economic impact. This fault occurs due to ageing conductors, lightning stroke, switching surge and human interference. We reviewed the protection scheme implemented in the Nigerian transmission network, which has challenges relating to the environment's terrain and a long-distance transmission line of about 20,000 km. The different approach of fault classification, detection and location was analyzed and critically summarized. This review paper proposes a hybrid artificial neural network (ANN) and distance protection scheme that can automatically identify, locate, isolate, predict, correct faults, and real-time monitor and control the entire network. It can also detect the shortest possible trip time of 0.02 s and 0.03 s of line current and fault losses, respectively, during fault to avert damage on the line. However, this method has its challenges, such as the volume of data generated from load flow analysis, training time, and the total distance covered by the network. However, these can be averted by segmenting the entire network for easy evaluation and monitoring to achieve set goals.
Lightning threat and protection from lightning information and product by jm...Mahesh Chandra Manav
Claim not Blame any Body
Now Rain is Above to Start and Many Cities of India Witness Lightning which may Cause Death and Loss of Assets (Electrical Equipment's, Data Communication, Control and Instrumentation and Home Gadget.
Only we can save Human Lives and Assets while Adopting Protection use of Earthing ,Lightning and Surge Protection.
JMV LPS Ltd will ensure to offer Awareness, Design (Earthing and Lightning) Installation Advise for Surge Protection.
We require All States Authority Mandatory Documents Release with advisory to Implement also Guidance to Insurance and Bank with Electrical Safety Assessment do not pass any Loan or do Insurance.
Awareness programme to Common People how to protect them self from Electrical Shocks and when Lighting Strikes.
Safety of Human Lives are prime responsibility and if any Authority or Owner of Premises found Guilty when Accident occur should be book by LAW(Including Contraction and Implementing Agencies)
We all has to pay cost for Safety and use Product and Follow Documents Strictly.
being a responsible Citizen discharge of duty for Society Should not only load is account of State and Central Govt.
We have also perform by our Self.
JAGO India JAGO Apni Responsibility se Na Bhago.
we will do right and now allow other's to do Wrong.
Islanding Detection and Controlled Islanding in Emerging Power Systems Key Is...IRJET Journal
This document discusses islanding detection and controlled islanding in power systems. It describes key issues like unintentional islanding caused by faults or disturbances that can lead to instability. Various islanding detection techniques are classified as remote/central or local. Remote techniques include system state monitoring, transfer trip schemes, and intertripping which require communication but provide accurate detection. Local techniques monitor voltage, frequency, current, and harmonics at the distributed generator connection point. Passive local techniques like under/over voltage/frequency detection are simple but have a no detection zone issue. The document also discusses controlled islanding schemes that aim to separate a grid into stable islands with balanced generation and load during disturbances.
On the applicability of some existing tropospheric scintillation prediction ...IJECEIAES
Tropospheric scintillation which causes rapid fluctuation of signal due to the turbulence in the atmosphere is of significance in satellite link budget design. Existing models that predict the intensity of scintillation such as Karasawa, International Telecommunication Union Radiocommunication (ITU-R) Sector, Otung, Van de Kamp and Ortgies are not appropriate for predicting scintillation intensity (SI) in Nigeria due to localization of the models to particular regions. The monthly average air temperature and relative humidity for Ikeja and Abuja, Nigeria, retrieved from the Nigerian Meteorological Centre data bank were used for the investigation. An elevation angle of 5° was used as look angle, antenna diameter of 0.3 m, 40 GHz and 45 GHz frequencies were considered in this study. The existing scintillation model values were then compared with the measured values for the two locations to determine the best performance model. The SI results at 40 GHz and 45 GHz were obtained for each of the existing models. It could be deduced from the results obtained that orgies model values were the most closet to the measured values. Therefore, Orgies-N model was the most appropriate for SI prediction in Ikeja and Abuja.
Energy for fulfilling basic community/individual needs has come to constitute the first article of
expectation in all contemporary societies. The exploitation of renewables notably solar in electricity
generation has brought relief to the fulfilment of energy demand especially among susceptible
communities. In this paper yearly minimum solar radiation of Kano (12.05°N; 08.2°E; altitude 472.5 m; 3 air
density 1.1705 kg/m3) for 46 years is used to generate a prediction model that fits the data using
autoregressive moving average (ARMA) and a new model termed autoregressive moving average process
(ARMAP). Comparison between the ARMA and ARMAP models showed a tremendous improve in the sum
of square error reduction between the actual data and the forecasted data by 47%.
This document summarizes a study on the economic effects of technical and non-technical losses in Nigeria's power transmission system. The study found that Nigeria's 330kV transmission network suffers from high voltage drops and power losses of around 454.73 GW annually, costing over 4.4 billion naira. These losses are caused by technical issues like low generation capacity and a long, fragile network as well as non-technical issues like electricity theft. Reducing these transmission and distribution losses, which at 17.72% of output are very high compared to more efficient countries, could boost Nigeria's economic growth.
Globally, utility power transmission and distribution systems are described along with their observed vulnerabilities to natural and man-made hazards. At national level, approximately 40% of the load in the Western region is supplied via 33/0.433 kV secondary distribution transformers. This contributes to transformer overload strain thus contributing to electrical fire disasters and outages. Kisumu substations are overloaded in the existing system under peak load conditions due to low thermal rating of conductors as a result of inadequate sizing. Several line sections feeding a large proportion of the load are of conductor type 25mm2 ASCR causing an effective bottleneck leading to power outages and electric fire disasters. Due to these, the study sought to assess the effectiveness of energy sectors quality management systems in response to electrical fire disaster in Kisumu County. Cross-functional management model and Crosby Theory of Quality theories guided the study. A descriptive research design was used in the study. Sample size of the study was selected using purposive, census and stratified random sampling from the energy sectors; Kenya Power and Lighting Company, Kenya Electricity Transmission Company, Kenya Energy Generating Company and customers connected to electricity grid. The structured questionnaires, interviews guides and observation methods were used to collect data. Quantitative data was analyzed using descriptive statistics while qualitative data responses using thermalized and frequencies. Organizations have not ensured ISO certification requirements in their management systems. That organizations quality management systems were less effective in relation to electric disasters response. The paper recommends that all organization should implement ISOcertification requirements on their management systems. Effect their systems through assistance from other organizations with the same role for effective electric disaster management.
Index Terms- Disaster Management Systems, Electric Disaster and Quality Management Systems
This document provides a lightning risk assessment report for the Labugama and Kalatuwawa water treatment plants in Sri Lanka. It finds that the area has a high lightning density above 100 days per year and peak currents of 36kA on average. As these plants provide water to Colombo, a lightning strike could significantly impact operations and the local population. The document evaluates the plants as critical structures requiring protection due to the consequences of damage. It recommends applying lightning protection measures according to risk management standards to reduce the risk to an acceptable level.
This document discusses methods for protecting water and wastewater treatment plants from lightning strikes and electrical surges. It identifies areas at high risk for lightning strikes, such as pump lift stations and radio antennas. Traditional surge protection methods using MOVs and SADs can be overwhelmed by lightning strikes. Newer triggered arc gap technology provides better protection against high-energy lightning strikes by diverting surge currents to ground. The document describes how triggered arc gaps and additional surge protectors were installed to protect a water treatment plant in Florida that experienced frequent lightning damage.
Energy generation by crystalline silicon photovoltaic network per meter squa...IJECEIAES
This document summarizes the results of a study on energy generation by crystalline silicon photovoltaic networks per square meter in various cities across Iraq. The study found that northern cities like Dohuk, Erbil, and Sulaymaniyah generated less electricity on average in the winter months compared to southern cities, with differences of 40-50%. Overall, Iraq has stable PV generation year-round except in northern cities. The cities of Najaf and Al-Anbar generated the highest amounts of electricity. PV output was calculated for vertical-axis, inclined-axis, and dual-axis tracking systems, with dual-axis tracking providing the best results.
The document discusses two major blackouts that occurred in India in July 2012. On July 30th, a blackout affected over 300 million people in Northern India due to an imbalance between high power demand and low generation during a heat wave. Within 24 hours, while restoration was underway, another blackout occurred on July 31st that surpassed the previous one - affecting over 600 million people across Northern, Eastern and Northeastern India. The blackouts revealed vulnerabilities in India's power system including generation planning, transmission infrastructure, and the need for smart grid technologies to help prevent such widespread outages.
The impact of integration of solar farms on the power losses, voltage profile...journalBEEI
This document discusses a study analyzing the impact of integrating solar farms into Jordan's national power grid. The study considers connecting photovoltaic (PV) systems at varying penetration levels to different locations on the distribution network. Calculations are performed using modeling software and actual grid data from Jordan. The effects on short circuit level, voltage profile, and power losses in the distribution system are analyzed. The most suitable method for connecting a solar farm to the national grid is recommended based on the results.
An Extended Tropospheric Scintillation Model for Free Space Optical Communica...ijeei-iaes
Fluctuations caused mostly by tropospheric scintillation at the free space optical receiver end have been a major problem in the rapid development of telecommunication and the increasing demands for larger bandwidth is forcing the use of free space optical (FSO) technology. This paper examined existing tropospheric scintillation models of Karasawa, Van de Kamp model, Otung, Ortgies and ITU-R, and discovered that all of them operate at the microwave range, which limits their application in FSO laser beam technology that operates in PHz frequency-range. ITU-R model was later selected owing to its global application and modified for use in FSO communication system. The new model can serve as basis for communication engineers to use as platform in the link budgetary for planning and design of low margin systems of free space optical communication link.
The document summarizes a study that measured photovoltaic (PV) performance, ambient dust levels, and weather conditions in Doha, Qatar from June to December 2014. Three PV arrays were monitored - one cleaned every week, one every two months, and one every six months. A "cleanness index" showed the arrays cleaned every six months lost on average 0.0042 of performance per day, while the two-month cleaned arrays lost 0.0045 per day. Daily changes in cleanness index were negatively correlated with dust levels and humidity but positively correlated with wind speed. A regression model related cleanness index changes to dust, wind, and humidity and showed dust deposition significantly reduced PV power generation
Power distribution system fault monitoring device for supply networks in NigeriaIJECEIAES
Electric power is the bedrock of our modern way of life. In Nigeria, power supply availability, sufficiency and reliability are major operational challenges. At the generation and transmission level, effort is made to ensure status monitoring and fault detection on the power network, but at the distribution level, particularly within domestic consumer communities there are no fault monitoring and detection devices except for HRC fuses at the feeder pillar. Unfortunately, these fuses are sometimes replaced by a copper wire bridge at some locations rendering the system unprotected and creating a great potential for transformer destruction on overload. This study is focused on designing an on-site power system monitoring device to be deployed on selected household entry power cables for detecting and indicating when phase off, low voltage, high voltage, over current, and blown fuse occurs on the building’s incomer line. The fault indication will help in reducing troubleshooting time and also ensure quick service restoration. After design implementation, the test result confirms design accuracy, device functionality and suitability as a low-cost solution to power supply system fault monitoring within local communities.
(U fouo) dhs infrastructure protection note- most significant tactics against...AnonDownload
This document provides a summary of tactics, techniques, and procedures (TTPs) used in attacks against electricity infrastructure from 2002-2013. It finds that targeted shootings, intentionally downing power lines, and bombings are the most common high-consequence TTPs. While attacks often cause equipment damage and power outages, the electricity grid has demonstrated resiliency and regional or national outages have not occurred. However, attacks highlighting potential vulnerabilities if multiple substations or transformers were damaged simultaneously. The financial costs of repairing damage from attacks can be extensive, even without outages.
(U fouo) dhs infrastructure protection note- most significant tactics against...RepentSinner
This document provides a summary of tactics, techniques, and procedures (TTPs) used in attacks against electrical infrastructure from 2002-2013. It finds that targeted shootings, intentionally downing power lines, and bombings are the most common high-consequence TTPs. While attacks often cause equipment damage and power outages, system resilience means outages are usually temporary and localized. However, coordinated or insider attacks targeting vulnerable components like transformers could cause prolonged, widespread outages. The financial costs of attacks to repair infrastructure can be substantial.
Long term power transmission failures in southeastern brazil and the geophysi...Carlos Bella
This document analyzes power transmission failures in southeastern Brazil over 9 years from 1998 to 2006. It finds that most failures were attributed to atmospheric discharges, with 1957 failures out of 4572 total for the 138kV grid and 170 out of 763 for the 440kV grid. There was a clear concentration of failures during the region's thunderstorm season. The study also found a significant 67% and 77% reduction in failure rates per year for the 138kV and 440kV grids respectively, corresponding to the decay in sunspot numbers over the solar cycle. No obvious correlation was found between failures and geomagnetic activity indices.
As the rapid development of photovoltaic (PV) technology in recent years with the growth of electricity demand, integration of photovoltaic distributed generation (PVDG) to the distribution system is emerging to fulfil the demand. There are benefits and drawbacks to the distribution system due to the penetration of PVDG. This paper discussed and investigated the impacts of PVDG location and size on distribution power systems. The medium voltage distribution network is connected to the grid with the load being supplied by PVDG. Load flow and short circuit calculation are analyzed by using DigSILENT Power Factory Software. Comparisons have been made between the typical distribution system and the distribution system with the penetration of PVDG. Impacts in which PVDG location and size integrates with distribution system are investigated with the results given from the load flow and short circuit analysis. The results indicate positive impacts on the system interconnected with PVDG such as improving voltage profile, reducing power losses, releasing transmission and distribution grid capacity. It also shows that optimal locations and sizes of DGs are needed to minimize the system’s power losses. On the other hand, it shows that PVDG interconnection to the system can cause reverse power flow at improper DG size and location and increases short circuit level.
Solar Superstorms: Planning for an Internet ApocalypseGuy Boulianne
This document summarizes a research paper about the threat posed by solar superstorms to internet infrastructure. Solar superstorms can cause geomagnetically induced currents that have the potential to damage long-distance cables that constitute the internet backbone. This could lead to large-scale internet outages covering the entire globe and lasting several months. The document analyzes the impact of solar storms on internet cables and infrastructure, finding that submarine cables are at greater risk than land cables. Different regions would be impacted differently, with the US being highly susceptible to disconnection from Europe. The author calls for improving internet resiliency by factoring solar superstorm risks into internet topology design.
Redefining brain tumor segmentation: a cutting-edge convolutional neural netw...IJECEIAES
Medical image analysis has witnessed significant advancements with deep learning techniques. In the domain of brain tumor segmentation, the ability to
precisely delineate tumor boundaries from magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
scans holds profound implications for diagnosis. This study presents an ensemble convolutional neural network (CNN) with transfer learning, integrating
the state-of-the-art Deeplabv3+ architecture with the ResNet18 backbone. The
model is rigorously trained and evaluated, exhibiting remarkable performance
metrics, including an impressive global accuracy of 99.286%, a high-class accuracy of 82.191%, a mean intersection over union (IoU) of 79.900%, a weighted
IoU of 98.620%, and a Boundary F1 (BF) score of 83.303%. Notably, a detailed comparative analysis with existing methods showcases the superiority of
our proposed model. These findings underscore the model’s competence in precise brain tumor localization, underscoring its potential to revolutionize medical
image analysis and enhance healthcare outcomes. This research paves the way
for future exploration and optimization of advanced CNN models in medical
imaging, emphasizing addressing false positives and resource efficiency.
Embedded machine learning-based road conditions and driving behavior monitoringIJECEIAES
Car accident rates have increased in recent years, resulting in losses in human lives, properties, and other financial costs. An embedded machine learning-based system is developed to address this critical issue. The system can monitor road conditions, detect driving patterns, and identify aggressive driving behaviors. The system is based on neural networks trained on a comprehensive dataset of driving events, driving styles, and road conditions. The system effectively detects potential risks and helps mitigate the frequency and impact of accidents. The primary goal is to ensure the safety of drivers and vehicles. Collecting data involved gathering information on three key road events: normal street and normal drive, speed bumps, circular yellow speed bumps, and three aggressive driving actions: sudden start, sudden stop, and sudden entry. The gathered data is processed and analyzed using a machine learning system designed for limited power and memory devices. The developed system resulted in 91.9% accuracy, 93.6% precision, and 92% recall. The achieved inference time on an Arduino Nano 33 BLE Sense with a 32-bit CPU running at 64 MHz is 34 ms and requires 2.6 kB peak RAM and 139.9 kB program flash memory, making it suitable for resource-constrained embedded systems.
More Related Content
Similar to Modeling of Lightning Strike Events, and it’s Correlational with Power Outages in South-West Coast, Nigeria
Protection for 330 kV transmission line and recommendation for Nigerian tran...IJECEIAES
The transmission line is an integral part of the electrical power system; however, a fault has a negative impact on the system, like blackout, power loss, financial losses, and socio-economic impact. This fault occurs due to ageing conductors, lightning stroke, switching surge and human interference. We reviewed the protection scheme implemented in the Nigerian transmission network, which has challenges relating to the environment's terrain and a long-distance transmission line of about 20,000 km. The different approach of fault classification, detection and location was analyzed and critically summarized. This review paper proposes a hybrid artificial neural network (ANN) and distance protection scheme that can automatically identify, locate, isolate, predict, correct faults, and real-time monitor and control the entire network. It can also detect the shortest possible trip time of 0.02 s and 0.03 s of line current and fault losses, respectively, during fault to avert damage on the line. However, this method has its challenges, such as the volume of data generated from load flow analysis, training time, and the total distance covered by the network. However, these can be averted by segmenting the entire network for easy evaluation and monitoring to achieve set goals.
Lightning threat and protection from lightning information and product by jm...Mahesh Chandra Manav
Claim not Blame any Body
Now Rain is Above to Start and Many Cities of India Witness Lightning which may Cause Death and Loss of Assets (Electrical Equipment's, Data Communication, Control and Instrumentation and Home Gadget.
Only we can save Human Lives and Assets while Adopting Protection use of Earthing ,Lightning and Surge Protection.
JMV LPS Ltd will ensure to offer Awareness, Design (Earthing and Lightning) Installation Advise for Surge Protection.
We require All States Authority Mandatory Documents Release with advisory to Implement also Guidance to Insurance and Bank with Electrical Safety Assessment do not pass any Loan or do Insurance.
Awareness programme to Common People how to protect them self from Electrical Shocks and when Lighting Strikes.
Safety of Human Lives are prime responsibility and if any Authority or Owner of Premises found Guilty when Accident occur should be book by LAW(Including Contraction and Implementing Agencies)
We all has to pay cost for Safety and use Product and Follow Documents Strictly.
being a responsible Citizen discharge of duty for Society Should not only load is account of State and Central Govt.
We have also perform by our Self.
JAGO India JAGO Apni Responsibility se Na Bhago.
we will do right and now allow other's to do Wrong.
Islanding Detection and Controlled Islanding in Emerging Power Systems Key Is...IRJET Journal
This document discusses islanding detection and controlled islanding in power systems. It describes key issues like unintentional islanding caused by faults or disturbances that can lead to instability. Various islanding detection techniques are classified as remote/central or local. Remote techniques include system state monitoring, transfer trip schemes, and intertripping which require communication but provide accurate detection. Local techniques monitor voltage, frequency, current, and harmonics at the distributed generator connection point. Passive local techniques like under/over voltage/frequency detection are simple but have a no detection zone issue. The document also discusses controlled islanding schemes that aim to separate a grid into stable islands with balanced generation and load during disturbances.
On the applicability of some existing tropospheric scintillation prediction ...IJECEIAES
Tropospheric scintillation which causes rapid fluctuation of signal due to the turbulence in the atmosphere is of significance in satellite link budget design. Existing models that predict the intensity of scintillation such as Karasawa, International Telecommunication Union Radiocommunication (ITU-R) Sector, Otung, Van de Kamp and Ortgies are not appropriate for predicting scintillation intensity (SI) in Nigeria due to localization of the models to particular regions. The monthly average air temperature and relative humidity for Ikeja and Abuja, Nigeria, retrieved from the Nigerian Meteorological Centre data bank were used for the investigation. An elevation angle of 5° was used as look angle, antenna diameter of 0.3 m, 40 GHz and 45 GHz frequencies were considered in this study. The existing scintillation model values were then compared with the measured values for the two locations to determine the best performance model. The SI results at 40 GHz and 45 GHz were obtained for each of the existing models. It could be deduced from the results obtained that orgies model values were the most closet to the measured values. Therefore, Orgies-N model was the most appropriate for SI prediction in Ikeja and Abuja.
Energy for fulfilling basic community/individual needs has come to constitute the first article of
expectation in all contemporary societies. The exploitation of renewables notably solar in electricity
generation has brought relief to the fulfilment of energy demand especially among susceptible
communities. In this paper yearly minimum solar radiation of Kano (12.05°N; 08.2°E; altitude 472.5 m; 3 air
density 1.1705 kg/m3) for 46 years is used to generate a prediction model that fits the data using
autoregressive moving average (ARMA) and a new model termed autoregressive moving average process
(ARMAP). Comparison between the ARMA and ARMAP models showed a tremendous improve in the sum
of square error reduction between the actual data and the forecasted data by 47%.
This document summarizes a study on the economic effects of technical and non-technical losses in Nigeria's power transmission system. The study found that Nigeria's 330kV transmission network suffers from high voltage drops and power losses of around 454.73 GW annually, costing over 4.4 billion naira. These losses are caused by technical issues like low generation capacity and a long, fragile network as well as non-technical issues like electricity theft. Reducing these transmission and distribution losses, which at 17.72% of output are very high compared to more efficient countries, could boost Nigeria's economic growth.
Globally, utility power transmission and distribution systems are described along with their observed vulnerabilities to natural and man-made hazards. At national level, approximately 40% of the load in the Western region is supplied via 33/0.433 kV secondary distribution transformers. This contributes to transformer overload strain thus contributing to electrical fire disasters and outages. Kisumu substations are overloaded in the existing system under peak load conditions due to low thermal rating of conductors as a result of inadequate sizing. Several line sections feeding a large proportion of the load are of conductor type 25mm2 ASCR causing an effective bottleneck leading to power outages and electric fire disasters. Due to these, the study sought to assess the effectiveness of energy sectors quality management systems in response to electrical fire disaster in Kisumu County. Cross-functional management model and Crosby Theory of Quality theories guided the study. A descriptive research design was used in the study. Sample size of the study was selected using purposive, census and stratified random sampling from the energy sectors; Kenya Power and Lighting Company, Kenya Electricity Transmission Company, Kenya Energy Generating Company and customers connected to electricity grid. The structured questionnaires, interviews guides and observation methods were used to collect data. Quantitative data was analyzed using descriptive statistics while qualitative data responses using thermalized and frequencies. Organizations have not ensured ISO certification requirements in their management systems. That organizations quality management systems were less effective in relation to electric disasters response. The paper recommends that all organization should implement ISOcertification requirements on their management systems. Effect their systems through assistance from other organizations with the same role for effective electric disaster management.
Index Terms- Disaster Management Systems, Electric Disaster and Quality Management Systems
This document provides a lightning risk assessment report for the Labugama and Kalatuwawa water treatment plants in Sri Lanka. It finds that the area has a high lightning density above 100 days per year and peak currents of 36kA on average. As these plants provide water to Colombo, a lightning strike could significantly impact operations and the local population. The document evaluates the plants as critical structures requiring protection due to the consequences of damage. It recommends applying lightning protection measures according to risk management standards to reduce the risk to an acceptable level.
This document discusses methods for protecting water and wastewater treatment plants from lightning strikes and electrical surges. It identifies areas at high risk for lightning strikes, such as pump lift stations and radio antennas. Traditional surge protection methods using MOVs and SADs can be overwhelmed by lightning strikes. Newer triggered arc gap technology provides better protection against high-energy lightning strikes by diverting surge currents to ground. The document describes how triggered arc gaps and additional surge protectors were installed to protect a water treatment plant in Florida that experienced frequent lightning damage.
Energy generation by crystalline silicon photovoltaic network per meter squa...IJECEIAES
This document summarizes the results of a study on energy generation by crystalline silicon photovoltaic networks per square meter in various cities across Iraq. The study found that northern cities like Dohuk, Erbil, and Sulaymaniyah generated less electricity on average in the winter months compared to southern cities, with differences of 40-50%. Overall, Iraq has stable PV generation year-round except in northern cities. The cities of Najaf and Al-Anbar generated the highest amounts of electricity. PV output was calculated for vertical-axis, inclined-axis, and dual-axis tracking systems, with dual-axis tracking providing the best results.
The document discusses two major blackouts that occurred in India in July 2012. On July 30th, a blackout affected over 300 million people in Northern India due to an imbalance between high power demand and low generation during a heat wave. Within 24 hours, while restoration was underway, another blackout occurred on July 31st that surpassed the previous one - affecting over 600 million people across Northern, Eastern and Northeastern India. The blackouts revealed vulnerabilities in India's power system including generation planning, transmission infrastructure, and the need for smart grid technologies to help prevent such widespread outages.
The impact of integration of solar farms on the power losses, voltage profile...journalBEEI
This document discusses a study analyzing the impact of integrating solar farms into Jordan's national power grid. The study considers connecting photovoltaic (PV) systems at varying penetration levels to different locations on the distribution network. Calculations are performed using modeling software and actual grid data from Jordan. The effects on short circuit level, voltage profile, and power losses in the distribution system are analyzed. The most suitable method for connecting a solar farm to the national grid is recommended based on the results.
An Extended Tropospheric Scintillation Model for Free Space Optical Communica...ijeei-iaes
Fluctuations caused mostly by tropospheric scintillation at the free space optical receiver end have been a major problem in the rapid development of telecommunication and the increasing demands for larger bandwidth is forcing the use of free space optical (FSO) technology. This paper examined existing tropospheric scintillation models of Karasawa, Van de Kamp model, Otung, Ortgies and ITU-R, and discovered that all of them operate at the microwave range, which limits their application in FSO laser beam technology that operates in PHz frequency-range. ITU-R model was later selected owing to its global application and modified for use in FSO communication system. The new model can serve as basis for communication engineers to use as platform in the link budgetary for planning and design of low margin systems of free space optical communication link.
The document summarizes a study that measured photovoltaic (PV) performance, ambient dust levels, and weather conditions in Doha, Qatar from June to December 2014. Three PV arrays were monitored - one cleaned every week, one every two months, and one every six months. A "cleanness index" showed the arrays cleaned every six months lost on average 0.0042 of performance per day, while the two-month cleaned arrays lost 0.0045 per day. Daily changes in cleanness index were negatively correlated with dust levels and humidity but positively correlated with wind speed. A regression model related cleanness index changes to dust, wind, and humidity and showed dust deposition significantly reduced PV power generation
Power distribution system fault monitoring device for supply networks in NigeriaIJECEIAES
Electric power is the bedrock of our modern way of life. In Nigeria, power supply availability, sufficiency and reliability are major operational challenges. At the generation and transmission level, effort is made to ensure status monitoring and fault detection on the power network, but at the distribution level, particularly within domestic consumer communities there are no fault monitoring and detection devices except for HRC fuses at the feeder pillar. Unfortunately, these fuses are sometimes replaced by a copper wire bridge at some locations rendering the system unprotected and creating a great potential for transformer destruction on overload. This study is focused on designing an on-site power system monitoring device to be deployed on selected household entry power cables for detecting and indicating when phase off, low voltage, high voltage, over current, and blown fuse occurs on the building’s incomer line. The fault indication will help in reducing troubleshooting time and also ensure quick service restoration. After design implementation, the test result confirms design accuracy, device functionality and suitability as a low-cost solution to power supply system fault monitoring within local communities.
(U fouo) dhs infrastructure protection note- most significant tactics against...AnonDownload
This document provides a summary of tactics, techniques, and procedures (TTPs) used in attacks against electricity infrastructure from 2002-2013. It finds that targeted shootings, intentionally downing power lines, and bombings are the most common high-consequence TTPs. While attacks often cause equipment damage and power outages, the electricity grid has demonstrated resiliency and regional or national outages have not occurred. However, attacks highlighting potential vulnerabilities if multiple substations or transformers were damaged simultaneously. The financial costs of repairing damage from attacks can be extensive, even without outages.
(U fouo) dhs infrastructure protection note- most significant tactics against...RepentSinner
This document provides a summary of tactics, techniques, and procedures (TTPs) used in attacks against electrical infrastructure from 2002-2013. It finds that targeted shootings, intentionally downing power lines, and bombings are the most common high-consequence TTPs. While attacks often cause equipment damage and power outages, system resilience means outages are usually temporary and localized. However, coordinated or insider attacks targeting vulnerable components like transformers could cause prolonged, widespread outages. The financial costs of attacks to repair infrastructure can be substantial.
Long term power transmission failures in southeastern brazil and the geophysi...Carlos Bella
This document analyzes power transmission failures in southeastern Brazil over 9 years from 1998 to 2006. It finds that most failures were attributed to atmospheric discharges, with 1957 failures out of 4572 total for the 138kV grid and 170 out of 763 for the 440kV grid. There was a clear concentration of failures during the region's thunderstorm season. The study also found a significant 67% and 77% reduction in failure rates per year for the 138kV and 440kV grids respectively, corresponding to the decay in sunspot numbers over the solar cycle. No obvious correlation was found between failures and geomagnetic activity indices.
As the rapid development of photovoltaic (PV) technology in recent years with the growth of electricity demand, integration of photovoltaic distributed generation (PVDG) to the distribution system is emerging to fulfil the demand. There are benefits and drawbacks to the distribution system due to the penetration of PVDG. This paper discussed and investigated the impacts of PVDG location and size on distribution power systems. The medium voltage distribution network is connected to the grid with the load being supplied by PVDG. Load flow and short circuit calculation are analyzed by using DigSILENT Power Factory Software. Comparisons have been made between the typical distribution system and the distribution system with the penetration of PVDG. Impacts in which PVDG location and size integrates with distribution system are investigated with the results given from the load flow and short circuit analysis. The results indicate positive impacts on the system interconnected with PVDG such as improving voltage profile, reducing power losses, releasing transmission and distribution grid capacity. It also shows that optimal locations and sizes of DGs are needed to minimize the system’s power losses. On the other hand, it shows that PVDG interconnection to the system can cause reverse power flow at improper DG size and location and increases short circuit level.
Solar Superstorms: Planning for an Internet ApocalypseGuy Boulianne
This document summarizes a research paper about the threat posed by solar superstorms to internet infrastructure. Solar superstorms can cause geomagnetically induced currents that have the potential to damage long-distance cables that constitute the internet backbone. This could lead to large-scale internet outages covering the entire globe and lasting several months. The document analyzes the impact of solar storms on internet cables and infrastructure, finding that submarine cables are at greater risk than land cables. Different regions would be impacted differently, with the US being highly susceptible to disconnection from Europe. The author calls for improving internet resiliency by factoring solar superstorm risks into internet topology design.
Similar to Modeling of Lightning Strike Events, and it’s Correlational with Power Outages in South-West Coast, Nigeria (20)
Redefining brain tumor segmentation: a cutting-edge convolutional neural netw...IJECEIAES
Medical image analysis has witnessed significant advancements with deep learning techniques. In the domain of brain tumor segmentation, the ability to
precisely delineate tumor boundaries from magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
scans holds profound implications for diagnosis. This study presents an ensemble convolutional neural network (CNN) with transfer learning, integrating
the state-of-the-art Deeplabv3+ architecture with the ResNet18 backbone. The
model is rigorously trained and evaluated, exhibiting remarkable performance
metrics, including an impressive global accuracy of 99.286%, a high-class accuracy of 82.191%, a mean intersection over union (IoU) of 79.900%, a weighted
IoU of 98.620%, and a Boundary F1 (BF) score of 83.303%. Notably, a detailed comparative analysis with existing methods showcases the superiority of
our proposed model. These findings underscore the model’s competence in precise brain tumor localization, underscoring its potential to revolutionize medical
image analysis and enhance healthcare outcomes. This research paves the way
for future exploration and optimization of advanced CNN models in medical
imaging, emphasizing addressing false positives and resource efficiency.
Embedded machine learning-based road conditions and driving behavior monitoringIJECEIAES
Car accident rates have increased in recent years, resulting in losses in human lives, properties, and other financial costs. An embedded machine learning-based system is developed to address this critical issue. The system can monitor road conditions, detect driving patterns, and identify aggressive driving behaviors. The system is based on neural networks trained on a comprehensive dataset of driving events, driving styles, and road conditions. The system effectively detects potential risks and helps mitigate the frequency and impact of accidents. The primary goal is to ensure the safety of drivers and vehicles. Collecting data involved gathering information on three key road events: normal street and normal drive, speed bumps, circular yellow speed bumps, and three aggressive driving actions: sudden start, sudden stop, and sudden entry. The gathered data is processed and analyzed using a machine learning system designed for limited power and memory devices. The developed system resulted in 91.9% accuracy, 93.6% precision, and 92% recall. The achieved inference time on an Arduino Nano 33 BLE Sense with a 32-bit CPU running at 64 MHz is 34 ms and requires 2.6 kB peak RAM and 139.9 kB program flash memory, making it suitable for resource-constrained embedded systems.
Advanced control scheme of doubly fed induction generator for wind turbine us...IJECEIAES
This paper describes a speed control device for generating electrical energy on an electricity network based on the doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) used for wind power conversion systems. At first, a double-fed induction generator model was constructed. A control law is formulated to govern the flow of energy between the stator of a DFIG and the energy network using three types of controllers: proportional integral (PI), sliding mode controller (SMC) and second order sliding mode controller (SOSMC). Their different results in terms of power reference tracking, reaction to unexpected speed fluctuations, sensitivity to perturbations, and resilience against machine parameter alterations are compared. MATLAB/Simulink was used to conduct the simulations for the preceding study. Multiple simulations have shown very satisfying results, and the investigations demonstrate the efficacy and power-enhancing capabilities of the suggested control system.
Neural network optimizer of proportional-integral-differential controller par...IJECEIAES
Wide application of proportional-integral-differential (PID)-regulator in industry requires constant improvement of methods of its parameters adjustment. The paper deals with the issues of optimization of PID-regulator parameters with the use of neural network technology methods. A methodology for choosing the architecture (structure) of neural network optimizer is proposed, which consists in determining the number of layers, the number of neurons in each layer, as well as the form and type of activation function. Algorithms of neural network training based on the application of the method of minimizing the mismatch between the regulated value and the target value are developed. The method of back propagation of gradients is proposed to select the optimal training rate of neurons of the neural network. The neural network optimizer, which is a superstructure of the linear PID controller, allows increasing the regulation accuracy from 0.23 to 0.09, thus reducing the power consumption from 65% to 53%. The results of the conducted experiments allow us to conclude that the created neural superstructure may well become a prototype of an automatic voltage regulator (AVR)-type industrial controller for tuning the parameters of the PID controller.
An improved modulation technique suitable for a three level flying capacitor ...IJECEIAES
This research paper introduces an innovative modulation technique for controlling a 3-level flying capacitor multilevel inverter (FCMLI), aiming to streamline the modulation process in contrast to conventional methods. The proposed
simplified modulation technique paves the way for more straightforward and
efficient control of multilevel inverters, enabling their widespread adoption and
integration into modern power electronic systems. Through the amalgamation of
sinusoidal pulse width modulation (SPWM) with a high-frequency square wave
pulse, this controlling technique attains energy equilibrium across the coupling
capacitor. The modulation scheme incorporates a simplified switching pattern
and a decreased count of voltage references, thereby simplifying the control
algorithm.
A review on features and methods of potential fishing zoneIJECEIAES
This review focuses on the importance of identifying potential fishing zones in seawater for sustainable fishing practices. It explores features like sea surface temperature (SST) and sea surface height (SSH), along with classification methods such as classifiers. The features like SST, SSH, and different classifiers used to classify the data, have been figured out in this review study. This study underscores the importance of examining potential fishing zones using advanced analytical techniques. It thoroughly explores the methodologies employed by researchers, covering both past and current approaches. The examination centers on data characteristics and the application of classification algorithms for classification of potential fishing zones. Furthermore, the prediction of potential fishing zones relies significantly on the effectiveness of classification algorithms. Previous research has assessed the performance of models like support vector machines, naïve Bayes, and artificial neural networks (ANN). In the previous result, the results of support vector machine (SVM) were 97.6% more accurate than naive Bayes's 94.2% to classify test data for fisheries classification. By considering the recent works in this area, several recommendations for future works are presented to further improve the performance of the potential fishing zone models, which is important to the fisheries community.
Electrical signal interference minimization using appropriate core material f...IJECEIAES
As demand for smaller, quicker, and more powerful devices rises, Moore's law is strictly followed. The industry has worked hard to make little devices that boost productivity. The goal is to optimize device density. Scientists are reducing connection delays to improve circuit performance. This helped them understand three-dimensional integrated circuit (3D IC) concepts, which stack active devices and create vertical connections to diminish latency and lower interconnects. Electrical involvement is a big worry with 3D integrates circuits. Researchers have developed and tested through silicon via (TSV) and substrates to decrease electrical wave involvement. This study illustrates a novel noise coupling reduction method using several electrical involvement models. A 22% drop in electrical involvement from wave-carrying to victim TSVs introduces this new paradigm and improves system performance even at higher THz frequencies.
Electric vehicle and photovoltaic advanced roles in enhancing the financial p...IJECEIAES
Climate change's impact on the planet forced the United Nations and governments to promote green energies and electric transportation. The deployments of photovoltaic (PV) and electric vehicle (EV) systems gained stronger momentum due to their numerous advantages over fossil fuel types. The advantages go beyond sustainability to reach financial support and stability. The work in this paper introduces the hybrid system between PV and EV to support industrial and commercial plants. This paper covers the theoretical framework of the proposed hybrid system including the required equation to complete the cost analysis when PV and EV are present. In addition, the proposed design diagram which sets the priorities and requirements of the system is presented. The proposed approach allows setup to advance their power stability, especially during power outages. The presented information supports researchers and plant owners to complete the necessary analysis while promoting the deployment of clean energy. The result of a case study that represents a dairy milk farmer supports the theoretical works and highlights its advanced benefits to existing plants. The short return on investment of the proposed approach supports the paper's novelty approach for the sustainable electrical system. In addition, the proposed system allows for an isolated power setup without the need for a transmission line which enhances the safety of the electrical network
Bibliometric analysis highlighting the role of women in addressing climate ch...IJECEIAES
Fossil fuel consumption increased quickly, contributing to climate change
that is evident in unusual flooding and draughts, and global warming. Over
the past ten years, women's involvement in society has grown dramatically,
and they succeeded in playing a noticeable role in reducing climate change.
A bibliometric analysis of data from the last ten years has been carried out to
examine the role of women in addressing the climate change. The analysis's
findings discussed the relevant to the sustainable development goals (SDGs),
particularly SDG 7 and SDG 13. The results considered contributions made
by women in the various sectors while taking geographic dispersion into
account. The bibliometric analysis delves into topics including women's
leadership in environmental groups, their involvement in policymaking, their
contributions to sustainable development projects, and the influence of
gender diversity on attempts to mitigate climate change. This study's results
highlight how women have influenced policies and actions related to climate
change, point out areas of research deficiency and recommendations on how
to increase role of the women in addressing the climate change and
achieving sustainability. To achieve more successful results, this initiative
aims to highlight the significance of gender equality and encourage
inclusivity in climate change decision-making processes.
Voltage and frequency control of microgrid in presence of micro-turbine inter...IJECEIAES
The active and reactive load changes have a significant impact on voltage
and frequency. In this paper, in order to stabilize the microgrid (MG) against
load variations in islanding mode, the active and reactive power of all
distributed generators (DGs), including energy storage (battery), diesel
generator, and micro-turbine, are controlled. The micro-turbine generator is
connected to MG through a three-phase to three-phase matrix converter, and
the droop control method is applied for controlling the voltage and
frequency of MG. In addition, a method is introduced for voltage and
frequency control of micro-turbines in the transition state from gridconnected mode to islanding mode. A novel switching strategy of the matrix
converter is used for converting the high-frequency output voltage of the
micro-turbine to the grid-side frequency of the utility system. Moreover,
using the switching strategy, the low-order harmonics in the output current
and voltage are not produced, and consequently, the size of the output filter
would be reduced. In fact, the suggested control strategy is load-independent
and has no frequency conversion restrictions. The proposed approach for
voltage and frequency regulation demonstrates exceptional performance and
favorable response across various load alteration scenarios. The suggested
strategy is examined in several scenarios in the MG test systems, and the
simulation results are addressed.
Enhancing battery system identification: nonlinear autoregressive modeling fo...IJECEIAES
Precisely characterizing Li-ion batteries is essential for optimizing their
performance, enhancing safety, and prolonging their lifespan across various
applications, such as electric vehicles and renewable energy systems. This
article introduces an innovative nonlinear methodology for system
identification of a Li-ion battery, employing a nonlinear autoregressive with
exogenous inputs (NARX) model. The proposed approach integrates the
benefits of nonlinear modeling with the adaptability of the NARX structure,
facilitating a more comprehensive representation of the intricate
electrochemical processes within the battery. Experimental data collected
from a Li-ion battery operating under diverse scenarios are employed to
validate the effectiveness of the proposed methodology. The identified
NARX model exhibits superior accuracy in predicting the battery's behavior
compared to traditional linear models. This study underscores the
importance of accounting for nonlinearities in battery modeling, providing
insights into the intricate relationships between state-of-charge, voltage, and
current under dynamic conditions.
Smart grid deployment: from a bibliometric analysis to a surveyIJECEIAES
Smart grids are one of the last decades' innovations in electrical energy.
They bring relevant advantages compared to the traditional grid and
significant interest from the research community. Assessing the field's
evolution is essential to propose guidelines for facing new and future smart
grid challenges. In addition, knowing the main technologies involved in the
deployment of smart grids (SGs) is important to highlight possible
shortcomings that can be mitigated by developing new tools. This paper
contributes to the research trends mentioned above by focusing on two
objectives. First, a bibliometric analysis is presented to give an overview of
the current research level about smart grid deployment. Second, a survey of
the main technological approaches used for smart grid implementation and
their contributions are highlighted. To that effect, we searched the Web of
Science (WoS), and the Scopus databases. We obtained 5,663 documents
from WoS and 7,215 from Scopus on smart grid implementation or
deployment. With the extraction limitation in the Scopus database, 5,872 of
the 7,215 documents were extracted using a multi-step process. These two
datasets have been analyzed using a bibliometric tool called bibliometrix.
The main outputs are presented with some recommendations for future
research.
Use of analytical hierarchy process for selecting and prioritizing islanding ...IJECEIAES
One of the problems that are associated to power systems is islanding
condition, which must be rapidly and properly detected to prevent any
negative consequences on the system's protection, stability, and security.
This paper offers a thorough overview of several islanding detection
strategies, which are divided into two categories: classic approaches,
including local and remote approaches, and modern techniques, including
techniques based on signal processing and computational intelligence.
Additionally, each approach is compared and assessed based on several
factors, including implementation costs, non-detected zones, declining
power quality, and response times using the analytical hierarchy process
(AHP). The multi-criteria decision-making analysis shows that the overall
weight of passive methods (24.7%), active methods (7.8%), hybrid methods
(5.6%), remote methods (14.5%), signal processing-based methods (26.6%),
and computational intelligent-based methods (20.8%) based on the
comparison of all criteria together. Thus, it can be seen from the total weight
that hybrid approaches are the least suitable to be chosen, while signal
processing-based methods are the most appropriate islanding detection
method to be selected and implemented in power system with respect to the
aforementioned factors. Using Expert Choice software, the proposed
hierarchy model is studied and examined.
Enhancing of single-stage grid-connected photovoltaic system using fuzzy logi...IJECEIAES
The power generated by photovoltaic (PV) systems is influenced by
environmental factors. This variability hampers the control and utilization of
solar cells' peak output. In this study, a single-stage grid-connected PV
system is designed to enhance power quality. Our approach employs fuzzy
logic in the direct power control (DPC) of a three-phase voltage source
inverter (VSI), enabling seamless integration of the PV connected to the
grid. Additionally, a fuzzy logic-based maximum power point tracking
(MPPT) controller is adopted, which outperforms traditional methods like
incremental conductance (INC) in enhancing solar cell efficiency and
minimizing the response time. Moreover, the inverter's real-time active and
reactive power is directly managed to achieve a unity power factor (UPF).
The system's performance is assessed through MATLAB/Simulink
implementation, showing marked improvement over conventional methods,
particularly in steady-state and varying weather conditions. For solar
irradiances of 500 and 1,000 W/m2
, the results show that the proposed
method reduces the total harmonic distortion (THD) of the injected current
to the grid by approximately 46% and 38% compared to conventional
methods, respectively. Furthermore, we compare the simulation results with
IEEE standards to evaluate the system's grid compatibility.
Enhancing photovoltaic system maximum power point tracking with fuzzy logic-b...IJECEIAES
Photovoltaic systems have emerged as a promising energy resource that
caters to the future needs of society, owing to their renewable, inexhaustible,
and cost-free nature. The power output of these systems relies on solar cell
radiation and temperature. In order to mitigate the dependence on
atmospheric conditions and enhance power tracking, a conventional
approach has been improved by integrating various methods. To optimize
the generation of electricity from solar systems, the maximum power point
tracking (MPPT) technique is employed. To overcome limitations such as
steady-state voltage oscillations and improve transient response, two
traditional MPPT methods, namely fuzzy logic controller (FLC) and perturb
and observe (P&O), have been modified. This research paper aims to
simulate and validate the step size of the proposed modified P&O and FLC
techniques within the MPPT algorithm using MATLAB/Simulink for
efficient power tracking in photovoltaic systems.
Adaptive synchronous sliding control for a robot manipulator based on neural ...IJECEIAES
Robot manipulators have become important equipment in production lines, medical fields, and transportation. Improving the quality of trajectory tracking for
robot hands is always an attractive topic in the research community. This is a
challenging problem because robot manipulators are complex nonlinear systems
and are often subject to fluctuations in loads and external disturbances. This
article proposes an adaptive synchronous sliding control scheme to improve trajectory tracking performance for a robot manipulator. The proposed controller
ensures that the positions of the joints track the desired trajectory, synchronize
the errors, and significantly reduces chattering. First, the synchronous tracking
errors and synchronous sliding surfaces are presented. Second, the synchronous
tracking error dynamics are determined. Third, a robust adaptive control law is
designed,the unknown components of the model are estimated online by the neural network, and the parameters of the switching elements are selected by fuzzy
logic. The built algorithm ensures that the tracking and approximation errors
are ultimately uniformly bounded (UUB). Finally, the effectiveness of the constructed algorithm is demonstrated through simulation and experimental results.
Simulation and experimental results show that the proposed controller is effective with small synchronous tracking errors, and the chattering phenomenon is
significantly reduced.
Remote field-programmable gate array laboratory for signal acquisition and de...IJECEIAES
A remote laboratory utilizing field-programmable gate array (FPGA) technologies enhances students’ learning experience anywhere and anytime in embedded system design. Existing remote laboratories prioritize hardware access and visual feedback for observing board behavior after programming, neglecting comprehensive debugging tools to resolve errors that require internal signal acquisition. This paper proposes a novel remote embeddedsystem design approach targeting FPGA technologies that are fully interactive via a web-based platform. Our solution provides FPGA board access and debugging capabilities beyond the visual feedback provided by existing remote laboratories. We implemented a lab module that allows users to seamlessly incorporate into their FPGA design. The module minimizes hardware resource utilization while enabling the acquisition of a large number of data samples from the signal during the experiments by adaptively compressing the signal prior to data transmission. The results demonstrate an average compression ratio of 2.90 across three benchmark signals, indicating efficient signal acquisition and effective debugging and analysis. This method allows users to acquire more data samples than conventional methods. The proposed lab allows students to remotely test and debug their designs, bridging the gap between theory and practice in embedded system design.
Detecting and resolving feature envy through automated machine learning and m...IJECEIAES
Efficiently identifying and resolving code smells enhances software project quality. This paper presents a novel solution, utilizing automated machine learning (AutoML) techniques, to detect code smells and apply move method refactoring. By evaluating code metrics before and after refactoring, we assessed its impact on coupling, complexity, and cohesion. Key contributions of this research include a unique dataset for code smell classification and the development of models using AutoGluon for optimal performance. Furthermore, the study identifies the top 20 influential features in classifying feature envy, a well-known code smell, stemming from excessive reliance on external classes. We also explored how move method refactoring addresses feature envy, revealing reduced coupling and complexity, and improved cohesion, ultimately enhancing code quality. In summary, this research offers an empirical, data-driven approach, integrating AutoML and move method refactoring to optimize software project quality. Insights gained shed light on the benefits of refactoring on code quality and the significance of specific features in detecting feature envy. Future research can expand to explore additional refactoring techniques and a broader range of code metrics, advancing software engineering practices and standards.
Smart monitoring technique for solar cell systems using internet of things ba...IJECEIAES
Rapidly and remotely monitoring and receiving the solar cell systems status parameters, solar irradiance, temperature, and humidity, are critical issues in enhancement their efficiency. Hence, in the present article an improved smart prototype of internet of things (IoT) technique based on embedded system through NodeMCU ESP8266 (ESP-12E) was carried out experimentally. Three different regions at Egypt; Luxor, Cairo, and El-Beheira cities were chosen to study their solar irradiance profile, temperature, and humidity by the proposed IoT system. The monitoring data of solar irradiance, temperature, and humidity were live visualized directly by Ubidots through hypertext transfer protocol (HTTP) protocol. The measured solar power radiation in Luxor, Cairo, and El-Beheira ranged between 216-1000, 245-958, and 187-692 W/m 2 respectively during the solar day. The accuracy and rapidity of obtaining monitoring results using the proposed IoT system made it a strong candidate for application in monitoring solar cell systems. On the other hand, the obtained solar power radiation results of the three considered regions strongly candidate Luxor and Cairo as suitable places to build up a solar cells system station rather than El-Beheira.
An efficient security framework for intrusion detection and prevention in int...IJECEIAES
Over the past few years, the internet of things (IoT) has advanced to connect billions of smart devices to improve quality of life. However, anomalies or malicious intrusions pose several security loopholes, leading to performance degradation and threat to data security in IoT operations. Thereby, IoT security systems must keep an eye on and restrict unwanted events from occurring in the IoT network. Recently, various technical solutions based on machine learning (ML) models have been derived towards identifying and restricting unwanted events in IoT. However, most ML-based approaches are prone to miss-classification due to inappropriate feature selection. Additionally, most ML approaches applied to intrusion detection and prevention consider supervised learning, which requires a large amount of labeled data to be trained. Consequently, such complex datasets are impossible to source in a large network like IoT. To address this problem, this proposed study introduces an efficient learning mechanism to strengthen the IoT security aspects. The proposed algorithm incorporates supervised and unsupervised approaches to improve the learning models for intrusion detection and mitigation. Compared with the related works, the experimental outcome shows that the model performs well in a benchmark dataset. It accomplishes an improved detection accuracy of approximately 99.21%.
Harnessing WebAssembly for Real-time Stateless Streaming PipelinesChristina Lin
Traditionally, dealing with real-time data pipelines has involved significant overhead, even for straightforward tasks like data transformation or masking. However, in this talk, we’ll venture into the dynamic realm of WebAssembly (WASM) and discover how it can revolutionize the creation of stateless streaming pipelines within a Kafka (Redpanda) broker. These pipelines are adept at managing low-latency, high-data-volume scenarios.
Introduction- e - waste – definition - sources of e-waste– hazardous substances in e-waste - effects of e-waste on environment and human health- need for e-waste management– e-waste handling rules - waste minimization techniques for managing e-waste – recycling of e-waste - disposal treatment methods of e- waste – mechanism of extraction of precious metal from leaching solution-global Scenario of E-waste – E-waste in India- case studies.
Understanding Inductive Bias in Machine LearningSUTEJAS
This presentation explores the concept of inductive bias in machine learning. It explains how algorithms come with built-in assumptions and preferences that guide the learning process. You'll learn about the different types of inductive bias and how they can impact the performance and generalizability of machine learning models.
The presentation also covers the positive and negative aspects of inductive bias, along with strategies for mitigating potential drawbacks. We'll explore examples of how bias manifests in algorithms like neural networks and decision trees.
By understanding inductive bias, you can gain valuable insights into how machine learning models work and make informed decisions when building and deploying them.
A SYSTEMATIC RISK ASSESSMENT APPROACH FOR SECURING THE SMART IRRIGATION SYSTEMSIJNSA Journal
The smart irrigation system represents an innovative approach to optimize water usage in agricultural and landscaping practices. The integration of cutting-edge technologies, including sensors, actuators, and data analysis, empowers this system to provide accurate monitoring and control of irrigation processes by leveraging real-time environmental conditions. The main objective of a smart irrigation system is to optimize water efficiency, minimize expenses, and foster the adoption of sustainable water management methods. This paper conducts a systematic risk assessment by exploring the key components/assets and their functionalities in the smart irrigation system. The crucial role of sensors in gathering data on soil moisture, weather patterns, and plant well-being is emphasized in this system. These sensors enable intelligent decision-making in irrigation scheduling and water distribution, leading to enhanced water efficiency and sustainable water management practices. Actuators enable automated control of irrigation devices, ensuring precise and targeted water delivery to plants. Additionally, the paper addresses the potential threat and vulnerabilities associated with smart irrigation systems. It discusses limitations of the system, such as power constraints and computational capabilities, and calculates the potential security risks. The paper suggests possible risk treatment methods for effective secure system operation. In conclusion, the paper emphasizes the significant benefits of implementing smart irrigation systems, including improved water conservation, increased crop yield, and reduced environmental impact. Additionally, based on the security analysis conducted, the paper recommends the implementation of countermeasures and security approaches to address vulnerabilities and ensure the integrity and reliability of the system. By incorporating these measures, smart irrigation technology can revolutionize water management practices in agriculture, promoting sustainability, resource efficiency, and safeguarding against potential security threats.
Presentation of IEEE Slovenia CIS (Computational Intelligence Society) Chapte...University of Maribor
Slides from talk presenting:
Aleš Zamuda: Presentation of IEEE Slovenia CIS (Computational Intelligence Society) Chapter and Networking.
Presentation at IcETRAN 2024 session:
"Inter-Society Networking Panel GRSS/MTT-S/CIS
Panel Session: Promoting Connection and Cooperation"
IEEE Slovenia GRSS
IEEE Serbia and Montenegro MTT-S
IEEE Slovenia CIS
11TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON ELECTRICAL, ELECTRONIC AND COMPUTING ENGINEERING
3-6 June 2024, Niš, Serbia
International Conference on NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning an...gerogepatton
International Conference on NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning and Applications (NLAIM 2024) offers a premier global platform for exchanging insights and findings in the theory, methodology, and applications of NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning, and their applications. The conference seeks substantial contributions across all key domains of NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning, and their practical applications, aiming to foster both theoretical advancements and real-world implementations. With a focus on facilitating collaboration between researchers and practitioners from academia and industry, the conference serves as a nexus for sharing the latest developments in the field.
Using recycled concrete aggregates (RCA) for pavements is crucial to achieving sustainability. Implementing RCA for new pavement can minimize carbon footprint, conserve natural resources, reduce harmful emissions, and lower life cycle costs. Compared to natural aggregate (NA), RCA pavement has fewer comprehensive studies and sustainability assessments.
Optimizing Gradle Builds - Gradle DPE Tour Berlin 2024Sinan KOZAK
Sinan from the Delivery Hero mobile infrastructure engineering team shares a deep dive into performance acceleration with Gradle build cache optimizations. Sinan shares their journey into solving complex build-cache problems that affect Gradle builds. By understanding the challenges and solutions found in our journey, we aim to demonstrate the possibilities for faster builds. The case study reveals how overlapping outputs and cache misconfigurations led to significant increases in build times, especially as the project scaled up with numerous modules using Paparazzi tests. The journey from diagnosing to defeating cache issues offers invaluable lessons on maintaining cache integrity without sacrificing functionality.
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cumulonimbus cloud (cloud-to-cloud, C-C) or between the cloud-to-ground (C-G); secondarily, it occurs
from ground-to-sky (G-S).
In [6], thunder storm occurrence is considered as varying with location. If these lightning pulses are
not effectively discharged to the ground, they usually result in loss or damage of valuable equipment or
power systems, and even loss of human life. Such objects are protected by installing protective devices that
arrest LS either directly or indirectly based on principles of atmospheric electrostatic discharges and surge
modification. The C-G has the greatest effects on electrical systems and its statistics of occurrence,
correlation with power outages on coastal power distribution systems are the scope of this study.
Lightning strikes, especially C-G, has continued to be subject of studies in different locations and
conditions as depicted in [2],[5],[7]-[9]; especially as it impacts protective grounding designs and locations;
empirical intensities, physical processes in different geographical locations have been the foci. These mostly
location specific foci and approaches are particularly central for sub-saharan Africa studies, where
dependence on foreign models and technologies are predominant.
An earlier study on Nigeria southwest coast, [5], reported on C-G lightning strike frequency with
respect to periods of the year, which was generalized for the entire southwest coast without consideration for
subregion-specific data. Also, there were no specific relations established with respect to power supply and
installations. However, it was assumed that lightning related faults would be expectedly high during the peak
periods of lightning events in the year.
Lightning data is relevant for evaluation of the performance of protection designs [10]; and can also
be used to generate variation of annual lighting stroke frequency and annual variation of number of
thunderstorm day [11]. These are applicable to power systems objects and location considered in this paper;
owing to the huge costs of equipment and power failures and danger on 11-132kV power lines, protective
devices on power installations need to be evaluated in terms of standard requirement and efficacy.
The coastal regions of Nigeria are subjected to thunderstorms originating from Atlantic Ocean
currents, hence they are all prone to intense lightning activities, 15 flash/km2
/yr [5], [12]. Lagos State of
Nigeria is located in the southwest coast at 6°35′N 3°45′E; and its land area is 3474km2
[13]. Based on LS
data from Nigeria Meteorological Agency (NiMet), the State is divided into three zones: Marine (Victoria
Island, Lekki, Epe and Ikorodu towns; over 2,000km2
), Lagos Roof (Mainland; 19km2
), and Ikeja (46km2
)
zones. Thes zones are denoted Z1, Z2, and Z3 respectively. Figure 1 presents a sketch of Southwest coast or
Lagos region showing the three metrological zones. In addition, Lagos State consumes 43-52% of the
National power company’s power output [14]. It is distinctly marked by the relatively high density of
infrastructure comprising HV power transmission substations, heavy industries, numerous communication
networks, the sea and reports of residents on damage to appliances due to lightning strike in this region.
Figure 1. A Sketch of Southwest Coast showing three Metrological Zones (Z1-Z3)
50 km
30000
0
68000
42000
Z 1
Z 3
32000 34000
36000
38000
40000
66000
64000
62000
Z1
Z2
Z3
Atlantic
Ocean
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Consequent on the above, this study aimed to model C-G LS events for the coastal region using new
data, and to to evaluate the correlation of LS events and power outage in the 11-132kV distribution systems
of Nigeria using specified installations in Z1 of the coastal region as case study. For the purpose of this study,
Z1’s Ikorodu Transmission Substation (ITS) and distribution substation (IDS) records were applied.
Figure 2 illustrates connection structure of 11–132kV systems and exposure to thunderstorms in the
region.
The ITS, commissioned in 1976, feeds three 132kV delivery stations in the zone including the IDS.
The IDS feeds the township distribution networks. Over a period of 35 years, the ITS capacity grew from 2 x
15MVA (1976) to 3 x 60MVA (2011). The ITS shares 220MW among its average 400MW power
requirement by its customers. The IDS feeds 13 lines with 684x11/0.4kV distribution transformers (DTs) and
5 lines with 10x33/11kV substations. The power supplied grew from 20MW (2007) to 30MW (2010) and
55MW (2012). From the operators’ experiences, observed problems include frequent tripping of feeders,
lightning events and faults (particularly recent serious instances), falling of tree on line pole damages,
earthing failures, disc and pot shattering, and transformer damages; transformer damages were severe in wet
season than in dry season. This is similar to other cases in the region.
Figure 2. Connection Structure of Z1’s Ikorodu Transmission and Distribution Substations Network
Revenue from electricity is basically the product of unit energy consumed and kWhr cost of energy.
In order to know the approximate monthly revenue that is obtainable from a transmission substation as in
Figure 2 and that would be lost due to outage, Equation (1) is applied.
Rm = co PdTmavLF = kco PdTaLF = k co (Padd − Psdd )Ta LF (1)
where Rm is monthly revenue, ₦; k – time (duration) reduction factor (k=0.083); co –cost of unit energy
supplied, ₦/kWhr; Pd – average peak power supplied daily, Tmav – average hr. in a month, Ta –hour in a year
(8960), Padd– actual peak demand per day, Psdd peak supply deficit per day, LF is load factor (approx.. 0.9).
Monthly revenue loss due to supply deficit or suppressed demand, 𝑅𝐿 𝑚:
RLm = kco PsddTaLF, (2)
Potential monthly revenue due to actual system demand (Rpot.(m)):
Rpot.(m) = Rm + RLm, (3)
Rm, RLm, and Rpot.(m) were evaluated for the selected ITS-IDS and shown in Table 1.
Surge
Diverter
Thunder cloud
132kV
132/33kV; 3x60MVA
33/11kV
11/0.4kV
Industrial customers
To other TS
Incoming Lines
To other
11kV
DTs
LV
users
ITS IDS
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Table 1. Estimates of 𝑅 𝑚 and 𝑅𝐿 𝑚 (at 𝑐 𝑜=24.08, naira/kWHr)
Object Pd MW Ta , hr
CO,
naira/kWHr
Padd,
MW
Psdd,
MW
k LF Rm , naira RLm’,naira Rpot.(m), naira
ITS 220 8760 24.08 400 180 0.0833 0.9 3,479,130,990.72 2,846,561,719.68 6,325,692,710.40
The RLm value for ITS is approximately 2.85 billion naira. This 45% monthly revenue loss due to
prevailing inadequate supply capacity is very large and should not be aggravated by outages due to
atmospheric factor as lightning. The cost of 4 x 60MVA transformers alone in 132/33kV substation is ₦1.8
billion. As earlier indicated, the considered coastal regions lie in the tropics and are subjected to intense
thunderstorms [5]; consequently, power installations are prone to lightning incidences in the region.
Therefore, protection of apparent capital intensive electric power network installations and systems
operations reliability will mitigate costs and save huge revenue.
2. RESEARCH METHOD
In order to model C-G LS events for the coastal region using new data, C-G LS records (2006-2012)
for the specified coastal area were considered and obtained from the Nigerian Metrological Agency (NiMet).
A survey of installations shows unavailability of LS counter records. Therefore, to obtain the correlation of
LS events and power outage in the 11-132kV systems, outage data for 11-132kV power supply stations and
associated lines in a metrological zone of the area (i.e., Z1) were extracted from respective stations’ records;
and evaluated for correlation with obtained zonal C-G LS records, using inferential statistical concepts
(relative frequency and correlational statistical techniques) [15]. The algorithm was implemented with
proprietary MS-Excel software.
2.1. Relative Intensity Statistic
Relative intensity of C-G LS for each month of the year was evaluated in terms of relative lightning
frequency. Relative lightning frequency for a given zone (z), month (m), and year (y) was defined and
evaluated as 𝑅𝐿𝐹𝑚
(𝑍)
using:
𝑅𝐿𝐹𝑚
(𝑍)
=
∑ 𝑄𝐿𝑆 𝑚,𝑦
(𝑍)7
𝑦=1
∑ 𝑄𝐿𝑆 𝑦
(𝑍)7
𝑦=1
, (4)
where 𝑄𝐿𝑆 𝑚,𝑦
(𝑍)
– quantity of C-G LS for given zone, month, and year; and 𝑄𝐿𝑆 𝑦
(𝑍)
- quantity of C-G LS for
given zone and year. The values for 𝑄𝐿𝑆 𝑚,𝑦
(𝑍)
and 𝑄𝐿𝑆 𝑦
(𝑍)
were obtained from NiMet records for 2006 to 2012
years. The values obtained for 𝑅𝐿𝐹𝑚
(𝑍)
are presented in Figure 3 and analysed.
2.2. Zonal and Monthly Probabilities of C-G LS Event
Probability of C-G LS event for a given zone (Z) and month was defined and evaluated as
𝑃(𝑍)(𝐿𝑆 𝑚 > 𝑛) using:
𝑃(𝑧)(𝐿𝑆 𝑚 > 𝑛) =
𝑞(𝑧)(𝐿𝑆 𝑚>𝑛)
𝑞(𝑧)(𝐿𝑆 𝑚)
; 𝑛 = (0, 1, 2) (5)
where 𝑞(𝑧)(𝐿𝑆 𝑚 > 𝑛) is quantity of LS events greater than n, and 𝑞(𝑧)(𝐿𝑆 𝑚) – qty. of LS events in month m
for the entire data period. Values obtained for 𝑃(𝐿𝑆 𝑚 > 𝑛) are presented in Figures 4 to 6 and analysed for n
= (0, 1, 2) and profiles the probability of LS in each of the month of a year for the study zones.
2.3. Zonal and Monthly Average and Range Statistics of LS Events
The monthly and annual averages of LS, 𝐴𝐿𝑆 𝑚 and 𝐴𝐿𝑆 𝑌 respectively, were evaluated as in:
𝐴𝐿𝑆 𝑚 =
∑ 𝐿𝑆 𝑚,𝑦
𝑌
𝑦=1
𝑌
; 𝑌 = 7 (6)
where 𝐿𝑆 𝑚,𝑦 -lightning strike events in given month and year y; Y – number of years y in data period.
Average annual LS events for the data period:
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𝐴𝐿𝑆 𝑌 =
∑ 𝐴𝐿𝑆,𝑦
𝑌
𝑦
𝑌
; 𝐴𝐿𝑆 𝑦 = ∑ 𝐴𝐿𝑆 𝑦,𝑚𝑚 (7)
where 𝐴𝐿𝑆 𝑦 - average LS event for year y, 𝐴𝐿𝑆 𝑦,𝑚 is average LS for given year and month. Results of
𝐴𝐿𝑆 𝑚, 𝐴𝐿𝑆 𝑦 are presented in Figures 7 to 9.
2.4. Correlation Analysis Of C-G LS And Outage Data
Data of power outage durations on 11kV, 33kV, and 132kV lines were extracted from system daily
records and summarized for each of the three years. Correlation between these data and corresponding data
on C-G LS events were evaluated correlation function as in MS Excel (2013):
𝐶𝑜𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑙(𝑃𝑂𝑦,𝑚, 𝐿𝑆 𝑦,𝑚) =
∑(𝑃𝑂 𝑦,𝑚−𝐴𝑃𝑂 𝑦)(𝐿𝑆 𝑦,𝑚−𝐴𝐿𝑆 𝑦)
√∑(𝑃𝑂 𝑦,𝑚−𝐴𝑃𝑂 𝑦)
2
∑(𝐿𝑆 𝑦,𝑚−𝐴𝐿𝑆 𝑦)
2
(8)
where 𝑃𝑂𝑦,𝑚 –power outage for a particular year and particular month; 𝐴𝑃𝑂𝑦 –average power output for
corresponding year; 𝐿𝑆 𝑦,𝑚 –Lightning strike for a particular year and particular month. The result is
presented in Table 2.
3. RESULTS AND ANALYSIS
Results obtained from evaluation of C-G lightning st rike in study location and correlation with power
outages on 11-132 kV network are as in Figures 3 to 9 and Table 2. Figure 3 presents monthly RLFs of zones Z1 to
Z3 respectively. Figures 4 to 6 present the monthly probabilities of LS in the three mentioned zones respectively.
Analogically, Figures 7 to 9 present the monthly and annual LS averages for the same zones.
Figure 3. Obtained Monthly RLFs for Zones 1 to 3, Lagos State, southwest coast, Nigeria
Figure 3 values for zone Z1 show that LS events can be expected throughout the year. However, the
intensity varies: 0-5% of annual total of LS is expected in 5 months of every year: January to March; August
to September; and December. These include dry season and rain break months for the region. More LS
events are expected April, July, and November. Figure 3 further shows that RLF variation patterns for Z2 and Z3
are similar to that of Z1 but vary in magnitudes. Also, the peak for Z1 comes a month earlier. The highest magnitude
is in June; while for the other zones it can be expected in both May and June.
Figure 4 to 6 presents monthly probabilities of three categories of LS frequencies: LS>0; LS>1; and LS>2. It
is notable in Figure 4 that for zone Z1, the probability of LS event exceeding twice in February, March, August, and
September, is nil. Figure 6 shows that zone Z3 has the highest probabilities of higher (>2) LS frequencies for all
months.
0.00
0.05
0.10
0.15
0.20
0.25
JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC
Rel.Freq
month
Rel.Freq_zI Rel.Freq_zII Rel.Freq_zIII
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3267
Figure 4. Monthly Probabilities of LS occurring at least once (LS>0); twice (L>1); and thrice LS>2) in Zone Z1
Figure 5. Probability of LS occurring at least once (LS>0); twice (L>1); and thrice LS>2) in in Zone Z2
Figure 6. Probability of LS occurring at least once (LS>0); twice (L>1); and thrice LS>2) in in Zone Z3
Figure 7 to 9 show that: for zone Z1, ALSm can range from 1 to 7 events per month, with peak expected in
June; for zone Z2, ALSm can range from 1 to 6 events, with peak expected in June, July, and September; and for zone
Z3, ALSm can range from 4 to 22 events, with peak expected in June and October. Annualy, ALSy can have the
following monthly ranges: (11, 27) events, (11,31) events, and (81, 145) events for zones Z1, Z2, and Z3
0.00
0.20
0.40
0.60
0.80
1.00
Probability
Months
P(LS>2)
P(LS>1)
P(LS>0)
0.00
0.20
0.40
0.60
0.80
1.00
Probability
Months
P(LS>2)
P(LS>1)
P(LS>0)
0.00
0.50
1.00
Probability
Months
P(LS>2)
P(LS>1)
P(LS>0)
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3268
respectively. These values ascertained that lightning intensity varies from one location to another location. The
seasonality should be considered when planning annual maintenance strategies of protective installations.
Figure 7. Monthly Average LS`` strike in Zone Z1
Figure 8. Monthly Average LS strike in Zone Z2
Figure 9. Monthly Average LS strike in Zone Z3
19.1
27.4
10.91.7
0.8
1.5
2.8
6.1 6.5
4.7
0.8 1.0
5.2
2.3
0.6
-1.0
0.0
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
7.0
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
jan feb mar apr may jun jul aug sep oct nov dec Year
LightningStrike
Months
Yr. av.
Yr. max(av.)
Yr. min(av.)
Monthly av.
monthly min(av.)
Monthly max(av.)
20.9
30.5
11.2
0.7
1.6 1.5
2.4
4.3
6.0 6.1
1.4
6.0
3.9
2.0
0.5
-1.0
0.0
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
7.0
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
jan feb mar apr may jun jul aug sep oct nov dec Year
LightningFreq.
Months
Yr. av.
Yr. max(av.)
Yr. min(av.)
Monthly av.
monthly min(av.)
Monthly max(av.)
113.1
145.1
81.2
3.6
9.0
14.7 14.8
19.0
20.5
11.5
6.4
12.5
21.6
15.2
5.9
0.0
5.0
10.0
15.0
20.0
25.0
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
jan feb mar apr may jun jul aug sep oct nov dec Year
LightningFreq.
Months
Yr. av.
Yr. max(av.)
Yr. min(av.)
Monthly av.
monthly min(av.)
Monthly max(av.)
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Generally, these values and analyses, depicted by Figures 4 to 10, indicate that C-G LS intensity is
significant in the study location and adequate measures should be developed to curtail them for the power
installations. This justifies a need to investigate the adequacy of existing LPS installations.
Table 2 shows that correlation between C-G LF and power outage duration in zone Z1 (Ikorodu) is: weakly
positive for 11kV installations (0.08-0.39); strong and positive for 33kV installations (0.45-0.85); and moderately
positive for 132 kV installations (0.3-0.55, in 2012). These values generally show that the relationships between
LS and PO are positive linear relationships, being strongest in 33 and 132kV systems. In addition, Table 3
shows that the correlation outcome between C-G LF and outage frequency is equally significant for 33 kV and 132
kV installations. This observation indicates that the existing lightning protective schemes are unreliable and
validates a need to evaluate the active efficiency of existing lightning protection schemes on the PDNs in the
coastal area, and by extension, Nigeria.
Table 2. Correlation for C-G LF and Power Outage Events Duration on 11kV, 33kV and 132kV Systems,
2010-2012
System
Correlation Coeffiscients p-values (at alpha = 0.05)
Correlation Status and Significance
2010 2011 2012 2010 2011 2012
11kV 0.08 0.23 0.39 0.79664 0.46975 0.21227 weak & insignificant (,,)
33kV 0.45 0.85 0.70 0.13789 0.00050 0.01148 strong positive & significant (,2011,2012)
132kV 0.30 0.47 0.55 0.34148 0.12582 0.06498 moderate positive & insignificant (,,)
Table 3. Correlation for C-G LF and Power Outage Events Frequency on 11kV, 33kV and 132kV Systems,
2010-2012
System
Correlation Coeffiscients p-values (at alpha = 0.05)
Correlation Status and Significance
2010 2011 2012 2010 2011 2012
11kV - - - - - - No data available
33kV 0.93 0.54 0.70 0.000012 0.072539 0.011680 Strong positive & significant(2010,,2012)
132kV 0.36 0.62 0.68 0.252851 0.031330 0.015534 Moderate positive & significant(,2011,2012)
4. CONCLUSION
The focus of this paper has been on obtaining model quantitative values and patterns for C-G LS
events useful for system design, planning, and maintenance schedules; and to establish a possible correlation
with incessant power outages in the specified coastal region, which should be factored-in in the critical
search for power outage mitigating measures in present Nigeria systems. From the analyses of the results, it
is ascertained that lightning strikes vary from one location or zone to the other. LS events are significantly
intense in the studied region and contribute to power outage at 11-132kV installations. Model range values of
C-G LS events is (11,145) events per month. 33 kV and 132 kV installations have the highest correlation of
outage with LS events in the region. 11kV installations are weakly correlated, indicating that other factors are
more salient contributors to outages at this level. Graphical and numerical models of C-G LS events are
provided for application in planned LPS installation and maintenance for Nigerian southwest coast. This
correlation analyses of lightning events and power outages in 11-132kV networks along Nigerian coast
establish the degree of lightning disturbances on power availability and by implication, insight into the
effectiveness or adequacy of existing lightning protection scheme in the system.
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9. ISSN: 2088-8708
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