1. Development occurs through a combination of nature (genetics and biology) and nurture (environment and experiences). 2. Early childhood is marked by rapid physical and cognitive development, including the formation of attachments to caregivers which impact socioemotional development. 3. Development continues throughout the lifespan with stages of emerging adulthood, middle adulthood, and late adulthood each presenting new tasks and challenges.

2. ARGUE OVER THE EXTENT TO WHICH EACH
INFLUENCES BEHAVIOR
 NATURE: genetics influence most
 NURTURE: learning/environment shapes us
Thomas Bouchard:
Minnesota Twins Study
-study identical (MZ) twins
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/01/Twins_2004.jpg

3. IS DEVELOPMENT:
CONTINUOUS: a gradual, cumulative change
from birth to death (walking up a hill)
OR
DISCONTINUOUS: a sequence of distinct stages
that build upon one another that every
person goes through (climbing stairs)

4.  LONGITUDINAL: study same group of people
for a long time
Good: accuracy Bad: costly, long time, lose
participants
 CROSS-SECTIONAL: compare different age
groups now
Good: quick, fast Bad: less accurate
 COHORT-SEQUENTIAL: cross-sectional
groups are studied at least 2 times over
months/years, compared to others of same
age

5. 1. GERMINAL STAGE (lasts about 2 weeks):
zygote
-a fertilized egg, it will divide many times
2. EMBRYONIC STAGE (lasts about 7 weeks):
embryo
-important organs form
3. FETAL STAGE (lasts for rest of pregnancy):
fetus
-growth, interaction of organs, form
bones

6. http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/72/
Photo_of_baby_with_FAS.jpg
Chemicals/diseases that
can cause harm during
the prenatal period
FETAL ALCOHOL
SYNDROME(FAS):
#1 cause of mental
retardation in the US

7. INFANTS ARE BORN WITH SURVIVAL REFLEXES
-Sucking
-Rooting
-Grasping
-Moro/startle reflex
-Babinski reflex
-Swallowing
AS MATURE, MANY REFLEXES DISAPPEAR
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/32/Babies.jpg

8. MATURATION: physical development
-genetically influenced, little environment
-development of cerebellum and myelin sheath
2 months-smile at voice
9 months-sits without support
12 months-says at least one word
18 months-can walk independently
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/com
mons/3/35/Baby-lifting-weights.jpg

9. BRAIN: born with www.upload.wikimedia.org
most neurons will
have in life
“USE IT OR LOSE IT”
– ones we use are
kept, ones we don’t
are pruned away
DENDRITES GROW TO MAKE CONNECTIONS

10.  HABITUATION:
 simple form of learning where infants have
decreased responsiveness with repeated
presentation of the same stimuli
-will look longer at new stimuli, bored with
things they have experienced before
-means kids remember it, stare at it longer

11.  Children think differently than adults
 Cognitive abilities grow discontinuously with
big leaps
 Schemas-mental categories that organize
information (birds=wings, feathers, fly)
-assimilation: fit new information into schemas
(robins, cardinals)
-accomodation: change our schemas to fit new
information (penguins, ostriches)

12. 1. Sensorimotor stage (0-2): form schemas,
gain object permanence
2. Preoperational stage (2-7): symbolic
thinking, egocentrism, animism
3. Concrete operational stage (7-12):
conservation of matter, simple logic
4. Formal operational stage (12+): abstract,
hypothetical thinking
Criticisms: different rates, go through more
quickly, more continuous

13. Sociocultural Theory of Development:
 More gradual development
 Internalization: taking information from your
social environment
zone of proximal
development: range
between what you can do
alone and what you can
do with the help of others
( where we learn)
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/27/Teacher.jpg learn)

14. HOW OTHERS INFLUENCE OUR DEVELOPMENT
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Zari_Kids_of_Goa.JPG
 CULTURE: behaviors, attitudes, ideas, and
traditions transmitted from one generation
to the next

15.  The creation of a
close emotional
relationship
between parents
and baby
 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thu
mb/c/c9/Firmin_Baes_-
_Doux_r%C3%AAves.jpg/384px-Firmin_Baes_-
_Doux_r%C3%AAves.jpg

16.  Baby monkeys were given a wire mother with a bottle or a soft
cloth-covered mother
http://pages.uoregon.edu/adoption/siteindex.html
-the babies preferred the
soft mother
-demonstrates
importance of touch in
attachment

17. Imprinting: baby birds
attach to the 1st thing
they see
-critical period for
forming attachments
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:lorenzBaby_ducks.jpg

18. Put babies into unfamiliar room, mom leaves,
mom returns
3 Types:
Secure attachment: explores when mom is
there, cried when mom left, went to her when
she returned-responsive moms=best type
Anxious attachment: cling to mom, cry when
she leaves, not return to her
Avoidant attachment: not care if mom is there
or not, no response when she leaves

19. Temperament: natural disposition-easy or
difficult
Easy=cheerful, relaxed, predictable
Difficult=intense, irritable, unpredictable
Affects how parents react to child, and how
child reacts to parent

20. Authoritarian parents: strict rules, expect kids
to follow them, and punish if broken
Permissive parents: don’t set firm guidelines
or enforce the ones that are there
Authoritative parents: set rules but explain the
reason behind them, discuss
Authoritative-most independent, socially
competent, highest self-esteem

21.  We are shaped by our interactions with
others
 1st to examine
development throughout
a lifetime
 8 stages where we
face important crisis
 Affects our relationships
and our personality
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Erik_Erikson.png

22. 1.Trust v. Mistrust (0-1)
2. Autonomy v. Shame/doubt(1-3)
3. Initiative v. Guilt (3-5)
4. Industry v. Inferiority (6-12)
5. Identity v. Role confusion (12-20)
6. Intimacy v. Isolation (21-40)
7. Generativity v. Stagnation (41-65)
8. Integrity v. Despair (65+)

23.  Discontinuous
 Gave moral dilemmas to males to see what
they would do and why (C. Gilligan criticize)
 3 levels of how make moral judgments:
 Preconventional: avoid punishment, seek
rewards
 Conventional: follow rules, other’s opinions
of them
 Postconventional: universal ethical principles

24. Period between childhood and adulthood
-puberty: sexual maturation
-increasingly longer in Western societies
-brain, especially frontal lobe, still developing
-time of risk-taking
-development of identity
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Teens_sharing_a_song.jpg

25.  Gender roles: expected behaviors for
males/females=stereotypes
 Gender identity: our own sense of being
male/female
http://www.freedigitalphotos.net/images/view_photog.php?photogid=2125
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/FilWomanFactory1940s.jpg

26. Biological perspective: heredity, brain
differences
Evolutionary perspective: help us to
survive/reproduce
Behavioral perspective: rewards and
punishments and social learning
Cognitive perspective: gender-schema theory-
form schemas and act accordingly

27.  DEVELOPMENT OVER A LIFETIME
New focus on adulthood
Historically, research has
focused on childhood
Aging population has
redirected focus
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Elderly_exercise.jpg

28. Cognitive: brain fully
developed around 23
Physical: peak
Social: intimacy v. isolation:
similarity in attraction,
starting
career/family/household,
being financially
responsible
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/
File:Bride_%26_groom_-_West_Queen_Anne_Walls_-_Seattle_02A.jpg

29. Cognitive: Fluid intelligence: problem-solving
=decreases with age
Crystallized intelligence: factual knowledge-
increases with age
Physical: decreased vigor, menopause,
wrinkling, graying hair
Social:generativity v. stagnation, career
mastery, aging parents, empty nest

30. Physical: more susceptible to life-threatening
disease, but less to short-term illnesses,
senses decrease in sensitivity
Social: integrity v. despair, retirement, loss of
friends, spouse, grandchildren
Cognitive: some changes, but can prevent by
being healthy, and have stimulating activities
Alzheimer’s Disease: #1 cause of dementia
-related to acetylcholine

31. Elizabeth Kubler-Ross: 5 Stages of Dying
1. Denial
2. Anger
3. Bargaining
4. Depression
5. Acceptance
Criticism: not true for all people