Mocha and Chai are popular JavaScript testing frameworks. Mocha is a feature-rich testing framework that runs tests on Node.js and browsers, simplifies asynchronous testing, and supports test-driven development and behavior-driven development. It works with any mocking library and supports file watching. Chai provides three different assertion styles (should, expect, assert) and works on Node.js and browsers. The document provides instructions on setting up Mocha and Chai with Node.js including installing them with NPM and configuring test file locations and running tests.