The mobile phone market has experienced significant growth over the past few decades. Infrastructure costs previously limited growth, but revenues now cover 85% of these costs, and cell towers achieved near-complete coverage in the U.S. by 2001. Providers can now sign up more new customers for each dollar spent on infrastructure. Major markets like the U.S., Europe, and Asia have seen subscriber numbers increase dramatically from 1990 levels, and providers have expanded into new countries through direct business growth and joint ventures.