The cervical spine has 7 vertebrae. The atlas and axis have unique features. The atlas lacks a vertebral body and has superior and inferior articular facets that articulate with the occiput and axis, respectively. The axis has a strong odontoid process that articulates with the atlas via alar ligaments. The lower cervical vertebrae (C3-C6) have pedicles, laminae, transverse processes, and spinous processes. C7 has a long, prominent spinous process. Various ligaments including the anterior longitudinal ligament limit extension while the posterior longitudinal ligament limits flexion. Ossification of cervical vertebrae begins in utero and continues into early adulthood
The document discusses the anatomy of the lumbar spine. It describes the bones, joints, ligaments, and muscles involved in lumbar movement. The lumbar spine has a natural sagittal curve of 30-50 degrees. Key bones include the vertebral bodies, pedicles, lamina, spinous processes, and transverse processes. Movement of the lumbar spine includes flexion, extension, lateral flexion, and rotation. The main muscles that flex the lumbar spine are the abdominal muscles and psoas muscles, while the muscles involved in extension include the quadratus lumborum, erector spinae, and sacrospinalis muscles. Lateral flexion utilizes the quadratus lumborum and erector spinae, and rotation involves many
The cervical spine has 7 vertebrae. The atlas and axis have unique features. The atlas lacks a vertebral body and has superior and inferior articular facets that articulate with the occiput and axis, respectively. The axis has a strong odontoid process that articulates with the atlas via alar ligaments. The lower cervical vertebrae (C3-C6) have pedicles, laminae, transverse processes, and spinous processes. C7 has a long, prominent spinous process. Various ligaments including the anterior longitudinal ligament limit extension while the posterior longitudinal ligament limits flexion. Ossification of cervical vertebrae begins in utero and continues into early adulthood
The document discusses the anatomy of the lumbar spine. It describes the bones, joints, ligaments, and muscles involved in lumbar movement. The lumbar spine has a natural sagittal curve of 30-50 degrees. Key bones include the vertebral bodies, pedicles, lamina, spinous processes, and transverse processes. Movement of the lumbar spine includes flexion, extension, lateral flexion, and rotation. The main muscles that flex the lumbar spine are the abdominal muscles and psoas muscles, while the muscles involved in extension include the quadratus lumborum, erector spinae, and sacrospinalis muscles. Lateral flexion utilizes the quadratus lumborum and erector spinae, and rotation involves many