https://www.cfr.org/interactives/global-conflict-tracker#!/conflict/sectarian-violence-in-myanmar
Sectarian Violence in Myanmar
https://www.voanews.com/a/thousands-non-muslims-evacuated-northwest-myanmar/4002468.html
http://www.rfa.org/english/news/myanmar/myanmar-political-parties-call-for-martial-law-in-northern-rakhine-state-07062017160712.html
Myanmar Political Parties Call For Martial Law in Northern Rakhine State
https://www.amnesty.org/en/countries/asia-and-the-pacific/myanmar/report-myanmar/
MYANMAR 2016/2017-The formation of a new civilian-led government did not lead to significant improvements in the human rights situation. The persecuted Rohingya minority faced increased violence and discrimination. Religious intolerance and anti-Muslim sentiment intensified. Fighting between the army and ethnic armed groups escalated in northern Myanmar. The government increased restrictions on access for UN and other humanitarian agencies to displaced communities. Although scores of prisoners of conscience were released, restrictions on freedoms of expression, of association and of peaceful assembly remained. Impunity persisted for past and ongoing human rights violations.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rohingya_insurgency_in_Western_Myanmar
Rohingya insurgency in Western Myanmar
https://www.crisisgroup.org/asia/south-east-asia/myanmar/283-myanmar-new-muslim-insurgency-rakhine-state
Myanmar: A New Muslim Insurgency in Rakhine State
Recent attacks by an émigré-led force of trained Rohingya fighters mark a dangerous turn. To remove a main root of the violence – Rohingya despair – the government must reverse longstanding discrimination against the Muslim minority, moderate its military tactics, and reach out to Myanmar’s Muslim allies.
https://www.crisisgroup.org/asia/south-east-asia/myanmar/myanmar-tips-new-crisis-after-rakhine-state-attacks
Myanmar Tips into New Crisis after Rakhine State Attacks
http://thediplomat.com/2017/03/whats-next-for-myanmars-rakhine-state/
What’s Next for Myanmar’s Rakhine State?
This paper highlights the state of the Rohingya Muslims in Myanmar and also explores several international justice tools to provide justice to this persecuted minority.
HUMAN RIGHT WATCH AND BURMA(MYANMAR) UPDATE JULY 2018MYO AUNG Myanmar
HUMAN RIGHT WATCH AND BURMA(MYANMAR) UPDATE JULY 2018
https://www.hrw.org/sitesearch/BURMA%202018
https://www.hrw.org/news/2018/07/09/us-strengthen-targeted-sanctions-burma
US: Strengthen Targeted Sanctions on Burma
46 Groups Call Legislation ‘Imperative’ to Address Atrocities
https://www.hrw.org/video-photos/satellite-imagery/2018/02/23/demolition-gwa-son
February 23, 2018-Demolition of Gwa Son
https://www.hrw.org/news/2018/07/09/reuters-journalists-charged-myanmar
July 9, 2018 3:30PM EDT Dispatches
Reuters Journalists Charged in Myanmar
Targeted for Exposing Massacre of Rohingya
https://www.hrw.org/news/2018/07/04/myanmar-accountability-needed-stem-continuing-abuses-against-rohingya
July 4, 2018 11:18AM EDT
Myanmar: Accountability needed to stem continuing abuses against Rohingya
Interactive dialogue with the High Commissioner for Human Rights
https://www.hrw.org/news/2018/04/02/myanmar-quash-conviction-former-child-soldier
April 2, 2018 12:00AM EDT
Myanmar: Quash Conviction of Former Child Soldier
Protect Victims of Underage Military Recruitment
SUSPICIOUS MINDS: THE MYANMAR NATIONAL HUMAN RIGHTS COMMISSION’S TRUST DEFICITMYO AUNG Myanmar
SUSPICIOUS MINDS: THE MYANMAR NATIONAL HUMAN RIGHTS COMMISSION’S TRUST DEFICIT
https://progressivevoicemyanmar.org/2017/11/29/suspicious-minds-the-myanmar-national-human-rights-commissions-trust-deficit/
https://www.facebook.com/progressivevoice/posts/10155844207264890
Progressive Voice, together with Acdd Burma and Smile Education and Development Foundation(Yangon), released a joint report on
the performance of the Myanmar National Human Rights Commission (MNHRC) today.
The report is the Myanmar chapter of the Asian NGO Network on National Human Rights Institutions (ANNI) annual report on the
performance and establishment of National Human Rights Institutions (NHRIs) in Asia, which was formally released in Bangkok on 29 November, 2017
to coincide with the Asian Pacific Forum on National Human Rights Institutions.
The Myanmar chapter highlights key issues related to the MNHRC including a trust deficit among civil society, its lack of independence and
transparency from the executive and its failure to speak out on the most pressing human rights issues facing Myanmar today
Myanmar (Burma): Extremism & Counter-Extremism !Than Han
Myanmar’s western Rakhine State experienced an uptick in violence in mid-October 2016 when insurgents belonging to the ethnic Rohingya Muslim minority carried out two large-scale attacks against security officials. The attackers killed nine police officers and four soldiers in Maungdaw Township on October 9 and October 11, respectively. Myanmar’s government quickly blamed the attacks on a jihadist group called Aqa Mul Mujahidin, which it claims has ties to foreign jihadists. The attacks were followed by another assault on Burmese officials in November 2016 when approximately 500 Rohingya insurgents were able to kill two soldiers before being fired on by army helicopters. The attacks led to renewed clashes between Rohingya civilians and state armed forces, resulting in the widespread burning of Rohingya villages. (Sources: New York Times, Guardian, Human Rights Watch)
The International Crisis Group WATCH LIST -MYANMAR 2018MYO AUNG Myanmar
The International Crisis Group WATCH LIST -MYANMAR 2018
https://www.crisisgroup.org/global/10-watch-list-2018?utm_source=Sign+Up+to+Crisis+Group%27s+Email+Updates&utm_campaign=e5720f95fa-EMAIL_CAMPAIGN_2018_01_29&utm_medium=email&utm_term=0_1dab8c11ea-e5720f95fa-359431769
Watch List 2018
Crisis Group’s early-warning Watch List identifies up to ten countries and regions at risk of conflict or escalation of violence. In these situations, early action, driven or supported by the EU and its member states, would generate stronger prospects for peace. It includes a global overview, regional summaries, and detailed analysis on select countries and conflicts.
The Watch List 2018 includes Afghanistan, Bangladesh/Myanmar, Cameroon, Colombia, Egypt, Iraq, Sahel, Tunisia, Ukraine and Zimbabwe.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rohingya_insurgency_in_Western_Myanmar
Rohingya insurgency in Western Myanmar
https://www.crisisgroup.org/asia/south-east-asia/myanmar/283-myanmar-new-muslim-insurgency-rakhine-state
Myanmar: A New Muslim Insurgency in Rakhine State
Recent attacks by an émigré-led force of trained Rohingya fighters mark a dangerous turn. To remove a main root of the violence – Rohingya despair – the government must reverse longstanding discrimination against the Muslim minority, moderate its military tactics, and reach out to Myanmar’s Muslim allies.
https://www.crisisgroup.org/asia/south-east-asia/myanmar/myanmar-tips-new-crisis-after-rakhine-state-attacks
Myanmar Tips into New Crisis after Rakhine State Attacks
http://thediplomat.com/2017/03/whats-next-for-myanmars-rakhine-state/
What’s Next for Myanmar’s Rakhine State?
This paper highlights the state of the Rohingya Muslims in Myanmar and also explores several international justice tools to provide justice to this persecuted minority.
HUMAN RIGHT WATCH AND BURMA(MYANMAR) UPDATE JULY 2018MYO AUNG Myanmar
HUMAN RIGHT WATCH AND BURMA(MYANMAR) UPDATE JULY 2018
https://www.hrw.org/sitesearch/BURMA%202018
https://www.hrw.org/news/2018/07/09/us-strengthen-targeted-sanctions-burma
US: Strengthen Targeted Sanctions on Burma
46 Groups Call Legislation ‘Imperative’ to Address Atrocities
https://www.hrw.org/video-photos/satellite-imagery/2018/02/23/demolition-gwa-son
February 23, 2018-Demolition of Gwa Son
https://www.hrw.org/news/2018/07/09/reuters-journalists-charged-myanmar
July 9, 2018 3:30PM EDT Dispatches
Reuters Journalists Charged in Myanmar
Targeted for Exposing Massacre of Rohingya
https://www.hrw.org/news/2018/07/04/myanmar-accountability-needed-stem-continuing-abuses-against-rohingya
July 4, 2018 11:18AM EDT
Myanmar: Accountability needed to stem continuing abuses against Rohingya
Interactive dialogue with the High Commissioner for Human Rights
https://www.hrw.org/news/2018/04/02/myanmar-quash-conviction-former-child-soldier
April 2, 2018 12:00AM EDT
Myanmar: Quash Conviction of Former Child Soldier
Protect Victims of Underage Military Recruitment
SUSPICIOUS MINDS: THE MYANMAR NATIONAL HUMAN RIGHTS COMMISSION’S TRUST DEFICITMYO AUNG Myanmar
SUSPICIOUS MINDS: THE MYANMAR NATIONAL HUMAN RIGHTS COMMISSION’S TRUST DEFICIT
https://progressivevoicemyanmar.org/2017/11/29/suspicious-minds-the-myanmar-national-human-rights-commissions-trust-deficit/
https://www.facebook.com/progressivevoice/posts/10155844207264890
Progressive Voice, together with Acdd Burma and Smile Education and Development Foundation(Yangon), released a joint report on
the performance of the Myanmar National Human Rights Commission (MNHRC) today.
The report is the Myanmar chapter of the Asian NGO Network on National Human Rights Institutions (ANNI) annual report on the
performance and establishment of National Human Rights Institutions (NHRIs) in Asia, which was formally released in Bangkok on 29 November, 2017
to coincide with the Asian Pacific Forum on National Human Rights Institutions.
The Myanmar chapter highlights key issues related to the MNHRC including a trust deficit among civil society, its lack of independence and
transparency from the executive and its failure to speak out on the most pressing human rights issues facing Myanmar today
Myanmar (Burma): Extremism & Counter-Extremism !Than Han
Myanmar’s western Rakhine State experienced an uptick in violence in mid-October 2016 when insurgents belonging to the ethnic Rohingya Muslim minority carried out two large-scale attacks against security officials. The attackers killed nine police officers and four soldiers in Maungdaw Township on October 9 and October 11, respectively. Myanmar’s government quickly blamed the attacks on a jihadist group called Aqa Mul Mujahidin, which it claims has ties to foreign jihadists. The attacks were followed by another assault on Burmese officials in November 2016 when approximately 500 Rohingya insurgents were able to kill two soldiers before being fired on by army helicopters. The attacks led to renewed clashes between Rohingya civilians and state armed forces, resulting in the widespread burning of Rohingya villages. (Sources: New York Times, Guardian, Human Rights Watch)
The International Crisis Group WATCH LIST -MYANMAR 2018MYO AUNG Myanmar
The International Crisis Group WATCH LIST -MYANMAR 2018
https://www.crisisgroup.org/global/10-watch-list-2018?utm_source=Sign+Up+to+Crisis+Group%27s+Email+Updates&utm_campaign=e5720f95fa-EMAIL_CAMPAIGN_2018_01_29&utm_medium=email&utm_term=0_1dab8c11ea-e5720f95fa-359431769
Watch List 2018
Crisis Group’s early-warning Watch List identifies up to ten countries and regions at risk of conflict or escalation of violence. In these situations, early action, driven or supported by the EU and its member states, would generate stronger prospects for peace. It includes a global overview, regional summaries, and detailed analysis on select countries and conflicts.
The Watch List 2018 includes Afghanistan, Bangladesh/Myanmar, Cameroon, Colombia, Egypt, Iraq, Sahel, Tunisia, Ukraine and Zimbabwe.
Genocide aganinst rohingya muslims a classical model of ethnic cleansingBelayet Hossen
These are slides of article entitled "Genocide against Rohingya Muslims: A Classical Model of Ethnic Cleansing", which were presented in "International Conference on Forced Migration", held between 5th-7th December 2017 at International Islamic University Malaysia (IIUM).
CHINA EXTENDS REACH INTO BURMA'S RECLUSIVE WA STATE MYO AUNG Myanmar
CHINA EXTENDS REACH INTO BURMA'S RECLUSIVE WA STATE
https://asiancorrespondent.com/2016/12/china-extends-reach-burmas-reclusive-wa-state/ (ENGLISH VERSION) http://thevoicemyanmar.com/article/4904-uws (MYANMAR VERSION)
http://www.reuters.com/article/us-myanmar-wa-china-idUSKBN14H1V8
Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 2016 Burma-Bureau of Democracy,...MYO AUNG Myanmar
Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor
Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 2016
Burma
https://www.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/humanrightsreport/#wrapper
2016 Human Rights Reports – Secretary’s Preface
https://www.forbes.com/profile/rex-tillerson/
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rex_Tillerson
http://www.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/humanrightsreport/index.htm?year=2016&dlid=265324
Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor
Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 2016
Burma
Burma has a quasi-parliamentary system of government in which the national parliament selects the president, and constitutional provisions grant one-quarter of national, regional, and state parliamentary seats to active duty military appointees; all other seats are open to elections. The military also has the authority to appoint the ministers of defense, home affairs, and border affairs and assume power indefinitely over all branches of the government should the president declare a national state of emergency. In November 2015 the country held nationwide parliamentary elections that the public widely accepted as a credible reflection of the will of the people. The then opposition party, the National League for Democracy (NLD), chaired by Aung San Suu Kyi, won 390 of 491 contested seats in the bicameral parliament. Parliament elected NLD member U Htin Kyaw as president in March and created the position of State Counsellor for Aung San Suu Kyi in April, cementing her position as the country’s de facto leader.
Civilian authorities did not maintain effective control over the security forces.
http://burmese.voanews.com/a/myanmar-army-still-involving-strong-under-new-nld-government-/3752110.html?ltflags=mailer
ျမန္မာလူ႕အခြင့္အေရးအဓိကျပႆ နာ ၃ ရပ္ ၂၀၁၆ ကန္အစီရင္ခံစာေထာက္ျပ
KACHIN STATE Economy
The economy of Kachin State is predominantly agricultural. The main products include rice, teak, sugar cane, opium. Mineral products include gold and jade. Hpakan is a well known place for its jade mines. Over 600 tons of jade stones, which were unearthed from Lone-Khin area in Hpakan aka Pha-Khant Township in Kachine State, had been displayed in Myanmar Naypyidaw to be sold in November 2011. Most of the jade stones extracted in Myanmar, 25,795 tons in 2009–10 and 32,921 tons in 2008–09, are from Kachin State. The largest jade stone in the world, 3000 tons, 21 metres long, 4.8 metres wide and 10.5 metres high was found in Hpakan in 2000. The Myanmar government pays little attention to the deterioration of environment in Kachin because of jade mining. There has been erosion, flooding and mudslides. Several houses are destroyed every year.
Kachin has deep economic ties with China, which acts as the regions biggest trading partner and chief investor in development project. One controversial construction project of a huge 1,055 megawatt hydroelectric power plant dam, the Myitsone Dam, is ongoing.It is funded by China Power Investment Cooperation. When completed, the dam will measure 152 metres high and the electricity produced will be sold to China. This project displaced about 15,000 people and is one of 7 projects planned for the Irrawady River.
Bhamo is one of the border trading points between China and Myanmar.
MYANMAR:SURGE IN ARRESTS FOR CRITICAL SPEECH
April 26, 2019 8:08PM EDT
Myanmar: Surge in Arrests for Critical Speech
Repeal Laws Criminalizing Peaceful Expression
https://www.hrw.org/news/2019/04/26/myanmar-surge-arrests-critical-speech
April 17, 2019 9:00PM EDT
Myanmar: Satire is Not a Crime
Drop Charges Against Peaceful Critics
https://www.hrw.org/news/2019/04/17/myanmar-satire-not-crime-0
January 31, 2019
Dashed Hopes
The Criminalization of Peaceful Expression in Myanmar
https://www.hrw.org/report/2019/01/31/dashed-hopes/criminalization-peaceful-expression-myanmar
https://www.hrw.org/asia/myanmar-burma
https://www.hrw.org/news/2019/03/21/interview-why-brides-myanmar-are-trafficked-china
March 21, 2019
Map
“Give Us a Baby and We’ll Let You Go”
Trafficking of Kachin “Brides” from Myanmar to China
Languages
Available In简体中文 English
https://www.hrw.org/report/2019/03/21/give-us-baby-and-well-let-you-go/trafficking-kachin-brides-myanmar-china
January 31, 2019
Dashed Hopes
The Criminalization of Peaceful Expression in Myanmar
https://www.hrw.org/report/2019/01/31/dashed-hopes/criminalization-peaceful-expression-myanmar
https://www.hrw.org/world-report/2019/country-chapters/burma
DOCUMENTATION OF ATROCITIES IN NORTHERN RAKHINE STATE By U.S. Department of S...MYO AUNG Myanmar
DOCUMENTATION OF ATROCITIES IN NORTHERN RAKHINE STATE By U.S. Department of State
https://www.state.gov/documents/organization/286307.pdf
D O C U M E N T A T I O N O F A T R O C I T I E S I N N O R T H E R N R A K H I N E S T A T E
The Bureau of Intelligence and Research (INR), with funding support from the Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor (DRL), conducted a survey in spring 2018 of the firsthand experiences of 1,024 Rohingya refugees in Cox’s Bazar District, Bangladesh. The goal of the survey was to document atrocities committed against residents in Burma’s northern Rakhine State during the course of violence in the previous two years.
MYANMAR: ANNUAL REPORT COUNTRY ENTRY 2016 By Amnesty International, ENGLISH V...MYO AUNG Myanmar
https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/asa16/3511/2016/my/
ENGLISH VERSION-
MYANMAR: ANNUAL REPORT COUNTRY ENTRY 2016
By Amnesty International, 24 February 2016, Index number: ASA 16/3511/2016
Authorities failed to address rising religious intolerance and incitement to discrimination and violence against
Muslims, allowing hardline Buddhist nationalist groups to grow in power and influence ahead of the November
general elections. The situation of the persecuted Rohingya deteriorated still further. The government
intensified a clampdown on freedoms of expression, association and peaceful assembly. Reports of abuses of
international human rights and humanitarian law in areas of internal armed conflict persisted. Security forces
suspected of human rights violations continued to enjoy near-total impunity.
US SANCTION HUMAN RIGHTS OF MYANMAR MILTARY'S COMMANDER -CHIEF MIN AUNG HLAIN...MYO AUNG Myanmar
US SANCTION HUMAN RIGHTS OF MYANMAR MILTARY'S COMMANDER -CHIEF MIN AUNG HLAING AND OTHER MILITARY LEADERS
https://www.state.gov/on-public-designation-due-to-gross-violations-of-human-rights-of-burmese-military-officials/?fbclid=IwAR0i7oiwKSz-VZ_Qxz8l4Q-hVt4AI4EYSRKXZ8VRP1Oqezh1Y_ywrMe_oGw
On Public Designation, Due to Gross Violations of Human Rights, of Burmese Military Officials
SPECIAL BRIEFING
SENIOR STATE DEPARTMENT OFFICIALS
VIA TELECONFERENCE
JULY 16, 2019
https://www.reuters.com/video/2019/07/17/us-slaps-sanctions-on-myanmars-army-chie?videoId=575634165&fbclid=IwAR17Le7kx5Uw30WZUQQuHEf4vv4ISP6p1Ji-JGbeY_y3xDKxBFm3tpCmj2U
U.S. slaps sanctions on Myanmar's army chief
Wednesday, July 17, 2019 - 01:29
The United States on Tuesday announced sanctions on the Myanmar military’s Commander-in-Chief Min Aung Hlaing and other military leaders it said were responsible for extrajudicial killings of Rohingya Muslims, barring them from entry to the United States. Grace Lee reports.
▶ View Transcript
https://www.asiatimes.com/2019/07/article/suu-kyi-military-on-a-collision-course-in-myanmar/?fbclid=IwAR2P42owylrPL5ZXFp_jCWfGmOaE0yYiOn1_ILJsX90RpGQ4RLTEnD7uJO8
Suu Kyi, military on a collision course in Myanmar
Ruling NLD’s bid to legally amend a military-drafted constitution aims to win votes at 2020 polls but likely won’t succeed
http://www.startribune.com/us-sanctions-myanmar-generals-over-killings-of-rohingya/512801042/?fbclid=IwAR3cnwu2DaoH5v1pcczyXN0wZG54ZFSjPxLPIaT-A6wynHkRpB9lPxlQsWc
US sanctions Myanmar generals over killings of Rohingya
https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/.premium-israel-to-bar-myanmar-officials-from-arms-expos-1.7532506?fbclid=IwAR3Q4xUmLaA4IqmWPIlvMQ0ZaAyHN5kjSvjWagshrzHcrWrkvkdP-lUPylA
Israel to Bar Myanmar Officials From Arms Expos
Decision to stop issuing visas for this purpose comes after Haaretz documented officers attending Tel Aviv expo, despite international embargo over serious human rights violations
US STATE DEPARTMENT RELEASE 2018 BURMA HUMAN RIGHT REPORT ON 13-3-2019 MYO AUNG Myanmar
US STATE DEPARTMENT RELEASE 2018 BURMA HUMAN RIGHT REPORT ON 13-3-2019
https://burmese.voanews.com/a/us-state-department-human-rights-report-2019/4827968.html?ltflags=mailer
ျမန္မာ့ လူ႔အခြင့္အေရး စိုးရိမ္မကင္းျဖစ္မႈ ကန္အစီရင္ခံစာ ေထာက္ျပ
https://www.state.gov/r/pa/prs/ps/2019/03/290295.htm
https://www.state.gov/documents/organization/289277.pdf
Free West Papua Organizations The Endless List of CrimesHowtostart.com
The series of crimes committed by the Organisasi Papua Merdeka (OPM; Free West Papua Organization), widely known as the armed criminals/separatists, are endless. There were only a few that were covered by the local and international news, but this movement made impactful appearances by utilizing social media and the worldwide public’s mind. This is the data compiled from various sources on OPM-TPNPB armed separatists’ most shocking terror and crimes during 2018-2020.
SITUATIONAL HUMAN RIGHTS OVERVIEW IN BURMA (JANUARY – APRIL 2020)MYO AUNG Myanmar
https://progressivevoicemyanmar.org/2020/04/21/situational-human-rights-overview-in-burma-january-april-2020/
SITUATIONAL HUMAN RIGHTS OVERVIEW IN BURMA (JANUARY – APRIL 2020)
What's really behind the rakhine crisis in myanmar!!!!!MYO AUNG Myanmar
What's Really Behind the Rakhine Crisis in Myanmar?
https://sputniknews.com/analysis/201709051057098493-myanmar-rohingya-energy-china-soros/
The Rakhine conflict in Myanmar, which had caught its second wind in August 2017, appears to be a multidimensional crisis with major geopolitical players involved, experts say, referring to both internal and external reasons behind the recent upsurge in violence in the country.
The Rakhine conflict, which erupted between Buddhists and Muslims in Myanmar's western Rakhine state in late August, was apparently fanned by external global players, Dmitry Mosyakov, director of the Centre for Southeast Asia, Australia and Oceania at the Institute of Oriental Studies of the Russian Academy of Sciences, told RT.
According to the academic, the conflict has at least three dimensions.
"First, this is a game against China, as China has very large investments in Arakan [Rakhine]," Mosyakov told RT.
"Second, it is aimed at fuelling Muslim extremism in Southeast Asia….
Third, it's the attempt to sow discord within ASEAN [between Myanmar and Muslim-dominated Indonesia and Malaysia]."
https://sputniknews.com/politics/201709031057035739-uk-myanmar-state-counsellor-end-violence/
https://sputniknews.com/russia/201709031057050283-rally-rohingy-myanmar-moscow/
https://sputniknews.com/world/201708301056937810-zarif-rohingya-myanmar-un/
https://sputniknews.com/asia/201709081057210915-moscow-myanmar-crisis-pressure/
https://sputniknews.com/politics/201709041057081489-myanmar-rohingya-muslim-crisis/
Research Interests: Myanmar, FOREIGN INVESTMENT AND RAKHINE STATE CIRCUMSTANCES, and rakhine crsis
The Armenian genocide depicts the deportation and kill.docxtodd801
The Armenian genocide depicts the deportation and killing of the Armenians, which was executed by the Ottoman Empire Turks. Turkish government leaders in 1915 as World War I was taking place created a plan to massacre and expel the Armenians, whereby the early 1920s, between 600,000 and 1.5 million of the Armenians, were dead and the number that had been removed from the nation was high (History.com, 2019). The Myanmar genocide depicts persecution led by the government of Myanmar on Rohingya Muslims. The first phase was between 2016 October and 2017 January, and the second one started in 2017 August (BBC News, 2020). Thus, both Armenian and Myanmar genocides are perpetrated by the governments, and they involve killing and removing individuals from the different groups.
Both Armenian and Myanmar genocides were perpetrated because of religious division and potential disloyalty. In the Armenian case, the Turkish could not accept the resources that the Christians had as compared to the Muslims. In Myanmar, there is massive ethnic cleansing, which is based on religious differences between the involved groups.
The root cause of the Armenian genocide was the fact that the Armenians were wealthier and educated as compared to the Turkish neighbors, which was a fundamental threat to the success of this group. Thus, suspicions emerged where Armenian Christians were considered to be loyal to governments founded on Christianity as compared to the Ottoman caliphate. In Myanmar, the root cause of the genocide was the ethnic crisis, which was being experienced in society. The government of Myanmar has continuously denied Rohingya people the chance to vote during the elections (Council on Foreign Relations, 2020). Such has been escalated where peace conferences are held, and the Rohingya representatives are not invited.
In Armenia, the people thought that the establishment of the “Young Turks” as a group of new reformers would help in solving their problem by putting them in equal places at the new state. Unfortunately, the new group focused on “Turkify” of the empire, where Christian non-Turks were considered as a significant threat to the new government (History.com, 2019). When the Turks got into World War I, the military leaders began indicating that Armenians were traitors. The intensification of the war saw to it that the Armenians formed organized battalions that helped the Russian army in fighting the Turks. The event led to the onset of the massacre where the Armenians were sent away from their homes to Mesopotamian desert without water or food. The marchers were often stripped naked, and they would walk in the scorching sun where they died while those who tried getting a rest were shot. The Turks also organized killing squads where some people were burned alive, others were thrown off cliffs, and some drowned in rivers. The children of Armenians were also kidnapped and forced into Islam.
The Myanmar gen.
Genocide aganinst rohingya muslims a classical model of ethnic cleansingBelayet Hossen
These are slides of article entitled "Genocide against Rohingya Muslims: A Classical Model of Ethnic Cleansing", which were presented in "International Conference on Forced Migration", held between 5th-7th December 2017 at International Islamic University Malaysia (IIUM).
CHINA EXTENDS REACH INTO BURMA'S RECLUSIVE WA STATE MYO AUNG Myanmar
CHINA EXTENDS REACH INTO BURMA'S RECLUSIVE WA STATE
https://asiancorrespondent.com/2016/12/china-extends-reach-burmas-reclusive-wa-state/ (ENGLISH VERSION) http://thevoicemyanmar.com/article/4904-uws (MYANMAR VERSION)
http://www.reuters.com/article/us-myanmar-wa-china-idUSKBN14H1V8
Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 2016 Burma-Bureau of Democracy,...MYO AUNG Myanmar
Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor
Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 2016
Burma
https://www.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/humanrightsreport/#wrapper
2016 Human Rights Reports – Secretary’s Preface
https://www.forbes.com/profile/rex-tillerson/
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rex_Tillerson
http://www.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/humanrightsreport/index.htm?year=2016&dlid=265324
Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor
Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 2016
Burma
Burma has a quasi-parliamentary system of government in which the national parliament selects the president, and constitutional provisions grant one-quarter of national, regional, and state parliamentary seats to active duty military appointees; all other seats are open to elections. The military also has the authority to appoint the ministers of defense, home affairs, and border affairs and assume power indefinitely over all branches of the government should the president declare a national state of emergency. In November 2015 the country held nationwide parliamentary elections that the public widely accepted as a credible reflection of the will of the people. The then opposition party, the National League for Democracy (NLD), chaired by Aung San Suu Kyi, won 390 of 491 contested seats in the bicameral parliament. Parliament elected NLD member U Htin Kyaw as president in March and created the position of State Counsellor for Aung San Suu Kyi in April, cementing her position as the country’s de facto leader.
Civilian authorities did not maintain effective control over the security forces.
http://burmese.voanews.com/a/myanmar-army-still-involving-strong-under-new-nld-government-/3752110.html?ltflags=mailer
ျမန္မာလူ႕အခြင့္အေရးအဓိကျပႆ နာ ၃ ရပ္ ၂၀၁၆ ကန္အစီရင္ခံစာေထာက္ျပ
KACHIN STATE Economy
The economy of Kachin State is predominantly agricultural. The main products include rice, teak, sugar cane, opium. Mineral products include gold and jade. Hpakan is a well known place for its jade mines. Over 600 tons of jade stones, which were unearthed from Lone-Khin area in Hpakan aka Pha-Khant Township in Kachine State, had been displayed in Myanmar Naypyidaw to be sold in November 2011. Most of the jade stones extracted in Myanmar, 25,795 tons in 2009–10 and 32,921 tons in 2008–09, are from Kachin State. The largest jade stone in the world, 3000 tons, 21 metres long, 4.8 metres wide and 10.5 metres high was found in Hpakan in 2000. The Myanmar government pays little attention to the deterioration of environment in Kachin because of jade mining. There has been erosion, flooding and mudslides. Several houses are destroyed every year.
Kachin has deep economic ties with China, which acts as the regions biggest trading partner and chief investor in development project. One controversial construction project of a huge 1,055 megawatt hydroelectric power plant dam, the Myitsone Dam, is ongoing.It is funded by China Power Investment Cooperation. When completed, the dam will measure 152 metres high and the electricity produced will be sold to China. This project displaced about 15,000 people and is one of 7 projects planned for the Irrawady River.
Bhamo is one of the border trading points between China and Myanmar.
MYANMAR:SURGE IN ARRESTS FOR CRITICAL SPEECH
April 26, 2019 8:08PM EDT
Myanmar: Surge in Arrests for Critical Speech
Repeal Laws Criminalizing Peaceful Expression
https://www.hrw.org/news/2019/04/26/myanmar-surge-arrests-critical-speech
April 17, 2019 9:00PM EDT
Myanmar: Satire is Not a Crime
Drop Charges Against Peaceful Critics
https://www.hrw.org/news/2019/04/17/myanmar-satire-not-crime-0
January 31, 2019
Dashed Hopes
The Criminalization of Peaceful Expression in Myanmar
https://www.hrw.org/report/2019/01/31/dashed-hopes/criminalization-peaceful-expression-myanmar
https://www.hrw.org/asia/myanmar-burma
https://www.hrw.org/news/2019/03/21/interview-why-brides-myanmar-are-trafficked-china
March 21, 2019
Map
“Give Us a Baby and We’ll Let You Go”
Trafficking of Kachin “Brides” from Myanmar to China
Languages
Available In简体中文 English
https://www.hrw.org/report/2019/03/21/give-us-baby-and-well-let-you-go/trafficking-kachin-brides-myanmar-china
January 31, 2019
Dashed Hopes
The Criminalization of Peaceful Expression in Myanmar
https://www.hrw.org/report/2019/01/31/dashed-hopes/criminalization-peaceful-expression-myanmar
https://www.hrw.org/world-report/2019/country-chapters/burma
DOCUMENTATION OF ATROCITIES IN NORTHERN RAKHINE STATE By U.S. Department of S...MYO AUNG Myanmar
DOCUMENTATION OF ATROCITIES IN NORTHERN RAKHINE STATE By U.S. Department of State
https://www.state.gov/documents/organization/286307.pdf
D O C U M E N T A T I O N O F A T R O C I T I E S I N N O R T H E R N R A K H I N E S T A T E
The Bureau of Intelligence and Research (INR), with funding support from the Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor (DRL), conducted a survey in spring 2018 of the firsthand experiences of 1,024 Rohingya refugees in Cox’s Bazar District, Bangladesh. The goal of the survey was to document atrocities committed against residents in Burma’s northern Rakhine State during the course of violence in the previous two years.
MYANMAR: ANNUAL REPORT COUNTRY ENTRY 2016 By Amnesty International, ENGLISH V...MYO AUNG Myanmar
https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/asa16/3511/2016/my/
ENGLISH VERSION-
MYANMAR: ANNUAL REPORT COUNTRY ENTRY 2016
By Amnesty International, 24 February 2016, Index number: ASA 16/3511/2016
Authorities failed to address rising religious intolerance and incitement to discrimination and violence against
Muslims, allowing hardline Buddhist nationalist groups to grow in power and influence ahead of the November
general elections. The situation of the persecuted Rohingya deteriorated still further. The government
intensified a clampdown on freedoms of expression, association and peaceful assembly. Reports of abuses of
international human rights and humanitarian law in areas of internal armed conflict persisted. Security forces
suspected of human rights violations continued to enjoy near-total impunity.
US SANCTION HUMAN RIGHTS OF MYANMAR MILTARY'S COMMANDER -CHIEF MIN AUNG HLAIN...MYO AUNG Myanmar
US SANCTION HUMAN RIGHTS OF MYANMAR MILTARY'S COMMANDER -CHIEF MIN AUNG HLAING AND OTHER MILITARY LEADERS
https://www.state.gov/on-public-designation-due-to-gross-violations-of-human-rights-of-burmese-military-officials/?fbclid=IwAR0i7oiwKSz-VZ_Qxz8l4Q-hVt4AI4EYSRKXZ8VRP1Oqezh1Y_ywrMe_oGw
On Public Designation, Due to Gross Violations of Human Rights, of Burmese Military Officials
SPECIAL BRIEFING
SENIOR STATE DEPARTMENT OFFICIALS
VIA TELECONFERENCE
JULY 16, 2019
https://www.reuters.com/video/2019/07/17/us-slaps-sanctions-on-myanmars-army-chie?videoId=575634165&fbclid=IwAR17Le7kx5Uw30WZUQQuHEf4vv4ISP6p1Ji-JGbeY_y3xDKxBFm3tpCmj2U
U.S. slaps sanctions on Myanmar's army chief
Wednesday, July 17, 2019 - 01:29
The United States on Tuesday announced sanctions on the Myanmar military’s Commander-in-Chief Min Aung Hlaing and other military leaders it said were responsible for extrajudicial killings of Rohingya Muslims, barring them from entry to the United States. Grace Lee reports.
▶ View Transcript
https://www.asiatimes.com/2019/07/article/suu-kyi-military-on-a-collision-course-in-myanmar/?fbclid=IwAR2P42owylrPL5ZXFp_jCWfGmOaE0yYiOn1_ILJsX90RpGQ4RLTEnD7uJO8
Suu Kyi, military on a collision course in Myanmar
Ruling NLD’s bid to legally amend a military-drafted constitution aims to win votes at 2020 polls but likely won’t succeed
http://www.startribune.com/us-sanctions-myanmar-generals-over-killings-of-rohingya/512801042/?fbclid=IwAR3cnwu2DaoH5v1pcczyXN0wZG54ZFSjPxLPIaT-A6wynHkRpB9lPxlQsWc
US sanctions Myanmar generals over killings of Rohingya
https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/.premium-israel-to-bar-myanmar-officials-from-arms-expos-1.7532506?fbclid=IwAR3Q4xUmLaA4IqmWPIlvMQ0ZaAyHN5kjSvjWagshrzHcrWrkvkdP-lUPylA
Israel to Bar Myanmar Officials From Arms Expos
Decision to stop issuing visas for this purpose comes after Haaretz documented officers attending Tel Aviv expo, despite international embargo over serious human rights violations
US STATE DEPARTMENT RELEASE 2018 BURMA HUMAN RIGHT REPORT ON 13-3-2019 MYO AUNG Myanmar
US STATE DEPARTMENT RELEASE 2018 BURMA HUMAN RIGHT REPORT ON 13-3-2019
https://burmese.voanews.com/a/us-state-department-human-rights-report-2019/4827968.html?ltflags=mailer
ျမန္မာ့ လူ႔အခြင့္အေရး စိုးရိမ္မကင္းျဖစ္မႈ ကန္အစီရင္ခံစာ ေထာက္ျပ
https://www.state.gov/r/pa/prs/ps/2019/03/290295.htm
https://www.state.gov/documents/organization/289277.pdf
Free West Papua Organizations The Endless List of CrimesHowtostart.com
The series of crimes committed by the Organisasi Papua Merdeka (OPM; Free West Papua Organization), widely known as the armed criminals/separatists, are endless. There were only a few that were covered by the local and international news, but this movement made impactful appearances by utilizing social media and the worldwide public’s mind. This is the data compiled from various sources on OPM-TPNPB armed separatists’ most shocking terror and crimes during 2018-2020.
SITUATIONAL HUMAN RIGHTS OVERVIEW IN BURMA (JANUARY – APRIL 2020)MYO AUNG Myanmar
https://progressivevoicemyanmar.org/2020/04/21/situational-human-rights-overview-in-burma-january-april-2020/
SITUATIONAL HUMAN RIGHTS OVERVIEW IN BURMA (JANUARY – APRIL 2020)
What's really behind the rakhine crisis in myanmar!!!!!MYO AUNG Myanmar
What's Really Behind the Rakhine Crisis in Myanmar?
https://sputniknews.com/analysis/201709051057098493-myanmar-rohingya-energy-china-soros/
The Rakhine conflict in Myanmar, which had caught its second wind in August 2017, appears to be a multidimensional crisis with major geopolitical players involved, experts say, referring to both internal and external reasons behind the recent upsurge in violence in the country.
The Rakhine conflict, which erupted between Buddhists and Muslims in Myanmar's western Rakhine state in late August, was apparently fanned by external global players, Dmitry Mosyakov, director of the Centre for Southeast Asia, Australia and Oceania at the Institute of Oriental Studies of the Russian Academy of Sciences, told RT.
According to the academic, the conflict has at least three dimensions.
"First, this is a game against China, as China has very large investments in Arakan [Rakhine]," Mosyakov told RT.
"Second, it is aimed at fuelling Muslim extremism in Southeast Asia….
Third, it's the attempt to sow discord within ASEAN [between Myanmar and Muslim-dominated Indonesia and Malaysia]."
https://sputniknews.com/politics/201709031057035739-uk-myanmar-state-counsellor-end-violence/
https://sputniknews.com/russia/201709031057050283-rally-rohingy-myanmar-moscow/
https://sputniknews.com/world/201708301056937810-zarif-rohingya-myanmar-un/
https://sputniknews.com/asia/201709081057210915-moscow-myanmar-crisis-pressure/
https://sputniknews.com/politics/201709041057081489-myanmar-rohingya-muslim-crisis/
Research Interests: Myanmar, FOREIGN INVESTMENT AND RAKHINE STATE CIRCUMSTANCES, and rakhine crsis
The Armenian genocide depicts the deportation and kill.docxtodd801
The Armenian genocide depicts the deportation and killing of the Armenians, which was executed by the Ottoman Empire Turks. Turkish government leaders in 1915 as World War I was taking place created a plan to massacre and expel the Armenians, whereby the early 1920s, between 600,000 and 1.5 million of the Armenians, were dead and the number that had been removed from the nation was high (History.com, 2019). The Myanmar genocide depicts persecution led by the government of Myanmar on Rohingya Muslims. The first phase was between 2016 October and 2017 January, and the second one started in 2017 August (BBC News, 2020). Thus, both Armenian and Myanmar genocides are perpetrated by the governments, and they involve killing and removing individuals from the different groups.
Both Armenian and Myanmar genocides were perpetrated because of religious division and potential disloyalty. In the Armenian case, the Turkish could not accept the resources that the Christians had as compared to the Muslims. In Myanmar, there is massive ethnic cleansing, which is based on religious differences between the involved groups.
The root cause of the Armenian genocide was the fact that the Armenians were wealthier and educated as compared to the Turkish neighbors, which was a fundamental threat to the success of this group. Thus, suspicions emerged where Armenian Christians were considered to be loyal to governments founded on Christianity as compared to the Ottoman caliphate. In Myanmar, the root cause of the genocide was the ethnic crisis, which was being experienced in society. The government of Myanmar has continuously denied Rohingya people the chance to vote during the elections (Council on Foreign Relations, 2020). Such has been escalated where peace conferences are held, and the Rohingya representatives are not invited.
In Armenia, the people thought that the establishment of the “Young Turks” as a group of new reformers would help in solving their problem by putting them in equal places at the new state. Unfortunately, the new group focused on “Turkify” of the empire, where Christian non-Turks were considered as a significant threat to the new government (History.com, 2019). When the Turks got into World War I, the military leaders began indicating that Armenians were traitors. The intensification of the war saw to it that the Armenians formed organized battalions that helped the Russian army in fighting the Turks. The event led to the onset of the massacre where the Armenians were sent away from their homes to Mesopotamian desert without water or food. The marchers were often stripped naked, and they would walk in the scorching sun where they died while those who tried getting a rest were shot. The Turks also organized killing squads where some people were burned alive, others were thrown off cliffs, and some drowned in rivers. The children of Armenians were also kidnapped and forced into Islam.
The Myanmar gen.
Healthcare issues of the rohingya and the lack of support from the ASEAN organization. This ppt describes the current situation of the rohingya under the burmese military.
18 अप्रैल को मुंबई और दिल्ली में पांच अलग-अलग तथ्य-खोज रिपोर्टों का एक संपादित सार-संग्रह जारी किया गया: लगभग एक साल पुराने मणिपुर के जातीय संघर्ष और इसे रोकने में असमर्थ राज्य और केंद्र सरकारों की स्पष्ट मिलीभगत को लेकर परिणाम और वास्तविक न्याय के लिए नए सिरे से पुकार पर एक बार फिर ध्यान आकर्षित करने का प्रयास किया गया है।
NEVER ENDING CONFLICT IN SYRIA AND ROHINGYA, THE STUDY AND SOLUTIONSASMAH CHE WAN
INTERNATIONAL LAW
Regarding conflict in Syrian and Rohingya. the history, how the conflict happened, respons from the worldwide countries and suggestions for the solutions.
CHINA'S ROLE IN MYANMAR'S INTERNAL CONFLICTS
https://www.usip.org/publications/2018/09/chinas-role-myanmars-internal-conflicts
https://www.usip.org/sites/default/files/2018-09/ssg-report-chinas-role-in-myanmars-internal-conflicts.pdf
China’s Role in Myanmar’s Internal Conflicts
Whenever a terrorist acts take place, then our mind gets hunch with some pictures behind the act like Pakistan, Taliban, Muslims etc., we assume terrorism as an international concept and basic reasons behind them are Muslims, but no muse over the reasons, circumstances behind the indulgence of those terrorists in that particular act. Today people should understand the strict meaning and the key reasons behind the evolution of terrorism. It is very much important for us to understand the demarcation between “International terrorism” and “Domestic terrorism”. This research article tries to put forward some basic reasons behind the evolution of terrorism majorly in the context of India
With significant international attention directed recently towards the plight of the Muslim Rohingya population in Myanmar, and several jihadist groups making public denunciations of Myanmar, and encouraging the Rohingya to take up jihad to defend their communities a review of the actual terrorist risk landscape found in Myanmar is most timely.
At first
glance, this may seem counterintuitive, as there have been no attacks conducted by ISIS
within Myanmar, and very little attention directed towards the country by ISIS. With
significant international attention directed recently towards the plight of the Muslim Rohingya
population in Myanmar, this has begun to change, with several jihadist groups making public
denunciations of Myanmar, as well as encouraging the Rohingya to take up jihad to defend
their communities. At the time this report was being written (August 2016), Myanmar‟s star
stateswoman Aung San Suu Kyi‟s name had just been included on an assassination list sent
to a Malaysian police station by purported ISIS allegiants inside Malaysia.
Extremism and terrorism are not new phenomena that humanity has to deal with. They have been there in the history of mankind ever since the human population started to increase on this planet. In the past, there have been despotic leaders, individuals, andgroups of people who used extremism and terrorism as a means to exterminate others in order to hold onto power and exert their dominance. The researchers of this small-scale qualitative study had critically analyzed what is happening to the Muslims and what needs to be done in encountering the challenges of global extremism and terrorism. The researchers took a non-partisan stand in analyzing objectively terrorism in the aftermath of the 9/11 attack that shocked the US and the world at large. The crux of the discussion in this research was centered around on the issues as to why western media take a double standard in reporting terror attacks around the globe, why the oppressed and displaced people of the world resort to terrorism, are terrorists born or made, what lessons can be learned by countries that are faced with terror attacks and racial tensions from role-model countries that are successful in maintaining peace and harmony within their diverse population. Besides discussing the main issues, the researchers have put forward their idealism for world peace and on how the world should stand united in combatting the alarming rate of extremism and terror attacks that happen all over the world today. Data pertinent to the research were collected from print and internet sources and later analyzed by using the textual-analysis method. The findings of this research have brought to light that extremism and terrorism cannot be eliminated by simply using brute force and bombing campaigns. Countries embroiled with terror attacks need to study objectively the underlying factors that trigger extremism and terrorism.
On June 5, during a rare trip abroad, Aung San Suu Kyi, state counsellor of Myanmar and Nobel Peace Prize laureate, visited Hungary and met Prime Minister Viktor Orban. After the meeting, the Hungarian government released an official statement, saying: "The two leaders highlighted that one of the greatest challenges at present for both countries and their respective regions - Southeast Asia and Europe - is migration. They noted that both regions have seen the emergence of the issue of coexistence with continuously growing Muslim populations."
http://lisauk.org/news/detail/islamophobia-will-not-solve-europe-or-asia-s-problems
After Russian invasion of 24th of February, Ukrainian anarchists have mobilised to resist the invasion, and most of the anarchists in Russia have either fleed from the country or joined the anti-war movement, which has yet failed to make a significant impact to stop the war.
Meanwhile, there is also lots of confusion about the situation in the left and anarchist movement worldwide, as number of "alternative" news outlets is spreading Russian narrative, that Ukraine is a state controlled by Nazis, and that there is a genocide of Russians and other minorities in Ukraine.
How to counter pro-Russian propaganda? How credible is the "neutral" stance that both sides are equally evil?What are the current anti-war initiatives in Russia to follow? How to support Russian anti-war movement, which is operating in more and more repressive circumstances?
Second half of this lecture repeats lecture in Stockholm Bookfair in June with minor updates, but first half is different:
https://soundcloud.com/libertarianlifecoach/solidarity-with-anti-war-movement-in-russia
Sorry for sound quality issues, my mic had a malfunction the same day and could not find a replacement on short notice.
Check lecture this video as a video: https://youtu.be/H5GiH9VFYq8
Check this lecture as a podcast: https://soundcloud.com/libertarianlifecoach/anarchist-discussion-on-the-war-in-ukraine
Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/anttiraut
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Similar to Military Involvement in Rakhine Crisis-Three (19)
Assistance Association for Political Prisoners (Burma) AAPP report in Burmese The Assistance Association for Political Prisoners (Burma), also known as AAPP,
is a non-profit human rights organization based in Mae Sot, Thailand. AAPP was founded in 2000
by former political prisoners living in exile on the Thai/Burma border.
Since then, the organization has been run by former political prisoners,
with two offices being opened inside Burma in 2012, one in Rangoon and the other in Mandalay.
AAPP advocates and lobbies for the release of remaining political prisoners and
for the improvement of the lives of political prisoners after their release.
The various assistance programs for political prisoners and their family members
are aimed at ensuring they have access to education, vocational trainings, mental
health counseling and healthcare.
Identity crisis ethnicity and conflict in myanmar crisis groupMYO AUNG Myanmar
REPORT 312 / ASIA 28 AUGUST 2020
Identity Crisis: Ethnicity and Conflict in Myanmar
Ethnicity and conflict are tightly linked in Myanmar, as communal groups take up arms to press grievances for which they have found no other recourse. The problem calls for dialogue and deep reform, but meanwhile authorities can take smaller steps to indicate their positive intent.
https://www.crisisgroup.org/asia/south-east-asia/myanmar/312-identity-crisis-ethnicity-and-conflict-myanmar?utm_source=Sign+Up+to+Crisis+Group%27s+Email+Updates&utm_campaign=1732944c02-EMAIL_CAMPAIGN_2019_01_28_08_41_COPY_01&utm_medium=email&utm_term=0_1dab8c11ea-1732944c02-359431769
Asia Foundation. Note that the data are from 2016, so this map does not represent the current situation on
CHINA IS PLAYING MYANMAR GROUND THE KYAUKPHYU SPECIAL ECONOMIC ZONE AND CHIN...MYO AUNG Myanmar
CHINA IS PLAYING MYANMAR GROUND THE KYAUKPHYU SPECIAL ECONOMIC ZONE AND CHINA STRATEGIC DEEP-SEA PORT PROJECT
https://www.irrawaddy.com/news/burma/chinas-strategic-port-project-moves-step-closer-reality-myanmar-oks-joint-venture.html
China’s Strategic Port Project Moves Step Closer to Reality as Myanmar OKs Joint Venture
https://www.irrawaddy.com/news/burma/construction-chinas-bri-deep-sea-port-start-soon-myanmars-rakhine-state-govt.html
Construction on China's BRI Deep Sea Port to Start Soon in Myanmar's Rakhine State: Govt
https://www.irrawaddy.com/news/minister-rejects-fears-debt-trap-chinese-backed-port.html
Minister Rejects Fears of Debt Trap Over Chinese-Backed Port
https://www.irrawaddy.com/opinion/editorial/kyaukphyu-danger-slipping-hands.html
Is Kyaukphyu in Danger of Slipping Out of Our Hands?
http://www.thaibizmyanmar.com/th/news/detail.php?ID=2948
An industrial zone project within the Kyaukphyu Special Economic Zone (SEZ) in Rakhine State will be developed for US$30 billion
4 มีนาคม 2563
https://elevenmyanmar.com/news/first-phase-of-kyaukphyu-deep-seaport-project-expected-to-cost-13-bln
First phase of Kyaukphyu Deep Seaport project expected to cost $ 1.3 bln
http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2020-01/18/c_138716099.htm
Xinhua Headlines: Kyaukpyu port to become model project in China-Myanmar BRI cooperation
Source: Xinhua| 2020-01-18 20:49:31|Editor: huaxia
http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2020-01/20/c_138720186.htm
Feature: How the development of Myanmar's Kyaukpyu port won the hearts of locals
Source: Xinhua| 2020-01-20 11:27:42|Editor: Wang Yamei
https://www.thestar.com.my/news/regional/2020/02/17/china039s-citic-to-build-myanmar039s-huge-kyaukphyu-deep-seaport-first-phase-to-cost-us13-bln
China's CITIC to build Myanmar's huge Kyaukphyu Deep Seaport, first phase to cost US$1.3 bln
ASEANPLUS NEWS
Monday, 17 Feb 2020
1:35 PM MYT
https://splash247.com/china-inks-kyaukphyu-development-deal-with-myanmar/#:~:text=China%20has%20signed%20an%20agreement,visit%20to%20Myanmar%20last%20weekend.
China inks Kyaukphyu development deal with Myanmar
Jason Jiang Jason JiangJanuary 20, 2020
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyaukphyu
https://asiatimes.com/2019/07/china-led-port-project-inches-ahead-in-myanmar/
AT FINANCE, MYANMAR
China-led port project inches ahead in Myanmar
CITIC-led consortium this month started legally required impact assessments but the controversial $1.3 billion mega-project is still far from a done deal
By THOMPSON CHAU
JULY 15, 2019
The climate crisis and threats against land and environmental defendersMYO AUNG Myanmar
https://www.globalwitness.org/en/campaigns/environmental-activists/defending-tomorrow/
Report / July 29, 2020
DEFENDING TOMORROW
The climate crisis and threats against land and environmental defenders
The climate crisis is arguably the greatest global and existential threat we face. As it escalates, it serves to exacerbate many of the other serious problems in our world today – from economic inequality to racial injustice and the spread of zoonotic diseases.
For years, land and environmental defenders have been the first line of defence against the causes and impacts of climate breakdown. Time after time, they have challenged those companies operating recklessly, rampaging unhampered through forests, skies, wetlands, oceans and biodiversity hotspots.
https://youtu.be/FM7X1tnT4Sc
Download the full report Defending Tomorrow: The climate crisis and threats against land and environmental defenders (High resolution, 28.4MB, PDF)
Download the full report Defending Tomorrow: The climate crisis and threats against land and environmental defenders (Low resolution, 6.6MB, PDF)
User Privacy or Cyber Sovereignty Freedom House Special Report 2020MYO AUNG Myanmar
https://freedomhouse.org/report/special-report/2020/user-privacy-or-cyber-sovereignty?utm_source=Newsletter&utm_medium=Email&utm_campaign=SPOTLIGHTFRDM_072720
Special Report 2020
User Privacy or Cyber Sovereignty?
Assessing the human rights implications of data localization
WRITTEN BY-Adrian Shahbaz-Allie Funk-Andrea Hackl
https://freedomhouse.org/sites/default/files/2020-07/FINAL_Data_Localization_human_rights_07232020.pdf
USER PRIVACY OR CYBER SOVEREIGNTY?
Assessing the human rights implications of data localization
Freedom of Expression Active and Seeking Justice from MyanmarMYO AUNG Myanmar
Freedom of Expression Active and seeking justice from MYANMAR
https://progressivevoicemyanmar.org/2020/07/16/seeking-justice-an-analysis-of-obstacles-and-opportunities-for-civil-society-groups-pursuing-accountability-for-human-rights-violations-in-domestic-courts-in-kachin-and-northern-shan-states/
SEEKING JUSTICE: AN ANALYSIS OF OBSTACLES AND OPPORTUNITIES FOR CIVIL SOCIETY GROUPS PURSUING ACCOUNTABILITY FOR HUMAN RIGHTS VIOLATIONS IN DOMESTIC COURTS IN KACHIN AND NORTHERN SHAN STATES
Kachin Women’s Association – Thailand (KWAT) and Asia Justice and Rights (AJAR) are releasing a new report on access to justice in Burma, in which we identify strategies for local civil society groups, demand political and legal reforms, and call on donor agencies to better support assistance to victims of the most serious human rights violations.
https://progressivevoicemyanmar.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/EngA-Chance-to-Fix-in-Time.pdf
“A Chance to Fix in Time”
Analysis of Freedom of Expression in
Four Years Under the Current Government
https://progressivevoicemyanmar.org/2020/07/16/%e1%80%a1%e1%80%81%e1%80%bb%e1%80%ad%e1%80%94%e1%80%ba%e1%80%99%e1%80%ae%e1%80%95%e1%80%bc%e1%80%84%e1%80%ba%e1%80%86%e1%80%84%e1%80%ba%e1%80%81%e1%80%bd%e1%80%84%e1%80%ba%e1%80%b7-%e1%80%a1-2/
အချိန်မီပြင်ဆင်ခွင့် – အစိုးရသက်တမ်း ၄နှစ်အတွင်း လွတ်လပ်စွာထုတ်ဖော်ပြောဆိုခွင့်ကို ဆန်းစစ်ခြင်းအစီရင်ခံစာ
SHWE KOKKO BORDER KAYIN STATE PROJECT COLLECTIONMYO AUNG Myanmar
ALL ABOUT SHWE KOKKO PROJECT KAYIN STATE COLLECTIONS https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shwe_Kokko Shwe Kokko https://www.frontiermyanmar.net/en/shwe-kokko-a-paradise-for-chinese-investment/ Shwe Kokko: A paradise for Chinese investment SEPTEMBER 5, 2019 http://karennews.org/2020/03/shwe-koko-big-winners-burma-army-and-international-crime-syndicates-at-expense-of-karen-people-knu-community-groups-want-it-stopped/ Shwe Koko: Big Winners – Burma Army and international Crime Syndicates at Expense of Karen People – KNU, Community Groups Want it Stopped Karen News Send an emailMarch 26, 2020 https://asiatimes.com/2019/03/a-chinatown-mysteriously-emerges-in-backwoods-myanmar/ A Chinatown mysteriously emerges in backwoods Myanmar Shwe Kokko, a remote town along Myanmar's Moei River, is the latest odd and bold outpost of China's Belt and Road Initiative By BERTIL LINTNER MARCH 1, 2019 https://www.crisisgroup.org/asia/south-east-asia/myanmar/305-commerce-and-conflict-navigating-myanmars-china-relationship https://d2071andvip0wj.cloudfront.net/305-commerce-and-conflict-myanmar-china%20(1)_0.pdf Commerce and Conflict: Navigating Myanmar’s China Relationship Asia Report N°305 | 30 March 2020 https://www.bnionline.net/en/news/chinas-thai-myanmar-border-investment-shwe-kokko-chinatown-mega-project CHINA’S THAI-MYANMAR BORDER INVESTMENT: Shwe Kokko Chinatown mega-project http://monnews.org/2020/03/28/gambling-away-our-land-kpsn-report-raises-questions-about-shwe-kokko-extension-project/ ‘Gambling Away Our Land’; KPSN report raises questions about Shwe Kokko Extension project https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=900Fzrn8DzY https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Etlg2eYn7HM https://www.frontiermyanmar.net/en/the-mystery-man-behind-the-shwe-kokko-project/?f
Myanmar language version of the UN Charter.Yangon charter myanmarMYO AUNG Myanmar
Myanmar language version of the UN Charter.
Source: https://unic.un.org/aroundworld/unics/common/documents/publications/uncharter/yangon_charter_myanmar.pdf
https://unic.un.org/aroundworld/unics/common/documents/publications/uncharter/yangon_charter_myanmar.pdf?fbclid=IwAR3tttG9XprzHH4_yCQNOg8_u8g6z23fqYLqeCUvvIkHAqzTLKjSnB1OT3g
WORLD INVESTMENT REPORT 2020 BY UNITED NATIONS CONFERENCE ON TRADE AND DEVELO...MYO AUNG Myanmar
WORLD INVESTMENT REPORT 2020
UNITED NATIONS CONFERENCE ON TRADE AND DEVELOPMENT UNCTAD
ttps://unctad.org/en/pages/newsdetails.aspx?OriginalVersionID=2396&utm_source=CIO+-+General+public&utm_campaign=5e26d15771-EMAIL_CAMPAIGN_2019_05_17_11_42_COPY_01&utm_medium=email&utm_term=0_3d334fa428-5e26d15771-70594621
Global foreign direct investment projected to plunge 40% in 202016 June 2020
COVID-19 causes steep drop in investment flows, hitting developing countries hardest. Recovery is not expected before 2022, says new UNCTAD report.
Myanmar Amber traps scientists in ethical dilemma over funding warMYO AUNG Myanmar
Myanmar is a major producer of amber, a fossilized tree resin. Amber is valued for jewelry, and also serves as a sort of time capsule that provides scientific clues to prehistoric life with fossilized inclusions such as insects, birds and dinosaur footprints.
Meanwhile, the main amber-mining areas in the country are located in an internal conflict zone where an ethnic minority is fighting against the national armed forces, and the amber also comes with problems of human rights violations and smuggling.
https://asia.nikkei.com/Location/Southeast-Asia/Myanmar-amber-traps-scientists-in-ethical-dilemma-over-funding-war
Myanmar amber traps scientists in ethical dilemma over funding war
Fossils like those in 'Jurassic Park' draw scrutiny as Kachin conflict drags on
https://www.facebook.com/MYOAUNGNAYPYIDAW/posts/2839212596177214
သယံဇာတစစ်ပွဲ
မြန်မာ့ပယင်းရဲ့ သိပ္ပံပညာရှင်တွေကို စွဲဆောင်နိုင်မှုက ကျင့်ဝတ်ဆိုင်ရာ အကျပ်ရိုက်မှုဖြစ်စေပြီး စစ်ပွဲတွေအတွက် ငွေကြေးထောက်ပံ့ရာလမ်းကြောင်းဖြစ်နေ
2019 country reports on human rights practices burma united state of america ...MYO AUNG Myanmar
Myanmar Aung
21 mins ·
https://burmese.voanews.com/a/us-state-depart…/5325155.html…
ကမ္ဘာလုံးဆိုင်ရာ ကန်အစီရင်ခံစာထဲက မြန်မာလူ့အခွင့်အရေး အခြေအနေ
https://www.state.gov/…/…/BURMA-2019-HUMAN-RIGHTS-REPORT.pdf
https://www.state.gov/…/2019-country-reports-on-human-righ…/
2019 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices
The annual Country Reports on Human Rights Practices – the Human Rights Reports – cover internationally recognized individual, civil, political, and worker rights, as set forth in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and other international agreements. The U.S. Department of State submits reports on all countries receiving assistance and all United Nations member states to the U.S. Congress in accordance with the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961 and the Trade Act of 1974.
MARCH 11, 2020
https://www.state.gov/assistant-secretary-for-democracy-hu…/
Assistant Secretary for Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor Robert A. Destro On the Release of the 2019 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices
SPECIAL BRIEFING
ROBERT A. DESTRO, ASSISTANT SECRETARY
BUREAU OF DEMOCRACY, HUMAN RIGHTS, AND LABOR
PRESS BRIEFING ROOM
WASHINGTON, D.C.
MARCH 11, 2020
Executive Summary of Independent Commission of Enquiry "ICOE" Final Report En...MYO AUNG Myanmar
Executive Summary Of Independent Commission of Enquiry-ICOE' Final Report ENGLISH-BURMESE
https://www.facebook.com/myanmarpresidentoffice.gov.mm/posts/2632138836833836
ENGLISH VERSION
Independent Commission of Enquiry (ICOE)
https://www.icoe-myanmar.org/
Executive Summary Of Independent Commission of Enquiry-ICOE' Final Report
https://www.facebook.com/myanmarpresidentoffice.gov.mm/posts/2632129370168116
BURMESE VERSION
လွတ်လပ်သောစုံစမ်းစစ်ဆေးရေးကော်မရှင် (Independent Commission of Enquiry-ICOE) ၏ အပြီးသတ်အစီရင်ခံစာ အကျဉ်းချုပ်\
2019 ANNI Report on the Performance and Establishment of National Human Right...MYO AUNG Myanmar
https://www.forum-asia.org/?p=29979&nhri=1
2019 ANNI Report on the Performance and Establishment of National Human Rights Institutions in Asia
7 October 2019 2:36 pm
https://www.forum-asia.org/uploads/wp/2019/10/3.0-Online-ANNI-Report-2019.pdf
https://www.forum-asia.org/?p=29931
Myanmar: Promote press freedom, and end reprisals against Development Media Group
3 October 2019 3:58 pm
https://www.forum-asia.org/uploads/wp/2019/10/Press-release-Myanmar-DMG.pdf
ALL ABOUT INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE (ICJ) AND MYANMARMYO AUNG Myanmar
ALL ABOUT INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE (ICJ) AND MYANMAR
The International Court of Justice (ICJ) is the principal judicial organ of the United Nations (UN). It was established in June 1945 by the Charter of the United Nations and began work in April 1946.
The seat of the Court is at the Peace Palace in The Hague (Netherlands). Of the six principal organs of the United Nations, it is the only one not located in New York (United States of America).
The Court’s role is to settle, in accordance with international law, legal disputes submitted to it by States and to give advisory opinions on legal questions referred to it by authorized United Nations organs and specialized agencies.
The Court is composed of 15 judges, who are elected for terms of office of nine years by the United Nations General Assembly and the Security Council. It is assisted by a Registry, its administrative organ. Its official languages are English and French.
https://www.icj-cij.org/en/court
https://www.icj-cij.org/en-basic-toolkit
INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE ICJ
Information Department
information@icj-cij.org
https://opiniojuris.org/2019/11/13/the-gambia-v-myanmar-at-the-international-court-of-justice-points-of-interest-in-the-application/
https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/11/cases-brought-myanmar-deliver-justice-rohingya-191117174800430.html
https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/nov/14/war-crimes-judges-approve-investigation-violence-against-rohingya-icc-myammar
https://www.ejiltalk.org/the-situation-of-the-rohingya-is-there-a-role-for-the-international-court-of-justice/
https://reliefweb.int/report/myanmar/gambia-files-lawsuit-against-myanmar-international-court-justice
STIMSON INNOVATIVE IDEAS CHANGING THE WORLD AND CHINA-MEKONG RIVER AND MYANMARMYO AUNG Myanmar
STIMSON INNOVATIVE IDEAS CHANGING THE WORLD AND CHINA-MEKONG RIVER AND MYANMAR
The Stimson Center is a nonpartisan policy research center working to protect people, preserve the planet, and promote security & prosperity. Stimson’s award-winning research serves as a roadmap to address borderless threats through concerted action. Our formula is simple: we gather the brightest people to think beyond soundbites, create solutions, and make those solutions a reality. We follow the credo of one of history’s leading statesmen, Henry L. Stimson, in taking “pragmatic steps toward ideal objectives.” We are practical in our approach and independent in our analysis. Our innovative ideas change the world.
https://www.stimson.org/sites/default/files/file-attachments/Cronin-China%20Supply%20Chain%20Shift.pdf
https://www.stimson.org/sites/default/files/file-attachments/SC_EnergyPublication.FINAL_.pdf
https://www.stimson.org/content/powering-mekong-basin-connect
https://www.stimson.org/sites/default/files/file-attachments/WEB-FEB_Cambodia%20Report.pdf
https://www.frontiermyanmar.net/en/slower-smaller-cheaper-the-reality-of-the-china-myanmar-economic-corridor
Slower, smaller, cheaper: the reality of the China-Myanmar Economic Corridor
https://www.frontiermyanmar.net/en/peace-through-development-chinas-experiment-in-myanmar
Peace through development: China’s experiment in Myanmar
https://asia.nikkei.com/Opinion/China-walks-political-tightrope-in-Myanmar
China walks political tightrope in Myanmar
Beijing should leverage its influence with military
https://www.frontiermyanmar.net/en/why-china-is-sceptical-about-the-peace-process
Why China is sceptical about the peace process
https://www.stimson.org/content/%E2%80%98loose-end%E2%80%99-peace-process
The ‘loose end’ of the peace process
The Stimson Center
communications@stimson.org
THE ASSIATANCE ASSOCIATION FOR POLITICAL PRISONERS (BURMA)MYO AUNG Myanmar
The Assistance Association for Political Prisoners (Burma),
https://aappb.org/background/about-aapp/
The Assistance Association for Political Prisoners (Burma), otherwise known as AAPP, is a human rights organization based in Mae Sot, Thailand and Rangoon, Burma. AAPP advocates for the release of all remaining political prisoners in Burma and for the improvement of their quality of life during and after incarceration. AAPP has developed rehabilitation and assistance programs for those political activists who have been released while continuing to document the ongoing imprisonment of political activists in Burma.
As long as political prisoners exist inside Burma, Burma will not be free. They represent the struggle for democracy, human rights, equality and freedom for the people of Burma. This makes the immediate and unconditional release of all political prisoners an integral part of Burma’s drive for national reconciliation.
THE HUMAN RIGHT TO WATER A GUIDE FOR FIRST NATIONS COMUNITIES AND ADVOCATES MYO AUNG Myanmar
https://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/report_pdf/water1019_brochure_web.pdf
THE HUMAN RIGHT TO WATER A GUIDE FOR FIRST NATIONS COMUNITIES AND ADVOCATES
https://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/report_pdf/canada0616web.pdf
Make it Safe
Canada’s Obligation to End the First Nations Water Crisis
https://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/report_pdf/canada0616_brochure_web.pdf
SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Natural Resource Governance Reform and the Peace Process in MyanmarMYO AUNG Myanmar
NATURAL RESOURCE GOVERNANCE REFORM AND THE PEACE PROCESS IN MYANMAR
KEVIN M. WOODS
https://www.forest-trends.org/publications/natural-resource-governance-reform-and-the-peace-process-in-myanmar/
FORESTS OCT 18, 2019
Natural Resource Governance Reform and the Peace Process in Myanmar
By Kevin M. Woods
https://www.forest-trends.org/publications/executive-summary-of-natural-resource-governance-and-the-peace-process-in-myanmar/
https://www.forest-trends.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/Forest-Trends_NRG_Peace_Myanmar_Final_ES.pdf
https://www.forest-trends.org/publications/forest-trends-comments-on-myanmar-draft-forest-rules-2019-regarding-land-rights/
Forest Trends Comments on Myanmar Draft Forest Rules (2019) Regarding Land Rights
https://www.forest-trends.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/Forest-Rules-Brief-2019-FINAL-Letter.pdf
https://www.forest-trends.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/09/Forest_Rules_Brief_2019_FINAL_A4_BURMESE-FINAL.pdf
https://www.forest-trends.org/publications/what-is-in-myanmars-first-eiti-forestry-reports/
0x01 - Newton's Third Law: Static vs. Dynamic AbusersOWASP Beja
f you offer a service on the web, odds are that someone will abuse it. Be it an API, a SaaS, a PaaS, or even a static website, someone somewhere will try to figure out a way to use it to their own needs. In this talk we'll compare measures that are effective against static attackers and how to battle a dynamic attacker who adapts to your counter-measures.
About the Speaker
===============
Diogo Sousa, Engineering Manager @ Canonical
An opinionated individual with an interest in cryptography and its intersection with secure software development.
Acorn Recovery: Restore IT infra within minutesIP ServerOne
Introducing Acorn Recovery as a Service, a simple, fast, and secure managed disaster recovery (DRaaS) by IP ServerOne. A DR solution that helps restore your IT infra within minutes.
Have you ever wondered how search works while visiting an e-commerce site, internal website, or searching through other types of online resources? Look no further than this informative session on the ways that taxonomies help end-users navigate the internet! Hear from taxonomists and other information professionals who have first-hand experience creating and working with taxonomies that aid in navigation, search, and discovery across a range of disciplines.
This presentation by Morris Kleiner (University of Minnesota), was made during the discussion “Competition and Regulation in Professions and Occupations” held at the Working Party No. 2 on Competition and Regulation on 10 June 2024. More papers and presentations on the topic can be found out at oe.cd/crps.
This presentation was uploaded with the author’s consent.
Sharpen existing tools or get a new toolbox? Contemporary cluster initiatives...Orkestra
UIIN Conference, Madrid, 27-29 May 2024
James Wilson, Orkestra and Deusto Business School
Emily Wise, Lund University
Madeline Smith, The Glasgow School of Art
This presentation, created by Syed Faiz ul Hassan, explores the profound influence of media on public perception and behavior. It delves into the evolution of media from oral traditions to modern digital and social media platforms. Key topics include the role of media in information propagation, socialization, crisis awareness, globalization, and education. The presentation also examines media influence through agenda setting, propaganda, and manipulative techniques used by advertisers and marketers. Furthermore, it highlights the impact of surveillance enabled by media technologies on personal behavior and preferences. Through this comprehensive overview, the presentation aims to shed light on how media shapes collective consciousness and public opinion.
1. Freddie Lloyd (/blog-1/?author=595655accd0f684157c180c4) · June 30, 2017 (/blog-
1/2017/6/30/the-persecution-of-rohingya-muslims-in-myanmar) · Blog (/blog-1/?
category=Blog)
Myanmar recently entered the 69th year of what is considered to be the world’s longest
running civil war. There are at least 15 armies involved in the conflict against Myanmar’s
Essays
(http://hum
anrights.bri
The persecution of Rohingya muslims
in Myanmar
(/)
A B O U T ( / A B O U T - 1 )
E V E N T S ( / E V E N T S )
C O M M I S S I O N ( / H U M A N R I G H T S C O M M I S S I O N )
E V I D E N C E ( / E V I D E N C E - 1 / )
E C H R P E T I T I O N ( / P E T I T I O N / )
C A M P A I G N ( / C A M P A I G N / )
P U B L I C A T I O N S ( / P U B L I C A T I O N S )
I N T H E N E W S ( / I N - T H E - N E W S - 1 / )
B L O G ( / B L O G - 1 / )
2. running civil war. There are at least 15 armies involved in the conflict against Myanmar’s
government, each representing a different ethnic group or region, and each involved in a series
of fragile alliances and ceasefires. One aspect of this conflict that has received particular
international attention in recent years concerns alleged human rights abuses by Myanmar’s
armed forces against the Rohingya Muslim minority in the eastern state of Rakhine. This month
the State Counsellor, and de facto leader, of Myanmar Aung San Suu Kyi announced that she
would refuse to allow a proposed UN fact-finding mission permission to enter Myanmar to
investigate these allegations, further increasing suspicion concerning the severity of the
offences taking place in the region.
A troubled history
The Rohingya are a Muslim minority group in Myanmar, a country in which roughly 90% of the
population identify as Buddhist. They have lived on the western coast of Myanmar in the state
of Rakhine since the 15th century, with their numbers increasing dramatically through
immigration from neighbouring Bengal during British rule. Throughout this time there has been
tension and sporadic violence between the Rohingya and native Burmese groups, such as the
Rakhine Buddhists.
This ethnic tension increased throughout the 20th century. During the Second World War, the
Rohingya sided with, and were armed by, the British; whilst the Rakhine Buddhists generally
fought on the side of Japan, as they believed the Japanese would offer them independence if
victorious. After the British reclaimed Myanmar, the Rohingya unsuccessfully demanded that
Rakhine be annexed to Pakistan; the legacy of these events served to divide the groups even
further.
Since the Second World War, the situation of the Rohingya in Myanmar has steadily worsened
against a background of almost continuous ethnic warfare throughout the country. The civil war
began in 1948, immediately after Burma gained independence from Britain. Initially the conflict
involved a fight for power between the newly formed nationalist government and communist
rebels; there was also a second conflict between the government and the separatist Christian
Karen minority. Over the decades these conflicts have multiplied, and now involve upwards of
ghtblue.org.
uk/blog-
1/?
category=E
ssay)
Blogs
(http://hum
anrights.bri
ghtblue.org.
uk/blog-
1/?
category=B
log)
Speeches
3. 15 armies and separatist groups.
Fighting in Rakhine state has been sporadic, with most of the conflict in the civil war involving
separatist groups in the east of Myanmar. However armed Rohingya insurgency movements
have existed in various iterations throughout this time, although they have never numbered
more than a few hundred soldiers, and have offered little threat to the nation’s military.
In spite of this limited threat, the actions of these small resistance forces have often been
used by the military as a pretext for repressive measures against Rohingya civilians. For
example, in 1977-78, 200,000 Rohingya fled into Bangladesh due to brutality and repression by
Myanmar’s army, before eventually being repatriated back to Rakhine state. Since this period,
neither Bangladesh nor Myanmar have been willing to accept the Rohingya as citizens, so the
process of refugees fleeing and then being forcibly repatriated has been repeated several
times, most notably in 1992, and again over the last few years.
Recent developments
The latest phase of the conflict in Rakhine began in 2012 with a series of anti-Muslim riots in
the north of the state, encouraged by some local political and Buddhist groups. Conservative
estimates suggest that hundreds of Rohingya were killed (including 70 in one day in the village
of Yan Thei) and 140,000 were displaced. The role of the Burmese army in the riots is unclear,
however Human Rights Watch suggests that “all of the state security forces…are implicated in
failing to prevent atrocities or directly participating in them, including…the army and navy”.
Furthermore, the authorities did not prosecute anyone for the human rights violations carried
out during the riots, feeding the idea that Rohingya Muslims could be attacked with impunity.
In April 2016, Nobel peace prize winner and democracy campaigner Aung San Suu Kyi was
elected as State Counsellor for Myanmar with the promise that she would transition Myanmar
away from military rule, and work to end the civil war. Suu Kyi initially made concerted
attempts at a rapprochement between the various parties in the conflict, for example by
creating a government advisory committee on Rakhine chaired by Kofi Annan and by organising
a series of peace conferences involving all sides in the conflict, the most recent of which took
place in May 2017.
Speeches
(http://hum
anrights.bri
ghtblue.org.
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1/?
category=S
peeches)
P
(https://hu
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odcast)odc
4. However in general her response to the violence against Rohingya Muslims has been strongly
criticised by human rights groups. She did not condemn the 2012 riots and repeatedly refused
to acknowledge the evidence of state-organised violence against the Rohingya. This refusal is
most likely an attempt to keep the still powerful generals on side, and to maintain support
amongst Myanmar’s Buddhist majority, who largely support the army’s actions in Rakhine.
Her inaction on this issue became particularly obvious during the most recent escalation of the
conflict, which began in October 2016 after nine Myanmarese border officers were killed by
Rohingya militants during an attack on a military outpost. The response by Myanmar’s military
forces was swift and brutal. It has been estimated that since November 2016 over a thousand
Rohingya have been killed and over 168,000 have fled abroad. A report by the UN special
rapporteur on human rights in Myanmar, based on interviews with displaced Rohingya, contains
multiple accounts of child killing, gang rape and other human rights violations. These estimates
are necessarily uncertain as a clear picture of the extent of the violence is not possible
because journalists and aid workers have been prohibited from entering the state since the
conflict began, despite the fact that the military claims the conflict ended in February 2017.
Very recently in May 2017, the UN belatedly led a fact-finding mission to investigate these
allegations against Myanmar’s military forces. However this week, Aung San Suu Kyi has
rejected this mission, saying that it would create “greater hostility between different
communities”. The situation therefore shows little sign of improving, with a report by the
International State Crime Initiative even suggesting that an escalation into genocide against
the Rohingya is possible.
Conclusion
Violence against the Rohingya appears to be on the increase, with elements of the government
and military in Myanmar seemingly set on driving the group out of the country. The initial hope
of many that Aung San Suu Kyi would prevent further ethnic violence has proved naïve, as
internal politics in Myanmar militates against defending an unpopular minority. Whilst this issue
is receiving increased media coverage in the West, there appears to be little prospect of action
by the international community against Myanmar. Currently the best hope for the Rohingya is
odcast)odc
asts
(https://hu
manrights.br
ightblue.org
.uk/blog-
1/?
category=P
odcast)
5. Newer Post
Conservatism and human rights - Episode 23
(/blog-1/2017/6/30/conservatism-and-
human-rights-episode-23)
Older Post
China and human rights: A global problem
(/blog-1/2017/6/28/china-and-human-rights-
a-global-problem)
by the international community against Myanmar. Currently the best hope for the Rohingya is
that the UN develops a tougher stance against Myanmar, or that other regional powers become
more amenable to accepting refugees.
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6. 8/29/2017 Violence Escalates Between Myanmar Forces and Rohingya - The New York Times
https://www.nytimes.com/2016/11/14/world/asia/violence-escalates-between-myanmar-forces-and-rohingya.html?mcubz=0 1/5
https://nyti.ms/2euAmDy
ASIA PACIFIC
Violence Escalates Between Myanmar Forces and
Rohingya
By JANE PERLEZ and WAI MOE NOV. 13, 2016
SITTWE, Myanmar — Violence between the Rohingya, a persecuted Muslim population, and Myanmar’s security
forces escalated over the weekend as two soldiers were killed by crudely armed attackers, said government officials
and Muslim residents. In retaliation, troops of the Buddhist-majority government used helicopters to fire at the
attackers in dense forest in northwestern Myanmar, a government spokesman said.
The two soldiers were killed Saturday by attackers armed with guns, knives and spears near the village of
Gwason, south of Maungdaw, the main town in northern Rakhine, said the state information officer, U San Nwe.
About 500 attackers were involved in the clash, he said. The area is closed to Western journalists, making it
impossible to verify the scale of the fighting.
The remote enclave of northern Rakhine State, close to the Bangladeshi border, has been under siege since the
government sent security forces to hunt for what it said were armed Rohingya assailants who had killed nine police
officers in early October.
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7. 8/29/2017 Violence Escalates Between Myanmar Forces and Rohingya - The New York Times
https://www.nytimes.com/2016/11/14/world/asia/violence-escalates-between-myanmar-forces-and-rohingya.html?mcubz=0 2/5
Since then, human rights groups have received reports of killings of unarmed Rohingya men by Myanmar
soldiers, rapes of Rohingya women by soldiers in a number of villages, and beatings of Rohingya men held in
detention in the town of Maungdaw. Before the latest attack, as many as 100 Rohingya civilians may have been killed,
the groups say.
Western diplomats have called on Daw Aung San Suu Kyi, the Nobel laureate who leads Myanmar’s government,
to conduct an independent investigation into the violence. So far, she has declined, allowing a Rakhine State
committee to investigate. She has also urged that specific complaints be filed with a commission headed by Kofi
Annan, the former United Nations secretary general, that was formed in August.
Her spokesman, U Zaw Htay, said on Sunday that the latest attacks made it necessary for the military and police
operation to continue until the culprits were arrested and the weapons they had seized were found. The troops have
been instructed to respect human rights, he said. But Myanmar’s army is known to be poorly trained and has a record
rife with human rights abuses, including rape, in its battles with various separatist groups over many years, Western
diplomats say.
Also on Saturday, a police car was hit by the blast from a roadside mine near the village of Kyikanpyin, north of
Maungdaw, where five of the nine police officers were killed on Oct. 9, according to the Ministry of Information in
Naypyidaw, the capital. No one was killed in the blast on Saturday.
Reached by telephone in Maungdaw on Sunday, Mohammed Sultan, a retired Rohingya teacher, said some
students had told him that their villages had been set on fire. “One of my pupils said he was hiding in the rice field,”
Mr. Sultan said. The connection then went dead, he said.
High-definition satellite images taken in October and this month showed widespread burning of Rohingya
villages, Human Rights Watch said on Sunday.
8. 8/29/2017 Violence Escalates Between Myanmar Forces and Rohingya - The New York Times
https://www.nytimes.com/2016/11/14/world/asia/violence-escalates-between-myanmar-forces-and-rohingya.html?mcubz=0 3/5
Although relations between the Rohingya and the security forces have always been tense, the tactic of Rohingya
men attacking police stations, targeting security forces and apparently planting roadside bombs is new, government
officials and Rohingya activists say.
The motivation for the increase in violence by what appears to be a small group of armed Rohingya men is not
clear.
The government, providing little proof, immediately blamed two little-known groups: Aqa Mul Mujahidin and
the Rohingya Solidarity Organization.
The decades-long repression of the Rohingya by the Myanmar authorities made the population of about one
million Rohingya fertile ground for Islamic radicalization, activists and diplomats say.
Here in Sittwe, in southern Rakhine, more than 100,000 Rohingya have been kept in what amount to internment
camps for four years, prevented from traveling and forbidden to reclaim land and property destroyed during
communal violence in 2012.
The new violence north of Sittwe was worse than that four years ago, said Mohamed Saed, a community leader.
“Then, it was communal violence between two groups: Rohingya and Rakhine Buddhists,” he said. “This is now direct
government repression.”
Several Rohingya leaders said they did not believe Rohingya ties to radical jihadists were the cause of the attacks
five weeks ago. New, harsh proposals by the government may have been the catalyst, they suggested.
In September, a Rakhine official, Col. Htein Lin, said the government would destroy all “illegally” built
structures, including more than 2,500 houses, 600 shops, a dozen mosques and more than 30 schools.
9. 8/29/2017 Violence Escalates Between Myanmar Forces and Rohingya - The New York Times
https://www.nytimes.com/2016/11/14/world/asia/violence-escalates-between-myanmar-forces-and-rohingya.html?mcubz=0 4/5
U Kyaw Min, a Rohingya who is the chairman of the Democracy and Human Rights Party, said, “That was saying
we have to reduce the population of Rohingya and push them over the border to Bangladesh.”
The attitude of officials in Rakhine State toward the Rohingya is unequivocal. They call the Rohingya “Bengalis,”
implying that they belong in Bangladesh.
A leader of the Arakan National Party, U Aung Win, said it was now necessary to form a special paramilitary
force.
The Rohingya make up more than 90 percent of northern Rakinine State’s population, outnumbering the
Rakhine Buddhists, so more protection is needed for the Buddhist minority, Mr. Aung Win said. The two groups
cannot live together, he insisted.
Mr. Aung Win is also the chairman of the Rakhine State investigation into the Oct. 9 attacks.
The Rohingya villages around Kyikanpyin have become armed camps, according to telephone conversations and
text messages from villagers to friends in Sittwe. Food is scarce, and a strict dusk-to-dawn curfew is enforced, they
say. In those areas, villagers say soldiers have raped women and stolen their jewelry.
Three women, ages 23, 21 and 17, were raped Wednesday by soldiers living in the local school, said Mohamed
Rahim, a village leader in Pyoung Pai, not far from Kyikanpyin.
“The villagers were told to gather in the rice fields, but the three girls were told to stay in the house with their
mother,” he said in a telephone interview. “Before the rape, they told the mother to get out. I then saw the military
enter the house.”
Myanmar officials deny that rapes have occurred. “It’s not so easy to rape a Bengali woman,” Mr. Aung Win said.
“All the Bengali villages are covered by bamboo netting and plastic.”
11. 8/29/2017 What’s Next for Myanmar’s Rakhine State? | The Diplomat
http://thediplomat.com/2017/03/whats-next-for-myanmars-rakhine-state/ 1/4
Soldiers march during a parade to mark Armed
Forces Day in Myanmar's capital Naypyitaw (March
27, 2016).
Image Credit: REUTERS/Soe Zeya Tun
What’s Next for Myanmar’s Rakhine State?
The government declared the clearance operation over last month – it’s not so simple.
Four months after a retaliatory counterinsurgency campaign plunged Myanmar’s western coast into the
depths of a humanitarian crisis, the government suddenly, and without much fanfare, declared the military
operation over as of February 9.
For beleaguered Rakhine State and the tens of thousands of Rohingya Muslims displaced by the recent
violence, this cessation marked a barely perceptible shift in a long entrenched conflict. For the military and
the police personnel who continue to be deployed along Rakhine’s northern border – which remains subject
to a lockdown and has reportedly been lashed with fresh attacks – it appears to denote a change in scale, if
not in character. In fact, with the three-hour relaxation of the curfew signifying the most drastic alteration,
one might be forgiven for not noticing the campaign’s end at all.
From October 9 through February 9, police and Myanmar’s military – known as the Tatmadaw – launched
a thundering joint operation in response to deadly attacks on border guard posts, attacks that were believed to have been orchestrated by a foreign-funded
insurgent group. The brutality of the operation provoked international outcry, while raids carried out against civilian villages under the auspices of militant
“clearance operations” begged the question of the campaign’s intended aim.
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By the time the campaign’s conclusion was declared, the onslaught had not just failed to root out the Rohingya insurgency, it galvanized the organization’s cause,
training an international spotlight on the plight of a largely defenseless community. Through hounding villages with regular sweeps, helicopter raids, and alleged,
large-scale arson, the clearance campaign propelled more than 100,000 Rohingya villagers from their homes, leaving only razed remnants and stories of
“devastating cruelty” behind.
“The 9 October attacks appear to have given the security forces the perfect cover to amplify and accelerate actions they had previously carried out through policies,
rules and laws – with the apparent objective of expelling the Rohingya population from Myanmar altogether,” Yanghee Lee, the UN special rapporteur for the
situation of human rights in Myanmar, said in a statement released on February 24.
Both the Myanmar government and Tatmadaw officials have denied that the campaign intended to eject the Rohingya from their enclave in northern Rakhine
State. Government spokesperson U Zaw Htay would not directly respond to the special rapporteur’s allegation, but said, “We are very serious about the situation of
Rakhine State… there are many commissions trying to find out and clarify the real information. If there is concrete evidence of abuses we will take action.”
By Laignee Barron
March 09, 2017
12. 8/29/2017 What’s Next for Myanmar’s Rakhine State? | The Diplomat
http://thediplomat.com/2017/03/whats-next-for-myanmars-rakhine-state/ 2/4
But even as the government promises to restore stability to the volatile strip in the wake of the “clearance operations,” UN officials have revealed that there is
currently no government-backed plan to repatriate the more than 74,000 Rohingya who fled to neighboring Bangladesh, or to help resettle the 24,000 believed to
be internally displaced within Rakhine State.
“While some of the new arrivals in Bangladesh have said they will return home if and when it’s safe, I’m not aware of any government plans to facilitate it at this
point,” said Vivian Tan, a spokesperson for the UN refugee agency.
For the nascent National League for Democracy government almost a year into its administration, there’s no domestic political capital to be gained in negotiating
the return of a long-reviled population. Much of the country perceives the Rohingya – commonly called Bengalis – as illegal interlopers from the Muslim-majority
nation next door. But for the NLD, grappling with criticism over Rakhine on the international stage has been another matter entirely.
Bangkok-based security consultant Anthony Davis recently wrote that the counterinsurgency campaign in Rakhine State “has arguably been the most serious
public relations debacle suffered by the Myanmar military since its massacre of pro-democracy protesters in 1988.” And unlike when the military junta ran the
show, the democratically elected government has now been forced to shoulder a large portion of the condemnation.
Many observers believe the government only endeavored to declare an end of the clearance operations in order to alleviate international pressure as momentum
builds for an UN-led commission of inquiry into allegations of crimes against humanity in Rakhine.
“Myanmar has proudly claimed the clearance operations have ended, as if we’re somehow supposed to look past the mass gang-rape, mass killing, and widespread
arson attacks. We believe the government is touting the end of the clearance operations to try to persuade the international community to not mandate a
Commission of Inquiry,” said Matthew Smith, co-founder of human rights group Fortify Rights. “The reality is that the Rohingya have been living through so-
called clearance operations for decades.”
But as the Human Rights Council convenes in Geneva, with the special rapporteur expected to deliver both a report and a recommendation for an inquiry on
March 13, security forces do not appear to be decamping from northern Rakhine.
In fact, it remains unclear if the Tatmadaw, which does not fall under civilian authority and still retains a sizeble political role, even agreed to terminate the
crackdown.
The day after presidentially appointed national security adviser U Thaung Tun – a civilian – declared the campaign over, Tatmadaw spokesperson General Aung
Ye Win provided an alternative perspective. He told local news site The Irrawaddy, “We will not stop clearance operations. There will be regular security
operations. Ceasing military operations is information I am not aware of.”
Phil Robertson, deputy director of Human Rights Watch’s Asia division, said the denouement announced by the government reeks of opportunism.
“This announcement looks a lot like the traditional Burmese charm offensives of old, trying to spin out some positive news before the Human Rights Council takes
the government to task on its poor human rights record,” he said. “On the ground, the reality unfortunately hasn’t changed that much: the so-called ‘clearance
operation’ areas in northern Maungdaw [township] are still heavily militarized, independent monitors are [still] shut out of the area, and the Tatmadaw still uses
scorched earth tactics that treat the lives and well-being of vulnerable villagers as acceptable collateral damage in the pursuit Rohingya insurgents.”
Sealed off from journalists, humanitarian aid workers, and outside observers under the pretense of security concerns, the operation areas of northern Rakhine
State remain just as inaccessible in the twilight of the counterinsurgency campaign. Despite a deluge of allegations about abuses perpetuated by the soldiers and
police, the accounts continue to be impossible to verify on the ground. Meanwhile, the government has deviated little from issuing blanket denials and promising
investigations, responses which UN officials have alternately deemed “callous” and not credible.
Rights workers have instead documented the alleged atrocities from next door, in the refugee camps on the fringes of Cox’s Bazar.
13. 8/29/2017 What’s Next for Myanmar’s Rakhine State? | The Diplomat
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Rohingya have swelled over the porous border with Bangladesh for decades. In northern Rakhine State, even at the best of times the Rohingya lived in an
“occupation zone,” where they are denied citizenship, freedom of movement, and access to higher education and health care, and periodically subjected to
immigration crackdowns. In Bangladesh, they do not find a drastic improvement.
Dhaka estimates some 300,000 Rohingya Muslims are now taking refuge in Bangladesh, including more than 74,500 recent arrivals. Of those, only 34,000 are
registered in two officially recognized camps, so only they are eligible for official humanitarian aid, such as food subsidies and housing. The rest have no legal
status, and are forced to improvise an existence by scavenging and begging off those who have little to share.
“For decades, Bangladesh has deliberately deprived Rohingya of adequate humanitarian aid. It’s a grisly, inhumane policy. The authorities in Bangladesh need to
get over themselves and understand that Rohingya aren’t being pulled out of Myanmar by the prospects of prosperity in the camps – these are some of the world’s
worst refugee camps,” said Matthew Smith of Fortify Rights. “The authorities’ avoidable deprivations in aid haven’t prevented Rohingya from fleeing to the
country. Rohingya have only ever been subjected to brutal push factors.”
A landmark UN OHCHR report released at the beginning of February concluded that the widespread allegations of abuses, including murder, torture, and rape,
committed by soldiers and police, indicated “the very likely commission of crimes against humanity.” Of the 204 Muslim Rohingya who were interviewed in
Bangladesh, the vast majority reported witnessing killings. Of the 101 women interviewed, more than half reported having suffered rape or other forms of sexual
violence.
Following her own visit to the refugees in Bangladesh, special rapporteur Yanghee Lee said what she heard was even worse than she had anticipated.
“I heard allegation after allegation of horrific events like these – slitting of throats, indiscriminate shootings, setting alight houses with people tied up inside and
throwing very young children into the fire, as well as gang rapes and other sexual violence,” she wrote.
While rights workers say that Bangladesh understands the severity of the situation and has agreed not to push involuntary returns for now, the country is also
increasingly reluctant to play host. Dhaka has said that the additional refugees are straining an already overtaxed system, and fueling narcotics and trafficking
gangs.
Bangladesh insists that as Rohingya Muslims are from Myanmar, they must return across the Naf river marshlands.
Though past influxes have subsequently been repatriated, some in arrangements brokered officially by the UN, the unprecedented level of violence experienced in
the recent crackdown as well as the lingering military presence in northern Rakhine State, prevents many from looking back.
“That military operation might have ended, but the oppression of the Rohingyas in Burma has not,” Dil Mohammad, a 30-year-old living in a shantytown in Cox’s
Bazar told VOA, adding that he believes the vast majority of those who fled the recent crackdown will not return.
As an alternative, Bangladesh has proposed a controversial scheme to relocate the refugees to Thengar Char, a flood-prone and underdeveloped island three hours
by speedboat from any other habitation. Whether the island is fit for human occupation is a matter of debate even within the Bangladeshi government, with a local
forestry office citing a lack of drinking water and frequent natural calamities such as cyclones.
UN officials appear to have dismissed the island plan as an abstract proposal, while others have slammed it as a dangerous non-solution.
“The idea floated by the government of Bangladesh to force recently arrived Rohingya onto an island particularly vulnerable to flooding is completely unacceptable.
It has been denounced and abandoned in the past and I’d expect that to be the case again now,” said Daniel Sullivan, a senior advocate with Refugees
International.
But Dhaka isn’t moving past the plan so swiftly, and has reportedly asked both the Organization of Islamic Cooperation and German Chancellor Angela Merkel for
assistance in carrying out and funding the island proposal. Foreign ministry officials have at least acknowledged that the relocation could not be carried out until
infrastructure is developed.
14. 8/29/2017 What’s Next for Myanmar’s Rakhine State? | The Diplomat
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For now, the Rohingya refugees in Bangladesh do not appear to be going anywhere. How long that lasts, especially if they refuse repatriation, is a matter of no
small concern.
“While the international spotlight is still on the Rohingya, Dhaka is tolerating the influx, but when that attention moves to another part of the world, expect things
to change fast,” said Phil Robertson of HRW.
“Bangladesh is like most of the governments in the region that just want the Rohingya to be someone else’s problem.”
Laignee Barron is a journalist and editor based in Yangon, Myanmar. You can find her on Twitter @laignee.
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16. 8/29/2017 World Report 2017: Burma | Human Rights Watch
https://www.hrw.org/world-report/2017/country-chapters/burma 2/16
Burma’s new government led by the National League for Democracy (NLD)
took office in March 2016 after sweeping the November 2015 elections.
Headed by State Counsellor Aung San Suu Kyi and President Htin Kyaw, the
NLD controls a majority of both upper and lower house parliamentary seats
in the country’s first democratically elected, civilian-led government since
1962. However, the new government inherited deep-rooted challenges,
including constitutional empowerment of the military, repressive legislation,
weak rule of law, and a corrupt judiciary.
The political transition began promisingly, with the April release of over 200
political prisoners and detainees. Nonetheless, the NLD-led government has
thus far not capitalized on its initial momentum in guiding the country
toward substantive reform or the creation of democratic institutions.
Fighting between the Burmese armed forces and ethnic armed groups
intensified or flared up in several regions during the year, resulting in abuses
against civilians and massive displacement. Violent attacks by unknown
insurgents against border guard posts on October 9 in Maungdaw, northern
Rakhine State, resulted in the deaths of nine officials and sparked the most
serious humanitarian and human rights crisis in Rakhine State since the
October 2012 “ethnic cleansing” campaign against the Rohingya.
Under the deeply flawed 2008 constitution, the military retains autonomy
from civilian oversight and extensive power over the government and
national security, with control of the Defense, Home Affairs, and Border
Affairs Ministries. It is guaranteed 25 percent of parliamentary seats, which
constitutes an effective veto over any constitutional amendments, and is
authorized to assume power in a national state of emergency.
17. 8/29/2017 World Report 2017: Burma | Human Rights Watch
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Ethnic Conflict and Armed Forces Abuses
Fighting between the Tatmadaw (Burmese armed forces) and ethnic armed
groups worsened over the year in Kachin, Rakhine, Karen, and Northern
Shan States, displacing thousands of civilians. Government forces have been
responsible for serious abuses, including extrajudicial killings, torture,
sexual violence, and destruction of property. Government shelling and
airstrikes have been conducted against ethnic areas, in violation of the laws
of war. Both government and non-state groups have been implicated in the
use of anti-personnel landmines and forced recruitment, including of
children.
Rohingya Tell Horror Stories of Rape, Killings by Burmese Army
The Burmese military has conducted a campaign of arson, killing and rape against
ethnic Rohingya that has threatened the lives of thousands.
18. 8/29/2017 World Report 2017: Burma | Human Rights Watch
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The legacy of the Burmese military’s “divide and rule” approach persists, as
the conflict’s spillover and ensuing abuses compound tensions among
ethnic groups.
The Nationwide Ceasefire Agreement (NCA) orchestrated under the previous
Thein Sein government was signed in October 2015 by eight non-state
armed groups, fewer than half of the country’s total. Since its adoption,
military operations and clashes between signatory and non-signatory armed
groups have continued.
From August 31 to September 3, Aung San Suu Kyi presided over the 21st
Century Panglong Conference, billed as a forum for re-engaging armed
groups and other national stakeholders in the country’s peace process.
Intensified fighting on the ground has continued unabated since the
conference.
In Northern Shan State, fighting between the Ta’ang National Liberation
Army and the Restoration Council of Shan State/Shan State Army-South, at
times with the support of the Tatmadaw, flared throughout the year.
Fighting between the military and the Kachin Independence Army (KIA) in
Kachin State increased steadily since mid-August. In September, fighting
between ethnic armed groups and government forces in Karen State
displaced about 5,900 civilians.
Violence over the past five years has left 220,000 people displaced
nationwide—120,000 in Rakhine State and 100,000 in Shan and Kachin
States.
19. 8/29/2017 World Report 2017: Burma | Human Rights Watch
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Security threats, weak infrastructure, and restrictions imposed by
government and non-state authorities regularly impeded access by
humanitarian agencies to civilians displaced in conflict-affected areas.
Restrictions on access to Internally Displaced Persons (IDPs) in Kachin and
Shan States increased in late 2016.
Abuses against Rohingya
Muslim minorities in Burma, in particular the 1.2 million ethnic Rohingya,
continue to face rampant and systemic human rights violations.
Outbreaks of violence in Maungdaw district in northern Rakhine State
escalated following an October 9 attack on three border outposts that left
nine police officers dead. Asserting that both the initial and subsequent
attacks were carried out by armed Rohingya militants, the government
initiated “clearance operations” to locate the alleged attackers while locking
down the area, denying access to humanitarian aid groups, independent
media, and rights monitors.
20. 8/29/2017 World Report 2017: Burma | Human Rights Watch
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The security operations led to numerous reports of serious abuses by
government security forces against Rohingya villagers, including summary
killings, rape and other sexual violence, torture and ill-treatment, arbitrary
arrests, and arson. The military employed helicopter gunships during a
series of clashes beginning on November 11. At time of writing, the
government said it had arrested over 300 alleged suspects. Local groups
reported the use of torture and a number of deaths in custody.
Satellite imagery in November revealed widespread fire-related destruction
in Rohingya villages, with a total of 430 destroyed buildings in three villages
of Maungdaw district.
Government travel restrictions placed on humanitarian agencies have led to
critical food insecurity and malnutrition, and an estimated 30,000 Muslim
villagers remain displaced.
The government has continually failed to adequately or effectively
investigate abuses against the Rohingya, and did not act on
recommendations to seek UN assistance for an investigation into the
violence.
The ongoing crisis in Maungdaw represents the most serious and widespread
violence against the Rohingya since the ethnic cleansing campaign carried
out in June and October 2012. Four years after the 2012 violence, about
120,000 Rohingya remain displaced in camps in Rakhine State.
Humanitarian conditions for both remaining IDPs and newly resettled
persons remain dire due to restrictions on movement and lack of access to
livelihoods and basic services.
21. 8/29/2017 World Report 2017: Burma | Human Rights Watch
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The effective denial of citizenship for the Rohingya—who are not recognized
on the official list of 135 ethnic groups eligible for full citizenship under the
1982 Citizenship Law—has facilitated enduring rights abuses, including
restrictions on movement; limitations on access to health care, livelihood,
shelter, and education; arbitrary arrests and detention; and forced labor.
Travel is severely constrained by authorization requirements, security
checkpoints, curfews, and strict control of IDP camp access. Such barriers
compound the health crisis caused by poor living conditions, severe
overcrowding, and limited health facilities.
The government refuses to use the term Rohingya, which the group self-
identifies as but is rejected by nationalist Buddhists in favor of the term
“Bengali,” which implies illegal migrant status in Burma. Aung San Suu Kyi
refers to the group as the “Muslim Community in Rakhine State,” and has
requested that international stakeholders, including the United States,
European Union, and United Nations, follow suit.
The new Burmese government established two bodies to address sectarian
tensions in Rakhine State—a government committee and a nine-member
national/international advisory commission led by former UN Secretary-
General Kofi Annan, which initiated its year-long research mandate in
September.
Freedom of Expression and Assembly
22. 8/29/2017 World Report 2017: Burma | Human Rights Watch
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Freedom of Expression and Assembly
Restrictions on the rights to freedom of expression and assembly persist,
amid the government’s failure to contend with the range of rights-abusing
laws that have been long used to criminalize free speech and prosecute
dissidents.
In its final months of rule, Thein Sein’s government continued arresting
activists using politically motivated charges, failing to fulfill the former
president’s 2013 pledge to release all political prisoners by the end of his
term. In April, the new NLD-led government released 235 political prisoners
and detainees in a series of amnesties.
However, the nod toward a new era of openness was contradicted by the
government’s continued use of problematic legislation to restrict free
speech. In April, two Muslim interfaith activists were convicted on charges
under section 17(1) of the Unlawful Association Act and sentenced to an
additional two years in prison with hard labor. Numerous activists were
arrested under section 66(d) of the Telecommunications Act for “defaming”
Aung San Suu Kyi, President Htin Kyaw, or the military in social media
posts. These include Maung Saungkha, who was sentenced to six months in
prison in May for a poem he posted on Facebook, and Aung Win Hlaing,
sentenced to nine months in prison in September for calling the president an
“idiot” and “crazy” on Facebook.
23. 8/29/2017 World Report 2017: Burma | Human Rights Watch
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Parliament put forward a new Peaceful Assembly and Peaceful Procession
Law in May, yet despite slight improvements the proposed revisions
maintain regulations that allow for at-will crackdowns on peaceful protests,
blanket prohibitions on certain protest speech, and criminal penalties for
any violation of its restrictions.
Arrests and prosecutions for participation in peaceful assemblies have
continued under the new administration. Police arrested 90 political
activists in May, including student leaders of an interfaith peace walk in
Rangoon; demonstrators against the Letpadaung mine in Sagaing Division;
and 76 labor rights activists marching to the capital, Naypyidaw, to protest
treatment by local factory owners. Fifty-one of the labor activists were
charged with unlawful assembly, rioting, and disturbing public tranquility
under the Burmese penal code; 15 were convicted in October and sentenced
to between four and six months in prison.
Throughout the year, as many as 60 Arakanese men were arrested under
section 17(1) of the Unlawful Association Act for alleged ties to the Arakan
Army. From March to July, 28 were found guilty and sentenced to two to five
years in prison with hard labor.
The criminalization of expression perceived as a threat to the armed forces
also continued. In late June, the Ta’ang Women’s Organization was forced to
cancel a press conference in Rangoon to launch a report documenting
military abuses against ethnic Palaung in Northern Shan State. In August,
Khine Myo Htun, an environmental activist and member of the Arakan
Liberation Party, was charged with violating sections 505(b) and 505(c) of
the penal code for accusing the armed forces of committing crimes against
24. 8/29/2017 World Report 2017: Burma | Human Rights Watch
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humanity. In October, veteran activist Htin Kyaw was arrested and charged
with violating section 505(a) for accusing the military of committing human
rights abuses.
While the relaxation of press censorship has been a key hallmark of the
democratic transition, various forms of government control remain inscribed
in the legal framework and employed to restrict media freedom. In June, the
Ministry of Information banned the film “Twilight Over Burma” from a
human rights film festival for its depiction of a relationship it claimed would
threaten ethnic and military relations.
As part of the military’s “clearance operations” in northern Rakhine State,
the authorities denied independent journalists access to the region since
early October. The Myanmar Times fired a journalist who had reported on
allegations of rape by security forces in Maungdaw, reportedly under
pressure from the Ministry of Information.
Burma’s national penal code criminalizes consensual same-sex behavior
between adult men. In recent years police have arrested gay men and
transgender women assembling in public places, and politicians have called
for the “education” of gay people.
Women’s and Girls’ Rights
25. 8/29/2017 World Report 2017: Burma | Human Rights Watch
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Women’s and Girls’ Rights
Justice for women and girls in Burma remains elusive, particularly with
regard to violence related to armed conflict. Sexual violence by the military,
and to some extent ethnic armed groups, has been frequent, and the
renewed violent clashes in Kachin and Northern Shan States has
exacerbated the problem. Such crimes are facilitated by a near total lack of
accountability, and no institutionalized complaint mechanism. Few
prosecutions have been publicly reported, despite allegations of more than
115 cases of sexual violence perpetrated by the Burmese army since fighting
renewed.
In October and November, media and local groups reported numerous
incidents of rape and other sexual assault of Rohingya women and girls
committed by security forces during the “clearing operations” in Maungdaw
district. The government denied all reports of sexual violence, and the
military lockdown has prevented independent investigations into the
abuses. This suppression is emblematic of the military’s long-standing
refusal to seriously investigate cases of sexual violence.
In May, the Tatmadaw announced that an investigation into the January
2015 rape and murder of two Kachin schoolteachers by suspected army
soldiers had taken place, but no public information about charges or a trial
was released. Women in conflict zones and displaced or stateless women are
especially vulnerable to abductions, enforced disappearances, sexual
violence, and exploitation.
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Despite their central role in human rights and democracy activism in Burma,
women have been marginalized in the government’s various peace process
initiatives, and their concerns have been noticeably absent from the
negotiations. Women made up less than 10 percent of participants in the
peace process, and women’s rights groups were sidelined at the 21st Century
Panglong Conference.
Women hold only 13 percent of seats in the new parliament; only one
woman sits on the 18-person cabinet, and only 0.25 percent of village-level
administrators are women.
Key International Actors
Burma’s political transition has triggered an enthusiastic response from
international stakeholders. Since the new administration took office, there
have been only limited attempts by foreign governments to press for genuine
legal and policy reforms.
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In May, the United States government relaxed a range of sanctions to ease
US business investments and financial transactions in Burma. Following a
visit by Aung San Suu Kyi in September, the US announced plans to lift most
remaining sanctions, which was carried out by executive order on October 7.
The US also resumed the General System of Preferences (GSP) trade status
with Burma, despite serious concerns that Burma’s labor practices do not
meet GSP conditions on labor rights. In a contradictory move, the US State
Department downgraded Burma in its annual Trafficking in Persons report to
Tier 3, the lowest tier, in recognition of ongoing abuses related to human
trafficking, child soldier recruitment, and forced labor.
The UN Human Rights Council in March once again adopted its resolution on
Burma and extended the special rapporteur’s mandate, requesting that she
identify benchmarks for reform. However, the EU decided not to introduce a
resolution at the UN General Assembly in November, underscoring the
international community’s softening approach.
As Burma’s immediate neighbor with significant business and military ties
within the country, China continued efforts to strengthen its geopolitical
engagement with the Burmese government and advance the large-scale
development projects that offer access to the country’s natural resources and
strategic regional borders, often to the detriment of local populations.
Burma: Farmers Kicked off their Land
28. 8/29/2017 World Report 2017: Burma | Human Rights Watch
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Officials regularly charge villagers with criminal trespass if they refuse to leave land,
and in one case, police torched a village. Militia commanders have also used threats,
force, and arbitrary arrests to intimidate farmers and take land, particularly in areas
still contested by ethnic Karen armed groups.
Burma
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