This document discusses the role of human capital formation and education in helping countries sustain economic growth and avoid falling into the "middle-income trap". It notes that a quality education system is needed to equip workers with relevant skills, and that both the quantity and quality of human capital are important for output. It examines Malaysia and Thailand specifically and argues that focusing education on STEM fields and creating a robust middle class are crucial for long-term growth. Case studies are presented on the quality of education in different countries and the economic benefits of investing in human capital.