Human capital refers to the skills, knowledge, and attributes embodied in individuals that contribute to economic productivity. It includes the education, training, and health of workers. Human capital formation is the process of increasing the stock of human capital over time through investments in education, health, migration, information, and on-the-job training. Education is considered the most important source of human capital formation as it increases future incomes and productivity. While India has increased investments in education and human capital over time, challenges remain in achieving universal education and reducing gender and regional disparities. Further investments will be needed to fully realize the benefits of human capital for economic growth.
The document discusses key differences between physical capital and human capital. It notes that human capital is intangible, inseparable from its owners, built through policy and expenditure, and creates both private and social benefits. In contrast, physical capital is tangible, separable from owners, can be built through imports, and creates private benefits. The document also compares approaches to human capital and human development, noting human development considers education and health as ends in themselves rather than just means to increase productivity.
1) Societies need human capital in the form of educated professionals like engineers, doctors, and teachers.
2) Investment in education and training is required to develop human capital from human resources.
3) Both private and social benefits are created through investment in human capital.
Education for Accelerating Human Resource CapitalGautam Kumar
The document discusses human capital formation and the development of skills and education among a population as a key resource for economic growth. It outlines sources of human capital formation such as health services, education, job training, and migration. Developing strong education systems is identified as the most effective way to enhance and expand a country's productive workforce.
This presentation provides an overview of human capital formation in India. It defines human capital as the skills, education, and experience that contribute to economic development. It discusses how investment in education, health, job training, and information can increase human capital. Higher human capital enhances productivity, innovation, and economic growth. While India has made progress in education and health indicators, it still faces challenges like high illiteracy rates, gender gaps, low education standards, and insufficient public spending on education. Further investment in education and skills development will be needed to fully realize the benefits of India's demographic dividend.
Human capital refers to the knowledge, skills, and health embodied in individuals that enables personal economic productivity. Pedagogy shapes how teachers impart knowledge and skills to students. Investing in education is crucial for developing human capital, which drives economic growth, reduces inequality, and promotes social mobility. Well-educated populations are better able to invent, innovate, and compete globally. Prioritizing education and health has significant economic returns by increasing productivity and reducing mortality.
This document provides revision notes on human capital formation in India. It defines human capital and physical capital, and discusses the differences between the two. It then outlines the sources and process of human capital formation, including expenditure on education, health, on-the-job training, and migration. Some key factors that contribute to human capital formation in India are investment in education and health sectors, on-the-job training, and migration. The document also discusses indicators of educational achievement, reasons for regional differences in education attainment, and the differences between human capital and human development.
This document discusses human resource development in OIC countries. It finds that while OIC countries have made progress in expanding knowledge, improving health, and raising living standards, they still need to increase productivity and efficiency of human capital development. The key challenges facing OIC countries are relatively high infant mortality rates, low life expectancy, and limited access to education and healthcare for many citizens. Successful human resource development requires allocating resources effectively within and between sectors, both domestically and through supplemental foreign resources, in order to implement strategies that develop people's capabilities.
The document discusses key differences between physical capital and human capital. It notes that human capital is intangible, inseparable from its owners, built through policy and expenditure, and creates both private and social benefits. In contrast, physical capital is tangible, separable from owners, can be built through imports, and creates private benefits. The document also compares approaches to human capital and human development, noting human development considers education and health as ends in themselves rather than just means to increase productivity.
1) Societies need human capital in the form of educated professionals like engineers, doctors, and teachers.
2) Investment in education and training is required to develop human capital from human resources.
3) Both private and social benefits are created through investment in human capital.
Education for Accelerating Human Resource CapitalGautam Kumar
The document discusses human capital formation and the development of skills and education among a population as a key resource for economic growth. It outlines sources of human capital formation such as health services, education, job training, and migration. Developing strong education systems is identified as the most effective way to enhance and expand a country's productive workforce.
This presentation provides an overview of human capital formation in India. It defines human capital as the skills, education, and experience that contribute to economic development. It discusses how investment in education, health, job training, and information can increase human capital. Higher human capital enhances productivity, innovation, and economic growth. While India has made progress in education and health indicators, it still faces challenges like high illiteracy rates, gender gaps, low education standards, and insufficient public spending on education. Further investment in education and skills development will be needed to fully realize the benefits of India's demographic dividend.
Human capital refers to the knowledge, skills, and health embodied in individuals that enables personal economic productivity. Pedagogy shapes how teachers impart knowledge and skills to students. Investing in education is crucial for developing human capital, which drives economic growth, reduces inequality, and promotes social mobility. Well-educated populations are better able to invent, innovate, and compete globally. Prioritizing education and health has significant economic returns by increasing productivity and reducing mortality.
This document provides revision notes on human capital formation in India. It defines human capital and physical capital, and discusses the differences between the two. It then outlines the sources and process of human capital formation, including expenditure on education, health, on-the-job training, and migration. Some key factors that contribute to human capital formation in India are investment in education and health sectors, on-the-job training, and migration. The document also discusses indicators of educational achievement, reasons for regional differences in education attainment, and the differences between human capital and human development.
This document discusses human resource development in OIC countries. It finds that while OIC countries have made progress in expanding knowledge, improving health, and raising living standards, they still need to increase productivity and efficiency of human capital development. The key challenges facing OIC countries are relatively high infant mortality rates, low life expectancy, and limited access to education and healthcare for many citizens. Successful human resource development requires allocating resources effectively within and between sectors, both domestically and through supplemental foreign resources, in order to implement strategies that develop people's capabilities.
Economics of Education is the concept that lead us why do we go for education and what do we achieve from it. Please, take it only for your exploring your mind, keep in mind that your mental process can make better than this.
This document discusses the relationship between education and economics. It begins by outlining how education contributes to human capital and economic growth. Individuals with more education are more productive and receive higher wages. The level of education attained by an individual is determined by factors like interest rates, costs of education, and wage differentials. Government plays an important role in education as a public good that is funded through taxation and contributes to equity and economic productivity. Overall, the document argues that investment in education is critical for developing human capital and stimulating economic growth.
Capital formation is a key determinant of economic development according to the document. Higher capital formation leads to greater productive capacity and higher national income. Capital formation depends on income, savings, and investment. Natural resources also play an important role if they are utilized fully. Other factors discussed include marketable agricultural surplus, conditions of foreign trade, economic systems, human capital formation, technical know-how, education, infrastructure, political stability, and reduction of corruption.
This document discusses how education contributes to economic growth. It explains that investing in education improves a country's human capital by creating a more productive workforce. Workers with more skills and training can produce more goods and services, leading to increased GDP and standards of living. Education is viewed as an investment that yields long term benefits for both workers in the form of higher wages and employers through greater productivity. Overall, a well-educated labor force is a major factor in determining a country's economic strength and competitiveness.
- Education improves productivity and prosperity, enriching both individual and societal development. It contributes to increased national income and cultural richness.
- An educated society facilitates better development programs than an illiterate one. Education increases income both by raising individual productivity and by promoting equal access to economic opportunities.
- Investing in education has positive feedback effects, including greater income equality and improved health, both of which support higher economic growth. Education is crucial for developing skills needed in modern economies and for effective technology adoption.
Human capital refers to the skills, knowledge, and health that enable people to be productive. Developing human capital through education and training is important for economic growth. While Pakistan has made some investments in education and seen gains in literacy and human development, it spends less than comparable countries on health and education. Improving human capital will require greater investment, better education quality, and addressing issues like population growth and unequal access to opportunities.
The document discusses the evolution of human resource planning (HRP) from focusing on improving efficiency of hourly production workers in the early 20th century to ensuring adequate qualified personnel are available at the right time and place in the 1990s. It provides various definitions of HRP, objectives of HRP including forecasting personnel requirements and promoting employee development. Key principles for effective HRP include commitment from top management and flexibility to changing situations.
Unit 5. Economy and Human capital development-converted.pptxTanzeelaBashir1
Human capital refers to the skills, knowledge, and health that enable people to be productive. Developing human capital through education and training is critical for economic growth. While Pakistan has made some investments in education and seen gains in literacy and human development indicators, it spends less than comparable countries on health and education. Increasing spending on social sectors like health and education can help develop Pakistan's human capital and support greater economic prosperity.
Changing nature of work, Human Capital and Economic Growth of bangladeshMd. Ashraful Alam
Changing Nature of work, Human Capital and Economic Growth of Bangladesh discusses how technology is changing the skills needed in the workforce. Workers now need skills like complex problem solving, teamwork, and adaptability. While machines have replaced humans in many jobs, technology has also created new jobs and increased productivity. Developing countries like Bangladesh face challenges catching up with these technological changes. Investing in human capital development through education, health access, and job training is critical for economic growth in Bangladesh. The country's human capital index score of 0.48 places it above neighbors like India and Pakistan but below smaller countries like Nepal. Strong human capital foundations are essential for countries to develop workforce skills and adapt to changes in the nature of work.
The document discusses several factors contributing to regional differences in educational attainment in India. It notes that states differ in language, culture, needs, climate and more. As a result, some regions lack educational facilities while others prioritize education more. For example, states like Bihar, Rajasthan and Uttar Pradesh have lower literacy rates while states like Kerala, Tamil Nadu and Uttaranchal have higher rates. Generally, regions with lower standards of living, fewer job opportunities and more subsistence level work value education less. Poverty also prevents families from sending children to school, as they rely on child labor. Gender disparities further contribute to regional differences in education across India.
in this presentation, contain all details about chapter production and growth that will learned in subject economics. it is quite useful for people who look for it.
1. Human capital formation refers to increasing the productive qualities of a country's labor force through education, skills training, health care, and other means.
2. Key factors that influence human capital formation in Pakistan include low literacy rates, lack of on-the-job training, insufficient health and nutrition levels, and inadequate basic infrastructure and services.
3. Improving human capital formation is important for Pakistan's economic development as it can increase labor productivity and utilization of resources, promote technological advancement, boost industrial performance, and reduce poverty and unemployment. However, challenges to human capital formation in Pakistan include rapid population growth, unequal access to education, and lack of awareness about its benefits.
This document discusses the key factors that determine a country's economic growth as measured by Gross Domestic Product (GDP). It identifies the four main factors as natural resources, human capital, capital goods, and entrepreneurship. Natural resources include gifts from nature that can be used to produce goods. Human capital refers to the skills and education level of the workforce. Capital goods are the infrastructure like factories and technology needed for businesses. Entrepreneurship involves people taking risks to start new businesses that create jobs. All four factors working together can increase a country's GDP and standard of living.
This document discusses human capital and its importance for rural development. It defines human capital as investments in education, training, and health that increase people's productivity. Studies show education increases incomes. For developing countries with large rural populations, transforming people into human capital through education, health, and values can help address lack of tangible capital. Rural development aims to improve quality of life and economies in isolated areas, and is characterized by locally-led strategies and programs from groups like Aga Khan Foundation, CTA, and USDA Rural Development.
The document provides an overview of the Indian economy, including definitions of key economic concepts like GDP, economic growth, and factors that affect economic development. It then discusses characteristics of the Indian economy, highlighting that it is developing but mixed, with both public and private sectors. It also covers concepts of human development in India like calculating the Human Development Index which considers education, health, and income. Overall it analyzes indicators and trends of the Indian economy.
Human Capital Development Towards Industralisation by Adesola Eghagha Quramo Conferences
The Quramo Conference Series is a platform dedicated to influencing, improving and vending knowledge towards change and development.
This April, the conference theme was People Power and focused on human capital development and the investment in people which can lead to industralisation in Africa.
Ensure Equity in Society: Government and other significant stakeholders shoul...Naiyer F. Khanom
Education transforms people by making them more articulate and able to think differently about the world. It opens up job opportunities and makes a dramatic difference in people's lives. Education generates greater social equity, which benefits society overall.
Income inequality exists between urban and rural areas of Pakistan. Rural areas have lower incomes due to lack of development, lower GDP contribution, less investment, and fewer education and opportunities. Urban areas have higher incomes due to accessible markets, contribution to GDP, opportunities for skill learning and education, and better resources. Poverty can be reduced by controlling population growth, creating jobs, increasing access to education, establishing non-profits, and increasing exports while decreasing imports. Productivity in Pakistan is low due to issues like multitasking, stress, lack of recognition, and poor management. Factors like workforce, technology, capital investment, and research can impact productivity.
Human capital refers to the stock of skill, ability, expertise, education, and knowledge in a nation at a point of time. We need investment in human capital to produce more human capital out of human resources.Nations require adequate human capital who are educated and qualified as educators and other specialists. In other words, we need great human capital to create other human capital like doctors, engineers, professors, etc., which will later become a human asset and contribute to the economy of the country.Human resources are the people who are part of the workforce and contribute to the productivity of a country. The quality and efficiency of human resources depend on factors such as health, education, skills, and motivation. Different countries have different levels of human resource development and potential. For example, India has a large and young population that can provide a demographic dividend if properly educated and employedThe term human resources refers to the size of the population of a country along with its efficiency, educational qualities, productivity, organisational abilities and farsightedness. It is the ultimate resource, but not equally distributed over the worldIndia has 62.5% of its population in the age group of 15-59 years which is ever increasing and will be at the peak around 2036 when it will reach approximately 65%.These population parameters indicate an availability of demographic dividend in India, which started in 2005-06 and will last till 2055-56.According to Economic Survey 2018-19,India’s Demographic Dividend will peak around 2041, when the share of working-age,i.e. 20-59 years, population is expected to hit 59%.India has one of the youngest populations in an aging world. By 2020, the median age in India will be just 28, compared to 37 in China and the US, 45 in Western Europe, and 49 in Japan.Since 2018, India’s working-age population (people between 15 and 64 years of age) has grown larger than the dependents population — children aged 14 or below as well as people above 65 years of age. This bulge in the working-age population is going to last till 2055, or 37 years from its beginning.This transition happens largely because of a decrease in the total fertility rate(TFR, which is the number of births per woman) after the increase in life expectancy gets stabilised.A study on demographic dividend in India by United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA) throws up two interesting facts.The window of demographic dividend opportunity in India is available for five decades from 2005-06 to 2055-56, longer than any other country in the world.This demographic dividend window is available at different times in different states because of differential behaviour of the population parameter.
How Barcodes Can Be Leveraged Within Odoo 17Celine George
In this presentation, we will explore how barcodes can be leveraged within Odoo 17 to streamline our manufacturing processes. We will cover the configuration steps, how to utilize barcodes in different manufacturing scenarios, and the overall benefits of implementing this technology.
More Related Content
Similar to Human_Capital_Formation_An_Indian_Perspective.pptx
Economics of Education is the concept that lead us why do we go for education and what do we achieve from it. Please, take it only for your exploring your mind, keep in mind that your mental process can make better than this.
This document discusses the relationship between education and economics. It begins by outlining how education contributes to human capital and economic growth. Individuals with more education are more productive and receive higher wages. The level of education attained by an individual is determined by factors like interest rates, costs of education, and wage differentials. Government plays an important role in education as a public good that is funded through taxation and contributes to equity and economic productivity. Overall, the document argues that investment in education is critical for developing human capital and stimulating economic growth.
Capital formation is a key determinant of economic development according to the document. Higher capital formation leads to greater productive capacity and higher national income. Capital formation depends on income, savings, and investment. Natural resources also play an important role if they are utilized fully. Other factors discussed include marketable agricultural surplus, conditions of foreign trade, economic systems, human capital formation, technical know-how, education, infrastructure, political stability, and reduction of corruption.
This document discusses how education contributes to economic growth. It explains that investing in education improves a country's human capital by creating a more productive workforce. Workers with more skills and training can produce more goods and services, leading to increased GDP and standards of living. Education is viewed as an investment that yields long term benefits for both workers in the form of higher wages and employers through greater productivity. Overall, a well-educated labor force is a major factor in determining a country's economic strength and competitiveness.
- Education improves productivity and prosperity, enriching both individual and societal development. It contributes to increased national income and cultural richness.
- An educated society facilitates better development programs than an illiterate one. Education increases income both by raising individual productivity and by promoting equal access to economic opportunities.
- Investing in education has positive feedback effects, including greater income equality and improved health, both of which support higher economic growth. Education is crucial for developing skills needed in modern economies and for effective technology adoption.
Human capital refers to the skills, knowledge, and health that enable people to be productive. Developing human capital through education and training is important for economic growth. While Pakistan has made some investments in education and seen gains in literacy and human development, it spends less than comparable countries on health and education. Improving human capital will require greater investment, better education quality, and addressing issues like population growth and unequal access to opportunities.
The document discusses the evolution of human resource planning (HRP) from focusing on improving efficiency of hourly production workers in the early 20th century to ensuring adequate qualified personnel are available at the right time and place in the 1990s. It provides various definitions of HRP, objectives of HRP including forecasting personnel requirements and promoting employee development. Key principles for effective HRP include commitment from top management and flexibility to changing situations.
Unit 5. Economy and Human capital development-converted.pptxTanzeelaBashir1
Human capital refers to the skills, knowledge, and health that enable people to be productive. Developing human capital through education and training is critical for economic growth. While Pakistan has made some investments in education and seen gains in literacy and human development indicators, it spends less than comparable countries on health and education. Increasing spending on social sectors like health and education can help develop Pakistan's human capital and support greater economic prosperity.
Changing nature of work, Human Capital and Economic Growth of bangladeshMd. Ashraful Alam
Changing Nature of work, Human Capital and Economic Growth of Bangladesh discusses how technology is changing the skills needed in the workforce. Workers now need skills like complex problem solving, teamwork, and adaptability. While machines have replaced humans in many jobs, technology has also created new jobs and increased productivity. Developing countries like Bangladesh face challenges catching up with these technological changes. Investing in human capital development through education, health access, and job training is critical for economic growth in Bangladesh. The country's human capital index score of 0.48 places it above neighbors like India and Pakistan but below smaller countries like Nepal. Strong human capital foundations are essential for countries to develop workforce skills and adapt to changes in the nature of work.
The document discusses several factors contributing to regional differences in educational attainment in India. It notes that states differ in language, culture, needs, climate and more. As a result, some regions lack educational facilities while others prioritize education more. For example, states like Bihar, Rajasthan and Uttar Pradesh have lower literacy rates while states like Kerala, Tamil Nadu and Uttaranchal have higher rates. Generally, regions with lower standards of living, fewer job opportunities and more subsistence level work value education less. Poverty also prevents families from sending children to school, as they rely on child labor. Gender disparities further contribute to regional differences in education across India.
in this presentation, contain all details about chapter production and growth that will learned in subject economics. it is quite useful for people who look for it.
1. Human capital formation refers to increasing the productive qualities of a country's labor force through education, skills training, health care, and other means.
2. Key factors that influence human capital formation in Pakistan include low literacy rates, lack of on-the-job training, insufficient health and nutrition levels, and inadequate basic infrastructure and services.
3. Improving human capital formation is important for Pakistan's economic development as it can increase labor productivity and utilization of resources, promote technological advancement, boost industrial performance, and reduce poverty and unemployment. However, challenges to human capital formation in Pakistan include rapid population growth, unequal access to education, and lack of awareness about its benefits.
This document discusses the key factors that determine a country's economic growth as measured by Gross Domestic Product (GDP). It identifies the four main factors as natural resources, human capital, capital goods, and entrepreneurship. Natural resources include gifts from nature that can be used to produce goods. Human capital refers to the skills and education level of the workforce. Capital goods are the infrastructure like factories and technology needed for businesses. Entrepreneurship involves people taking risks to start new businesses that create jobs. All four factors working together can increase a country's GDP and standard of living.
This document discusses human capital and its importance for rural development. It defines human capital as investments in education, training, and health that increase people's productivity. Studies show education increases incomes. For developing countries with large rural populations, transforming people into human capital through education, health, and values can help address lack of tangible capital. Rural development aims to improve quality of life and economies in isolated areas, and is characterized by locally-led strategies and programs from groups like Aga Khan Foundation, CTA, and USDA Rural Development.
The document provides an overview of the Indian economy, including definitions of key economic concepts like GDP, economic growth, and factors that affect economic development. It then discusses characteristics of the Indian economy, highlighting that it is developing but mixed, with both public and private sectors. It also covers concepts of human development in India like calculating the Human Development Index which considers education, health, and income. Overall it analyzes indicators and trends of the Indian economy.
Human Capital Development Towards Industralisation by Adesola Eghagha Quramo Conferences
The Quramo Conference Series is a platform dedicated to influencing, improving and vending knowledge towards change and development.
This April, the conference theme was People Power and focused on human capital development and the investment in people which can lead to industralisation in Africa.
Ensure Equity in Society: Government and other significant stakeholders shoul...Naiyer F. Khanom
Education transforms people by making them more articulate and able to think differently about the world. It opens up job opportunities and makes a dramatic difference in people's lives. Education generates greater social equity, which benefits society overall.
Income inequality exists between urban and rural areas of Pakistan. Rural areas have lower incomes due to lack of development, lower GDP contribution, less investment, and fewer education and opportunities. Urban areas have higher incomes due to accessible markets, contribution to GDP, opportunities for skill learning and education, and better resources. Poverty can be reduced by controlling population growth, creating jobs, increasing access to education, establishing non-profits, and increasing exports while decreasing imports. Productivity in Pakistan is low due to issues like multitasking, stress, lack of recognition, and poor management. Factors like workforce, technology, capital investment, and research can impact productivity.
Human capital refers to the stock of skill, ability, expertise, education, and knowledge in a nation at a point of time. We need investment in human capital to produce more human capital out of human resources.Nations require adequate human capital who are educated and qualified as educators and other specialists. In other words, we need great human capital to create other human capital like doctors, engineers, professors, etc., which will later become a human asset and contribute to the economy of the country.Human resources are the people who are part of the workforce and contribute to the productivity of a country. The quality and efficiency of human resources depend on factors such as health, education, skills, and motivation. Different countries have different levels of human resource development and potential. For example, India has a large and young population that can provide a demographic dividend if properly educated and employedThe term human resources refers to the size of the population of a country along with its efficiency, educational qualities, productivity, organisational abilities and farsightedness. It is the ultimate resource, but not equally distributed over the worldIndia has 62.5% of its population in the age group of 15-59 years which is ever increasing and will be at the peak around 2036 when it will reach approximately 65%.These population parameters indicate an availability of demographic dividend in India, which started in 2005-06 and will last till 2055-56.According to Economic Survey 2018-19,India’s Demographic Dividend will peak around 2041, when the share of working-age,i.e. 20-59 years, population is expected to hit 59%.India has one of the youngest populations in an aging world. By 2020, the median age in India will be just 28, compared to 37 in China and the US, 45 in Western Europe, and 49 in Japan.Since 2018, India’s working-age population (people between 15 and 64 years of age) has grown larger than the dependents population — children aged 14 or below as well as people above 65 years of age. This bulge in the working-age population is going to last till 2055, or 37 years from its beginning.This transition happens largely because of a decrease in the total fertility rate(TFR, which is the number of births per woman) after the increase in life expectancy gets stabilised.A study on demographic dividend in India by United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA) throws up two interesting facts.The window of demographic dividend opportunity in India is available for five decades from 2005-06 to 2055-56, longer than any other country in the world.This demographic dividend window is available at different times in different states because of differential behaviour of the population parameter.
Similar to Human_Capital_Formation_An_Indian_Perspective.pptx (20)
How Barcodes Can Be Leveraged Within Odoo 17Celine George
In this presentation, we will explore how barcodes can be leveraged within Odoo 17 to streamline our manufacturing processes. We will cover the configuration steps, how to utilize barcodes in different manufacturing scenarios, and the overall benefits of implementing this technology.
Temple of Asclepius in Thrace. Excavation resultsKrassimira Luka
The temple and the sanctuary around were dedicated to Asklepios Zmidrenus. This name has been known since 1875 when an inscription dedicated to him was discovered in Rome. The inscription is dated in 227 AD and was left by soldiers originating from the city of Philippopolis (modern Plovdiv).
Level 3 NCEA - NZ: A Nation In the Making 1872 - 1900 SML.pptHenry Hollis
The History of NZ 1870-1900.
Making of a Nation.
From the NZ Wars to Liberals,
Richard Seddon, George Grey,
Social Laboratory, New Zealand,
Confiscations, Kotahitanga, Kingitanga, Parliament, Suffrage, Repudiation, Economic Change, Agriculture, Gold Mining, Timber, Flax, Sheep, Dairying,
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering.pptxDenish Jangid
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering
Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
Buildings: Selection of site for Buildings, Layout of Building Plan, Types of buildings, Plinth area, carpet area, floor space index, Introduction to building byelaws, concept of sun light & ventilation. Components of Buildings & their functions, Basic concept of R.C.C., Introduction to types of foundation
Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
Text Books:
1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
4. BCP, Surveying volume 1
A Visual Guide to 1 Samuel | A Tale of Two HeartsSteve Thomason
These slides walk through the story of 1 Samuel. Samuel is the last judge of Israel. The people reject God and want a king. Saul is anointed as the first king, but he is not a good king. David, the shepherd boy is anointed and Saul is envious of him. David shows honor while Saul continues to self destruct.
Elevate Your Nonprofit's Online Presence_ A Guide to Effective SEO Strategies...TechSoup
Whether you're new to SEO or looking to refine your existing strategies, this webinar will provide you with actionable insights and practical tips to elevate your nonprofit's online presence.
This document provides an overview of wound healing, its functions, stages, mechanisms, factors affecting it, and complications.
A wound is a break in the integrity of the skin or tissues, which may be associated with disruption of the structure and function.
Healing is the body’s response to injury in an attempt to restore normal structure and functions.
Healing can occur in two ways: Regeneration and Repair
There are 4 phases of wound healing: hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling. This document also describes the mechanism of wound healing. Factors that affect healing include infection, uncontrolled diabetes, poor nutrition, age, anemia, the presence of foreign bodies, etc.
Complications of wound healing like infection, hyperpigmentation of scar, contractures, and keloid formation.
2. WHAT IS HUMAN CAPITAL?
• Human Capital is a measure of the skills, education, capacity and attributes of labour which
influence their productive capacity and earning potential.
• “The knowledge, skills, competencies and other attributes embodied in individuals or groups
of individuals acquired during their life and used to produce goods, services or ideas in
market circumstances”
• Individual human capital – the skills and abilities of individual workers.
• Human capital of the economy – The aggregate human capital of an economy, which will be
determined by national educational standards.
4. Human Capital Formation
Human capital formation is the process of adding to stock
of human capital over time. Human capital can be
developed through creation of skilled, trained and
efficient labour force by providing better education,
health care facilities, etc.
5. Sources of Human Capital Formation
•Investment in Education
•Investment in Health
•Migration
•Information
•On- the –job- training
6. Investment in Education
The most powerful way to improve and expand the fruitful workforce in the state is by
nourishing and building up the education system. It is acknowledged as the root of
human capital formation, that is the reason why the parents and also the government
spend more on education. Few objectives why individual and state investment is more in
education are:
• To develop their future income.
• To build manpower and enhance their technical skills, to improve workers productivity,
hence resulting in economic growth.
• To control the population growth rate by reducing the birth rate and making maximum
resources available per person.
• Knowledge and education can be transferred to others, resulting in social advantages.
7. Investment in Health
Investing in the health system not only saves lives, but it is also a crucial
investment in the wider economy. This is because ill-health impairs
productivity, hinders job prospects and adversely affects human capital
development. There has been a strong political and historical commitment to
treating health as a social goal either through legislation or mandating and
prioritizing expenditure on health. For instance, the government of India –
Ayushman Bharat and other schemes by state government.
8. Migration
• An individual, to get higher salaries, good jobs, migrate from their native place to another
place. In India, unemployment is the reason for rural-urban migration. Other skilled and
qualified individuals like doctors, engineers, etc. migrate from one country to another in
search of better opportunities.
• In both the situations, migration involves transportation cost, cost of living in the migrated
place, etc.
• The increased incomes in the new place exceed the values of migration. Therefore,
investment in migration is another source of human capital formation.
9. Investment in Information
To invest is to allocate money with the expectation of a positive
benefit/return in the future. In other words, to invest means
owning an asset or an item with the goal of generating income
from the investment or the appreciation of your investment which
is an increase in the value of the asset over a period of time.
10. On-Job-Training
To increase the labour productivity, many companies provide on-
job-training. This source of income is expensive, and companies
bear huge expenses for providing on-job-training. Examples: in-
house training, straining under a skilled supervisor, and off-
campus training.
11. Human Capital & Economic Growth
• When we talk about economic growth, human capital is the main reason for the accelerated
growth and expansion for many countries that provide investment in human capital. This
gives the best advantages to these countries for providing the best situations for work and
lifestyles.
• A significant advantage in generating a stable environment for growth is that the nation has
the expanded high-quality human capital in fields like health, science, management,
education, and other fields. Here, the main components of human capital are definitely
human beings, but presently, the principal component is a creative, educated, and
enterprising person with a high level of professionalism.
• Human capital in the economy manages the central portion of the national wealth. Hence, all
researchers consider that human capital is the most important resource of the community,
which is more powerful than nature or wealth. In most countries, human capital determines
the rate of development, economic, technological, and scientific progress.
12. Role of Human Capital Formation
(i) Inventions, innovations, and technological improvement.
Human capital leads to more innovations in the areas of production and other related
activities.
Innovation leads to more growth.
Human capital also creates the ability to absorb new technologies.
(ii) Higher productivity of physical capital
• Human capital increases labour productivity.
• Trained workers will use the physical capital (like machines) more efficiently.
13. • iii. Raises production
The formation of human capital raises production levels and leads to economic
growth by adding to the GDP.
Knowledgeable and skilled workers can make better use of resources at their
disposal.
• (iv) High rate of participation and equality
By improving the productive measures of the labour force, the formation of
human capital increases excellent employment.
This leads to a high rate of participation in the labour force.
It reduces the gap between the poor and the rich
14. Problems of Human Capital Formation
• Growth in population: The rapid rise of the population can influence the grade of
human capital formation, mostly in developing countries. It degrades the per capita
availability of the present facility. A large population involves extra investments.
• Long process: The method applied for human development is a long term process
because skill enhancement requires extra time. Therefore, the process becomes very
normally slow.
• Gender inequality and high regional disparity: These two factors affect the human
development skill.
• Insufficient on-job training: In the agriculture sector, on-job training to handle
advanced equipment is not provided to the worker.
• High poverty level: In India, a large portion of the population is below the poverty
line. Therefore, they do not have easy access to primary health and education
16. State of Human Capital Formation in
India
• India recognised the importance of human capital in economic growth, long ago. The Seventh Five Year
Plan says, ‘Human resources development has necessarily to be assigned a key role in any development
strategy, particularly in a country with a large population’.
• The following points show clearly the interdependence among the two:
-Higher Productivity of Physical Capital: Human capital increases productivity of physical capital as
specialised and skilled workers can handle machines or techniques better than the unskilled works. This
increased productivity and hence production lead to economic growth.
-Innovative Skills: Human capital facilitates innovation of new methods of production and this increases the
rate of economic growth in the form of increase in GDP.
-Higher Rate of Participation and Equality in Human capital formation leads to a higher employment rate.
With increase in employment, the productivity rises. Also, increase in employment opportunities also
increases the level of income and this helps in reducing inequalities of wealth.
• Both, increase in employment rate and decrease in income inequalities are pointers of economic
development.
17. Information Technology Sector in India
• India as a Knowledge Economy.
• The Indian software industry has been showing an impressive record over the past
decade. Entrepreneurs, bureaucrats and politicians are now advancing views about
how India can transform itself into a knowledge-based economy by using
Information Technology (IT).
• There have been some instances of villagers using e-mail which are cited as
examples of such transformation. Likewise, e-governance is being projected as the
way of the future.
• The value of IT depends greatly on the existing level of economic development.
18. Education Sector in India
• Education implies the process of teaching, training and learning
especially in schools or colleges, to improve knowledge and
develop skills.
• Following points explain the important or objective of education:
-It produces good citizens.
-It develops science and technology.
-It facilitates use of natural and human resources of all regions of the
country.
-It expands mental horizon of the people
19. Growth in Government Expenditure on
Education
Government expenditure on education can be expressed in two ways
• As a percentage of total government expenditure.
• As a percentage of Gross Domestic Product (GDP).
The percentage of ‘education expenditure of total government expenditure’ indicates
the importance of education in the scheme of expenses before the government.
Expenditure on education out of our GDP shows how much we are committed
towards the development of education in our country.
During 1952-2010, education expenditure as percentage of total government
expenditure increased from. 7.92% to 11.1% and as percentage of GDP increased
from 0.64% to 3.25%. During this period expenditure on education was not
constant. There was irregular rise and fell.
20. Free & Compulsory Education
• The Education Commission (1964-66) had recommended that atleast 6% of
GDP to be spent on education so as to make a noticeable rate of growth in
education.
• In December 2002, the Government of India, through the 86th Amendment of
the Constitution of India, made free and compulsory education a fundamental
right of all children in the age group of 6-14 years. Government of India in year
1998 appointed. The Tapas Majumdar Committee, which estimated an
expenditure of around 1.37 lakh crore over 10 years (1998-99 to 2006-07) to
bring all Indian children in the age group of 6-14 years, under the purview of
school education. Desired level of expenditure on education is 6% of GDP but
the current level is little over 4% which is not inadequate. It is necessary to
reach the level of 6% which is considered as must for coming years.
• Recently, Government of India has started levying a 2% ‘education cess’ on all
union taxes. The revenues from education cess has been remarked for spending
on elementary education.
• Educational Achievements in India: Generally, educational achievements in a
country are indicated in terms of primary, youth and adult literacy .
21. Expenditure on Elementary Education
• Elementary education takes a major share of total education expenditure and
the share of the higher/tertiary education is the least. But expenditure per
student on tertiary education is higher than that of elementary.
• As we expand school education, we need more teachers who are trained in
the higher educational institutions, therefore, expenditure on all levels of
education should be increased. The per capita education expenditure is as
high as Rs. 2005 in Himachal Pradesh to as low as Rs. 515 in Bihar.
• This leads to differences in educational opportunities across parts of India.
22.
23. Future Prospect in India
• India government considers education a key sector where considerable growth and.development is required. Thus, it has set some future
prospects for framing its policies.
• These prospects are discussed below
• Education for All : Still a Distant Dream
• Although the education level in India has risen for both adults as well as for youth. Still the number of illiterates in India are as much as the
population was at the time of Independence.
• In 1950, when the Constitution of India was passed by the constituent assembly, it was noted in the directive principles of the constitution that
the government should provide free and compulsory education for all children up to the age of 14 years within 10 years from the
commencement of the constitution.
• The following factors makes education still a distant dream
• Large number of illiterates
• Inadequate vocationalisation
• Gender bias
• Low rural access level
• Privatisation
• Lower government expenditure
24. • Gender Equity : Better than Before
• The differences in literacy rates between males and females are narrowing,
signifying a positive development in gender equity; still the need to promote
education for women in India is imminent for various reasons, such as
• Improving economic independence.
• Social status of women.
• Healthcare of women and children.
25. Conclusion
• Therefore, we cannot show satisfaction about the upward movement in literacy
rates as we have miles to go in achieving satisfactory adult literacy percentages.
• In India, Mizoram, Kerala, Goa and Delhi are the states having high literacy
rate, while Bihar, Uttar Pradesh, Rajasthan and Arunachal Pradesh are the
educationally backward states. The educational backwardness is due to social
and economic poverty of the people.
• Higher Education : A Few Takers.
• The Indian education pyramid is steep, indicating lesser and lesser number of
people reaching the higher education level.
• As per NSSG (National Sample Survey Organisation) data, in the year 2007-08,
the rate of unemployment for youth with education up to secondary level and
above was 18.1% whereas, the rate of unemployment for youth with education
up to primary level was only 11.6%.
• Therefore, the government should increase allocation for higher education and
also improve the standard of higher education institutes, so that students are
imparted employable skills in such institutions.