Dr. Abdul Samad Khan, a senior lecturer in physiology, provides an overview of the microscope's history and types, detailing the compound light and electron microscopes along with their magnification capabilities. The document includes guidelines on proper usage, focusing techniques, maintenance, troubleshooting common problems, and instructions for drawing specimens. Key terms associated with microscopy, such as magnification and resolution, are also defined.

1. NAME;-DR ABDUL SAMAD
KHAN
DESIGNATION;-SENIOR LECTURER
DEPARTMENT;-PHYSIOLOGY
E-MAIL;-
abdulsamad.2318@duhs.edu.pk
niseaday@yahoo.com
Cell No:-03343859565

2. Microscopes
DR ABDUL SAMAD KHAN
SENIOR LECTURER-DIKIOS
DOW UNIVERSITY OF HEALTH SCIENCES.

3. History of the Microscope
1590 –first compound
microscope

4. History of the Microscope
1655 – Robert Hooke
used a compound
microscope to
observe pores in
cork.
 He called them
“cells”

5. History of the Microscope
Antoine van
Leeuwenhoek
1st
to see single-celled
organisms in pond water

6. Types of Microscopes
1. Compound Light
Microscope
1st
type of microscope, most
widely used
light passes through 2
lenses
Can magnify up to 2000x

7. Types of Microscopes
2. Electron Microscope
Used to observe VERY small
objects: viruses, DNA, parts
of cells
Uses beams of electrons
rather than light
Much more powerful

8. Types of Electron Microscopes
Transmission
Electron
Microscope (TEM)
Can magnify
up to 250,000x

9. Types of Electron Microscopes
Scanning
Electron
Microscope (SEM)
Can magnify
up to 100,000x

10. • Always carry with 2 hands
• Only use lens paper for cleaning
• Do not force knobs
• Always store covered
The Light Microscope
Guidelines for Use

11. Microscope Vocabulary
Magnification: increase of an
object’s apparent size
Resolution: power to show
details clearly
Both are needed to see a clear
image

12. Magnification
Your microscope has 3 magnifications: Scanning, Low and High.
Each objective will have written the magnification. In addition to
this, the ocular lens (eyepiece) has a magnification. The total
magnification is the ocular x objective

13. Rules of using a microscope
 Always carry with 2 hands
 Carry by the base and arm with both
hands
 Only use lens paper for cleaning
 Do not force knobs
 Always store covered
 Be careful of the cords

14. How to use a microscope
 Place the slide on the stage
 Use stage clips to secure slide
 Adjust nosepiece to lowest setting
 (Lowest = shortest objective)
 Look into eyepiece
 Use coarse focus knob

15. Focusing Specimens
1. Always start with the Scanning Objective.
2. Place your specimen in the center of your field of view.
3. Use the Coarse Knob to focus.
4. Next, use the Fine knob until clear.
5. Once you've focused on Scanning, switch to Low Power.
6. Repeat steps 3-4.
7. Now, switch to High Power.
8. At this point, ONLY use the ____ ___________ _____
to focus specimens.
Fine Adjustment Knob

16. Eyepiece
Body Tube
Revolving Nosepiece
Arm
Objective Lens
Stage
Stage Clips
Coarse Focus
Fine Focus
Base
Diaphragm
Light

17. Parts of a microscope

18. Parts of a microscope
 Eyepiece

19. Parts of a microscope
 Body tube

20. Parts of a microscope
 Nosepiece

21. Parts of a microscope
 Objectives
 Low power (short)
 High power (long)

22. Parts of a microscope
 Arm

23. Parts of a microscope
 Stage

24. Parts of a microscope
 Stage clips

25. Parts of a microscope
 Diaphragm

26. Parts of a microscope
 Coarse and fine
adjustment knobs

27. Parts of a microscope
 Light source

28. Parts of a microscope
 Base

29. Magnification
 Multiply the eyepiece magnification (10X) by the
objective magnification (4X, 10X, 40X)
 Example: 4 x 10 = 40X total

30. How to use a microscope
Place the slide on the stage
Use stage clips to secure slide
Adjust nosepiece to lowest setting
(Lowest = shortest objective)
Look into eyepiece
Use coarse focus knob

31. Cleanup
1. Store microscopes with the scanning objective in
place.
2. Wrap cords and cover microscopes.
*Double check to make sure you didn't
leave a slide
3. Place microscopes in their designated location
(probably a cabinet)

32. Troubleshooting
Occasionally you may have trouble with working your microscope. Here are some
common problems and solutions.
1. Image is too dark!
Adjust the diaphragm, make sure your light is on.
2. There's a spot in my viewing field, even when I move the slide the spot stays in the
same place!
Your lens is dirty. Use lens paper, and only lens paper to carefully clean the objective
and ocular lens. The ocular lens can be removed to clean the inside. The spot is
probably a spec of dust.
3. I can't see anything under high power!
Remember the steps, if you can't focus under scanning and then low power, you won't
be able to focus anything under high power. Start at scanning and walk through the
steps again.
4. Only half of my viewing field is lit, it looks like there's a half-moon in there!
You probably don't have your objective fully clicked into place..

33. Drawing Specimens
1. Use pencil - you can erase and shade areas
2. All drawings should include clear and proper labels (and be large
enough to view details). Drawings should be labeled with the specimen
name and magnification.
3. Labels should be written on the outside of the circle. The circle
indicates the viewing field as seen through the eyepiece, specimens
should be drawn to scale - ie..if your specimen takes up the whole
viewing field, make sure your drawing reflects that.

34. Practice Labeling the Parts