The document discusses microcontrollers. It defines a microcontroller as a small computer containing a processor core, memory, and programmable input/output peripherals on a single integrated circuit. Microcontrollers are designed for embedded applications to control features of embedded devices, in contrast to general purpose microprocessors. They are dedicated to running one specific program stored in on-chip memory. Microcontrollers offer advantages over microprocessors such as lower cost, lower power usage, and integrating CPU, memory and I/O on a single chip. Common applications of microcontrollers include consumer electronics, appliances, toys and embedded systems.

1. Micro Controller
Prepared By
 Saad Ahmed Akash (Roll-05)
 Abul Hasan Md Osama (Roll-09)
 Md. Al-Zihad (Roll-35)
Prepared For
M. Tawfiqul Islam
Dept. Of Computer Science & Engineering,
University of Dhaka. 6/7/2016Dept of CSE, University of Dhaka 1

2. What is Microcontroller
 A microcontroller is a small computer (SoC) on a
single integrated circuit containing a processor
core, memory, and programmable input/output
peripherals.
 Program memory in the form of Ferroelectric
RAM, NOR flash or OTP ROM is also often included
on chip, as well as a typically small amount of
RAM.
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3. What is Microcontroller
 Microcontrollers are designed for embedded
applications, in contrast to the microprocessors
used in computers or other general purpose
applications consisting of various discrete chips.
 Another name for a microcontroller, therefore, is
"embedded controller."
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4. Properties
 Microcontrollers are "embedded" inside some
other device (often a consumer product) so that
they can control the features or actions of the
product.
 Microcontrollers are dedicated to one task and
run one specific program. The program is stored
in ROM (read-only memory) and generally does
not change.
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5. Properties
 Microcontrollers are often low-power devices.
A desktop computer is almost always plugged
into a wall socket and might consume 50 watts
of electricity. A battery-operated
microcontroller might consume 50 milliwatts.
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6. Microcontroller v/s microprocessor
 Microprocessors are used to execute big and
generic applications, while a microcontroller will
only be used to execute a single task within one
application.
 Comparing microcontroller and
microprocessor in terms of cost is not justified.
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7. Microcontroller v/s microprocessor
 Undoubtedly a microcontroller is far cheaper
than a microprocessor.
 However microcontroller cannot be used in place
of microprocessor and using a microprocessor is
not advised in place of a microcontroller as it
makes the application quite costly.
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8. Microcontroller v/s microprocessor
 Microprocessor cannot be used stand alone.
 They need other peripherals like RAM, ROM,
buffer, I/O ports etc and hence a system
designed around a microprocessor is quite
costly.
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9. Uses & Applications
 Microcontrollers are used in automatically
controlled products and devices
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• such as automobile engine control systems,
• Implantable medical devices,
• Remote controls,
• Office machines, appliances, power tools, toys and
other embedded systems.

10. Uses & Applications
 microcontrollers make digital control in an
economical way.
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• By reducing the size and
• By reducing cost compared to a design that uses
a separate microprocessor, memory, and
input/output devices,

11. History
 The first microprocessor was the 4-bit Intel
4004 released in 1971, with the Intel 8008 and other
more capable microprocessors becoming available
over the next several years.
 However, both processors required external chips to
implement a working system, raising total system
cost, and making it impossible to economically
computerize appliances.
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12. Interrupts
 Microcontrollers must provide real-time response
to events in the embedded system they are
controlling.
 When certain events occur, an interrupt system
can signal the processor to suspend processing the
current instruction sequence and to begin
an interrupt service routine (ISR, or "interrupt
handler") which will perform any processing
required based on the source of the interrupt.
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13. Interrupts
 Possible interrupt sources are device dependent,
and often include events such as :
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• an internal timer overflow,
• completing an analog to digital conversion,
• a logic level change on an input such as from a button being
pressed, and data received on a communication link.

14. Programming environments
 Microcontrollers were originally programmed only
in assembly language, but various high-level
programming languages are now also in common
use to target microcontrollers.
 These languages are either designed specially for
the purpose, or versions of general purpose
languages such as the C programming language.
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15. How does it work?
 Microcontroller has an input device in order to get
the input and an output device (such as LED
or LCD Display) to exhibit the final process.
 For example, The Television has a remote control
as an Input device and the TV screen as the
output device. The signal sent from the remote
control is captured by the microcontroller.
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16. How does it work?
 The microcontroller controls the channel
selection, the amplifier system and picture tube
adjustments such as hue, brightness, contrast etc.
 The architecture of a microcontroller depends on
the application it is built for.
 For example, some designs include usage of
more than one RAM, ROM and I/O functionality
integrated into the package.
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17. Simulators
 Simulators are available for some microcontrollers.
 These allow a developer to analyze what the
behavior of the microcontroller and their program
should be if they were using the actual part.
 A simulator will show the internal processor state
and also that of the outputs, as well as allowing
input signals to be generated.
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18. General Architecture
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19. General Architecture
 The architecture of a typical microcontroller is complex
and may include the following:
 A CPU, ranging from simple 4-bit to complex 64-bit
processers.
 Peripherals such as timers and event counters.
 RAM (volatile memory) for data storage. The data is
stored in the form of registers, and the general-purpose
registers store information that interacts with the
arithmetic logical unit (ALU).
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20. General Architecture
 ROM, EPROM, EEPROM or flash memory for program and
operating parameter storage.
 Programming capabilities.
 Serial input/output such as serial ports.
 A clock generator for resonator, quartz timing crystal or
RC circuit.
 Analog-to-digital convertors.
 Serial ports.
 Data bus to carry information.
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21. Common Microcontrollers
 Altera
 Atmel
 EPSON
 ELAN
 Fujitsu
 Infineon
 Intel
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22. Common Microcontrollers
 Panasonic
 Parallax
 Rockwell
 Sony
 Spansion
 Toshiba
 XMOS
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23. Common Microcontrollers
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24. Common Microcontrollers
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25. Common Microcontrollers
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26. Common Microcontrollers
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27. Common Microcontrollers
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28. Common Microcontrollers
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29. Benefits of microcontrollers
 Cost advantage: The biggest advantage
of microcontrollers against larger
microprocessors is that the design and hardware
costs are much lesser and can be kept to a
minimum.
 A microcontroller is cheap to replace, while
microprocessors are ten times more expensive.
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30. Benefits of microcontrollers
 Lesser power usage: Microcontrollers are
generally built using a technology known as
Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor
(CMOS).
 This technology is a competent fabrication system
that uses less power and is more immune to
power spikes than other techniques.
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31. Benefits of microcontrollers
 All-in-one: A microcontroller usually comprises of
a CPU, ROM, RAM and I/O ports, built within it to
execute a single and dedicated task.
 On the other hand, a microprocessor generally
does not have a RAM, ROM or IO pins and
generally uses its pins as a bus to interface to
peripherals such as RAM, ROM, serial ports, digital
and analog IO
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32. Thanks
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