International Journal of Business and Management Invention (IJBMI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Business and Management. IJBMI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Business and Management, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
E-GOVERNANCE ADOPTION IN GOVERNMENT ORGANIZATION OF INDIAijmpict
India, the growing economic super-power proceeded with lightning speed towards the adoption and successful implementation of e-governance. The Government of West Bengal (federal unit of India) implemented e-governance in pension office i.e. Pension Management System (PMS), for faster and efficient delivery of public services. The success of PMS is dependent on many factors and one among them is the successful adoption by the employee which has been empirically analyzed. The study used the
Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) and Trust to build a conceptual model. Data collected from 60 employees working on the system and the model is assessed with regression analyses. The findings show that the determinants of the research model are support. The study also shows that the system doesn’t perform completely error free tasks which the Government of West Bengal should address. This is the first study of employee adoption of e-governance in pension office of India.
2007 integrating technology readiness into technology acceptance the tram modelNita Adiyati
This document presents the Technology Readiness and Acceptance Model (TRAM), which integrates the constructs of technology readiness (TR) and the technology acceptance model (TAM). TRAM was developed to better explain consumer adoption of e-services, as TAM was originally developed for technology adoption in work environments. The study proposes that TR influences perceptions of usefulness and ease of use, which in turn influence behavioral intention, as mediated relationships. An online survey was conducted to test the relationships between the TRAM constructs in the context of online stock trading systems.
Antecedents of Knowledge Management Practices: Case of Malaysian PractitionersjournalBEEI
In this paper, we investigated the knowledge management (KM) behavior of executives in Malaysia who work in different sectors and involved in Information Technology (IT) related fields. We proposed a conceptual framework based on the Theory of Reasoned Action (TRA), the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) and Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT) to study their intention and involvement in KM initiatives. The knowledge creation theory (SECI process) was employed to operationalize KM intention and KM behavior. We proposed six independent variables that represent the social-cultural nature of KM as the antecedence of KM intention. These variables are trust, management support, decentralization, IT support, performance expectancy (PE), and effort expectancy (EE). Seventy-four executives from both private and government-linked organizations responded to our online questionnaire. SmartPLS3 was used to run the analysis. The reliability was ensured with the factor loadings, Cronbach’s alpha, Composite Reliability (CR) that met the fit requirement of above 0.6, 0.7 and 0.7 respectively. The convergent validity was confirmed through average variance extracted (AVE) that met the fit requirement of above 0.5. The discriminant validity was assessed by using Fornell and Larcker’s criterion. Finally, the structural model confirmed that only PE of KM, and EE of KM are the significant predictors of KM intention and the KM intention significantly predicts KM behavior. The implications of the findings are discussed in detail at the end of the paper.
Entrepreneurial barriers and success factors of women in utilityIAEME Publication
This document summarizes a research study on entrepreneurial barriers and success factors for women entrepreneurs in utility service businesses in Chennai, India. The study aimed to identify challenges women entrepreneurs face, success factors, and the relationship between demographics and success. A sample of 478 women entrepreneurs across 10 utility services were surveyed. Key findings included that most businesses had low annual turnover, were started for self-employment, and were registered as private limited or proprietorships. Statistical tests found relationships between nature of business and dimensions of entrepreneurial success, including climate, gaps, support, motivation, and suggestions to improve success rates.
This document presents a mathematical model for achieving equal humanity using philanthropy and information technology constraints. The model defines sets for the universal world, information technology, humans, and poor people. It proposes that the equal humanity factor is dependent on how evenly philanthropy is distributed among humans through access to information technology. The model exposes stable and unstable conditions for equal humanity based on whether poor populations have access to philanthropic information technology resources or not. The presented model provides a way to systematically analyze and address issues of social equality.
Simulation models and corporate financial planning of banks in bayelsa state,...Alexander Decker
This document discusses simulation models and their application in corporate financial planning for banks in Bayelsa State, Nigeria. It reviews literature on different types of simulation models like agent-based models and system dynamic models. The paper examines how a survey was conducted of 112 bank officials in Bayelsa State to understand how simulation models relate to shareholders' satisfaction, customer service and return on capital employed. The analysis found simulation models are significantly related to these factors. It concludes that simulation models can provide reliable information to help organizations achieve their short, medium and long term objectives.
Extending UTAUT to explain social media adoption by microbusinessesDebashish Mandal
This paper establishes inadequacies of the Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT) theory to explain social media adoption by microbusinesses. Literature review confirms the explaining power of UTAUT in variety of technology adoption by businesses. This paper uses UTAUT theory to implement social media technology in microbusinesses. Canonical action research method is adopted to introduce social media in microbusinesses. A post positivist approach is used to report the results based on a predetermined premise. It was found that the major constructs of performance and effort expectancy played insignificant role in establishing behavioural and adoption intention of social media by microbusinesses. Social influence and facilitating condition did not influence the behavioural intentions of the microbusiness owners. Individual characteristics and codification effort dominated the use behaviour. Goal of gaining customers leads to behavioural modification resulting in replacing of behavioural intention with goals as a superior method of predicting adoption behaviour within the context of microbusinesses. This paper extends the UTAUT to explain social media adoption in microbusinesses.
E-GOVERNANCE ADOPTION IN GOVERNMENT ORGANIZATION OF INDIAijmpict
India, the growing economic super-power proceeded with lightning speed towards the adoption and successful implementation of e-governance. The Government of West Bengal (federal unit of India) implemented e-governance in pension office i.e. Pension Management System (PMS), for faster and efficient delivery of public services. The success of PMS is dependent on many factors and one among them is the successful adoption by the employee which has been empirically analyzed. The study used the
Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) and Trust to build a conceptual model. Data collected from 60 employees working on the system and the model is assessed with regression analyses. The findings show that the determinants of the research model are support. The study also shows that the system doesn’t perform completely error free tasks which the Government of West Bengal should address. This is the first study of employee adoption of e-governance in pension office of India.
2007 integrating technology readiness into technology acceptance the tram modelNita Adiyati
This document presents the Technology Readiness and Acceptance Model (TRAM), which integrates the constructs of technology readiness (TR) and the technology acceptance model (TAM). TRAM was developed to better explain consumer adoption of e-services, as TAM was originally developed for technology adoption in work environments. The study proposes that TR influences perceptions of usefulness and ease of use, which in turn influence behavioral intention, as mediated relationships. An online survey was conducted to test the relationships between the TRAM constructs in the context of online stock trading systems.
Antecedents of Knowledge Management Practices: Case of Malaysian PractitionersjournalBEEI
In this paper, we investigated the knowledge management (KM) behavior of executives in Malaysia who work in different sectors and involved in Information Technology (IT) related fields. We proposed a conceptual framework based on the Theory of Reasoned Action (TRA), the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) and Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT) to study their intention and involvement in KM initiatives. The knowledge creation theory (SECI process) was employed to operationalize KM intention and KM behavior. We proposed six independent variables that represent the social-cultural nature of KM as the antecedence of KM intention. These variables are trust, management support, decentralization, IT support, performance expectancy (PE), and effort expectancy (EE). Seventy-four executives from both private and government-linked organizations responded to our online questionnaire. SmartPLS3 was used to run the analysis. The reliability was ensured with the factor loadings, Cronbach’s alpha, Composite Reliability (CR) that met the fit requirement of above 0.6, 0.7 and 0.7 respectively. The convergent validity was confirmed through average variance extracted (AVE) that met the fit requirement of above 0.5. The discriminant validity was assessed by using Fornell and Larcker’s criterion. Finally, the structural model confirmed that only PE of KM, and EE of KM are the significant predictors of KM intention and the KM intention significantly predicts KM behavior. The implications of the findings are discussed in detail at the end of the paper.
Entrepreneurial barriers and success factors of women in utilityIAEME Publication
This document summarizes a research study on entrepreneurial barriers and success factors for women entrepreneurs in utility service businesses in Chennai, India. The study aimed to identify challenges women entrepreneurs face, success factors, and the relationship between demographics and success. A sample of 478 women entrepreneurs across 10 utility services were surveyed. Key findings included that most businesses had low annual turnover, were started for self-employment, and were registered as private limited or proprietorships. Statistical tests found relationships between nature of business and dimensions of entrepreneurial success, including climate, gaps, support, motivation, and suggestions to improve success rates.
This document presents a mathematical model for achieving equal humanity using philanthropy and information technology constraints. The model defines sets for the universal world, information technology, humans, and poor people. It proposes that the equal humanity factor is dependent on how evenly philanthropy is distributed among humans through access to information technology. The model exposes stable and unstable conditions for equal humanity based on whether poor populations have access to philanthropic information technology resources or not. The presented model provides a way to systematically analyze and address issues of social equality.
Simulation models and corporate financial planning of banks in bayelsa state,...Alexander Decker
This document discusses simulation models and their application in corporate financial planning for banks in Bayelsa State, Nigeria. It reviews literature on different types of simulation models like agent-based models and system dynamic models. The paper examines how a survey was conducted of 112 bank officials in Bayelsa State to understand how simulation models relate to shareholders' satisfaction, customer service and return on capital employed. The analysis found simulation models are significantly related to these factors. It concludes that simulation models can provide reliable information to help organizations achieve their short, medium and long term objectives.
Extending UTAUT to explain social media adoption by microbusinessesDebashish Mandal
This paper establishes inadequacies of the Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT) theory to explain social media adoption by microbusinesses. Literature review confirms the explaining power of UTAUT in variety of technology adoption by businesses. This paper uses UTAUT theory to implement social media technology in microbusinesses. Canonical action research method is adopted to introduce social media in microbusinesses. A post positivist approach is used to report the results based on a predetermined premise. It was found that the major constructs of performance and effort expectancy played insignificant role in establishing behavioural and adoption intention of social media by microbusinesses. Social influence and facilitating condition did not influence the behavioural intentions of the microbusiness owners. Individual characteristics and codification effort dominated the use behaviour. Goal of gaining customers leads to behavioural modification resulting in replacing of behavioural intention with goals as a superior method of predicting adoption behaviour within the context of microbusinesses. This paper extends the UTAUT to explain social media adoption in microbusinesses.
ijerst offers a fast publication schedule whilst maintaining rigorous peer review; the use of recommended electronic formats for article delivery expedites the process. International Journal of Engineering Research and Science & Technology (IJERST) is an international online journal in English published Quarterly. All submitted research articles are subjected to immediate rapid screening by the editors, in consultation with the Editorial Board or others working in the field as appropriate, to ensure they are likely to be of the level of interest and importance appropriate for the journal.
Real World Talent Insights From Computer SimulationsAndrea Kropp
Teaching Talent Analytics executives how to use computer simulations to complement the predictive modeling work in HR. Simulations allow you to examine multiple scenarios and examine their end states and consequences before taking action.
Role Of Public Health Personnel And Nurses In Disaster...Lynn Holkesvik
The document discusses the disadvantages of the New Public Management (NPM) approach in public administration. It argues that while NPM aims to improve efficiency by applying private sector practices, it can undermine important public sector values like equality, accountability, and citizenship. Specifically, NPM's emphasis on competition and outsourcing reduces cooperation and information sharing between public organizations. It can also weaken political control and public accountability. Overall, while NPM seeks to make government more business-like, this risks compromising core principles of public service.
Here are the key steps for conducting a trade area analysis:
1. Define the trade area. Determine the geographic boundaries that encompass the majority (e.g. 75%+) of a store's customers based on factors like drive time, road networks, geographical barriers. Common trade areas are 5, 10, 15 minute drives.
2. Analyze demographic data. Obtain census data on population, income levels, age distribution, household types etc. within the trade area and compare to national averages. This provides insights into customer base.
3. Examine competitor analysis. Identify and locate any competing stores or brands within the trade area. Analyzing their strengths, weaknesses and customer value propositions helps determine opportunities.
The document discusses simulation modeling in healthcare systems. It notes that simulation has been used for over 40 years to analyze issues in healthcare like patient workflows, waiting times, resource allocation, and decision support systems. The main simulation methods used are discrete event simulation, agent-based simulation, and system dynamics, each with their own capabilities and limitations. Recently, hybrid/integrated simulation models combining multiple methods have been introduced to realize individual strengths while reducing limitations. The document proposes a framework for a novel hybrid discrete event-agent based simulation approach to model healthcare system complexity considering flows, queues, and human decisions/interactions.
Simulation models and corporate financial planning of banks in bayelsa state,...Alexander Decker
This document discusses simulation models and their application in corporate financial planning for banks in Bayelsa State, Nigeria. It begins by defining simulation models and the different types, such as agent-based models and system dynamic models. It then discusses how simulation models can be used for corporate planning in banks. The study examines the relationship between simulation models and factors like shareholder satisfaction, customer service, and return on capital employed. The document provides historical context on the evolution of banking in Nigeria. It aims to determine if there is a significant relationship between simulation models and corporate planning in the Nigerian banking industry.
The document provides an overview of the history and evolution of organizational behavior as a field of study. It discusses how management practices can be traced back thousands of years to ancient Egyptians. It then outlines some of the major developments and perspectives in management theory over time, including classical, behavioral, quantitative, systems, and contingency approaches. It also discusses how organizational behavior draws from multiple contributing disciplines like psychology, sociology, and anthropology to study the impact of individuals, groups, and structure on organizational effectiveness.
A SOCIAL CAPITAL APPROACH TO ENTREPRENEURIAL ECOSYSTEM AND INNOVATION: CASE S...indexPub
Despite being recognised as drivers of innovative development, Micro, Small, and Medium-Sized Enterprises (MSMEs) frequently confront resource limitations. Therefore, enhancing the ecosystem is contingent on the entrepreneurs’ social capital, which is crucial for the success of MSMEs. This study applies the social capital approach to analyse the entrepreneurial ecosystem enrichment and its impact on the innovation process of cosmetics MSMEs. The qualitative case study of six cosmetic manufacturing MSMEs explores that social capital is a multifaceted asset to MSMEs. Through an in-depth thematic analysis of three dimensions of social capital (structural, relational, and cognitive), this study states that the innovation process is supported by the synergistic transformation of one dimension of social capital into another. Entrepreneurs sharing the common norms, rules, and language enrich their cognitive as well as relational aspects of ecosystem. The study suggests that as network ties, trust, and norms collectively influence innovation in firms, hence, social capital needs to be studied with its contextualization in the ecosystem.
System dynamics is a methodology for studying complex feedback systems over time. It involves identifying a problem, developing a hypothesis, building a computer simulation model, testing the model, devising alternative policies, and implementing solutions. Transactional distance in distance education can be modeled using system dynamics by representing the dynamic relationship between dialogue and structure over time, and how varying these rates can control transactional distance. System dynamics provides a way to study interrelated educational variables and their relationships over a period of time.
An Application of an Ecological Model to Explain the Growth of Strategies of ...Claudia Acosta
This document discusses applying an ecological model to explain the growth strategies of Internet firms, specifically examining the cases of eBay and Amazon. It provides background on ecological models and population dynamics concepts from biology like r-selection and K-selection. Amazon is described as initially exhibiting r-selection traits as a fast growing early entrant but evolving into a K-selector as it broadened its product offerings and grew more stable. eBay is contrasted as focusing more on specialization within its niche marketplace. The document aims to demonstrate how ecological models can provide insights into the adaptation and survival of companies in the fast-changing Internet environment.
This document discusses modelling and simulation using the STELLA software. It provides an example of modelling predator-prey dynamics between snowshoe hares and lynx. The document defines modelling and simulation, discusses their uses in education, and outlines the Lotka-Volterra predator-prey model. It then applies this model in STELLA to simulate snowshoe hare and lynx populations over time under different levels of lynx predation.
The document outlines several macro practice theories including organizational behavior theory, learning organization theory, social development perspective, community organization theory, human rights perspective, ecological theory, general systems theory, conflict theory, social learning theory, empowerment theory, and management theory. Each theory is described in 1-2 sentences with key terms and potential interventions provided.
This document discusses a congruence model for analyzing organizational behavior. It begins by describing organizations as complex social systems with interdependent parts. The model identifies four key organizational inputs: 1) the environment which creates demands and constraints, 2) resources available to the organization, 3) the organization's history, and 4) its current strategy. The model analyzes how well an organization's parts "fit together" or are congruent to achieve effectiveness.
The document discusses the field of human performance technology (HPT). It provides a definition of HPT as "the study and ethical practice of improving productivity in organizations by designing and developing effective interventions that are results-oriented, comprehensive, and systemic." Key elements of the definition are explained, including the importance of study, ethical practice, improving productivity, and focusing on organizations. A brief history of the evolution of HPT is also presented.
In this work, using professional software Fuzzy Logic Toolbox from MATLAB 7.5 specifically that shows the simulation of a model that reflects organizational change process based on the approach to complexity at the Center for Environmental Engineering Camagüey (CIAC). This organization, as a social formation itself is immersed in an environment that maintains the mutual relations of influence, and it provides the organizational complexity and multiple aspects of uncertainty or fuzziness of its boundaries. It is through the interaction and interconnection of multiple and different factors in nature that based on the implementation of structural and functional systemic approach using a hermeneutic dialectic epistemology we intend to achieve in practice self-organization of the center. Each of these factors or variables, such as nonlinear phenomena in itself, defined by human thought that is imprecise by nature, is expressed by fuzzy sets with overlapping boundaries, which, together with the rule base (existing knowledge system) and the inference mechanism conforms the fuzzy inference system (FIS) that shapes the future conduct of the Center and the interrelationships between all variables. Integration into a single model of factors as diverse and yet highly interrelated with as participation, co-leadership and autonomy variable as "research & development willingness" and others like impacts, production, relevance and optimization to identify possible capacity variable analysis from a vision trans-disciplinary process of self-organization and school management.
This document discusses a STELLA simulation of a population model. It begins with an introduction to computer simulation and population models. The objectives are to understand population using simulation and explore different outcome scenarios. Advantages of simulation include experimenting without impacting the real system, while disadvantages are lack of realism and potential errors. The STELLA population model analyzes the relationship between lifespan and birth rate under different parameter changes. It found that higher birth rates correspond to longer lifespans. In conclusion, population simulation is useful for analyzing concepts and predicting outcomes, though errors and credibility issues remain challenges.
Speeches by Moroccan Companies on Their Practice of Corporate Social Responsi...IOSRJBM
The Corporate Responsibility towards employees, today takes a major stake in the construction of the overall strategy. The subject of our article, is to make a comparison of speech on responsible for human resources management of companies, between two different sectors to Morocco on one side than the bank, and another one telecoms. The methodology is qualitative and consists of a thematic discourse analysis of three telecom operators, and its comparison with that of banks, concluding with a cognitive mapping for both sectors. The main strategic trends that emerge in each sector: A logical minimalist efficiency to the telecoms sector, and a trend towards a strategic positioning for banks.
Sociology of Machine Learning
Ethics and Fairness
Accountability and Transparency
Labor and Automation
Surveillance and Privacy
Cultural and social Impacts
Policy and Governance
How to Implement a Real Estate CRM SoftwareSalesTown
To implement a CRM for real estate, set clear goals, choose a CRM with key real estate features, and customize it to your needs. Migrate your data, train your team, and use automation to save time. Monitor performance, ensure data security, and use the CRM to enhance marketing. Regularly check its effectiveness to improve your business.
Taurus Zodiac Sign: Unveiling the Traits, Dates, and Horoscope Insights of th...my Pandit
Dive into the steadfast world of the Taurus Zodiac Sign. Discover the grounded, stable, and logical nature of Taurus individuals, and explore their key personality traits, important dates, and horoscope insights. Learn how the determination and patience of the Taurus sign make them the rock-steady achievers and anchors of the zodiac.
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ijerst offers a fast publication schedule whilst maintaining rigorous peer review; the use of recommended electronic formats for article delivery expedites the process. International Journal of Engineering Research and Science & Technology (IJERST) is an international online journal in English published Quarterly. All submitted research articles are subjected to immediate rapid screening by the editors, in consultation with the Editorial Board or others working in the field as appropriate, to ensure they are likely to be of the level of interest and importance appropriate for the journal.
Real World Talent Insights From Computer SimulationsAndrea Kropp
Teaching Talent Analytics executives how to use computer simulations to complement the predictive modeling work in HR. Simulations allow you to examine multiple scenarios and examine their end states and consequences before taking action.
Role Of Public Health Personnel And Nurses In Disaster...Lynn Holkesvik
The document discusses the disadvantages of the New Public Management (NPM) approach in public administration. It argues that while NPM aims to improve efficiency by applying private sector practices, it can undermine important public sector values like equality, accountability, and citizenship. Specifically, NPM's emphasis on competition and outsourcing reduces cooperation and information sharing between public organizations. It can also weaken political control and public accountability. Overall, while NPM seeks to make government more business-like, this risks compromising core principles of public service.
Here are the key steps for conducting a trade area analysis:
1. Define the trade area. Determine the geographic boundaries that encompass the majority (e.g. 75%+) of a store's customers based on factors like drive time, road networks, geographical barriers. Common trade areas are 5, 10, 15 minute drives.
2. Analyze demographic data. Obtain census data on population, income levels, age distribution, household types etc. within the trade area and compare to national averages. This provides insights into customer base.
3. Examine competitor analysis. Identify and locate any competing stores or brands within the trade area. Analyzing their strengths, weaknesses and customer value propositions helps determine opportunities.
The document discusses simulation modeling in healthcare systems. It notes that simulation has been used for over 40 years to analyze issues in healthcare like patient workflows, waiting times, resource allocation, and decision support systems. The main simulation methods used are discrete event simulation, agent-based simulation, and system dynamics, each with their own capabilities and limitations. Recently, hybrid/integrated simulation models combining multiple methods have been introduced to realize individual strengths while reducing limitations. The document proposes a framework for a novel hybrid discrete event-agent based simulation approach to model healthcare system complexity considering flows, queues, and human decisions/interactions.
Simulation models and corporate financial planning of banks in bayelsa state,...Alexander Decker
This document discusses simulation models and their application in corporate financial planning for banks in Bayelsa State, Nigeria. It begins by defining simulation models and the different types, such as agent-based models and system dynamic models. It then discusses how simulation models can be used for corporate planning in banks. The study examines the relationship between simulation models and factors like shareholder satisfaction, customer service, and return on capital employed. The document provides historical context on the evolution of banking in Nigeria. It aims to determine if there is a significant relationship between simulation models and corporate planning in the Nigerian banking industry.
The document provides an overview of the history and evolution of organizational behavior as a field of study. It discusses how management practices can be traced back thousands of years to ancient Egyptians. It then outlines some of the major developments and perspectives in management theory over time, including classical, behavioral, quantitative, systems, and contingency approaches. It also discusses how organizational behavior draws from multiple contributing disciplines like psychology, sociology, and anthropology to study the impact of individuals, groups, and structure on organizational effectiveness.
A SOCIAL CAPITAL APPROACH TO ENTREPRENEURIAL ECOSYSTEM AND INNOVATION: CASE S...indexPub
Despite being recognised as drivers of innovative development, Micro, Small, and Medium-Sized Enterprises (MSMEs) frequently confront resource limitations. Therefore, enhancing the ecosystem is contingent on the entrepreneurs’ social capital, which is crucial for the success of MSMEs. This study applies the social capital approach to analyse the entrepreneurial ecosystem enrichment and its impact on the innovation process of cosmetics MSMEs. The qualitative case study of six cosmetic manufacturing MSMEs explores that social capital is a multifaceted asset to MSMEs. Through an in-depth thematic analysis of three dimensions of social capital (structural, relational, and cognitive), this study states that the innovation process is supported by the synergistic transformation of one dimension of social capital into another. Entrepreneurs sharing the common norms, rules, and language enrich their cognitive as well as relational aspects of ecosystem. The study suggests that as network ties, trust, and norms collectively influence innovation in firms, hence, social capital needs to be studied with its contextualization in the ecosystem.
System dynamics is a methodology for studying complex feedback systems over time. It involves identifying a problem, developing a hypothesis, building a computer simulation model, testing the model, devising alternative policies, and implementing solutions. Transactional distance in distance education can be modeled using system dynamics by representing the dynamic relationship between dialogue and structure over time, and how varying these rates can control transactional distance. System dynamics provides a way to study interrelated educational variables and their relationships over a period of time.
An Application of an Ecological Model to Explain the Growth of Strategies of ...Claudia Acosta
This document discusses applying an ecological model to explain the growth strategies of Internet firms, specifically examining the cases of eBay and Amazon. It provides background on ecological models and population dynamics concepts from biology like r-selection and K-selection. Amazon is described as initially exhibiting r-selection traits as a fast growing early entrant but evolving into a K-selector as it broadened its product offerings and grew more stable. eBay is contrasted as focusing more on specialization within its niche marketplace. The document aims to demonstrate how ecological models can provide insights into the adaptation and survival of companies in the fast-changing Internet environment.
This document discusses modelling and simulation using the STELLA software. It provides an example of modelling predator-prey dynamics between snowshoe hares and lynx. The document defines modelling and simulation, discusses their uses in education, and outlines the Lotka-Volterra predator-prey model. It then applies this model in STELLA to simulate snowshoe hare and lynx populations over time under different levels of lynx predation.
The document outlines several macro practice theories including organizational behavior theory, learning organization theory, social development perspective, community organization theory, human rights perspective, ecological theory, general systems theory, conflict theory, social learning theory, empowerment theory, and management theory. Each theory is described in 1-2 sentences with key terms and potential interventions provided.
This document discusses a congruence model for analyzing organizational behavior. It begins by describing organizations as complex social systems with interdependent parts. The model identifies four key organizational inputs: 1) the environment which creates demands and constraints, 2) resources available to the organization, 3) the organization's history, and 4) its current strategy. The model analyzes how well an organization's parts "fit together" or are congruent to achieve effectiveness.
The document discusses the field of human performance technology (HPT). It provides a definition of HPT as "the study and ethical practice of improving productivity in organizations by designing and developing effective interventions that are results-oriented, comprehensive, and systemic." Key elements of the definition are explained, including the importance of study, ethical practice, improving productivity, and focusing on organizations. A brief history of the evolution of HPT is also presented.
In this work, using professional software Fuzzy Logic Toolbox from MATLAB 7.5 specifically that shows the simulation of a model that reflects organizational change process based on the approach to complexity at the Center for Environmental Engineering Camagüey (CIAC). This organization, as a social formation itself is immersed in an environment that maintains the mutual relations of influence, and it provides the organizational complexity and multiple aspects of uncertainty or fuzziness of its boundaries. It is through the interaction and interconnection of multiple and different factors in nature that based on the implementation of structural and functional systemic approach using a hermeneutic dialectic epistemology we intend to achieve in practice self-organization of the center. Each of these factors or variables, such as nonlinear phenomena in itself, defined by human thought that is imprecise by nature, is expressed by fuzzy sets with overlapping boundaries, which, together with the rule base (existing knowledge system) and the inference mechanism conforms the fuzzy inference system (FIS) that shapes the future conduct of the Center and the interrelationships between all variables. Integration into a single model of factors as diverse and yet highly interrelated with as participation, co-leadership and autonomy variable as "research & development willingness" and others like impacts, production, relevance and optimization to identify possible capacity variable analysis from a vision trans-disciplinary process of self-organization and school management.
This document discusses a STELLA simulation of a population model. It begins with an introduction to computer simulation and population models. The objectives are to understand population using simulation and explore different outcome scenarios. Advantages of simulation include experimenting without impacting the real system, while disadvantages are lack of realism and potential errors. The STELLA population model analyzes the relationship between lifespan and birth rate under different parameter changes. It found that higher birth rates correspond to longer lifespans. In conclusion, population simulation is useful for analyzing concepts and predicting outcomes, though errors and credibility issues remain challenges.
Speeches by Moroccan Companies on Their Practice of Corporate Social Responsi...IOSRJBM
The Corporate Responsibility towards employees, today takes a major stake in the construction of the overall strategy. The subject of our article, is to make a comparison of speech on responsible for human resources management of companies, between two different sectors to Morocco on one side than the bank, and another one telecoms. The methodology is qualitative and consists of a thematic discourse analysis of three telecom operators, and its comparison with that of banks, concluding with a cognitive mapping for both sectors. The main strategic trends that emerge in each sector: A logical minimalist efficiency to the telecoms sector, and a trend towards a strategic positioning for banks.
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Ethics and Fairness
Accountability and Transparency
Labor and Automation
Surveillance and Privacy
Cultural and social Impacts
Policy and Governance
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Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (MSME) Empowerment Model as the Effort for Poverty Eradication in Malang Raya
1. International Journal of Business and Management Invention
ISSN (Online): 2319 – 8028, ISSN (Print): 2319 – 801X
www.ijbmi.org || Volume 4 Issue 1 || January. 2015 || PP.58-64
www.ijbmi.org 58 | Page
Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (MSME)
Empowerment Model as the Effort for Poverty Eradication in
Malang Raya
Siti Asiyah1
, Tuti Hastuti2
, Alfiana3
1,2,3
(Faculty of Economic, University of Widyagama Malang-Indonesia)
ABSTRACT : This research is a follow-up from a research by Asiyah in 2013. Previous research
is entitled with Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (MSME) Empowerment Model as The Effort
for Poverty Eradication in Malang Raya. Three main problems are identified in Malang Raya
MSME, respectively capital problem, marketing problem and human resource problem. Dealing
with these problems, therefore, the empowerment model for MSME in Malang Raya is proposed.
Result of that research indicates that weakness and failure of MSME empowerment program in the
past has provided a stepped stone among the participants of FGD (Focused Group Discussion) to
suggest a more integrative MSME empowerment model. It is expected that this model will be
applied in better way and on-target. MSME empowerment program suggested by the authors is
considered by FGD participants as a reliable solution to integrate all elements of the empowerment
program into a coordination structure to help the implementation of the program. Other problem is
how to keep MSME empowerment model compatible with local potentials. The compatibility of
MSME empowerment model and local potentials is estimated based on four aspects of human
resource quality, which are theoretical competence, technical competence, conceptual co mpetence,
and moral competence. The considered local potentials include natural resource potential, human
resource potential, and cultural resource potential. Workshop in campus held by the authors has
produced a consensus that all indicators in the theoretical and conceptual competences and all
indicators of moral competence are given greater emphasis. In term of local potentials, those given
great focus are all indicators of natural resource potential and some indicators in human resource
potential. The indicators of technical competence and moral competence, along with indicators of
cultural resource potential, are the supplementing factor for achieving the goal. The authors
suggest that these indicators are reflecting the persistent effort to produce meaningful and useful
change to meet the fundamental demand in the community. Therefore, such activities or programs
shall be needed because the government has moral responsibility to deliver the welfare for the
peoples, mainly those in rural.
KEYWORDS: MSME, Empowerment Model
I. INTRODUCTION
Current research is the follow-up of a research conducted by Asiyah in 2013. The title of
that research is Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (MSME) Empowerment Model as The Effort
for Poverty Eradication in Malang Raya. The identification of problems, demands and potentials of
Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (MSME) is using SWOT Analysis which considers four
aspects such as strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats. This analysis aims to identify
whether an activity is a systematic and comprehensive effort based on the aspects of work, capital,
marketing, production and worker. Result of that research indicates that there are 3 (three) main
problems in Malang Raya MSME, which are capital problem, marketing problem and human
resource problem. This research is a second-year research which involves model trial, monitoring
and evaluation to produce the effective MSME empowerment model to eradicate poverty.
II. THEORETICAL CONCEPT
Model :The word “model” is rooted from “modeling”. Avoiding different definitions or
interpretations, it is stated that “modeling” is a set of activities to construct the model. Soemarno
(2003), in the context of operational research, defines model as a representative or abstraction of an
object or actual situation. Model describes direct and indirect relationships or reciprocal linkages in
manner of cause-effect terminology. Because a model is an abstraction of reality, the manifestation
shall be simpler than reality that represented by model.
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Complete model is one which represents many aspects of reality reviewed by model.
Hawking (1993) and Jones (1987) in Sitompul (2003) assert that model plays important role in
theoretical development because it functions as fundamental concept to arrange the orders that will
be used to describe a system. Two main targets of modeling are found. One is to obtain better
definition about cause-effect relationship in a system and to provide better qualitative and
quantitative interpretation about the system. For example, someone is interested to develop
quantitative model of plant photosynthesis in environment with the changing carbon dioxide (CO 2)
concentration and temperature. The model will be helpful to interpret plant response to
environmental change or global change. Such model is a hypothesis made by model developer, and
therefore, experiment is specially designed to examine the reliability of this hypothesis. Second
target of modeling is for application or oriented toward the problem. It means that model is used to
obtain better prediction about the behavior of system by which the control or management of system
will be improved. For instance, a group of researchers from many disciplines has developed a model
to be used in a watering system with computed control. Final result is software designed for direct
application. However, these two targets are still questioned because model that is oriented for
research can also be applied.
Moffatt et al (2001) declare that model is a dynamic system developed to examine the
behavior of real-world, to present a policy and to observe any changes of empirical pattern. There
are three properties of model:
1. Iconic Model (Physical Model) is a model which presents one aspect of real-world using a
symbol or icon. Iconic model is a physical representative either in ideal form or in different
scales. This iconic model has characteristics similar to that represented by the model. Iconic
model is quite useful to explain certain occurrence at certain time. This model may be two
dimensions (photograph, map, and blue-print) or three dimensions (prototype of machine,
equipment and others). If model has more than three dimensions, it may not have physical
construction, and therefore, symbolic model is needed.
2. Analog Model (Diagrammatic Model) is a model that describes one system in relative with
something more familiar such that the understanding about this system will be better. Analog
model can be used to represent dynamic situation such as the change based on time. This model
is used more frequently than iconic model because analog model is able to show the
characteristic of the observed occurrence. It must be more suitable in explaining quantitative
relationship between attributes of various components. By transforming these attributes into
analog, the ability to produce a change may increase. The application of analog model is found
in demand curve, frequency distribution curve in statistic and flow diagram. Analog model is
used because it is simple but effective for unique situation such as for quality control in certain
industry (operating characteristic curve).
3. Symbolic Model (Mathematic Model) is a model which presents a real-world system through a
set of equation. This equation may be manipulated to produce a mathematic conclusion. For
substantive problem, this mathematic conclusion must be translated in such way that it will be
understood and easily operated not anymore in mathematic equation. Essentially, systemic
science emphasizes on symbolic model as the representative of reality. The formats of symbolic
model include numbers, symbols and equations. The most frequently used symbolic model is
equation. Indeed, equation is precise, short and understandable. Equation is not only
manipulated easier than words, but also can be understood fast. An equation is universal
language in the operational research and systemic science because equation can contain a set of
symbolic logics.
Empowerment :The words “empowerment” and “empower”, according to Merriam Webster and
Oxford English Dictionary (in Prijono and Pranarka, 1996), have two meanings. One is to give
power or authority, while the second is to give ability or to enable. Empowerment is then mainly the
effort to bring humanity into justice and civilization which will make human structurally effective
either for family, community, state, region, or international in various realms such as politic,
economy and others. Community empowerment, therefore, pursuant to Kartasasmita (1996), is to
improve the dignity of community members from their current condition of being trapped by
poverty and backwardness.Sulistyani (2004) explains that “etymologically, empowerment comes
from power which means strength or ability”. However, empowerment is usually understood as a
process to obtain power, strength or ability, or a process of transferring power, strength or ability
from the powerful persons to those who lack of it.
3. Micro, Small And Medium Enterprises…
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According to Prijono, S. Onny and Pranarka, A.M.W (1996), empowerment is a process to
empower the community and to encourage and motivate individuals to have ability or strength to
determine their own life. Therefore, empowerment concerns more with group or community in the
remote area. Sumodiningrat (2004) has stressed that empowerment is only temporary and targeted
until the community can live by autonomy despite still under supervision. Empowerment is then a
learning process to achieve a status, which is autonomy. This autonomy is maintained by preserving
enthusiasm, condition and ability to avoid from backwardness.
A specific goal pursued through empowerment is to develop individuals and communities
into autonomy. Indeed, autonomy means self-support in thinking, acting and controlling what they
do. Community autonomy is a condition when the community is able to think, to decide or to do
something appropriate for solving their problems using their competence including cognition,
connation, psychomotor, and affection, and also using the resource in internal environment of the
community. The empowerment in those four aspects (cognition, connation, psychomotor, and
affection) will contribute to community autonomy. It is highly aspirated that someday the
community will have adequate knowledge, reliable skill, sense of development, and high awareness
for their behavior (Ambar Teguh S, 2004).
MSME Empowerment Model : Many researches have reviewed the efforts to develop Small and
Medium Enterprises. These researches highlight the limited development of SME because of low
accessibility of SME to soft credit form financial agencies. This low access is apparent because
SME does not adequate collateral to obtain credit, while financial agencies must implement caution
measures in their financial management. Financial support is always important because finance will
help to boast up competing ability. Other researches have found that SME development can be
realized through non-financial aspect. This non-financial aspect includes the quality of worker,
education, technology and others. Technical support to increase skill, access to market and
information are also other important components to develop SME.
SME characteristic and type are very heterogenic and it indicates that SME policy may be
hardly generalized to achieve the expected goals. The policy with individual approach to the
business may be hampered due to limited time and effort. Therefore, Yoseva (2007) suggests that in
early stage, SME development may be conducted by using business center approach. SME growth
must be supported by good efforts, either financial or non-financial. Yoseva (2007) has reported
that 59.2 % SME experience monthly omzet increase after receiving financial support. Meanwhile,
20.2 % SME are without change for their omzet and 7.8 % SME suffer from omzet decrease after
receiving financial support. Result of review indicates that non-financial support program at certain
degree is considered as quite useful for information service, financing, marketing and raw material
procurement.
Said and Widjaja (2007) add that SME development through financing is designed in
following formats:
[1] Block grant
[2] Roll-over grant
[3] Cheap interest rate
[4] Interest rate subsidy
Those financing models are already applied by several ministries including the Ministry of
Cooperative and SME, the Ministry of Agriculture, the Ministry of Marine and Fishery, and the
Ministry of Industry and Trade.
Frame of Thought :Based on the theoretical concept and preliminary result that are used to answer
the problems of research, the following frame of thought is developed to formulate those problems
using schematic approach as shown in Figure 2.1:
4. Micro, Small And Medium Enterprises…
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Figure 1. Frame of Thought
III. RESEARCH METHOD
Location, Population and Sample of Research :The location of first-year research is at Malang
City, Malang District and Batu City. Research population is Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises.
Second-year research is a trial in Malang City as Pilot Project while monitoring and evaluation are
implemented onto the model. The sample used in economic development model is cluster (here,
cluster is defined as MSME category, which includes micro, small and medium).
Table 1. Population and Sample
Cluster Percentage Sample
Micro 50 36
Small 35 25
Medium 15 11
Total 100 71
Source: Processed Data, 2014
Data Collection Method
Field Survey : In this method, global observation, field research, and questionnaire are instruments
used to understand the quantifiable facts. Field survey is also conducted to understand the
condition, activity, potential, capacity and empowerment of MSME in Malang City, Malang District
and Batu City. Before operating this survey, the authors arrange survey instruments and interview
guide to explore data to facilitate the implementation of research. Field survey is not only used to
find out potential, capacity and empowerment of MSME in Malang Raya, but also to help the
authors to understand the beneath layer of policy strategy and MSME empowerment program in
Malang Raya.
Participatory Research Appraisal (PRA) :PRA is a method to explore qualitative data from the
actors who are behind Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (MSME) using SWOT (strengths,
weaknesses, opportunities, and threats). The subjects of research are required to identify factors of
strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats of the business, and then asked to prepare the
development strategy for Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (MSME) based on each sector using
the approach of Participatory Research Appraisal (PRA).
Empowerment Model for
MSME in Malang City
Empowerment
Model
Through
Financing
Empowerment
Model in
Through
Marketing
Empowerment
Model
Through
Human
Resource
Trial at
MSME
Evaluation
5. Micro, Small And Medium Enterprises…
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Focused Group Discussion (FGD) :Focused Group Discussion (FGD) is a data collection method
that is used by some participants during collective discussion focused on certain themes or issues.
FGD is a participative method to collect information about a certain problem and/or a very specific
demand through group discussion. The meaning of the word “participative” is reflected in the
discussion process where moderator facilitates discussion by proposing an issue, a case, or an
occurrence to be used as discussion material (the facilitator does not always ask questions), and
participants themselves who propose problem and solution to the problem. FGD participants may
include economic experts or academics such as bureaucracy officers, NGO, community, college,
Local House of Representatives, journalist and the actor of the business itself.
Seminar and Workshop : Seminar and workshop are implemented to publish the temporary
findings about MSME empowerment model. The findings are then “worked on” again in this
seminar and workshop to add some perfection into the existing MSME empowerment model.
IV. RESULTS OF RESEARCH
Model Trial Preparation : Model trial preparation involves consulting and discussing the detail
work plan with target group and some other relevant group elements in Malang City. The authors
also administer permit and contact with the government of district/town selected, including Malang
City, Malang District and Batu City. MSME curriculum and training material are improved based on
the input obtained after having a consultation with other elements of organization in Malang City
and also based on results of preliminary review.
Consultation and discussion with various relevant organizational elements in Malang City
are aimed to understand the activities conducted by organizations/programs in relation with MSME
development or those related to local poverty eradication strategy. Other goal is to get lesson from
their experience. Six organizations are interviewed, such as The Official of Cooperative and SME,
National Trade Office, Financial Agency, Capital Market, NGO and Higher Education. Of these
organizations, only The Official of Cooperative and SME and Higher Education have implemented
MSME development in sustainable and structured ways.
Early Visit to Target Group : After preparing and consulting with related elements, research team
conducts early review in three target groups in separated way, precisely Malang City on 8 May
2014, Malang District on 29 May 2014, and Batu City on 31 May 2014. In this visit, there is also a
consultation with target group about trial plan over the model. Research team also attempts to
understand the institutionalization of poverty eradication, the efforts of MSME empowerment, and
the mechanism prepared and implemented by the related official in each district/town. The
perception of target group about the trial of MSME empowerment model is understood by having a
discussion with target group.
The Implementation of Model Trial :Technically, PRA starts with by short description by the
team about 3 (three) main problems, which are capital problem, marketing problem, and human
resource problem.It is early step and determinant base for selecting the type of training for target
group. It also avoids the mistake in selecting training program due to the ignorance of potentials,
needs and wants of each target group. The selection of program must consider the needs if
maximum results are expected.
Some constraints impede the activity such as the limited competence of participants in
communication, daylight schedule (during work hour), and lateness of event. However, these
constraints are not reducing the substance of activity. Several measures are taken to deal with
these constraints such as using simple language format, selecting some brief materials for
discussion, and maximizing the time to obtain information as many as possible. Backup plans are
always made to ensure the smoothness of program implementation in the future. The importance is
highly apparent when a more intensive communication and coordination shall be needed with
elements such as The Official of Cooperative and SME, National Trade Office, Financial Agency,
Capital Market, NGO and Higher Education, as well as public personages. It is necessary to explain
to the community about the importance of PRA for MSME empowerment.
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Focused Group Discussion (FGD) is done together with research elements such as such as
The Official of Cooperative and SME, National Trade Office, Financial Agency, Capital Market,
NGO and Higher Education, and also the representative of MSME. The discussion has found a
problem during the implementation of MSME empowerment model, which is lack of integration
among empowerment programs. Some weaknesses and failures of MSME empowerment program in
the past have brought FGD participants to a consensus that a more integrative MSME empowerment
model, which will be applied in better way and on-target, is truly needed. MSME empowerment
program offered by the authors is considered by FGD participants as a reliable solution to in tegrate
all elements of the empowerment program into a coordination structure to help the implementation
of the program.
MSME empowerment elements are still in less capacity to provide optimum service for the
empowerment of MSME in Malang City. Diffusion and technological shift processes by MSME
empowerment elements have been constrained that limits the application of science and technology.
The constraints include the outcome of science and technology that fails to satisfy the demand,
different orientation of MSME empowerment among technology users, different preparation rate of
science and technology, transparent and easier mechanism of transaction or procedure, information
limit, and financing barrier.
The following is main problems to be dealt by MSME empowerment elements:
a. Low human resource capacity in term of professionalism, technical competence and
developmental competence.
b. Lack of optimum intermediary mechanism for science and technology, as shown by lack of
restructured infrastructure for science and technology, and less effective communication
system between empowerment elements and MSME management.
c. Low finance for science and technology which results in limited facility for science and
technology, lack of fund for operation and maintenance, and low incentive for research.
d. Weak synergy among the policies of science and technology, as shown by less focus on
research and development which may cause less significant outcome. Innovation policies
covering education, industry and science and technology sectors are not integrated such that it
triggers other problems such as less capacity in provider side, breakdown of transaction
system, and lack of growth in user side of science and technology in Malang Raya.
Other problem is also considered, which is related to how to keep MSME empowerment
model compatible with local potentials. The compatibility of MSME empowerment model and local
potentials is estimated based on four aspects of human resource quality, which are theoretical
competence, technical competence, conceptual competence, and moral competence. Workshop held
by the authors has produced a result that all indicators in the theoretical and conceptual
competences and all indicators of moral competence are given greater emphasis. In term of local
potentials, those given great focus are all indicators of natural resource potential and some
indicators in human resource potential. The indicators of technical competence and moral
competence, along with indicators of cultural resource potential, are the supplementing factor for
achieving the goal of empowerment.
Monitoring and Evaluation :The implementation of trial over MSME empowerment model in
Malang Ray concerns with two sectors, which are the productive economic work development
sector and the implementation of saving-loan activity for women as MSME actors.Result of
monitoring on the field shows that MSME is very potential to be developed because it helps to
increase community income. Therefore, special emphasis shall be given to the presence of MSME.
The development of productive economic work in Malang Raya involves the registration of work
groups. These work groups have positioned their business in the handicraft and sale sectors.
V. CONCLUSION, IMPLICATION AND LIMIT
The authors assert that indicators proposed in pursuance of the results of PRA, FGD,
Workshop and monitoring activity, are reflecting the persistent effort to produce meaningful and
useful change to meet the fundamental demand in the community. Therefore, such activities or
programs shall be needed because the government has moral responsibility to deliver the welfare for
peoples, mainly those who live in rural.
7. Micro, Small And Medium Enterprises…
www.ijbmi.org 64 | Page
The model offered by the authors must be implemented in coordinated and integrated ways
by all MSME empowerment elements in Malang City. Also, The Official of Cooperative and SME
in Malang Raya is becoming a central key to produce integration in the model implementation.
Underlined by the senses of economic decentralization and local autonomy, the government in
Malang Raya must stimulate MSME actors to develop their local potentials in agriculture, fishery,
and plantation sectors as well as also in other natural resource bases. The government must avoid
from killing local initiatives. Indeed, local government shall provide bigger incentive for the
initiative of local investment for the brighter future of economic development in Malang Raya to
help reducing poverty rate in this region.
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