2. WHAT IS A REFERENCING FRAMEWORK
• A reference framework is a structure is a structure you can use to
compare a student’s performance to something external to the
assessment itself.
3. 1. NORM-REFERENCING FRAMEWORK
• Norm-referenced interpretation tells us how an individual compare
with other students who have taken the same test. How much the
student knows is determined by his standing or rank within the
reference group.
4. 1. NORM-REFERENCING FRAMEWORK
Norm-referenced tests
are used to determine
the achievements of
individuals in
comparison with the
achievements of other
individuals who take
the same test.
In a norm-referenced
test, the quality of
achievements of a
student’s determined
by the distance of his
score from the median.
Norm-referenced tests
are designed to
produce variability
among individuals.
Norm-referenced tests
are used for selection
and grouping
purposes.
5. II. CRITERION-REFERENCING FRAMEWORK
Criterion-referenced
tests are used to
determine the
achievements of
individuals in
comparison with
criterion, usually an
absolute standard.
In criterion-
referenced test, the
quality of
achievement of a
student is
determined by the
distance of his score
from the criterion
established.
In criterion-
referenced
tests,
variability is
irrelevant.
Criterion-referenced test,
is used to determine the
level of skill or
knowledge of individuals
if they are capable of
qualified to apply such
as skill or knowledge’
In a criterion-referenced
test, too easy or too
difficult items are not
removed, rather they
should be included if
they truly reflect the skill
being measured.
6. ORGANIZING TEST SCORES AND STATISTICAL
ANALYSIS
• This process, of selecting a sample from a population amounts to
data collection. Once the data has been collected, it must be
organized to make it meaningful. Unorganized data does not
convey any meaningful information.
7. WHAT IS RAW DATA?
• Raw data refers to set of unorganized data. The number of points
received on a test when the test has been scored according to the
directions.
8. UNGROUPED DATA VS. GROUPED DATA
Ungrouped Data
Ungrouped data are
data that are not
organized, or if
arranged, could only be
from highest to lowest
or lowest to highest.
Grouped Data
Grouped data are data
that are organized and
arranged into different
classes or categories.
