The document discusses the financial crisis in Indonesia from 1997-1998 and its aftermath. It analyzes the sources and development of the crisis, including monetary, economic, social, and political dimensions. It examines the crisis' impact on unemployment, income, and GDP. The crisis marked a transition from the New Order government to a period of political reform. Solutions discussed include improving human resources, information systems, public services, and implementing good governance through a strategy focused on excellent return on services.
This document summarizes a presentation about the metamorphosis of Indonesia's financial crisis since 1998. It discusses:
1) The background of the 1997-1998 Asian Financial Crisis, including macroeconomic, financial, and structural lessons.
2) The phenomena of Indonesia's crisis, including how it evolved from a monetary crisis in 1997 to an economic crisis in 1998 and subsequent social and political crises.
3) How the crisis mechanisms affected both micro and macro economy units in Indonesia and led to a total multi-dimensional crisis with moral, mental, and leadership aspects.
Does asian financial crisis serves as a precursor for global financial crisisAlexander Decker
This document discusses the Asian Financial Crisis of 1997-1998 and whether it served as a precursor to the global financial crisis of 2008. It provides background on the Asian Financial Crisis, including that it started with the depreciation of Thailand's currency and spread to other Asian countries. It also reviews literature on the causes of the Asian Financial Crisis, including financial liberalization, currency mismatches, and weak government regulation. The document examines debates around whether lessons were learned from the Asian Crisis and the role of the Washington Consensus policies in the crises.
FDI, economic decline and recovery: lessons from Asian Financial CrisisFarhad Hafez
This document summarizes a paper about the impact of foreign direct investment (FDI) on economic decline and recovery during the 1997 Asian financial crisis. The paper analyzes data from 10 Asian economies to test the hypotheses that higher FDI levels prior to a crisis can reduce economic decline during the crisis and speed up recovery. The results found FDI did help mitigate decline and boost recovery in some cases. The conclusion is that Asian countries' efforts to attract more FDI can help build more stable economic growth and resilience to future crises.
The document summarizes the East Asian financial crisis of 1997-1998. It provides background on the economic growth and policies of East Asian countries prior to the crisis. It then discusses some of the key factors that contributed to the crisis, including faulty macroeconomic policies, excessive foreign borrowing and risk-taking, and poor lending practices. The crisis began in Thailand and then spread to other countries through financial contagion and loss of investor confidence. The IMF intervened to stabilize currencies and reform banking systems.
The Asian Financial Crisis began in Thailand in 1997 and spread to other Asian countries. Countries had high debt levels, currency pressures, and collapsed asset prices as foreign capital rapidly pulled out. Thailand, Indonesia, South Korea, and other Southeast Asian countries were most affected. The IMF intervened and provided bailout loans with conditions of austerity measures, which some argue exacerbated recessions. While some countries recovered, the crisis highlighted the risks of heavy reliance on foreign capital inflows and foreign debt.
The Asian Financial Crisis began in Thailand in 1997 and spread to other Asian countries. Thailand had experienced strong economic growth but saw a slowdown in exports combined with rising loan defaults. South Korea's economy was dominated by large conglomerates that borrowed excessively. Indonesia also liberalized financial markets without prudent regulation. The crisis led to currency attacks as investors pulled money out, depreciating currencies. Affected countries had to obtain IMF loans but implement reforms. The crisis had social, economic, political and technological impacts on Asian nations.
A Case Study Analysis on the Asian Financial Crisis of 1997 and Zapa ChemicalsSadman Ahmed
Asian Financial Crisis of 1997:-
The Asian crisis was one of the worst financial disasters in the history of Thailand. The investors moved away large sums money away, inflation spiraled out of control, and it ultimately put pressure on the exchange rates of the Baht. Due to Thailand’s problems alone, the effect of the crisis spread along different countries in Asia. The impacts prove how integrated the economies of today are. Much of the fault lies on the failed policies of the government and weak regulatory regime.
Zapa Chemicals (risk management)
The exchange rate exposure and the legal hurdles can be quite a burden when transferring funds across the borders. In the case of Zapa Chemicals, the tax filing problem did not help them to transfer funds. They didn’t know when exactly the funds would be available for receiving. The risk management of the firm is quite a hefty task for foreign companies to successfully pursue.
Rajiv Gandhi ignored advice from finance ministers and the RBI in 1988 to seek an IMF loan when warned of future crisis, due to domestic political concerns. By the time he agreed to approach the IMF in 1989, it was too late, and the balance of payments crisis occurred under the new V.P. Singh government in 1991. Interviews with central bank and finance ministry officials revealed that Rajiv Gandhi's delay in seeking IMF assistance due to impending elections significantly contributed to the severity of the 1991 crisis.
This document summarizes a presentation about the metamorphosis of Indonesia's financial crisis since 1998. It discusses:
1) The background of the 1997-1998 Asian Financial Crisis, including macroeconomic, financial, and structural lessons.
2) The phenomena of Indonesia's crisis, including how it evolved from a monetary crisis in 1997 to an economic crisis in 1998 and subsequent social and political crises.
3) How the crisis mechanisms affected both micro and macro economy units in Indonesia and led to a total multi-dimensional crisis with moral, mental, and leadership aspects.
Does asian financial crisis serves as a precursor for global financial crisisAlexander Decker
This document discusses the Asian Financial Crisis of 1997-1998 and whether it served as a precursor to the global financial crisis of 2008. It provides background on the Asian Financial Crisis, including that it started with the depreciation of Thailand's currency and spread to other Asian countries. It also reviews literature on the causes of the Asian Financial Crisis, including financial liberalization, currency mismatches, and weak government regulation. The document examines debates around whether lessons were learned from the Asian Crisis and the role of the Washington Consensus policies in the crises.
FDI, economic decline and recovery: lessons from Asian Financial CrisisFarhad Hafez
This document summarizes a paper about the impact of foreign direct investment (FDI) on economic decline and recovery during the 1997 Asian financial crisis. The paper analyzes data from 10 Asian economies to test the hypotheses that higher FDI levels prior to a crisis can reduce economic decline during the crisis and speed up recovery. The results found FDI did help mitigate decline and boost recovery in some cases. The conclusion is that Asian countries' efforts to attract more FDI can help build more stable economic growth and resilience to future crises.
The document summarizes the East Asian financial crisis of 1997-1998. It provides background on the economic growth and policies of East Asian countries prior to the crisis. It then discusses some of the key factors that contributed to the crisis, including faulty macroeconomic policies, excessive foreign borrowing and risk-taking, and poor lending practices. The crisis began in Thailand and then spread to other countries through financial contagion and loss of investor confidence. The IMF intervened to stabilize currencies and reform banking systems.
The Asian Financial Crisis began in Thailand in 1997 and spread to other Asian countries. Countries had high debt levels, currency pressures, and collapsed asset prices as foreign capital rapidly pulled out. Thailand, Indonesia, South Korea, and other Southeast Asian countries were most affected. The IMF intervened and provided bailout loans with conditions of austerity measures, which some argue exacerbated recessions. While some countries recovered, the crisis highlighted the risks of heavy reliance on foreign capital inflows and foreign debt.
The Asian Financial Crisis began in Thailand in 1997 and spread to other Asian countries. Thailand had experienced strong economic growth but saw a slowdown in exports combined with rising loan defaults. South Korea's economy was dominated by large conglomerates that borrowed excessively. Indonesia also liberalized financial markets without prudent regulation. The crisis led to currency attacks as investors pulled money out, depreciating currencies. Affected countries had to obtain IMF loans but implement reforms. The crisis had social, economic, political and technological impacts on Asian nations.
A Case Study Analysis on the Asian Financial Crisis of 1997 and Zapa ChemicalsSadman Ahmed
Asian Financial Crisis of 1997:-
The Asian crisis was one of the worst financial disasters in the history of Thailand. The investors moved away large sums money away, inflation spiraled out of control, and it ultimately put pressure on the exchange rates of the Baht. Due to Thailand’s problems alone, the effect of the crisis spread along different countries in Asia. The impacts prove how integrated the economies of today are. Much of the fault lies on the failed policies of the government and weak regulatory regime.
Zapa Chemicals (risk management)
The exchange rate exposure and the legal hurdles can be quite a burden when transferring funds across the borders. In the case of Zapa Chemicals, the tax filing problem did not help them to transfer funds. They didn’t know when exactly the funds would be available for receiving. The risk management of the firm is quite a hefty task for foreign companies to successfully pursue.
Rajiv Gandhi ignored advice from finance ministers and the RBI in 1988 to seek an IMF loan when warned of future crisis, due to domestic political concerns. By the time he agreed to approach the IMF in 1989, it was too late, and the balance of payments crisis occurred under the new V.P. Singh government in 1991. Interviews with central bank and finance ministry officials revealed that Rajiv Gandhi's delay in seeking IMF assistance due to impending elections significantly contributed to the severity of the 1991 crisis.
The asian financial crisis causes dynamics prospects (1) (1)KushagrashuklaShukla
This document summarizes an article about the Asian financial crisis of the late 1990s. It discusses how Southeast Asian countries like Thailand and the Philippines pursued a model of "fast-track capitalism" fueled by large inflows of foreign capital. However, this made their economies highly vulnerable. When foreign investment was suddenly withdrawn in 1997 amid panic, it triggered a massive economic crisis across the region. The document critiques how the IMF response focused on structural adjustment programs that promoted further opening to foreign capital and prioritized debt repayment over economic recovery. This approach risked prolonging recession across East Asia. Alternatives to the IMF model were needed to build more sustainable development.
The document summarizes the 1997 Asian Financial Crisis that affected economies in Southeast Asia. It provides background on the crisis, describing how currency devaluations in Thailand, Indonesia, and other countries led to a loss of over $100 billion from the region. This resulted in high unemployment, falling wages, and corporate and bank failures. A combination of factors contributed to the crisis, including risky private sector borrowing, currency speculation, and weak economic performance. Countries took measures like seeking IMF aid and reforming banking systems to overcome the crisis. The crisis indirectly impacted countries like India through slower global growth and affected Indian exports, while India was shielded by capital controls and a floating exchange rate.
The document discusses the global financial crisis that began in 2007 and its implications for international financial institutions in Asia. It provides background on the 1997 Asian financial crisis and details on how Asian countries and banking systems recovered in its aftermath. It then examines how the current global crisis impacted international institutions in Asia and the responses by Asian countries. Key points covered include the effects on countries in East Asia, South Asia, Southeast Asia, and the roles of organizations like the IMF, World Bank, and Asian Development Bank in providing assistance.
The document discusses the Asian Financial Crisis of 1997-1998. It began in Thailand in May 1997 when the Thai baht collapsed due to speculative attacks. The crisis spread to other Southeast Asian countries such as Malaysia, Indonesia, and the Philippines. The crisis was caused by excess investment in these countries, fueled by export growth, that was financed by foreign capital in US dollars. This left countries vulnerable when their currencies collapsed against the dollar. The crisis had severe economic and political impacts, including falling GDP, high inflation, and the resignation of President Suharto in Indonesia. Countries received IMF support and implemented reforms to stabilize their economies and recover over the following years.
The Asian Financial Crisis began in July 1997 when Thailand floated its currency, the baht, causing its value to drop and triggering a series of currency devaluations and economic turmoil across Asia. The crisis most severely impacted Indonesia, South Korea, and Thailand as their currencies collapsed, stock markets plunged, real estate prices fell, and numerous companies went bankrupt. The International Monetary Fund orchestrated large bailout packages for the affected countries and imposed structural adjustment programs that required high interest rates, spending cuts, and market liberalization to stabilize currencies and restore investor confidence. While most countries recovered relatively quickly, the crisis had long-lasting economic and political impacts on the region.
This document discusses the causes of the 1997 Asian financial crisis. It outlines two main arguments about the causes: fundamental weaknesses in Asian economies vs. financial panic and lack of a lender of last resort. It also discusses the roles of the IMF and Malaysia's response. The purpose is to review the key causes, compare the IMF and Malaysian strategies, and identify lessons learned.
The document discusses the 1997 Asian Financial Crisis that originated in Thailand and spread to other Southeast Asian countries. It provides background on the "Four Asian Tigers" of high-growth economies prior to 1997. It then describes the events and impact of the crisis in Thailand, Indonesia, South Korea, Hong Kong, Malaysia and other nations. These included currency declines, falling stock markets, GDP declines and the need for IMF bailout packages. Causes of the crisis included easy foreign lending, real estate bubbles, and currency devaluations. The IMF was later criticized for its crisis response of imposing "structural adjustment" measures.
The document summarizes the 1997 Asian Financial Crisis. It began in Thailand due to a real estate bubble fueled by foreign capital inflows. When the US raised interest rates, capital fled Thailand, forcing the baht to float and devalue sharply. This triggered a financial crisis that spread to other Southeast Asian countries as currency devaluations made foreign debt more expensive. The IMF provided $40 billion in bailout loans to stabilize currencies in affected countries which included Thailand, Indonesia, South Korea, Hong Kong, Malaysia, and the Philippines.
The document summarizes the social impacts of the Asian financial crisis of the late 1990s. It discusses how the crisis led to rising unemployment and inflation, a decline in real incomes and household assets, and increases in poverty levels. Vulnerable groups like women, children, the elderly and migrant workers were disproportionately affected. Governments, communities, and households implemented various responses and coping mechanisms to deal with the economic hardship caused by the crisis.
The Asian financial crisis began in July 1997 in Thailand and spread to other Asian countries, raising fears of a global economic meltdown. The crisis started when Thailand floated its currency, the baht, cutting its peg to the US dollar. The International Monetary Fund created bailout packages for affected countries to avoid default, with reforms including austerity measures. The IMF assembled a $17.2 billion rescue package for Thailand as the crisis spread due to countries' over-dependence on short-term foreign funds.
The Asian Financial Crisis began in Thailand in 1997 and spread to other Asian countries, sparking fears of a global economic meltdown. Thailand's currency collapsed under the weight of foreign debt, driving the country into bankruptcy. As the crisis spread, currencies and stock markets declined across Southeast Asia and Japan. The crisis stemmed from inappropriate borrowing by the private sector for speculative investments during a period of strong economic growth. When firms could not repay loans, creditors withdrew funds from the region, placing further pressure on currencies. The crisis exposed weaknesses like overvalued currencies, inadequate financial regulation, and heavy reliance on short-term external debts. Governments and the IMF implemented policies to stabilize currencies and financial systems while addressing rising unemployment and social impacts.
The document summarizes the East Asia financial crisis of 1997-1998. It describes the four Asian tiger economies, the pre-crisis economic boom in East Asia, and the triggering events in Thailand that led to a rapid reversal of capital flows across the region. It then discusses the effects on various countries like Indonesia, South Korea, Philippines, Japan, Taiwan, the US, and India. It also covers the role of the IMF, reasons why the crisis was not predicted, and conclusions.
The Asian financial crisis was a period of financial crisis that gripped much of East Asia beginning in July 1997 and raised fears of a worldwide economic meltdown due to financial contagion.
Financial contagion refers to “the spread of market disturbances -- mostly on the downside -- from one country to the other, a process observed through co-movements in exchange rates, stock prices, sovereign spreads, and capital flows." Financial contagion can be a potential risk for countries who are trying to integrate their financial system with international financial markets and institutions. It helps explain an economic crisis extending across neighboring countries, or even regions.
arifanee.com is world's leading website on the hottest financial news, perspectives and behind the scenes stories. arifanees.com brings you insight and information to inspire and transform your paradigm by enriching your with the best of facts and the vision.
arifanees.com
Information-Inspiration-Transformation
Financial sector has always been potential ingredient in bringing growth in an economy, the indirect impact of
financial markets and institutions through saving mobilization and credit expansion is of extraordinary importance.
By employing Autoregressive Distributed Lags (ARDL) approach impact of financial sector on economic growth of
Tanzania is examined. The results show that, in both long-run and short-run, financial development exerts significant
but negative effect on economic growth contrary to our expectations. The study employs the ratio of broad money to
GDP (financial depth) as a proxy measure of financial development, along with inflation rate, real interest rate, real
exchange rate, share on of investment to GDP, proportion of development expenditure to total expenditure and
dummy for structural reforms as control variables during our estimations. Results also suggest non-existence of
causality between financial development and economic growth. Thus the study suggests strengthening data
availability on flow of credit from financial institution to the public is necessary to materialize the effect of financial
sector in Tanzania
The East Asian economic crisis in the late 1990s affected several countries in the region. It was caused by weak domestic policies, global financial liberalization, and speculative attacks on currencies with fixed exchange rates. Thailand was hit first as investors lost confidence in its currency, the baht. The crisis led to sharp declines in currencies, stock markets, and asset prices across Asia. It also had spillover effects globally. The IMF responded by providing loans with conditions for austerity measures, which deepened recessions. Countries have since rebuilt their economies and financial systems to be stronger against future crises.
The global financial crisis negatively impacted Cambodia's economy through various channels. GDP growth slowed from an estimated 6% in 2008 to a projected 5.1% in 2009 due to declines in investment, exports, and tourism receipts. A multiplier model was used to estimate that the cumulative impact would increase expenditures by $486 million and output by $518 million, dampening but not eliminating economic growth. Other institutions projected 2009 GDP growth between 4.8-6%, with the exact impact depending on assumptions about how severely the crisis affected Cambodia. Overall, the crisis disrupted Cambodia's economy by slowing growth in key sectors.
The Asian Financial Crisis began in July 1997 and severely impacted economies across Asia, including Thailand, Indonesia, South Korea, and other countries. The crisis was triggered by Thailand deciding to float its currency, the baht, causing its value to collapse and spread contagion to other economies. Weak financial systems, liberalization of capital flows, overreliance on foreign capital, and inconsistent economic policies contributed to the crisis by exposing vulnerabilities and causing investors to lose confidence. The crisis represented a failure of many parties to identify risks and prevent the downturn.
The Asian Financial Crisis began in Thailand in 1997 and spread to other East and Southeast Asian countries. It was caused by currency devaluations due to speculative attacks and a lack of foreign exchange reserves to support the fixed exchange rates. This led to a drop in currency values, stock markets, and asset prices across the affected countries. The IMF played a role in providing loans and surveillance to stabilize currencies and mitigate the crisis's impact. Lessons from the crisis included the risks of excessive foreign debt, unstable capital flows, and the need for international cooperation during financial crises.
The document summarizes the 1997 Asian Financial Crisis, its causes, and its effects. It discusses several key points:
1) The crisis was caused by hot money flows leaving Southeast Asian countries as US interest rates increased, combined with financial deregulation and property bubbles in the region.
2) Countries like Indonesia were affected as currencies fell sharply against the US dollar, foreign debt became more expensive to pay back, and the IMF's austerity policies exacerbated economic downturns.
3) The crisis had severe socioeconomic impacts on Indonesia like increased poverty, high inflation, business bankruptcies, and currency depreciation weakening manufacturing industries. GDP growth fell sharply and poverty rates rose significantly.
Dokumen ini membahas tentang revolusi komunikasi dan masyarakat pasca industri. Terdapat tiga aliran pemahaman perkembangan teknologi komunikasi yaitu dystopian, neo futuris, dan tekno realis. Masyarakat pasca industri didominasi oleh informasi dan pekerja informasi. Informasi menjadi penting karena tidak lagi dianggap barang bebas dan biaya untuk mendapatkannya semakin mahal.
Bonus demografi sendiri merupakan masa transisi demografi, yaitu terjadinya penurunan tingkat kematian yang diikuti dengan penurunan tingkat kelahiran dan dapat digunakan untuk meningkatkan pertumbuhan ekonomi dengan memanfaatkan penduduk usia produktif secara optimal.
The asian financial crisis causes dynamics prospects (1) (1)KushagrashuklaShukla
This document summarizes an article about the Asian financial crisis of the late 1990s. It discusses how Southeast Asian countries like Thailand and the Philippines pursued a model of "fast-track capitalism" fueled by large inflows of foreign capital. However, this made their economies highly vulnerable. When foreign investment was suddenly withdrawn in 1997 amid panic, it triggered a massive economic crisis across the region. The document critiques how the IMF response focused on structural adjustment programs that promoted further opening to foreign capital and prioritized debt repayment over economic recovery. This approach risked prolonging recession across East Asia. Alternatives to the IMF model were needed to build more sustainable development.
The document summarizes the 1997 Asian Financial Crisis that affected economies in Southeast Asia. It provides background on the crisis, describing how currency devaluations in Thailand, Indonesia, and other countries led to a loss of over $100 billion from the region. This resulted in high unemployment, falling wages, and corporate and bank failures. A combination of factors contributed to the crisis, including risky private sector borrowing, currency speculation, and weak economic performance. Countries took measures like seeking IMF aid and reforming banking systems to overcome the crisis. The crisis indirectly impacted countries like India through slower global growth and affected Indian exports, while India was shielded by capital controls and a floating exchange rate.
The document discusses the global financial crisis that began in 2007 and its implications for international financial institutions in Asia. It provides background on the 1997 Asian financial crisis and details on how Asian countries and banking systems recovered in its aftermath. It then examines how the current global crisis impacted international institutions in Asia and the responses by Asian countries. Key points covered include the effects on countries in East Asia, South Asia, Southeast Asia, and the roles of organizations like the IMF, World Bank, and Asian Development Bank in providing assistance.
The document discusses the Asian Financial Crisis of 1997-1998. It began in Thailand in May 1997 when the Thai baht collapsed due to speculative attacks. The crisis spread to other Southeast Asian countries such as Malaysia, Indonesia, and the Philippines. The crisis was caused by excess investment in these countries, fueled by export growth, that was financed by foreign capital in US dollars. This left countries vulnerable when their currencies collapsed against the dollar. The crisis had severe economic and political impacts, including falling GDP, high inflation, and the resignation of President Suharto in Indonesia. Countries received IMF support and implemented reforms to stabilize their economies and recover over the following years.
The Asian Financial Crisis began in July 1997 when Thailand floated its currency, the baht, causing its value to drop and triggering a series of currency devaluations and economic turmoil across Asia. The crisis most severely impacted Indonesia, South Korea, and Thailand as their currencies collapsed, stock markets plunged, real estate prices fell, and numerous companies went bankrupt. The International Monetary Fund orchestrated large bailout packages for the affected countries and imposed structural adjustment programs that required high interest rates, spending cuts, and market liberalization to stabilize currencies and restore investor confidence. While most countries recovered relatively quickly, the crisis had long-lasting economic and political impacts on the region.
This document discusses the causes of the 1997 Asian financial crisis. It outlines two main arguments about the causes: fundamental weaknesses in Asian economies vs. financial panic and lack of a lender of last resort. It also discusses the roles of the IMF and Malaysia's response. The purpose is to review the key causes, compare the IMF and Malaysian strategies, and identify lessons learned.
The document discusses the 1997 Asian Financial Crisis that originated in Thailand and spread to other Southeast Asian countries. It provides background on the "Four Asian Tigers" of high-growth economies prior to 1997. It then describes the events and impact of the crisis in Thailand, Indonesia, South Korea, Hong Kong, Malaysia and other nations. These included currency declines, falling stock markets, GDP declines and the need for IMF bailout packages. Causes of the crisis included easy foreign lending, real estate bubbles, and currency devaluations. The IMF was later criticized for its crisis response of imposing "structural adjustment" measures.
The document summarizes the 1997 Asian Financial Crisis. It began in Thailand due to a real estate bubble fueled by foreign capital inflows. When the US raised interest rates, capital fled Thailand, forcing the baht to float and devalue sharply. This triggered a financial crisis that spread to other Southeast Asian countries as currency devaluations made foreign debt more expensive. The IMF provided $40 billion in bailout loans to stabilize currencies in affected countries which included Thailand, Indonesia, South Korea, Hong Kong, Malaysia, and the Philippines.
The document summarizes the social impacts of the Asian financial crisis of the late 1990s. It discusses how the crisis led to rising unemployment and inflation, a decline in real incomes and household assets, and increases in poverty levels. Vulnerable groups like women, children, the elderly and migrant workers were disproportionately affected. Governments, communities, and households implemented various responses and coping mechanisms to deal with the economic hardship caused by the crisis.
The Asian financial crisis began in July 1997 in Thailand and spread to other Asian countries, raising fears of a global economic meltdown. The crisis started when Thailand floated its currency, the baht, cutting its peg to the US dollar. The International Monetary Fund created bailout packages for affected countries to avoid default, with reforms including austerity measures. The IMF assembled a $17.2 billion rescue package for Thailand as the crisis spread due to countries' over-dependence on short-term foreign funds.
The Asian Financial Crisis began in Thailand in 1997 and spread to other Asian countries, sparking fears of a global economic meltdown. Thailand's currency collapsed under the weight of foreign debt, driving the country into bankruptcy. As the crisis spread, currencies and stock markets declined across Southeast Asia and Japan. The crisis stemmed from inappropriate borrowing by the private sector for speculative investments during a period of strong economic growth. When firms could not repay loans, creditors withdrew funds from the region, placing further pressure on currencies. The crisis exposed weaknesses like overvalued currencies, inadequate financial regulation, and heavy reliance on short-term external debts. Governments and the IMF implemented policies to stabilize currencies and financial systems while addressing rising unemployment and social impacts.
The document summarizes the East Asia financial crisis of 1997-1998. It describes the four Asian tiger economies, the pre-crisis economic boom in East Asia, and the triggering events in Thailand that led to a rapid reversal of capital flows across the region. It then discusses the effects on various countries like Indonesia, South Korea, Philippines, Japan, Taiwan, the US, and India. It also covers the role of the IMF, reasons why the crisis was not predicted, and conclusions.
The Asian financial crisis was a period of financial crisis that gripped much of East Asia beginning in July 1997 and raised fears of a worldwide economic meltdown due to financial contagion.
Financial contagion refers to “the spread of market disturbances -- mostly on the downside -- from one country to the other, a process observed through co-movements in exchange rates, stock prices, sovereign spreads, and capital flows." Financial contagion can be a potential risk for countries who are trying to integrate their financial system with international financial markets and institutions. It helps explain an economic crisis extending across neighboring countries, or even regions.
arifanee.com is world's leading website on the hottest financial news, perspectives and behind the scenes stories. arifanees.com brings you insight and information to inspire and transform your paradigm by enriching your with the best of facts and the vision.
arifanees.com
Information-Inspiration-Transformation
Financial sector has always been potential ingredient in bringing growth in an economy, the indirect impact of
financial markets and institutions through saving mobilization and credit expansion is of extraordinary importance.
By employing Autoregressive Distributed Lags (ARDL) approach impact of financial sector on economic growth of
Tanzania is examined. The results show that, in both long-run and short-run, financial development exerts significant
but negative effect on economic growth contrary to our expectations. The study employs the ratio of broad money to
GDP (financial depth) as a proxy measure of financial development, along with inflation rate, real interest rate, real
exchange rate, share on of investment to GDP, proportion of development expenditure to total expenditure and
dummy for structural reforms as control variables during our estimations. Results also suggest non-existence of
causality between financial development and economic growth. Thus the study suggests strengthening data
availability on flow of credit from financial institution to the public is necessary to materialize the effect of financial
sector in Tanzania
The East Asian economic crisis in the late 1990s affected several countries in the region. It was caused by weak domestic policies, global financial liberalization, and speculative attacks on currencies with fixed exchange rates. Thailand was hit first as investors lost confidence in its currency, the baht. The crisis led to sharp declines in currencies, stock markets, and asset prices across Asia. It also had spillover effects globally. The IMF responded by providing loans with conditions for austerity measures, which deepened recessions. Countries have since rebuilt their economies and financial systems to be stronger against future crises.
The global financial crisis negatively impacted Cambodia's economy through various channels. GDP growth slowed from an estimated 6% in 2008 to a projected 5.1% in 2009 due to declines in investment, exports, and tourism receipts. A multiplier model was used to estimate that the cumulative impact would increase expenditures by $486 million and output by $518 million, dampening but not eliminating economic growth. Other institutions projected 2009 GDP growth between 4.8-6%, with the exact impact depending on assumptions about how severely the crisis affected Cambodia. Overall, the crisis disrupted Cambodia's economy by slowing growth in key sectors.
The Asian Financial Crisis began in July 1997 and severely impacted economies across Asia, including Thailand, Indonesia, South Korea, and other countries. The crisis was triggered by Thailand deciding to float its currency, the baht, causing its value to collapse and spread contagion to other economies. Weak financial systems, liberalization of capital flows, overreliance on foreign capital, and inconsistent economic policies contributed to the crisis by exposing vulnerabilities and causing investors to lose confidence. The crisis represented a failure of many parties to identify risks and prevent the downturn.
The Asian Financial Crisis began in Thailand in 1997 and spread to other East and Southeast Asian countries. It was caused by currency devaluations due to speculative attacks and a lack of foreign exchange reserves to support the fixed exchange rates. This led to a drop in currency values, stock markets, and asset prices across the affected countries. The IMF played a role in providing loans and surveillance to stabilize currencies and mitigate the crisis's impact. Lessons from the crisis included the risks of excessive foreign debt, unstable capital flows, and the need for international cooperation during financial crises.
The document summarizes the 1997 Asian Financial Crisis, its causes, and its effects. It discusses several key points:
1) The crisis was caused by hot money flows leaving Southeast Asian countries as US interest rates increased, combined with financial deregulation and property bubbles in the region.
2) Countries like Indonesia were affected as currencies fell sharply against the US dollar, foreign debt became more expensive to pay back, and the IMF's austerity policies exacerbated economic downturns.
3) The crisis had severe socioeconomic impacts on Indonesia like increased poverty, high inflation, business bankruptcies, and currency depreciation weakening manufacturing industries. GDP growth fell sharply and poverty rates rose significantly.
Dokumen ini membahas tentang revolusi komunikasi dan masyarakat pasca industri. Terdapat tiga aliran pemahaman perkembangan teknologi komunikasi yaitu dystopian, neo futuris, dan tekno realis. Masyarakat pasca industri didominasi oleh informasi dan pekerja informasi. Informasi menjadi penting karena tidak lagi dianggap barang bebas dan biaya untuk mendapatkannya semakin mahal.
Bonus demografi sendiri merupakan masa transisi demografi, yaitu terjadinya penurunan tingkat kematian yang diikuti dengan penurunan tingkat kelahiran dan dapat digunakan untuk meningkatkan pertumbuhan ekonomi dengan memanfaatkan penduduk usia produktif secara optimal.
The document introduces IT cloud services including video communication technology, data storage, and email. It provides a 10-in-1 video communication platform for broadcasting recorded and live video through internet connections and mobile devices. The platform also offers unlimited private cloud storage for video and non-video data. Pricing options starting at $815 USD plus $35 monthly for various storage volumes are listed.
Peran guru tidak tergantikan oleh teknologiFirdaus Haqiqi
Guru memegang peranan strategis dalam membentuk kepribadian siswa dan menanamkan nilai-nilai melalui pendekatan psikopedagogik dan moral. Meskipun teknologi pembelajaran berkembang, peranan guru tetap dominan dalam konteks multikultural Indonesia karena guru merupakan kunci utama keberhasilan pendidikan.
Efek Globalisasi bagi Pertahanan dan KeamananJesica Grace
Beberapa dampak positif dari profesionalisasi tentara dan polisi adalah meningkatnya tuntutan akan profesionalitas, transparansi, dan akuntabilitas penegak hukum, memperkuat supremasi sipil atas tentara dan polisi, serta memperkuat supremasi hukum dan hak asasi manusia. Beberapa dampak negatif adalah masyarakat cenderung bertindak anarkis jika tuntutannya tidak dipenuhi pemerintah, peran masyarakat dalam
PT Nawakara Perkasa Nusantara is a large, fully licensed security company in Indonesia that has been operating since 1996. It provides integrated security systems and services throughout Indonesia, including manned guarding, electronic security devices, security training, consulting, cash transport, and K-9 services. The company has over 10,000 security personnel serving clients in 34 provinces. It focuses on industries like oil and gas, mining, power plants, and commercial buildings.
ISU MUTU PENDIDIKAN DALAM KAJIAN SOSIOLOGI PENDIDIKAN;DADANG DJOKO KARYANTODadang DjokoKaryanto
Dokumen ini membahas upaya pemerintah Indonesia untuk meningkatkan mutu pendidikan, termasuk dengan meningkatkan kualitas tenaga pengajar, mengembangkan kurikulum yang fleksibel, dan meningkatkan sarana prasarana pendidikan bekerja sama dengan berbagai pihak. Dokumen ini juga menyebutkan peringkat mutu pendidikan Indonesia pada 2011 berdasarkan data internasional.
Pincus, J.; Ramli, R. (1998). Indonesia from showcase to basket case. Cambrid...hamdinur2
This document summarizes an article about Indonesia's economic collapse following the 1997 Asian financial crisis. It describes how:
1) Indonesia went from being one of Asia's greatest economic success stories to experiencing one of the worst economic crises, with GDP expected to contract 10-15% and poverty rising to 40% of the population.
2) While external factors triggered the crisis, underlying weaknesses in Indonesia's financial system and a series of poor policy responses by its government greatly exacerbated the crisis.
3) The roots of the collapse can be traced to Indonesia's attempt in the 1980s to liberalize its economy through financial reforms, despite having a weak state and patronage-dominated political system that prevented effective
1. apply concept to a current economy2. what did thailand have bef.pdfamitbagga0808
1. apply concept to a current economy
2. what did thailand have before the Baht got crushed during the asian crisis
Solution
Answer 1) An economy is a holistic study of the all factors which contributes in an area of the
production, distribution, or trade, as well as consumption of goods and services by different
agents. Mainly the factors of economy can be categorised as Microfactors and Macrofactors. The
economy is mainly studied as Macroeconomic view.
A country\'s economic conditions are influenced by numerous factors, these factors are act as
indicators of economy like monetary and fiscal policy, unemployment levels, interest rate , flow
of money , foriegn exchange rates, inflation and many others.
The current world economy had shown a good strength after the global crisis In the year 2017,
global economic growth touched 3 % , the highest growth rate from 2011. the growth is expected
to be steady for the coming year as well . The improving situation of the economic gives an
opportunity for all countries to focus towards long term issues and suistainable growth model
such as green house effect , low carbon , reducing inequalities, and eliminating many deep-
rooted barriers in the path of development.
The overall global economy is giving good signle for growth and suistainable growth .
Answer 2) The 2 July 1997 Thailand’s currency, the baht, crushed by economic and social
crisis. One of the reasons behind this huge crisis was that the long economic boom period of the
1987-96 convinced many domestic as well as international investors that profit growth was a
‘sure thing’.Thailand’s economic success, mainly during a decade before the 1997 Asian crash,
was well known. The economy was one of the most darling for economists and journalists and
consider as one of the fastest growing economies across the globe.Thailand attracted huge
inflows of investment from foreign countries,especially from East Asia. Such long term boom
period in economy bring confidence,opportunities of huge employment ,regular decline in
absolute poverty level .The driving forces were industrialisation gone through two broad phases,
1st , Import substitution industrialisation (ISI) and, 2nd, export-oriented industrialisation (EOI)..
This document summarizes Indonesia's economic collapse in late 1997 and 1998 and analyzes challenges inhibiting recovery. It explores emerging vulnerabilities in the 1990s, including high dependence on short-term foreign borrowing, a weak banking system, a modestly overvalued currency, and unchecked growth of business interests tied to President Suharto. These problems made Indonesia vulnerable to crisis but do not fully explain its magnitude. Mismanagement by Indonesian and IMF authorities exacerbated the contraction. Key challenges for recovery include restructuring the banking system, corporate debt, stimulating exports, and reducing budget deficits.
1. Indonesia has faced economic challenges since gaining independence due to weak management and external factors. The economy grew slowly under President Sukarno but improved significantly under President Suharto, reaching high GDP growth rates. However, Indonesia was hit hard by the Asian financial crisis in the late 1990s, causing a recession. The economy has since recovered, with GDP growth, lower inflation, and reduced unemployment.
2. Key macroeconomic indicators such as GDP growth, inflation, and unemployment are analyzed. GDP growth was highest in the 1970s and 1980s but declined during the Asian financial crisis. Inflation spiked in the 1960s but has generally stabilized. Unemployment rose in the 1990s and 2000
Indonesia is an archipelago nation in Southeast Asia that gained independence after World War II. It has the world's fourth largest population and has pursued moderate international relations, being a founding member of ASEAN and the Non-Aligned Movement. Indonesia has the largest economy in Southeast Asia and is a member of the G-20. It exports mainly to Japan, the US, and China and imports mainly from Japan, China, and Singapore. The country has faced economic crises and high unemployment despite growth, and corruption has also interfered with recovery.
The monetary system of Nepal shows a dualistic nature, with the urban economy integrated into organized industries and services, while the rural economy remains mostly subsistence-based. Historically, Nepal Bank Ltd. and Rastriya Banijya Bank played important roles in Nepal's money market. The Nepal Rastra Bank was established as the central bank in 1956 and took a decade to consolidate its power and regulate banking operations, while other institutions like NIDC and ADB were also set up to provide financing.
Handling Capital Outflows in Developing CountriesAlbino Ajack
The document discusses capital outflows in developing countries and policy options to address them. It explains that capital outflows can lead to currency depreciation and reduced investment, hindering economic growth. While central banks can intervene by selling foreign reserves to limit depreciation, this faces tradeoffs with monetary policy given limited reserves. The paper aims to identify the least negative policy options for developing countries to offset capital outflow pressures.
To focus on the study of examine “U.S. financial crisis and its impact on Ind...Rahul Dabhi
The document discusses different currencies used globally and factors that influence currency exchange rates such as interest rates and economic opportunities in a country. It defines a financial crisis as a rapid fall in the value of one or more currencies, more likely in emerging markets with high foreign currency borrowing. A financial crisis involves investors withdrawing money from savings accounts, an economic downturn, and stock market crashes. Government responses to speculative attacks on a currency include devaluing the exchange rate, intervening in foreign exchange markets, and raising interest rates. The chapter reviews literature on the impact of the global financial crisis on India's GDP and the relative resilience of the Indian economy.
Macroeconomics analyzes factors that influence aggregate economic measures like income, output, employment, inflation, and economic growth. The document outlines key macroeconomic concepts including the study of economic growth, productivity, unemployment, inflation, business cycles, and aggregate demand and supply. It also discusses macroeconomic policies and objectives, comparing classical and Keynesian views on the role of the government in managing the economy.
Empirical Analysis of Fiscal Dominance and the Conduct of Monetary Policy in ...AJHSSR Journal
The study empirically investigates fiscal dominance and the conduct of monetary policy in
Nigeria, using quarterly data from 1986Q1 to 2016Q4. It adopts the vector error correction mechanism (VECM)
and cointegration technique to analyze the data and make inference. The findings reveal that there is no
evidence of fiscal dominance in Nigeria. The empirical results show that budget deficit, domestic debt and
money supply have no significant influence on the average price level. However, budget deficit and domestic
debt are shown to have significant influence on money supply, but only in the short-run. The policy implication
is that the government should enforce fiscal discipline through the appropriate institution and the Central Bank
should be given autonomy to perform the primary function of long-term price stability, among other functions.
1Key Summary and Problems Indonesia is composed of.docxfelicidaddinwoodie
1
Key Summary and Problems
Indonesia is composed of over 220 million people spread out over some 17,000 islands. It is also
the world’s most populous Muslim nation, and more than 500 languages are spoken in the
country. Indonesia was once under the control of an oppressive dictator, President Suharto, who
largely held the country together. Under his command, he repressed internal dissent and used the
political system to favor the business enterprises of his supporters and family members. His rule
ultimately crippled Indonesia’s economy, as the country accumulated massive debt during the
1990s.
In 1997, Indonesia faced grave economic problems, and had to be “rescued” by the International
Monetary Fund. Although Indonesia replaced Suharto’s regime with a democratic government,
the country’s economic growth lagged behind that of China, Malaysia, and Thailand. As such,
Indonesia is still plagued with various economic, social, and political problems. First,
unemployment rates are high, and growth in labor productivity has been sluggish. Second,
significant foreign investment, for the most part, has left the country. For example, Sony and
several major apparel companies shut down their respective plants in favor of China and
Vietnam. Third, Indonesia is saddled by the problem of a poor infrastructure, as many people are
without access to safe roads, clean water, and reliable electricity. Fourth, business activity is
stifled in the country due to enormous amounts of red tape, or unnecessarily complicated
bureaucratic procedures. This makes it immensely difficult for startup businesses to get their feet
off the ground and encourage entrepreneurship in the country.
Most significantly, Indonesia faces a grave problem of corruption throughout all levels of
government. Politicians and business executives frequently give and take bribes to further their
personal interests. Additionally, the legal system faces further corruption, as jail time is often
reduced based on the bribing of enforcement officers and associated officials.
Applications of Key Themes
Collectivism v. Individualism
During the 1990s, Indonesia faced enormous debt due to the collectivist ideology of President
Suharto. This case serves as an example of how Collectivism represses the needs of individuals
in pursuit of collective societal goals. However, it also demonstrates the risks associated with the
ideology. For example, by oppressing members of the public who did not support Suharto’s
regime, much of Indonesian society was ultimately hurt economically.
Political Ideology and Economic Systems Are Connected
The regime change of Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono introduced democracy into the region. This
new democratic ideology went hand-in-hand with the Indonesian economy’s period of growth
from 2001 to 2010. This serves as a great example of the reading, which states that politics and
economic systems are interdependent of one another, and not se ...
1) The document discusses the global economic meltdown that began in 2007-2008, tracing its origins to the growth of the housing bubble, easy credit conditions, subprime lending, and the collapse of Lehman Brothers.
2) It analyzes the impact on the Indian economy as well as government initiatives in response. Key sectors like manufacturing, finance, and trade were negatively impacted.
3) While conditions have improved, the document warns that India must learn lessons from the crisis. Proper testing and awareness of market insights are still needed to prevent future downturns. Careful investment and experience can help investors emerge successfully.
Thailand and Indonesia achieved different rates of economic growth since the 1960s due to differences in policies and institutions. [1] Thailand prioritized high levels of domestic saving, human capital development, macroeconomic stability, and limiting price distortions to support rapid growth. [2] Indonesia lagged behind Thailand's growth for nearly a decade due to lower education spending, weaker institutions, and corruption that hindered consistent economic policies and the adoption of technology. [3] However, since 2000, Indonesia's growth has outpaced Thailand's due to political instability in Thailand and Indonesia's large domestic demand supporting growth.
What Is South East Asian Currency CrisisPujil Khanna
The document summarizes the 1997 Asian Financial Crisis that impacted countries in Southeast Asia. It discusses some of the key causes of the crisis, including excessive foreign borrowing by Thailand, Indonesia, and South Korea which led to large current account deficits. When the US raised interest rates, it caused investors to pull money out of Southeast Asia rapidly, severely depreciating currencies and causing economic turmoil and recessions across the region. The IMF intervened to provide loans and encourage reforms to stabilize economies and currencies.
The document discusses Indonesia's economic development and the 1997 Asian Financial Crisis. It describes Indonesia's rapid economic growth and poverty reduction during the New Order regime from 1966 to 1998, earning it recognition as an "Asian Tiger". However, the 1997 Financial Crisis had a severe impact on Indonesia, causing its economy and currency to collapse. This revealed weaknesses in Indonesia's political and economic institutions that had been overlooked during its period of high growth.
The document summarizes Thailand's economic history and the factors that led to its 1997 financial crisis. It discusses Thailand's shift to an export-oriented economy in the 1980s which fueled strong GDP growth and foreign investment. However, this also increased Thailand's vulnerability. Large capital inflows in the 1990s went predominantly to the financial sector, increasing leverage. Meanwhile, the baht was pegged to the dollar but interest rates remained high, creating arbitrage opportunities. Poor lending practices also increased risk. When US rates rose, investors withdrew funds, exposing Thailand's fragile financial system and precipitating the crisis. Lax monetary and fiscal policies failed to address imbalances, and the baht collapsed under speculative pressure.
The impact of interest rates on the development of an emerging market empiric...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a journal article about the impact of interest rates on the development of emerging markets, using Nigeria as an empirical case study. It acknowledges people who assisted with the research. The abstract indicates that interest rates are difficult to forecast and impact borrowing costs for businesses. While higher rates could encourage savings in the long-run, current high rates in Nigeria of 12% are negatively impacting growth. The literature review discusses how inflation can stimulate or deter human capital formation and how interest rates influence savings, investment, and financial intermediation. It recommends Nigeria adopt pragmatic policies to reduce lending rates to single digits to boost the economy.
The document discusses the resource curse phenomenon where significant natural resource reserves can negatively impact long-term economic growth. It describes how overvalued currency, crowding out of other sectors, and rent-seeking behavior encouraged by resource revenues can retard development. However, countries like Australia and Norway have avoided these issues through strong institutions, fiscal discipline, and sovereign wealth funds. The document also examines how Indonesia has grown its economy despite resource dependence and how its decentralized system distributing resource revenues to regions risks a "regional resource curse" through weaker governance in recipient areas.
Similar to DARI REVOLUSI MELALUI REFORMASI MENUJU INDONESIA SEHARUSNYA (19)
Temple of Asclepius in Thrace. Excavation resultsKrassimira Luka
The temple and the sanctuary around were dedicated to Asklepios Zmidrenus. This name has been known since 1875 when an inscription dedicated to him was discovered in Rome. The inscription is dated in 227 AD and was left by soldiers originating from the city of Philippopolis (modern Plovdiv).
A Visual Guide to 1 Samuel | A Tale of Two HeartsSteve Thomason
These slides walk through the story of 1 Samuel. Samuel is the last judge of Israel. The people reject God and want a king. Saul is anointed as the first king, but he is not a good king. David, the shepherd boy is anointed and Saul is envious of him. David shows honor while Saul continues to self destruct.
How to Make a Field Mandatory in Odoo 17Celine George
In Odoo, making a field required can be done through both Python code and XML views. When you set the required attribute to True in Python code, it makes the field required across all views where it's used. Conversely, when you set the required attribute in XML views, it makes the field required only in the context of that particular view.
Philippine Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) CurriculumMJDuyan
(𝐓𝐋𝐄 𝟏𝟎𝟎) (𝐋𝐞𝐬𝐬𝐨𝐧 𝟏)-𝐏𝐫𝐞𝐥𝐢𝐦𝐬
𝐃𝐢𝐬𝐜𝐮𝐬𝐬 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐄𝐏𝐏 𝐂𝐮𝐫𝐫𝐢𝐜𝐮𝐥𝐮𝐦 𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐏𝐡𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐩𝐩𝐢𝐧𝐞𝐬:
- Understand the goals and objectives of the Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) curriculum, recognizing its importance in fostering practical life skills and values among students. Students will also be able to identify the key components and subjects covered, such as agriculture, home economics, industrial arts, and information and communication technology.
𝐄𝐱𝐩𝐥𝐚𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐍𝐚𝐭𝐮𝐫𝐞 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐒𝐜𝐨𝐩𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐚𝐧 𝐄𝐧𝐭𝐫𝐞𝐩𝐫𝐞𝐧𝐞𝐮𝐫:
-Define entrepreneurship, distinguishing it from general business activities by emphasizing its focus on innovation, risk-taking, and value creation. Students will describe the characteristics and traits of successful entrepreneurs, including their roles and responsibilities, and discuss the broader economic and social impacts of entrepreneurial activities on both local and global scales.
How to Setup Warehouse & Location in Odoo 17 InventoryCeline George
In this slide, we'll explore how to set up warehouses and locations in Odoo 17 Inventory. This will help us manage our stock effectively, track inventory levels, and streamline warehouse operations.
Beyond Degrees - Empowering the Workforce in the Context of Skills-First.pptxEduSkills OECD
Iván Bornacelly, Policy Analyst at the OECD Centre for Skills, OECD, presents at the webinar 'Tackling job market gaps with a skills-first approach' on 12 June 2024
LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UPRAHUL
This Dissertation explores the particular circumstances of Mirzapur, a region located in the
core of India. Mirzapur, with its varied terrains and abundant biodiversity, offers an optimal
environment for investigating the changes in vegetation cover dynamics. Our study utilizes
advanced technologies such as GIS (Geographic Information Systems) and Remote sensing to
analyze the transformations that have taken place over the course of a decade.
The complex relationship between human activities and the environment has been the focus
of extensive research and worry. As the global community grapples with swift urbanization,
population expansion, and economic progress, the effects on natural ecosystems are becoming
more evident. A crucial element of this impact is the alteration of vegetation cover, which plays a
significant role in maintaining the ecological equilibrium of our planet.Land serves as the foundation for all human activities and provides the necessary materials for
these activities. As the most crucial natural resource, its utilization by humans results in different
'Land uses,' which are determined by both human activities and the physical characteristics of the
land.
The utilization of land is impacted by human needs and environmental factors. In countries
like India, rapid population growth and the emphasis on extensive resource exploitation can lead
to significant land degradation, adversely affecting the region's land cover.
Therefore, human intervention has significantly influenced land use patterns over many
centuries, evolving its structure over time and space. In the present era, these changes have
accelerated due to factors such as agriculture and urbanization. Information regarding land use and
cover is essential for various planning and management tasks related to the Earth's surface,
providing crucial environmental data for scientific, resource management, policy purposes, and
diverse human activities.
Accurate understanding of land use and cover is imperative for the development planning
of any area. Consequently, a wide range of professionals, including earth system scientists, land
and water managers, and urban planners, are interested in obtaining data on land use and cover
changes, conversion trends, and other related patterns. The spatial dimensions of land use and
cover support policymakers and scientists in making well-informed decisions, as alterations in
these patterns indicate shifts in economic and social conditions. Monitoring such changes with the
help of Advanced technologies like Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems is
crucial for coordinated efforts across different administrative levels. Advanced technologies like
Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
structure of plant communities across different temporal and spatial scales. These changes can
occur natural.
BÀI TẬP BỔ TRỢ TIẾNG ANH LỚP 9 CẢ NĂM - GLOBAL SUCCESS - NĂM HỌC 2024-2025 - ...
DARI REVOLUSI MELALUI REFORMASI MENUJU INDONESIA SEHARUSNYA
1. DARI REVOLUSI MELALUI REFORMASI
MENUJU INDONESIA SEHARUSNYA *)
Prof . Dr. Hamdy Hady, DEA**
*) Seminar menuju Indonesia seharusnya
**) Professor of Post Graduate Program of Management Science,
Universitas Persada Indonesia Y.A.I, Jakarta
Metamorphosis of Indonesian Financial Crisis 1
2. LIST OF PRESENTATION
1. Phenomena of Indonesian Crisis
Source Of Indonesian Monetary And Economic Crisis
Metamorphosis Crisis
Trilogy Of Development
History Of Reformation
Fact & Figure
2. Strategy of Development
The Troubled Position Of Indonesia
Possibility Solution
Good Governance Of Government
Metamorphosis of Indonesian Financial Crisis 2
3. 1 THE PHENOMENA OF INDONESIAN CRISIS
Metamorphosis of Indonesian Financial Crisis 3
4. II. THE BIG QUESTION IS HOW IS THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE CRISIS IN INDONESIA
AND WHY IT SEEMS THAT THE CRISIS IS NOT FINISHED YET
Source of Indonesian Monetary Crisis
1. Thailand’s Balance of Payment deficit
2. Domino Effect
External Factors:
1. Moral Hazard
2. Currency collaps Financial Panic (i.e. BLBI or Credit Liquidity
of Indonesian Central Bank using for Forex speculation)
3. Corporate Socialism State Company (BUMN) acting as Social
Company and most of them become source of Nepotism,
Collution & Corruption practices. Profitable State Company sold
to foreigner but Lost Ones still existing.
4. Corporate Governance Cronism Company High Cost
Economy
5. Mismatch Bank Liquidity (Mismatch Currency & Maturity) &
Mismanagement Not Prudent and High Speculation
6. Lack of Democracy Ineffective Control System
Internal Factors:
Metamorphosis of Indonesian Financial Crisis 4
5. II. THE BIG QUESTION IS HOW DO THE DEVELOPMENT OF CRISIS IN INDONESIA
AND WHY IT SEEMS THE CRISIS IS NOT FINISH YET
Metamorphosis Phenomena of Indonesian Crisis
MONETARY CRISIS (July 1997)
ECONOMY CRISIS (1998)
SOCIAL CRISIS
POLITICAL CRISIS
TOTAL CRISIS
MORAL CRISIS MENTAL CRISIS LEADERSHIP CRISIS
Metamorphosis of Indonesian Financial Crisis 5
6. II. THE BIG QUESTION IS HOW IS THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE CRISIS IN INDONESIA
AND WHY IT SEEMS THAT THE CRISIS IS NOT FINISHED YET
MONETARY CRISIS (1997)
Marked by:
1. Appreciation of Forex Rate Mainly USD by around 300%
2. Increase of Inflation Rate by around 50%
3. Increase of Deposite Rate (60%) And Credit Rate (70%)
Metamorphosis of Indonesian Financial Crisis 6
ECONOMY CRISIS (1998)
Economy crisis or Economic Recession marked by negative economy growth in 1998 by
minus 13% .
Due to the increase of the three indicators of monetary crisis mentioned
above, there are escalation of business risk that have its implicatiopn to economic activity
either for macro unit (government sector) or micro unit of economy (private sectors). The
further consequences are the decrease of production & operation activities, decrease of
trade activitiess and mainly invesment activities especially for foreign investment.
Then the economy activity slows down & many companies were closed and as consequences
unemployement increase dramatically. The final result was the decrease of income/capita
and economic experiences contraction of -13% in 1998.
7. II. THE BIG QUESTION IS HOW IS THE DEVELOPMENT OF CRISIS IN INDONESIA
AND WHY IT SEEMS THAT THE CRISIS IS NOT FINISHED YET
SOCIAL CRISIS (12 -14 May 1998)
Social crisis is marked by Social Gap, Riots and Racial Unrest
POLITICAL CRISIS (21 MEI 1998)
Political crisis is marked by the step down of the new orde government which replaced by
reformation orde and then a change of role of the parliament (DPR/DPRD) to become more
powerful then before
TOTAL CRISIS
Total crisis (cristal), morally, mentally, and leadership crisis, happens almost in all sectors of
government (Executive, Legislative & Yudicative) and private (mainly business sector).
Metamorphosis of Indonesian Financial Crisis 7
8. Metamorphose of Crisis Mechanism
MICRO ECONOMY UNITS
(PRIVATE & BUSINESS SECTOR)
MONETARY CRISIS
1. CURRENCY COLLAPS 2. HIGH INFLATION 3. HIGH INTEREST RATE
UNCERTAIN CONDITION FOR ECONOMY UNITS
MACRO ECONOMY UNITS
(GOVERNMENT SECTOR)
COST CALCULATION &
FINANCIAL REPORT
GOVERNMENT BUDGET & BOP
DECREASE of GOVERNMENT & PRIVATE ACTIVITY
DECREASE OF INVESTMENT
DECREASE OF PRODUCTION &
OPERATION
DECREASE OF TRADE
INCREASE OF UNEMPLOYMENT
{1 of 3 (continue)}
Metamorphosis of Indonesian Financial Crisis 8
9. Metamorphose of Crisis Mechanism {2 of 3 (continue)}
INCREASE OF UNEMPLOYMENT
DECREASE OF INCOME PER CAPITA
GNP =< 0 (in 1998 – 13%)
ECONOMIC CRISIS (RECESSION)
INCREASE OF SOCIAL GAP & UNREST
SOCIAL CRISIS
RIOTS & RACIAL UNREST (MAY 12 -14, 1998)
POLITICAL CRISIS
Metamorphosis of Indonesian Financial Crisis 9
10. Metamorphose of Crisis Mechanism {3 of 3 (end)}
POLITICAL CRISIS
CHANGEMENT OF GOVERNMENT (May 21, 1998)
POLITICAL REFORMATION
(LEGISLATIVE BECOME MORE POWERFUL THAN BEFORE)
TOTALLY CRISIS ( MULTI DIMENSIONAL CRISIS )
MORALLY MENTALLY LEADERSHIP
Metamorphosis of Indonesian Financial Crisis 10
11. THE FORMER CONCEPT OF NEW ORDE (ORDE BARU)
TRILOGY OF DEVELOPMENT
STABILITY
MONETARY
TRILOGY OF DEVELOPMENT IS A REAL CONCEPT BASED ON THE MACRO ECONOMY THEORY
as follows
DEVELOPMENT
GROWTH
EQUAL
DISTRIBUTION
1. If There Is A Stability Moneter, The Investment Will Increase
2. Increase of Investment It Means Growth of Economy
3. Growth of Economy Should Be Equal Distribution In Order To Maintain The Stability
Metamorphosis of Indonesian Financial Crisis 11
12. THE FORMER CONCEPT OF NEW ORDE (ORDE BARU)
TRILOGY OF DEVELOPMENT
Note :
1.During The New Orde Government, Indonesian Monetary Relatively Stable, Indicated By Low of
Inflation Rate and Stable Exchange Rate
2.Economic Development Growth by Arround 7% Per Year
3.But During This Periode, There Was Unequal Distribution of Economy And Development Growth
4.That’s Why Due To The Crisis 1997-1998, The People Ask Government of New Orde (Suharto) To Step
Down
5.But In Malaysia, Singapore And Thailand, Their People Did Not Ask The Leader of Government To
Step Down, Because There Is Relatively Exist The Equal Distribution of Economy Development
Metamorphosis of Indonesian Financial Crisis 12
13. RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN PROSPERITY AND EQUALITY(JUSTICE)
EQUALITY/JUSTICE
POVERTY PROSPERITY
Metamorphosis of Indonesian Financial Crisis 13
DISEQUALITY/
UNJUSTICE
1. EQUALITY IN
PROSPERITY
(IDEAL CONDITION)
UP COMING
3. EQUALITY/JUSTICE
WITHOUT PROSPERITY
(SELF SUFFICIENT CONDITION)
PERIODE 1950-1965
2. PROSPERITY
WITHOUT
EQUALITY/JUSTICE
(AUTHORITY CONDITION)
PERIODE 1966-1997
4. NO PROSPERITY
NEITHER
EQUALITY/JUSTICE
(THE WORST CONDITION)
PERIODE 1998-PRESENT ?
14. HISTORY OF REFORMATION IN THE WORLD SINCE 1980
1. Glasnost & Perestroika or reformation simultaneus of politic & economy in Soviet Union, leading
by Gorbachev
Consequencies : Soviet Union be divided become 17 states
2. Reformation of Economy in China from socialist economy to become market oriented economy but
political remain comunist, leading by Deng Xiao Ping.
Economy of China increase by arround 10 % per year. In 30 years Economy of China multiple by
around 300%
3. Reformation of Politic in Indonesia.
The main crisis in Indonesia is Monetary & Economy Crisis, but the solution is Political Reformation
which marked by the Dominant Role of Parlement (legislative ) then before .
Main problem of crisis in Indonesia is mal diagnosis of crisis 1998 where monetary & economy crisis
solved only by Political Reformation instead of Monetary-Economy reformation etc.
Or in other word, a man who had headache was given a treatment for stomachache. The man still had
a headache and followed by a diarhea. So remain on the closet and there are bad smell
everywhere, like what we are experiencing now. (Many cases of nepotism, collusion, and corruption
are being revealed)
Metamorphosis of Indonesian Financial Crisis 14
15. FACT & FIGURE of ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT in EAST ASIA SINCE 1998
DEVELOPMENT OF INCOME PER CAPITA OF SEVERAL EAST ASIA COUNTRY (in USD current)
COUNTRIES 1980 1990 2000 2010 2012
INDONESIA $. 536 $. 641 $. 790 $. 2.947 $. 3.557
MALAYSIA $. 1.803 $. 2.417 $. 4.005 $. 8.729 $. 10.381
PHILIPINES $. 685 $. 715 $. 1.043 $. 2.136 $. 2.588
THAYLAND $. 683 $. 1.508 $. 1.969 $. 4.803 $. 5.474
VIETNAM $. --- $. 98 $. 402 $. 1.224 $. 1.596
SINGAPORE $. 4.913 $. 11.845 $. 42.784 $. 42.784 $. 51.709
CHINA $. 193 $. 314 $. 949 $. 4.433 $. 6.091
SOUTH KOREA $. 1.674 $. 6.153 $. 11.347 $. 20.540 $. 22.590
SOURCE :www.data.worldbank.org
PHENOMENA OF CORRELATION BETWEEN ECONOMY DEVELOPMENT and LEADERSHIP in
SEVERAL EAST ASIA COUNTRIES
COUNTRIES 1980 2012 LEADERSHIP MULTIPLE BY
INDONESIA $. 536 $. 3.557 SOEHARTO ETC 6,63 X
MALAYSIA $. 1.803 $. 10.381 MAHATHIR 5,75 X
PHILIPINES $. 685 $. 2.588 MARCOS 3,75 X
THAILAND $. 683 $. 5.474 BHUMIBOL A. 8,01 X
VIETNAM $. --- $. 1.596 HO CHIN MIN 16,28 X
SINGAPORE $. 4.913 $. 51.709 LEE KUAN YEW 10,52 X
CHINA $. 193 $. 6.091 DENG XIAO PING 31,55 X
SOUTH KOREA $. 1.674 $. 22.590 PARK CHUNG HEE 13,49 X
Note : For Vietnam based on y/capita 1990
Metamorphosis of Indonesian Financial Crisis 15
16. 2 STRATEGIC OF DEVELOPMENT
Metamorphosis of Indonesian Financial Crisis 16
17. This Position Trouble of Indonesia Obtained due to :
Good In Planning Formulation Strategy indicated by :
1. Using Trilogy of Development Since Government of New Orde In 1968
2. Regulery of Balance Budget System
3. Regulery of Five Year Planning Program
4. Always Based on Four Pillars of Indonesian State Known as Pancasila, UUD 1945,
Bhineka Tunggal Ika & United State of Indonesia
But due to Bad Implementation Strategy, mainly caused of :
1. Lack of Value Chain of Human Resource Leadership Outcome
2. Lack of Value Chain of Information System And Technology
3. Lack of Equal Development
4. Lack of Law Enforcement
5. Lack of Good & Adequate Leadership
Metamorphosis of Indonesian Financial Crisis 17
18. COMBINATION OF STRATEGY BETWEEN PLANNING, FORMULATION & IMPLEMENTATION
PLANNING FORMULATION STRATEGY
IMPLEMENTATION
STRATEGY
GOOD BAD
GOOD 1. SUCCESS 3. ROULETTE
BAD 2. TROUBLE 4. FAILURE
As Showing On Matrix Above About The Strategy Combination Between Planning
Formulation And Implementation Strategy, We Know Why Some Countries Get Succes
But Some Countries Get Roullet Or Trouble Even Failure In Their Strategy Of
Development
Based On Matrix Above We Can Conclude That Position Of Indonesia As Developing
Country Most Of Time Is In The Cell No. 2 Or Trouble Caused Of Good In Planning
Formulation Strategy But Bad In Implementation Strategy.
Metamorphosis of Indonesian Financial Crisis 18
19. WHY IN CERTAIN COUNTRY SO MANY THE ACT TERRORIST ?
THIS PHENOMENA MAY BE COULD BE EXPLAINED BY GRAPH BELOW :
PEOPLE CLASSIFICATION BASED ON SATISFACTION & LOYALTY RELATIONSHIP
LOYALTY
UNSATISFIED SATISFIED
DISLOYALTY
ADVOCATE
(PEOPLE SATISFIED & LOYAL)
HOSTAGE
(PEOPLE LOYAL BUT NOT SATISFIED )
MERCENARIES
(PEOPLE SATISFIED BUT NOT LOYAL )
TERRORIST
(PEOPLE NOT LOYAL & NOT SATISFIED )
Metamorphosis of Indonesian Financial Crisis 19
20. POSSIBILITY SOLUTION
THE SUCCES KEY IS DEPENDED ON :
1. Value Chain of Human Resouce Outcome
2. Value Chain of Information System & Information Technology
3. Public Services & Goods Excelent
Metamorphosis of Indonesian Financial Crisis 20
21. VALUE CHAIN OF HUMAN RESOUCE OUTCOME
HUMAN RESOURCES OUTCOME
1. ATTITUDE
2. BEHAVIOR
3. COMMUNICATION
ORGANIZATIONAL /
MANAGERIAL OUTCOME
1. PRODUCTIVITY
2. EFFICIENCY
3. EFFECTIVITY
4. QUALITY
PRODUCTION / MARKETING
OUTCOME
1. CUSTOMER / PEOPLE SATISFACTION
2. CUSTOMER / PEOPLE LOYALTY
3. PRODUCTION & SALES INCREASE
4. MARKET SHARE INCREASE
FINANCIAL / ACCOUNTING
OUTCOME
1. REVENUE INCREASE
2. EXPENSES CONTROLABLE
3. PROFIT & BENEFIT INCREASE
MARKET BASED OUTCOME
1. COMPANY or STATE VALUE INCREASE
2. HUMAN BEING VALUE INCREASE
Metamorphosis of Indonesian Financial Crisis 21
22. VALUE CHAIN OF INFORMATION SYSTEM (IS) & INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY (IT)
Note Problem Solving Note
Correct
Step I.
Data Collection
(Facts)
Fault
Correct
Step II.
Information Analysis
(Facts Structured)
Fault
Correct
Step III.
Knowledge as Power
Fault
Correct
Step IV.
Decision / Policy Making
Fault
Correct
Step V.
Actions
Fault
Profits & Benefits Result Loss
Metamorphosis of Indonesian Financial Crisis 22
23. R.O.S.E CYCLE STRATEGIC OF GOOD GOVERNANCE OF GOVERNMENT
RETURN ON SERVICE & GOODS EXCELLENT CYCLE STRATEGIC
PUBLIC SERVICES &
GOODS EXCELLENT
PEOPLE
SATISFACTION
PEOPLE
LOYALTY
PEOPLE
SUPPORT
NATIONAL
STABILITY
GOVERNMENT
PERFORMANCE
EXCELLENT
EMPLOYEE
SATISFACTION
WELFARE
INCREASE
GDP &
GOVERNMENT
BUDGET
INCREASE
DEVELOPMENT
INCREASE
Metamorphosis of Indonesian Financial Crisis 23
24. Source :
1. Google, Asian Crisis 1997
2. Internasional Financial Management , Hamdy Hady, 2012
3. Management Strategy , Hamdy Hady, 2012
4. www.dataworldbank.org
5. Taufik Kiemas, Four Pillars, 2012
Metamorphosis of Indonesian Financial Crisis 24