Menopause is a natural part of aging for women where their ovaries produce lower levels of estrogen and progesterone, resulting in the permanent cessation of their menstrual period. It typically occurs between ages 40-55 and is diagnosed after 12 months without a period. The menopause transition involves four stages - pre-menopause where periods are regular, peri-menopause where periods become irregular as egg supply declines, menopause which is diagnosed after 12 period-less months, and post-menopause which begins the day after menopause is diagnosed. Physiologically, the ovaries lose sensitivity to hormones that stimulate egg production and release, making the woman unable to become pregnant. Treatments can help reduce symptoms but

1. Menopause
Prepared By:
Sanjeeta Ghimire
BPH “4th Semester”

2. INTRODUCTION
• MENOPAUSE comes from the greek word 'menos'(month) and
'pausis'(cessation).
• Menopause is a part of a women’s natural ageing process when her ovaries produce
lower level of estrogen and progesterone as a result mensuration stops and when
she no longer can get pregnant.
• “Permanent cessation of mensuration resulting from a loss of ovarian
follicular activity”.
-WHO
• It is also known as “Amenorrhea”.
• It is diagnosed only after 12 months without menstrual period.

3. Menopause onset
• Occurs 12 months after last period.
• Age : 40-55 years of age.
• Premature menopause can occur before age of 40 years.
• Women who smoke have high chance of early menopause than non-
smoker women.

6. Menopausal Transition
Mensuration has four transition stages. They are:
1. Pre-menopause
2. Peri-menopause
3. Menopause
4. Post menopause

7. 1. Pre-menopause:
• This is the first of the four menopause stages.
• During this time, a healthy woman has regular menstrual cycles
and is able to reproduce as long as she has no fertility issues.

8. 2. Peri-menopause
• It is the second stage of menopause, where actual menopause process
onsets.
• During this stage, a woman's eggs start to run out, causing abrupt
hormonal fluctuations and a myriad of menopause symptoms,
such as hot flashes, mood swings, irregular periods.
• Women normally enter this stage in their mid-40s, but this can vary.

9. 3. Menopause
• Menopause is the third transitional stage, and it is a date that marks 12
consecutive months without a menstrual cycle.
• With this, the cessation of a woman's reproductive years has arrived.

10. 4. Post- menopause
• The last stage of the menopause transition and starts the day after
menopause is announced.
• Postmenopausal women should be aware of serious health
complications that can arise due to a hormone deficiency, such as
osteoporosis, dyspareunia, and heart disease.

12. Physiology of Menopause
• As women approach their mid-40s to mid-50s, their ovaries begin to
lose their sensitivity to FSH and LH.
• Menstrual periods become less frequent and finally cease; this
is menopause.
• There are still eggs and potential follicles on the ovaries, but without
the stimulation of FSH and LH, they will not produce a viable egg to
be released.
• The outcome of this is the inability to have children.

15. Treatment for Menopause
• There is no certain treatment for menopause.
• But treatments are available to reduce symptoms. They are:
a) Hormone Therapy
(estrogen)
b) Vaginal symptoms reduction.
(topical creams for vaginal dryness)
c) Physical activity
d) Healthy eating habits.

16. References:
• https://health.usf.edu/care
• www.shecares.com
• elearning.org.uk
• www.womenhealth.gov

17. THANK YOU !!!