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Student Handbook (PGDMLS)
Module 9
Medical Jurisprudence
Total: 100 Marks
Answer the following questions:
Question. 1. Write Notes on:
a. Types of Post -mortem
Answer: Anautopsy—alsoknownasapost-mortemexamination,necropsy,autopsiacadaverum,or
obduction —is a highly specialized surgical procedure that consists of a thorough examination of a
corpse to determine the cause and manner of death and to evaluate any disease or injury that may
be present. It is usually performed by a specialized medical doctor called a pathologist.
Autopsies are performed for either legal or medical purposes. For example, a forensic autopsy is
carriedout whenthe cause of deathmay be a criminal matter,while aclinical oracademicautopsyis
performedtofindthe medical cause of deathandisused incases of unknownor uncertaindeath, or
for research purposes. Autopsies can be
b. Rules of Post -mortem Examination
Answer: A post-mortemiscarriedoutas soonas possible afterthe deathonbehalf of the coroner as
part of the investigationtoestablishthe cause of death.Itusuallytakesplace withinone ortwo days
of the death.
The coroner isonlyrequiredtoinform the relatives of the deceased of the time and place at which
the examinationistobe made,if the relativeshave told the coroner that they wish to be informed.
The relatives have the right to be represented at the post-
Question. 2. Write notes on:

2. a. Brain Stem Death
Answer: Brain stem death is one of the two ways doctors can certify someone, either an adult or a
child,ashavingdied.The otheriscardiorespiratorydeath,andiswhenbreathingand circulation has
stopped.
b. Time since death
Answer: Providing an estimation of the time elapsed since death is a request almost invariably
aimedat forensicspecialistssummonedtothe scene of a death.Despite the factthatthere has been
an extensive literature on this topic for more than a century, this determination still remains
difficult, even for experienced pathologists, and must be undertaken with extreme caution. In
particular, the dogmatic application of rules and formulas based upon single and isolated
observations (e.g. rectal temperature of the
c. Asphayxia
Answer: Asphyxiaorasphyxiationis a condition of severely deficient supply of oxygen to the body
that arisesfromabnormal breathing.Anexample of asphyxiaischoking.Asphyxiacausesgeneralized
hypoxia, which affects primarily the tissues and organs. There are many circumstances that can
induce asphyxia, all of which are characterized by an inability of an individual to acquire sufficient
oxygen through breathing for an extended period of time. Asphyxia can cause coma or death.
In 2013 about 1.6 million cases of unintentional suffocation occurred. The word asphyxia is from
Ancient Greek α- "without" and σφύξις sphyxis
Question. 3. Write note on any three:
a. Classification of Injuries
Answer: Injury is damage to the body. This may be caused by accidents, falls, hits, weapons, and
other causes.
Major trauma is injury that has the potential
b. Medicolegal aspects of burns

3. Answer: The incidence of suicideandhomicide isonthe increase worldwide,includingPakistan.One
millionpeopledie annuallydue tosuicidesandhomicidesalone1. Poisoning, hanging and drowning
are the major methods of suicide in contrast to blunt trauma, sharp trauma and strangulation are
more common in homicide. However deaths due to burns are seen more frequently in both
homicide andsuicide especiallyinsubcontinent.Combinedmethodsare more common in homicide
as compared to suicide. Predominance of male is found in all methods of suicide and homicide,
exceptburning.1,2Quarrel andrevenge were the commonprecipitatingcause/motive for homicide
in comparison to chronic illness and mental illness fo
d. Medicolegal aspects of Bomb Explosions
Answer:
Question. 4. Write note on any one:
a. Medical examination of rape victim
Answer:
b. Narcotic substances
Answer: The term narcotic originally referred medically to any psychoactive compound with any
sleep-inducing properties. In the United States it has since become associated with opiates and
opioids, commonly morphine and heroin, as well derivatives of many of the compounds found
within raw opium latex; The primary three are morphine, codeine, and thebaine (while thebaine
itself is only very mildly psychoactive, it is a
World Health Organization
Studies on the definition of counterfeit medicines in WHO member states
4. Assessment of the definitions of counterfeit medicines (
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