Media expenditures
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This document summarizes information about estimating the impact of advertising expenditures. It begins by asking the reader to estimate unit sales for a typical firm that sold 50,000 units last year with $1 million in advertising, and plans to spend $1.1 million this year. Most studies have found the average advertising elasticity is around 0.1, meaning a 10% increase in spending yields a 1% increase in units. Therefore, the estimated unit sales for the coming year would be 50,500. The document then discusses how elasticity and effective advertising levels vary based on product type and media channel. It concludes by introducing Wright's Rule for determining the optimal advertising budget based on elasticity, gross margin per unit, and forecast
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1. The Joint Commission requires healthcare organizations to repor.docx
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1) Define the termn: Sentinel event andย
2) Give an example of a hospital Sentinel event a
2.
The hospitals planning efforts usually led by the hospital CE0. Part of the Strategic planning process is the evaluation of the hospitals internal and external environnnents. As a future health Care Administrator, you will need to be skilled at SWOT analysis leadership
a. Define the term: SWOTย
b. In performing a strategic swoT analysis of the hospital's internal and external environments, it serves as the first step in creating the organizations strategic plan. State one example that describes a fictional 200-bed community hospital's situation for each category: s, w, o and T. (examples are NOT given in your text so, you need to come up with your own example for each of the 4 swoT categories.) provide each example with a full sentence description. Here's an example of what am looking for: w: This hospital does not employ hospitalists. By relying only on community providers to manage the inpatient course of their patients, the ALos of this hospital is above the national mean.
S :
W :
O :
T :
3.
1- State the classic four (4) Ps of Marketing. (page 280-281)ย
2- Using the text and/or other references as guidance, describe in your own words how each of the (4) Ps apply to Hospital Markets using examples. Remember this is a 10 point essay!
P1:
P2:
P3:
P4:
4.
List four (4) roles/functions of the ethics committee in a hospitalย
5.
List four (4) principles of biomedical ethics that can be used as tools to resolve complex ethical dilemmas inherent to patient care.
1.
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Ch 16
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"Smart decision-makers scrutinise revenue-growth and also take account of cost-growth," he averred, and they can pinpoint the precise price to optimise brand value.
That could mean raising prices and conceding market share while growing brand value. Or the opposite. "There are no cast-iron generalisations and the right decision depends on the details of the value calculations," Shaw advised.
A similarly pragmatic approach needs to be taken to decisions on promotions, which consumers have come to expect, but which can often damage brand value.
Shaw highlighted cannibalisation and rebates as big destroyers of brand value but added that, "judiciously planned, promotions are a major source of value for brand owners".
Turning to media elasticity, Shaw said this was typically much lower than price or promotional elasticity, with the law of diminishing returns setting in rapidly.
But knowledge of diminishing returns curves could enable planners to set an overall media budget that would help them both to find the total budget that optimised value-added and to select a mix of media that optimised value for a given total budget.
"Elasticity is not an esoteric concept," he declared. "This neglected metric deserves to be better known and more widely used."
Optimal Advertising with Persistent Demand
Optimal Advertising with Persistent DemandInternational Journal of Business Marketing and Management (IJBMM)
How much of a firmโs budget should it devote to advertising? If it devotes too little money, the
marginal cost of an additional advertising dollar will be below the gain from additional customers, causing it to
miss out on a potentially substantial increase in revenue. If it devotes too much money, the firm ceases to reach
new customers, and wastes money as a resultย
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1. The Joint Commission requires healthcare organizations to report SENTINEL EVENTS. Hospital administrators then execute a root-cause analysis, determine best practices and implement changes to prevent a future incident. Sentinel events become public!
1) Define the termn: Sentinel event andย
2) Give an example of a hospital Sentinel event a
2.
The hospitals planning efforts usually led by the hospital CE0. Part of the Strategic planning process is the evaluation of the hospitals internal and external environnnents. As a future health Care Administrator, you will need to be skilled at SWOT analysis leadership
a. Define the term: SWOTย
b. In performing a strategic swoT analysis of the hospital's internal and external environments, it serves as the first step in creating the organizations strategic plan. State one example that describes a fictional 200-bed community hospital's situation for each category: s, w, o and T. (examples are NOT given in your text so, you need to come up with your own example for each of the 4 swoT categories.) provide each example with a full sentence description. Here's an example of what am looking for: w: This hospital does not employ hospitalists. By relying only on community providers to manage the inpatient course of their patients, the ALos of this hospital is above the national mean.
S :
W :
O :
T :
3.
1- State the classic four (4) Ps of Marketing. (page 280-281)ย
2- Using the text and/or other references as guidance, describe in your own words how each of the (4) Ps apply to Hospital Markets using examples. Remember this is a 10 point essay!
P1:
P2:
P3:
P4:
4.
List four (4) roles/functions of the ethics committee in a hospitalย
5.
List four (4) principles of biomedical ethics that can be used as tools to resolve complex ethical dilemmas inherent to patient care.
1.
A- Identify and discuss reasons why firms become so infatuated with pricing.
There is no other component of the marketing program that firms become more infatuated with than pricing. There are at least four reasons for the attention given to pricing. First, the revenue equation is pretty simple: Revenue equals the price times quantity sold. There are only two ways for a firm to grow revenue: increase prices or increase the volume of product sold. Rarely can a firm do both simultaneously. Although there are literally hundreds of ways to increase profit by controlling costs and operating expenses, the revenue side has only two variablesโone being price and the other being heavily influenced by price.
A second reason that firms become enamored with pricing is that it is the easiest of all marketing variables to change. Although changing the product and its distribution or promotion can take months or even years, changes in pricing can be executed immediately in real time. Likewise, product, distribution, or promotion changes can also be quite expensive, especially if research and development (R&D) or production must be rescheduled. Conver ...
Monopolistic Competition
Describes monopolistic competition as one of the market structures and its implications on other producers, consumers and their own organisation.
Ch 16
This document discusses developing price strategies and programs. It outlines the objectives of setting prices for new products, adapting prices for varying circumstances, and responding to competitor price changes. The document then describes a six step process for setting prices that includes selecting a pricing objective, determining demand, estimating costs, analyzing competitors, selecting a pricing method, and setting the final price. It also discusses ways to adapt prices for different geographic regions, promotions, customer segments, products, channels, locations, times, and yields.
Marketing penetration
Market penetration refers to the percentage of the target market that has purchased a specific product or service. It can be measured as either the percentage of potential customers who buy a product, or a company's sales as a percentage of total sales in a market. Higher market penetration indicates a product is well-established and the company is a market leader. Strategies to increase market penetration include lowering prices, boosting promotions, expanding distribution channels, improving products, and promoting increased product usage. Combining multiple strategies is most effective for growing a product's reach and sales.
Guide_To_Creative_Optimization
This document provides an overview of a study analyzing the impact of creative elements on ad performance across different industries. Some key findings from industry-wide best practices include:
- Ads with red backgrounds had 31% higher conversion rates on average than other colors. Animated ads had higher conversion rates than static ads, and animation lengths of 6-9 seconds performed best.
- Displaying a company logo in an ad provided a 4% lift in conversion rates. Placement in the upper-left, upper-right, or lower-left corners performed best, with lower-left being optimal.
- Ads featuring human faces averaged 4% higher conversion rates than those without. Ads showing families performed best, while
Creative Guide_Web
This document provides an overview of a study analyzing the impact of creative elements on ad performance across different industries. Some key findings from analyzing over 30,000 ads across 16 industries include:
- Background color had a significant impact, with red backgrounds seeing 31% higher conversion rates on average.
- Animated ads saw higher conversion rates than static ads on average, though animation length impacted performance, with cycles of 6-9 seconds performing best.
- Including a company logo, especially in the upper corners, boosted conversion rates, while human faces in ads provided a modest lift.
- Factors driving click-through rates often differed from those driving conversion rates.
Initial Strategy
- The team will focus on the standard and sports market segments. For standards, they will pursue a high volume, low cost strategy with an emphasis on cost reduction. For sports, they will pursue a low volume, high cost strategy with an emphasis on increasing product specs and reducing costs.
- In year 1, they will enter the standard market with product "uTunes5Go" priced at $99 with a 33% retailer margin. They will invest $4.6 million in advertising, allocating 51% to TV and 49% to digital media.
- In year 3, they will enter the sports market with product "uTunes5Active", keeping the price between $120-135.
If You Advertise They Will Buy
Hundreds of billions of dollars are spent on advertising each year in the US. For a 30-second Super Bowl ad, companies may spend $2-3 million to entice viewers. In this chapter project, students will analyze and generate ads to explore logical reasoning. Students will research existing ads, identify conditional statements, analyze truth values, generate an ad for a product or service, and get feedback from classmates.
Brand Box 6 - When And Where To Say It. The Marketer's Ultimate Toolkit
http://www.stepchangemarketing.com/
In this Slideshare presentation:
1. Brand Box 6 - When and where to say it 2. Actions from Insights 3. Media has changed 4. Andy Tarshis - A.C. Nielsen Company 5. M. Lawrence Light - McDonald's Chief Marketing Officer 6. Buying the cheapest 7. Traditional vs. Online Advertising 8. Media context 9. The media plan 10. Tarps 11. Tarp vs. Reach 12. Krugman's three hit theory 13. Effective frequency factors 14. Media fragmentation - More advertisers across more mediums 15. The communication attrition rate 16. Media fragmentation (2005) 17. PR - Should always come before paid media 18. PR Considerations 19. Using PR to support the sales tunnel 20. Characteristics of specific media 21. Characteristics 22. Market Share 23. Free to air TV 24. Pay TV 25. Radio 26. Magazine 27. Newspapers 28. Sunday Supplement 29. Outdoors 30. Experiential 31. The experiential conversation 32. Direct 33. Email vs. Snail mail 34. Email marketing or eDM 35. Electronic direct marketing 36. Which email tested better 37. Successful responses 38. Mobile phone 39. Mobile users 40. Mobile interaction platforms 41. Branded funded mobile interaction 42. The rise of "The App"43. Internet 44. To web or not to web 45. 8 Ways to drive your E-Commerce sales 46. Internet glossary 47. Demystifying internet advertising 48. Cookies and DRM 49. Peer to peer, Prosumer and RSS 50. Generation Net, API and Affiliates 51. Wikinomics and Word of Mouse 52. Ideagoras, OpenSocial and Avatar 53. Video Sites 54. Personalised URLs 55. SEO 56. Search 4.0 57. Search value pyramid 58. Search engine optimisation 59. SEO Weighting of factors 60. SEO and site features 61. Link relationships 62. Blogs 63. Technology and Retail 64. Gaming and Cuisine 65. Art and Design 66. Auto and Environmental 67. Travel and Specialist 68. Social Media 69. World map of social networks 70. Top 65 social networking sites 71. Social networking 72. Social media strategy 73. Social media petal 74. Your business in media 75. Social Technographics ladder 76. Social media mistakes 77. Burger King: Whopper sacrifice 78. Living and dying by Twitter: Bruno launch 79. Living and dying by Twitter: Inglorious Bastards 80. Social media engagement KPI's 81. Media tools 82. The media interrogation 83. The media money box 84. Media insight 85. Day in the life oF (DILO) 86. Opportunities calendar 87. Reach and depth of media: Transit 88. Reach and depth of media: Entertainment 89. Reach and depth of media: Social 90. Reach and depth of media: One2One and Pop 91. x4 Step channel planning 92. Channel planning x4 Step Filtering 93. Channel planning cont... 94. Channel planning cont... 95. Tactics turntable 96.
Automotive Ad Spend Science Accenture
This document discusses how Accenture has developed proprietary econometric modeling techniques to determine the incremental sales impact of each component of an automaker's marketing mix. By analyzing over 150 companies, Accenture has found on average 14% of marketing budgets are ineffectively spent. Accenture piloted this approach with an automaker in South America and was able to determine which factors like advertising, pricing incentives, and product innovations most directly drove sales. This allows automakers to optimize their marketing spending. Accenture argues their approach provides a scientific, data-driven method to improve automotive marketing performance.
Automotive Ad Spend Science Accenture
This document discusses how Accenture has developed proprietary econometric modeling techniques to determine the incremental sales impact of each component of an automaker's marketing mix. By analyzing over 150 companies, Accenture has found on average 14% of marketing budgets are ineffectively spent. Accenture piloted this approach with an automaker in South America and was able to determine which factors like advertising, pricing incentives, and product innovations most directly drove sales. This allows automakers to optimize their marketing spending. Accenture argues their approach provides a scientific, data-driven method to improve marketing ROI compared to traditional subjective methods.
Automotive ad spend science accenture
This document discusses how Accenture applied scientific marketing techniques to help automakers maximize the effectiveness of their marketing spending. It found that on average 14% of marketing budgets were ineffective. Through econometric modeling, Accenture was able to determine the incremental impact of different marketing components like advertising, pricing incentives, and product innovations on sales. For one automaker client, the analysis found that brand advertising delivered the best return and some pricing tactics and incentives had only short term impacts. Armed with this data, automakers can optimize their marketing mix and improve performance.
Automotive Ad Spend Science Accenture
1) The document discusses applying scientific marketing techniques to determine the incremental impact and effectiveness of different components of an automotive marketer's budget, such as advertising, incentives, and product innovations.
2) It provides an example analysis of an automaker in South America, finding that brand positioning, new models, and advertising at different tiers can significantly impact sales, while price promotions and minor annual refreshes do not provide long term benefits.
3) The analysis allows the automaker to optimize spending and identify marketing activities that produce the greatest returns.
Pricing Strategies
The document discusses different pricing strategies that companies can use to determine the price of their products. It outlines five main strategies: cost-plus pricing, where price is based on average costs plus a markup; penetration pricing, where an initially low price is used to attract customers before raising it; skimming, where a high initial price is charged to maximize profits from early adopters; destroyer pricing, where price is lowered to drive competitors out of business; and value pricing, where price matches the perceived value of the product. Examples are given for each strategy.
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Brand Box 6 - When And Where To Say It. The Marketer's Ultimate Toolkit
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More from Scott Armstrong
When to use favorable images
This document discusses when and how to use favorable images in advertising. It begins with an example of a Molson beer ad that associated the brand with puppies to condition women to like men who drink Molson. While clever, the ad led to protests. The document recommends pre-testing ads, especially those using favorable but unrelated images, to avoid offending people. Favorable associations are riskier for high-involvement products where the focus should be on strong arguments. It concludes by suggesting the reader apply this lesson within a week.
When to use emotion
This document discusses when to use emotion in persuasive ads. It provides three key points:
1. Emotion is often used for well-known brands, frequently purchased products, and situations where there is low need for information, according to a study of 1,059 TV commercials.
2. The document encourages the reader to identify situations where emotional appeals could be persuasive for their own customers and develop ideas for how to appeal to their customers' emotions.
3. Readers are also prompted to write a small application plan for themselves with a deadline of within one week and to share their plan and results with others if working with a team.
When to use attractive models
When an attractive model can be persuasive begins with a discussion of when physically attractive models should be used in advertising. It notes that a meta-analysis of 75 studies found that attractive models are most effective when promoting products that enhance beauty or social competence. An example is provided of an experiment comparing ads using attractive models to promote beauty enhancing products like earrings and lipstick versus problem solving products like acne cover. The document concludes by suggesting the reader examine their own firm's ads to see if the use of attractive models is proper based on the conditions discussed.
When to avoid use celebrities
Celebrities should be avoided in advertisements when the ad contains strong arguments. Research on TV commercials found that ads with strong arguments conveyed 2.4 selling points on average, while ads with celebrities only conveyed 1.4 selling points on average. Additional analyses also found that ads with celebrities had lower persuasion scores. While celebrities can help gain attention, their use should be calculated based on projected return on investment, and contracts should include escape clauses in case the celebrity becomes controversial.
When should you advertise news
The document discusses when advertisements should include news. It states that ads should only announce news if it is real, as trivial news will not help and may annoy viewers. Experimental studies show that including genuine news is important for generating responses. The document recommends that websites provide real information about new developments on their News pages.
When should an ad forewarn customers about an offer
When advertising low-involvement products, forewarning customers about an offer can be effective. However, for high-involvement products, warnings tend to generate resistance, especially if there is a delay between the warning and the offer. According to a meta-analysis of 46 studies, forewarning is persuasive for low-involvement products but warnings produced resistance for high-involvement goods.
When scarcity works
The Butter Council threatened legal action against I Can't Believe It's Not Butter (ICBINB) for their use of the word "butter" in the UK. However, ICBINB ran ads showing that the butter interests were trying to remove ICBINB from the market, creating a sense of scarcity. This led to a 38% brand awareness increase and trouble meeting demand, with the ad campaign winning an award. The document concludes that scarcity only increases demand when the product is already attractive, and suggests making an attractive product scarce by limiting time, quantity, customers, or stores.
When is repetition effective
The document discusses the effectiveness of repetition in advertising. It notes that repetition can increase beliefs for low-involvement products but not high-involvement ones. A lab experiment showed that repetition increased purchase intentions for low-involvement products through repeated 30-second TV commercials, though it did not affect high-involvement products. The document encourages applying this by considering repeating claims of benefits for your firm using varied wording.
When is repetition effective
The document discusses the effectiveness of repetition in advertising. It notes that repetition can increase beliefs for low-involvement products but not high-involvement ones. A lab experiment showed that repetition increased purchase intentions for low-involvement products through repeated 30-second TV commercials, but had no effect on high-involvement products. The document encourages applying this by considering repeating claims of benefits for your firm using varied wording.
Voice qualities
The document discusses persuasive voice qualities for communication. It lists five voice qualities that were found through an experimental study to increase success for interviewers: higher pitch, greater variation in pitch, greater loudness, faster rate of speaking, and clearer pronunciation. It encourages applying these qualities through a small exercise within one week and sharing results with others.
Virtual meetings for producing ideas
The document discusses the benefits and costs of virtual meetings for producing creative ideas. It lists the main benefits as saving time by not needing to schedule or travel for meetings, enhancing creativity by having fewer distractions, and allowing for self-paced analysis while providing good records of individual contributions. The costs listed are that virtual meetings can be less fun for some, obvious if someone does not contribute, require more thinking, and put pressure on participants to perform. The document also presents evidence that virtual groups can be as effective or more effective than face-to-face groups for creativity and problem-solving, except when negotiation is required. Initial face-to-face meetings may help develop strong personal ties that support
Virtual meetings for producing ideas
The document discusses the benefits and costs of virtual meetings for producing creative ideas. It lists the main benefits as saving time by not needing to schedule and travel for meetings, enhancing creativity by having fewer distractions, and allowing for self-paced analysis while providing good records of individual contributions. The costs listed are that virtual meetings can be less fun for some, obvious when someone does not contribute, require more thinking, and some people may be unable or unwilling to work independently. The document also presents evidence that virtual groups can be as good or better than face-to-face groups for creativity and problem solving, except when negotiation is required. Initial face-to-face meetings help develop strong personal ties that
Using illustrations to persuade
This document discusses which type of illustration is more effective for persuading people - an illustration showing an individual person (Illustration A) or a group shot (Illustration B). It argues that Illustration A, showing a single individual, is more persuasive because it allows people to better identify with the person in the image. Evidence from research shows that donations are higher when people see similar individuals rather than group shots or statistics about large numbers of people. The document encourages applying this lesson by setting a deadline to take a small persuasive action using an individual illustration within one week.
Using groups to analyze data
Using Groups to analyze Data: Parallel Processing
This document discusses using groups effectively for data analysis. It provides an example where a group correctly solved a math problem involving the purchase and sale of a horse, while individuals were more likely to get it wrong. A similar problem involving multiple animals showed that changing the context reduced errors. The document recommends: 1) Having group members independently solve problems first before discussing; and 2) Stating problems in different ways to solve. This highlights how groups can arrive at better solutions than individuals alone.
Using groups to analyze data
A man bought a horse named Harry for $60 and sold him for $70, then bought him back for $80 and sold him for $90. Solving this problem individually, people get different answers. However, if they solve it individually and then discuss it in a group, the group nearly always gets the correct answer of $20 profit. The same problem stated for an "animal business" with a horse and pig transactions is mathematically identical, but people are much more likely to get it right because discussing the similar horse problem first resolved the source of confusion. This demonstrates the value of parallel processing problems independently and then discussing solutions in a group.
Using consumers to evaluate ads
This document discusses different approaches for using consumers to evaluate advertisements and provides evidence-based recommendations. It recommends only using surveys that ask about purchase intentions when presented with different ads (#3), and advises against focus groups (#1) and surveys about ad liking (#2). Focus groups and questions about ad liking can lead to biases and do not objectively measure persuasiveness. The best approach is experiments that assess how people respond to different ads. The document encourages applying these principles by testing consumer responses to ads within a week.
Using consumers to evaluate ads
This document discusses different approaches for using consumers to evaluate advertisements and provides evidence-based recommendations. It recommends only using surveys that ask about purchase intentions when presented with different ads (#3), and advises against focus groups (#1) and surveys about ad liking (#2). Focus groups and questions about ad liking can lead to biases and do not objectively measure persuasiveness. The best approach is experiments that assess how people respond to different ads. The document encourages applying these principles by testing consumer responses to ads within a week.
Using consumers to evaluate ads
This document discusses different approaches for using consumers to evaluate advertisements and provides evidence-based recommendations. It recommends only using surveys that ask about purchase intentions when presented with different ads (approach #3). It advises against focus groups (#1) and surveys about ad liking (#2), as these are not objective measures of persuasiveness. The document suggests using experiments to assess how people respond to different ads instead of subjective measures like focus groups or ad liking.
Uppercase
This document discusses the readability of uppercase versus lowercase letters. It presents evidence that lowercase letters are more readable than all uppercase letters for long texts. Specifically, a study found reading speed was 10% slower when text used all capital letters compared to lowercase. The document encourages applying this finding by identifying situations where readability is an issue and avoiding all uppercase text.
Tastes
This document provides guidance on avoiding violations of tastes and standards in advertising. It begins by giving an example of Volkswagen using an image that simulated the Last Supper to advertise a new Golf model, which Catholic bishops sued over. It then lists ways to avoid violating tastes or standards, such as using an independent review board to check for issues, copy testing concepts and ads, having a code of ethics for the team, and anticipating how interest groups may react. The document concludes by encouraging applying these lessons through a small personal action plan within a week.
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Media expenditures
- 1. Media Expenditures Prepared by J. Scott Armstrong (details on him at jscottarmstrong.com). Please inform Scott about errors and also make suggestions (armstrong@wharton.upenn.edu) Scott has taken these slides from adprin.com, a site that he founded. That site contains interactive versions of these slides, along with linked references, videos, and webcasts, all in PPT and PPTX format that you can download.
- 2. Estimating the impact of advertising for a typical product in a typical market Please answer the following question. Caution: In the past, few people could provide reasonable answers. You work for a typical firm selling a typical product in a typical market in the U.S. Last yearโs sales were 50,000 units, which was typical for the firm. Last yearโs advertising budget was $1 million, which was typical for the firm. You plan to spend $1.1 million on advertising this coming year by using typical advertising. How many units do you expect to sell this coming year. ___________________ units? Do your analysis and write your answer before going to the next slide. Adapted from AdPrin.com
- 3. Information about the products What would you estimate the unit sales if the product was: BMW cars? _______ cars Bud Light beer? _______ truck-loads Adapted from AdPrin.com
- 4. Elasticity method Use the elasticity method in cases where an existing product has been advertised. Advertising elasticity (or โsensitivity to advertisingโ) expresses the percentage change in unit sales given a one percent change in advertising expenditures. Given an estimated elasticity of 0.1, if advertising expenditure were raised by 10%, unit sales would go up by 1%. Adapted from AdPrin.com
- 5. Average advertising elasticities Many studies have been done to estimate the elasticity of products for various media. On average the elasticity is about 0.1 So what is the answer for the first question at the start of this exercise? 50,500 Sethuraman&Tellis (1991), "An analysis of the tradeoff between advertising and price discounting,โ Journal of Marketing Research, 28, 160-174. Assmus, G, J. U. Farley & D. R. Lehmann (1984), "How advertising affects sales: Meta-analysis of econometric results," Journal of Marketing Research, 21, 65-74. Adapted from AdPrin.com
- 6. Elasticity by type of product Product type Durable 0.23 Nondurable 0.09 So what is your new answer to BMWs versus Bud Lite? Adapted from AdPrin.com
- 7. BMWs more responsive to advertising. Why? More news, more information, more attention by viewers as it is high- involvement. Adapted from AdPrin.com
- 8. Elasticity averages by media Media Print 0.13 TV 0.03 Why the difference? Adapted from AdPrin.com
- 9. Print has more information, and can explain news. Used more for new high-involvement products Adapted from AdPrin.com
- 10. Wrightโs Rule Given estimates of advertising elasticity, how much should you spend on advertising? Ad expenditure = (Elasticity) x (Gross margin per unit) x (forecasted unit sales) Wright, Malcolm (2009), โA new theorem for optimizing the advertising budget,โ Journal of Advertising Research, 49 (2), 164-169. To learn more, go to AdPrin.com Adapted from AdPrin.com
- 11. Application What would be the optimum advertising budget for one of your products according to Wrightโs Rule? Adapted from AdPrin.com