This document summarizes an agro-meteorology project sponsored by the India Meteorological Department. It involves measuring soil temperature, evaporation, and evapotranspiration using various sensors. An ultrasonic sensor measures water level, a capacitive sensor improves accuracy, and an LM35 sensor measures soil temperature. Readings are stored in an ATmega8 microcontroller and sent via GSM modem. The project aims to help farmers by monitoring key parameters that impact crop health and survival.

1. - Sponsored by India Meteorological
Department

2.  Internal Guide: Prof.Mr N.P Deshpande Sir
 External Guide: Mr P.A Kore
 Team:
Hrishikesh Gadekar
Harsha Lunawat
Gautami Naik

3.  It is the combined study of Agriculture and
Meteorology.
 It is the study and use of weather and climate
information to enhance or expand agricultural
crops .
 It helps in the establishment of techniques and
controls that foster a healthier agricultural
industry.
 Also beneficial for farmers and researchers to
know the daily, seasonal, and annual variations
that play a vital role in crop response and
survival.

4.  Agro-meteorology includes parameters :
Evaporation
Wind speed/Direction
Evapotranspiration
Soil Temperature
Dew Drops
Rain
Humidity etc.
 Some of the parameters are measured manually
while some are automated.

5.  The Indian Meteorology Department has
generated an Automated Weather
Station(AWS).
 It measures many parameters and sends the
data to PC directly.
 But AWS does not include some parameters
like Evaporation, Evapotranspiration, Soil
Temperature Measurement.

8.  EVAPORATION
 SOIL TEMPERATURE MEASUREMENT
 EVAPOTRANSPIRATION

9.  Instrument Used : Open Pan Evaporimeter

11.  Composed of two subprocesses:
◦ Evaporation occurs on surfaces of open
water or from vegetation and ground
surfaces.
◦ Transpiration is the removal of water from
the soil by plant roots, transported
through the plant into the leaves and
evaporated from the leaf’s stomata.
 Typically combined in mass balance
equations because the components are
difficult to partition.

12.  Instrument used: Lysimeter

13.  SOIL TEMPERATURE:
Temperature range: 0 to 55°c
Temperature Accuracy: 0.5
 OP TANK-Evaporation
Water level accuracy: 1mm
Water level range: 25 cm
 Evapotranspiration measurement with high
accuracy.
 Display of all readings
 Memory Storage: required to store readings of 3
parameters thrice a day

18.  Microcontroller : ATmega8
 Sensors: Ultrasonic sensor.
 GSM Modem:sim900
 Motor

19. Parameter Ultra sonic
sensor(GP2D120)
Ultra sonic
sensor(HC-SR04)
Capacitive
sensor
Range 2cm - 400cm 4 cm to 30 cm
Accuracy 3mm. Better than hc-sr04 Higher
Principle non-contact
measurement function
non-contact
measurement function
Linearity Less Higher Highest
Image
Availability Yes Yes To be made
Level sensors comparison

20. Features:
 Power Supply :+5V DC
 Working Current: 15mA
 Effectual Angle: <15°
 Ranging Distance : 2cm – 400 cm/1" - 13ft
 Resolution : 0.3 cm
 Measuring Angle: 30 degree
 Trigger Input Pulse width: 10uS
 Dimension: 45mm x 20mm x 15mm

21.  Testing of Ultrasonic Sensor….

22.  Water level changes Capacitor value
Frequency
changes
Voltage
changesADC

24. Table 1: Comparison Of Temperature Sensors
Parameter LM35 PT100-RTD DB18B2/20
Accuracy 0.5°c @ 25°c 0.001°c ±0.5°c Range of ˗10°c
to 85°c
Range −55°C to +150°C ˗200°c to 850°c ˗55°c to 85°c
Interfacing Direct to
microcontroller
Bridge Direct To I/O Pin
Price Rs.45/- Rs.70/- Rs.100
Temperature sensor comparison

25. Temperature Sensor-LM35
Features:
1. Accuracy : 0.5°c at 25°c
2. Range : -55°c to 150°c
3. Self Heating: Low
4. Output Impedance: Low
5. Cost: Low
6. Calibrated : In Degree Celcius

26.  Testing of Temperature Sensor LM35


27.  Features:
 High-performance, Low-power AVR® 8-bit
Microcontroller
 Advanced RISC Architecture
 6-channel ADC
 Eight Channels 10-bit Accuracy
High Endurance Non-volatile Memory segments
 8K Bytes of In-System Self-programmable Flash
program memory
 512 Bytes EEPROM
 Write/Erase Cycles: 10,000 Flash/100,000
EEPROM

31. Temperature and water level saved in EEROM
Displayed on hyper terminal

33.  Soil Temperature:
Each crop has its own temperature
requirements.
Requirement of irrigation.
 Evaporation
Dam Catchment.

34.  THANK YOU