MCRW Summary Final

1
Mapping Critical
Resources for Wales:
Summary
December, 2014
Philip Harfield
Dr Christopher Harris
Christopher Sanders
029 2020 5580
info@edcw.org
www.edcw.org

This report gives the
findings of a one year
scoping study on
critical resources for
Wales.
Front page photo credit: Symbols from the ‘noun project’ by Luis Prado, Marcio
Duarte, Iconathon, Tammie Anderson, Edward Boatman
Mapping Critical Resources forWales1

Acknowledgements
The authors and the Ecodesign Centre as a whole would like to thank the Welsh Government
Academic Expertise for Business Programme (A4B) for funding Mapping Critical Resources for
Wales. We would also like to acknowledge the following people for their involvement in our
advisory group meetings: Alan Mumby (Managing Design and Innovation), Calvin Jones (Cardiff
Business School), Ed Evans (Constructing Excellence), Eoin Bailey (Enterprise Consulting), Iwan
Davies (IQE), Julie Cunnington-Hill (Welsh Government), Keith James (WRAP), Nigel Smith (Redrow
Homes), Paul Nieuwenhuis (Cardiff Business School), Rhys Charles (Metech Recycling / University
of Swansea), Simon Ripton (Welsh Government), Stafford Lloyd (RiverSimple) and Vicki Stevenson
(Welsh School of Architecture). A full list of MCRW contributors is included in the appendices.
Mapping Critical Resources forWales 2

Mapping Critical Resources forWales
Critical Resources for
Wales Assessment
Sourcing raw materials from around
the world to feed manufacturing in
Europe and USA has become a major
concern in recent years. In this project,
critical resources forWales are defined
as having both high global supply risks
and high importance to the economy
of the country (or a sectorwithin it).
The metrics used to calculate supply
risk mandate that the focus of the
criticality assessment be on specialty
and technology metals that have become
crucial to modern products and services
that we enjoy in developed society
(Gunn et al., 2014). Resources beyond
this scope are considered in MCRW as
‘essential’ and ‘sustainable growth’
resources (see relevant sections below).
Key Message 1: A list of the nine
most critical resources for Wales
has been quantified (Figure S1).
They are: cobalt, gallium, indium,
magnesium, niobium, platinum group
metals, rare earths (heavy), rare
earths (light), and silicon metal.
The reasons for criticality vary;
magnesium is important to the extensive
auto, aero, metals, construction
materials and chemicals industries in
Wales, whilst platinum group metals
are important to various aspects of
the ICT industry, as well as the auto,
jewellery, pharmaceuticals, chemicals,
glass and refining industries, for
example (Figure S2). The ICT, metals,
electrical equipment, automotive and
aerospace sectors are identified as
being of highest risk to critical resource
issues (Figure S2). A full analysis of
each resource importance metric used
can be found in section 4 of the main
report. Figures 4.2 To 4.6 in the main
MCRW report show that materials are
more or less important dependent
on the metric used, for example light
rare earths are of most importance
in terms of Gross Value Added (GVA)
and employment, magnesium is
most important in terms of business
population and environmental impacts,
and platinum group metals are most
important in terms ofwaste generated.
The suite of critical resources identified
forWales as a whole are not dissimilar
to those highlighted by the European
Commission’s 2014 Report on Critical
Raw Materials in the EU (EC, 2014).
This is due to the global nature of
critical resources and the macro-scale
at which a national study must be
conducted. However, the quantitative
analysis carried out here provides a solid
starting point for developing the critical
resource agenda in Wales, especially
given methodological improvements
made over previous assessments.
Section 3 of the main report sets out
the methodology for the quantitative
assessment of criticality across the
Welsh economy. The approach taken has
learnt from previous studies and aims
to strike a balance between scientific
rigour and a need for detail at a relatively
low resolution (see Key Message 3).
Key Message 2: The approach used to
quantify a list of critical resources for
Wales has significant methodological
improvements over other high profile
low-resolution criticality assessments,
1. Geological scarcity, production concentration,
reserve distribution, recycling rate, substitutability,
governance and price volatility.
3

such as the European Commission list.
The AMM sector has similar critical
resources to the overall economy, as
it is the most prominent part of the
economy to which material usage
can be quantified. Those materials
used in the metals sector have greater
importance compared to the overall
economy analysis (e.g. cobalt, graphite,
antimony, magnesium, coking coal
etc.), whilst those in electronics, life
sciences and some aspects of electrical
equipment are less important (e.g.
indium and gallium (which become
non-critical), lithium etc.) (Figure S3).
Focussing in on the ICT sector produces
a different list of critical resources to
the economy as a whole. Beryllium and
germanium become critical, whilst
cobalt and magnesium become non-
critical) (Figure S4). The added benefit
for businesses of describing critical
resources at a higher resolution is
immediately evident given the different
resources identified in the sectoral
quantitative analyses to the overall
economy (Table S1). An assessment
of current and planned low carbon
energy generation in Wales suggests
that tellurium has the highest supply/
demand risk (see section 8), although
this analysis does not take into account
the suite of criticality metrics used in
Figure S1 and so should be treated with
caution. This assessment highlights the
importance of developing forecasts to
run alongside criticality assessments;
this is particularly relevant to higher
resolution company-level studies.
Key Message 3: National scale
assessments are limited in their
usefulness to companies and industry
bodies ‘on the ground’. Increasing
the resolution of criticality studies is
preferable and company assessments
should be encouraged where relevant.
The ICT sector assessment produced
as part of MCRW emphasizes the
importance of higher resolution.
Higher resolution studies also merit
more complexity, and thus more value.
Critical Resource-
Resilient Companies
Key Message 4: Examples of Welsh
companies understanding and
mitigating for their individual
critical resources issues have been
identified The approaches for doing
so included moving production of
a resource in-house, ecodesigning
products, engaging in collaborative
research projects, diversifying supply
chains, substituting materials,
increasing resource efficiencies and
vertically-aligning supply chains.
It is recommended that action be taken
to facilitate increased awareness so
that any organizations within the supply
chain of the ICT and AMM sectors assess
their critical resource issues and use it to
influence their design process, and install
practical ecodesign, wherever possible.
Tools used to build critical resource
resilience in companies should be
of proportionate complexity to the
organisation, from the simple critical
resource assessment tool shown
in Figure S5 for those with fewer
allocable resources through to full
materials database approaches for

large organisations with the substantial
financial and human resources to achieve
it. Raising awareness across Welsh
SMEs by providing simple language
guidance and tools for mitigating critical
resource risks in business is vital.
Although there is no panacea to
the risks identified here, a business
population in the identified ‘high
risk’ Welsh sectors that is aware of
critical resource issues will be more
resilient to critical resource risks.
Where awareness is strong, innovative
capacity is high and decisions can be
made quickly, consciously conducting
a critical resources assessment may
not be necessary and decisions on
resource uses can be made ad-hoc.
Increasing linkages between resource
organisations and businesses,
developing projects such as those
suggested in the following sections,
and cultivating cross-sectoral dialogue
and knowledge exchange, are ways of
achieving such a business population.
Key Message 5: Within the AMM
and ICT sectors, smaller companies
with high innovative capacities,
particularly those with a product
in the design phase, are more most
resilient to critical resource issues as
long as awareness is apparent. Larger
companies often have a harder task in
retrofitting their processes to account
for criticality, but generally have
high innovative capacity and greater
awareness of critical resource risks.
Solutions to criticality issues vary from
sector to sector. For example recycling of
electronics currently has little value for
retaining the critical resources identified
in Figure S4 due to miniaturisation, the
use of complex materials, incompatibility
of different metals in the process, and
the relatively low value of gallium, indium
and rare earths compared to precious
metals (Balkenende et al., 2014). On the
other hand, the recycling of magnesium
from aluminium and cast iron in the AMM
sector has great potential for reducing
magnesium supply risks and overcome
extremely high primary production
energy costs (Neelameggham and
Brown, 2014), although improvements
to the optimisation of scrap, labelling
of materials and ecodesigned products
are necessary (Ditze and Scharf, 2008).
Policy Opportunities
Key Message 6: Opportunities for
Welsh Government policies to
directly mitigate critical resource
risks within Wales are limited, as
there is little policy can achieve to
reduce global supply risk indicators
included in a criticality assessment.
It is suggested here that critical resources
should be re-framed as being a key driver
for a more resource-orientated economy,
especially in areas where critical
resources are of particular importance
to Wales such as ICT, metals, aerospace,
road transport and electrical equipment.
The existence of supply chain-specific
critical resource assessments within
the design process and successful
remanufacturing business models within
these sectors highlights the prevalence
of this driver (e.g. Rolls Royce case
study, Box 6.2). Critical resources have
been identified as an issue by circular
5

economy and remanufacturing scoping
assessments previously (Chamberlin
et al., 2013; Benoy et al., 2014; DG
Environment, 2014), but the specific
advantages and challenges for critical
resources have not been explored.
There is significant scope to promote
Wales as a leader in critical resource
resilience alongside its potential as
a ‘Centre of Excellence for Circular
Economy’ given the drive for ‘green’
growth and sustainable development in
Government (Welsh Government, 2009),
an upcoming shift towards ‘resource’
from ‘waste’ that is expected in the 2016
Environment Bill, its manufacturing
heritage, network of SMEs and a
flexible devolved government system
dedicated to reducing waste (e.g. the
Towards Zero Waste policy (2010) and
Waste Prevention Programme (2013))
(Chamberlin et al., 2013). There is
significant scope for marrying the critical
resource agenda outlined here with the
work packages in the Towards Zero Waste
programme (Welsh Government, 2010).
Bringing critical resource assessments
into everyday design engineering in
Welsh manufacturing, at suitable levels
of complexity, is an opportunity for
directly increasing the resilience of
the economy to critical resource risks.
This requires substantially increased
awareness of critical resource issues
across the SME base in the highlighted
sectors (Figure S2). Such analyses
provide an understanding of the
value and strategic importance of
the resources lost through the whole
life cycle, thus incentivising better
retention of critical resource-bearing
products and components, leading to
a reduced dependence on risk-laden
materials from overseas sources.
The framework for providing such
support is already in place through
the work of the team of innovation
specialists and business innovators.
Providing basic training on critical
resource resilience to these personnel,
highlighting supporting bodies (such
as Ecodesign Centre) and best practice
from relevant companies (such as
those already involved in the critical
resources network in Wales as a result
of MCRW) to them would enable
critical resources, and circular economy
concepts, to be built into on-going
business interventions in Wales. This
approach has the advantage that
knowledge of the business population
already exists amongst the network
of innovation specialists run by the
Welsh Government’s Innovation Team.
Building on increased awareness
to critical resources around SMEs
in Wales in order to build resilience
would ideally involve the development
of a bespoke critical resource
research institution or collaboration
between existing institutions. Such
as group would be an opportunity
for cross-departmental involvement
in government (innovation, waste
strategy, natural resources, business
development). It would aim to develop:
• Resource data streams for
industrial symbiosis and
critical resource retention
• Innovative recycling and
recovery processes

• Cross-sectoral value networks
for reused, remanufactured,
repurposed materials
• Assessments of alternative
business models
• Exploitation of banks of knowledge
within companies in Wales for
cross-sectoral fertilisation.
• Solutions for overcoming barriers
standing in the way of improved
critical resource resilience, such as
weight-based recycling targets and a
lack of resource use-based taxation.
This group would build on the critical
resources network developed as part of
MCRW, inform and facilitate the work
of innovation specialists, and be in a
good position to access competitive
funding streams. Assessments of the
added value for businesses would be
feasibly for all of the research streams
outlined above. Furthermore, all are
relevant to sustainable growth for
Wales and feed into long term planning
as part of the Future Generations Bill.
Alternatively, ad-hoc working groups
between members of the critical
resources networkwill inevitably be
developed for research proposals given
the interest in MCRW, with the wider
impact on Welsh businesses being lost.
Key Message 7: There is great scope
for influencing the resilience of
Wales’ economy to critical resource
risks through indirect policy action.
Developing a critical resources and
circular economy action plan would
involve combining investment in
applied critical resources research
with training and guidance for existing
innovation specialists. These two
complementary approaches would
build awareness and resilience of
Welsh SMEs in tandem. As a result,
critical resources would act as a
driver for more rapid implementation
of the circular economy, building
Wales as a leader in this area.
Through a streamlined strategy on
critical resources and their importance
to sustainability, Wales could strive
to develop a reputation for piloting
innovative and radical resource and
waste practices. Examples include
quantifying waste for recycling in
terms of inherent resource value
(including criticality) rather than weight,
incorporating leasing models into public
sector procurement and facilitating
them in key sectors through offering
guarantees to investors, incentivizing
companies to use secondary materials
sourced within Wales, and collating
end-of-life resource data in order to
stimulate industrial symbiosis in targeted
areas. Grander objectives, such as the
development of extended producer
responsibility for specific products
that contain critical resources operate
primarily at the European Union level,
but are transposed into law at a UK level.
There are practical obstacles to all of
these actions, but the development
of pilot studies and case studies
would display Wales as being at
the cutting edge of sustainable
resource management and can
be scaled up for exportation.
7

Examples of Specific
Areas of Action
Four areas of applied research and
industry intervention that would
facilitate a circular economy that
(somewhat indirectly) acts to reduce
critical resource threats in Wales are
identified here. Although they are
global issues, they are areas in which
Wales can show leadership, become
an early adopter, and use to develop
new innovative industries. Together,
they would position Wales as a leader
in circular economy action, enabling
the growth of new industry sectors.
More detailed assessments of circular
economy development exist elsewhere
(for example extensive initiatives
by WRAP and the Ellen Macarthur
Foundation), but these suggestions
show how critical resource threats can
be mitigated as part of such a shift
towards circular economy concepts.
1. Better data on quantities
and flows of materials.
Improved data streams for all materials,
but particularly for critical resources,
are necessary for a circular economy to
be successful. Developing a database
of products and materials in Wales at
end-of-life represents an opportunity for
Wales to show leadership by increasing
knowledge in key sectors, incentivizing
the use of refurbished products,
secondary materials and industrial
symbiosis (e.g. direct usage ofwaste as
a resource elsewhere). Existing services,
such as StatsWales, would be suitable for
the development of such datasets. Whilst
end-of-life statistics have the greatest
potential for boosting the circular
economy and are controllable within
Wales, it would be prudent to thereafter
work back through the product lifecycle
by setting requirements for material data
reporting at each stage of the supply
chain where possible through piloting
product passports, encouraging data
reporting in business, tracking products
with RFID tags, and via the development
of repair and refurbishment hubs.
Wales-wide, or regional, databases of
products and components at end of
life can be used to facilitate a network
of repair and reuse hubs that can
reduce the amount of critical resources
reaching recycling orwaste streams,
thus elongating their period of use. It is
feasible that some hubs may be sector of
product category specific. This approach
is underway as part of the ‘Towards
Zero Waste’ objective under the Waste
Strategy Branch, which could intuitively
become the Resource Strategy Branch.
The development of such hubs would
stop products becoming classified as
waste, move towards gaining as much
value as possible from products, create
jobs (e.g. repair technicians), and utilise
as much existing infrastructure as
possible. The existence of the hubs would
drive a sufficient quality of feedstock
for a burgeoning reuse and repair sector
in Wales. There are examples of reuse
networks already in place, such as
Recipro in the UK construction sector,
which estimates waste stream values
of £1.5 billion each year, and WEESafe,
a Welsh company operating in the
electrical appliances sector. Market
analyses would be required to ensure

that what is produced through such
schemes is in-line with what consumers
want. The positive critical resource
aspects of the programmes within the
Welsh Government’s sustainable growth
agenda (Welsh Government, 2009) have
until now been underappreciated.
2. Improved producer
responsibility regulations.
Increasing the responsibility that
manufacturers have over their products
at the end of their life cycle is a key
facilitator for improving resource
stewardship globally. Rather than being
a burden, such an approach allows
companies to design products with the
retention of material value in mind, thus
facilitating more advanced ecodesign.
Implementing such regulations on
a Wales scale is challenging given
the European scale of the legislation
involved, but continuing the work of
the ‘Waste Prevention Programme
forWales’ (Welsh Government, 2013)
in exploring extended producer
responsibility possibilities, particularly
in e-waste, acts as a useful indirect
mitigation for critical resource issues.
Opportunities for developing policies in
Wales that facilitates producers being
able benefit from the inherent material
value of their products, potentially by
aligning them closerwith recycling
and recovery operations and producer
compliance schemes, would incentivise
them to assist in the establishment of
new recovery infrastructure in Wales.
This has knock-on effects in increasing
the ability forWales to exploit global
critical resources issues by setting up
infrastructure that imports material
into the country for reprocessing.
Long-term planning would be required
in order to develop a ‘manufacturing
observatory’ that can enable Wales
to see opportunities on the horizon.
Development of material recovery
infrastructure for the growing global
markets for recycling of CIGS solar cells
is one example. Exploiting opportunities
such as these places Wales as an
early adopter of large-scale circular
economy concepts, acts a motivation
for ecodesign in Wales, and fosters the
clustering of companies in industries
related to the recovery infrastructure.
3. Economic incentives.
Aiding the proliferation of better
resource stewardship through leasing
models within companies in Wales can
be achieved by offering guarantees for
investment that would be accepted were
it not for the unusual business model.
This has been identified as a key barrier
to growth by an innovative automotive/
low carbon company in Wales as part
of the MCRW engagement process.
Offering such a service incentivises
high innovation SMEs to move to Wales,
thus facilitating the breakthrough
of innovative technologies. Further
economic incentives could be created
for using Welsh essential resources (e.g.
secondary construction materials) or
developing sustainable growth resources
(e.g. investment in new production
capabilities for marine turbines).
Exploring opportunities for facilitating
the use of non-virgin materials in
industry in order to catalyse better
resource stewardship has potential for
9

Wales. Welsh Government can help
businesses through existing channels
to prioritise renewable/secondary
resources of materials/components
or improving efficiencies. Added
weight can be given to those in the
critical resources list forWales (e.g.
advocating for economic instruments
for companies repairing or refurbishing
electronics products in Wales).
4. Leadership through public sector
procurement and practice.
Local governments and public sector
procurement strategies have an
important part to play in increasing
the retention of critical resources in
Wales. Prioritising critical resource-
bearing products/components for
reuse and repurposing in the public
sector is an area of significant potential.
Specific actions could include reusing IT
equipment in the schools system (e.g.
purchasing for secondary schooling
and reusing in primary) and leasing
IT hardware (and office products
more generally) and vehicles in local
governments. Applying penalties
for underperformance in resource
stewardship across the public sector
would drive behavioural change.
Key Message 8: Actions for building
resilience to critical resources in
Wales include producing better
data on quantities and flows of
materials, innovative producer
responsibility policies, economic
incentives for circular business
models, and leadership in public
sector procurement. Programs under
these headings are already underway
as part of ‘Towards Zero Waste’, but
their influence on critical resources
has thus far been neglected.
The outputs of this report should not be
interpreted as a need to reduce reliance
on industries that use critical resources,
as they are crucial to many technologies
and burgeoning industries that Welsh
Government should be, and is, fostering
the development of. However, more
awareness of, and resilience to, their
risks needs to be installed into the
business population, and opportunities
arising from their global use should look
to be exploited in Wales. This involves
capitalising on opportunities such as the
Key Message 9: There are opportunities
for exploiting arising critical resource
issues on a global scale by developing
recovery processes as and when
they become economically viable.
Capitalising on these opportunities
requires the development of a
‘manufacturing observatory’
approach that utilises research
capabilities and skillsets in Wales
within key expanding sectors.
Key Message 10: Building critical
resource resilience, moving to a more
resource-orientated economy more
generally, and developing sustainable
growth resources for Wales (see
relevant section below) requires
cross-departmental collaboration in
government between related groups
(e.g. innovation, business development,
waste strategy, natural resources etc.)
and developing multiple stakeholder
projects that take into account the
whole life cycle of a product.

Essential Resources
The distinction between essential
resources (defined as those that
have a high importance to the Welsh
economy/a sector/an organisation but
not the global supply risks to be defined
as critical) and critical resources is
important and should be recognized in
the drive for sustainable development
in Wales. In many cases, the distinction
is clear (e.g. aluminium, copper, timber
and construction materials have very
different global supply risks and uses
to dysprosium), but in others (e.g.
precious metals in electronics) it is not.
The term ‘essential resources’ is derived
to combat the misconception of what
defines a critical resource in industry and
some of the literature on the subject.
There is little need for outside
intervention or further research in
essential resources at the company level,
as this essentially amounts to general
resource management (e.g. construction
companies sourcing construction
materials). However, joined-up planning
of essential resources at a national level
is extremely important, and the circular
economy has a big part to play in this.
In general, essential resources are
more suitable to recycling, as they
normally have greaterweights
and lower dispersion than critical
resources. It is clear that quantifying
the sustainability of the Welsh economy
on recycling alone does not address
critical resources issues, as they are
often lost in the recovery process
(e.g. shredding of electronics once
precious metals are removed).
All of the proposals put forward under
the critical resources bannerwould also
be of relevance to essential resources.
Once companies are engaged in coping
with resource challenges through
building resilience to criticality they
inevitably become more aware of
resource issues in general and are
more likely to see opportunities for
innovation throughout their business.
Furthermore, taking a non-sectoral
approach will mean that cross-
fertilisation of resource innovation into
sectors with less critical resource issues,
such as construction, will be possible.
Key Message 11: Developing
a circular economy and better
resource stewardship has a broader
influence on ‘essential’ resources,
the everyday management of which
underpins all production in Wales.
Sustainable Growth
Resources
Sustainable growth resources are
introduced here as a novel concept
designed to prioritise areas for the long-
term planning of Welsh development.
The notion is based on a more literal
interpretation of ‘critical resource
forWales’ – what are the resources
critical to the continued sustainable
development of Wales as a whole?
This is a fundamentally different
question to understanding ‘critical
resources’ as defined earlier, and thus
requires a term to differentiate it.
It is suggested that sustainable growth
resources forWales should fulfil three
criteria: (1) Wales has a distinct inherent
advantage over other areas in that
resource, and (2) developing the
11

resource has the potential to develop a
new industry forWales, making it a global
leader in that niche, and (3) the resource
has the potential to provide economic
growth with a low environmental impact.
It is envisaged that these sustainable
growth resources would then have
priority in long-term planning.
Key Message 12: Sustainable
growth resources offer a different
avenue of opportunity for Welsh
Government policy, and are in-
line with the development of a low
carbon Wales. By understanding the
unique resources that Wales can
offer, Welsh industry sectors with
a genuine global advantage can be
developed that have resilience to
resource issues designed into them.
Tidal range power and hydrogen fuel cells
are identified here as two sustainable
growth resources forWales as they meet
the criteria stated above. Wales has
inherent advantages (extensive tidal
ranges in Wales with suitable geography;
hydrogen research centres, fuelling
points, related manufacturing, compact
infrastructure and links to major English
centres), and the potential for sector
growth (both are technologies not fully
developed across the world, but at a
suitable level to be upscaled) in both.
Furthermore, tidal range power and
hydrogen fuel cells have environmental
advantages over many competing
technologies in their area (e.g. fossil
fuels and conventional automobiles,
respectively). This designation is far
from exhaustive and serves as an
issue raiser for further discussion.
Sustainable growth resources have
the advantage of enabling focused
efforts in waste strategy, the green
economy, business innovation, resource
management, and ecosystem services
towards a shared goal set of goals.
This can lead to the breakup of silos in
Welsh Government decision-making,
thus facilitating a more rapid shift
towards sustainable prosperity (see Key
Message 8). Finally, developing sub-
sectors from the ground-up enables
the installation of all the best practice
and mitigation approaches outlined
in MCRW from the inception, leading
to world-leading, sustainable and
resource resilient sectors forWales
that cluster innovative companies
and skilled personnel in Wales.
Key Message 13: Tidal range
energy is the clearest sustainable
growth resource opportunity for
Wales, and hydrogen as a fuel
carrier is identified as another.
12

Figure S.2. Importance of the most critical resources to GVA of Welsh economy sectors. Resources are given in descending order of importance to
sector GVA. Sectors are given in descending order of their reliance on the resources in terms of GVA. The colour denotes global supply risk from red
to yellow, with red having the highest to yellow the lowest.
Figure S.1. Criticality matrix for Welsh Economy based on the approach outlined in section 3. Resources scoring both highly for importance to the
Welsh Economy and supply risk are most critical. The colour denotes the criticality, from red being most critical to green being least. The size dimen-
sion for each resource indicates environmental impact, with larger dots indicating greater environmental impact.
13

Figure S.3. Criticality martix for the Advanced Materials and Manufacturing Welsh Priority Sector based on the approach outlined in section 3.
Resources scoring both highly for importance to the sector and supply risk are most critical. The colour denotes the criticality, from red being most
critical to green being least. The size dimension indicates environmental impact, with larger dots indicating greater environmental impact.
Figure S.4.. Criticality matrix for the ICT Welsh Priority Sector based on the approach outlined in section 3. Resources scoring highly for both impor-
tance to the sector and supply risk are most critical. The colour denotes the criticality, from red being most critical to green being least. There is no
size dimension due to the data for environmental impact not existing on a sub-sector level.
14

Figure S.5. Graphical examples of results from using the business tool based on 2 hypothetical products. Global supply risk (as calculated using
Table 3.2) is indicated by colour, from red being most critical to green being least. Product 1 has greater critical resource risk than product 2, indi-
cated by the greater proportion of red and orange colours.
Product 1
Product 2
15

Table S.1.: Most critcal materials for the whole
economy and AMM and ICT sectors.
16

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index_en.htm Accessed 18/8/14.
Gunn, G. 2014. Critical Materials
Handbook. John Wiley and Sons
Ltd, Chichester, 261-283.
Neelameggham, N, R., Brown, B.
Magnesium. 2014. In: Guss, G. ed.
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and Sons Ltd, Chichester, 261-283.
Welsh Government. 2009. One
Wales: One Planet. The Sustainable
Development Scheme of the Welsh
Assembly Government. Available
at http://www.cynnalcymru.com/
library/one-wales-one-planet-
sustainable-development-scheme-
wales Accessed 11/12/14.
Welsh Government. 2010. Towards
Zero Waste. One Wales: One Planet.
The Overarching Waste Strategy
Document forWales: June 2010.
Available at: http://wales.gov.uk/docs/
desh/publications/100621wastetow
ardszeroen.pdf Accessed 22/12/14.
Welsh Government. 2013. Wales
Waste Prevention Programme.
Available at http://wales.gov.uk/
topics/environmentcountryside/epq/
waste_recycling/prevention/waste-
prevention-programme/?lang=en
Accessed 11/12/14.
Welsh Government. 2014. Well-bring of
Future Generations (Wales) Bill: Bulletin
July 2014. Available at: http://wales.gov.
uk/docs/dsjlg/publications/140725-
future-generations-bill-bulletin-
july-14-en.pdf Accessed 22/12/14.
Mapping Critical Resources forWales17

20
Ecodesign Centre (EDC),
PDR at Cardiff Metropolitan
University,
Cardiff,
CF5 2YB,
United Kingdom
029 2020 5580
info@edcw.org
www.edcw.org
14

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