The document discusses the decimal number system. It explains that decimal numbers are composed of digits in different place values that are powers of ten, with the place value increasing by factors of ten from right to left. This place value system allows very large and small numbers to be represented. The document uses the numbers 1764 and 1359.24 to illustrate how digits in each place value (thousands, hundreds, tens, ones, tenths, hundredths) represent that value when multiplied by the corresponding power of ten.