Math 1140 Test 1 Exercise # 4 According to pew Research, 50 of adul.pdf
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Math 1140 Test 1 Exercise # 4: According to pew Research, 50% of adults and 75% of teenagers were using a social networking were using a social networking site in early 2012. Most of that activity was on Facebook. Let\'s assume these probabilities apply strictly to Facebook. (After all, my space is empty, right?) Among a group of 10 people, what\'s the probability that a) At least one of the people was not on Facebook if they were all adults? to b) At least one of the people was not on Facebook if they were all teenagers? Solution.
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why invert an op-amp?
why invert an op-amp?
why invert an op-amp?
Solution
In real life (practical) many systems existed with negative feedback . And negative feedback
improves the dc stability and also decrease gain margin . To achieve negative feedback from op
amp we invert it . So generally invert op amp used..
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Which of the following statements about prokaryotes is false?a) Prokaryotes are incredibly
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Solution
c) Bacteria do not produce resting spores. Only fungi and slime molds make use of spores
Many species of bacteria like Clostridium, Bacillus,tetanus etc are known to produce spores.
There are different types of spores includingendospores,exospores, and spore-like structures
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habitat including extreme temperatures, lack of moisture/drought, or being exposed to chemicals
and radiation. Bacterial spores can also survive at low nutrient levels and antibiotics and
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c) Bacteria do not produce resting spores. Only fungi and slime molds make use of spores
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calledmicrobial cysts. Each of these aid the bacteria in survival and serve as protection for the
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Which of the following statements about amino acids is true? Most of the amino acids used in
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Parts which BP considereed prior to deilling off the gulf coast are economic,
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8 types are....
Defects
Overproduction
Waiting
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types of becterias and diseases that come from of wrong storing food.pdf
types of becterias and diseases that come from of wrong storing food?
Solution
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2. Staphylococcus:
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Solution
Now all possible outcomes are:
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c) Bacteria do not produce resting spores. Only fungi and slime molds make use of spores
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calledmicrobial cysts. Each of these aid the bacteria in survival and serve as protection for the
cell.There are different types of spores includingendospores,exospores, and spore-like
structures calledmicrobial cysts. Each of these aid the bacteria in survival and serve as
protection for the cell.Spores help bacteria to survive by being resistant to extreme changes in
the bacteria\'s habitat including extreme temperatures, lack of moisture/drought, or being
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types of becterias and diseases that come from of wrong storing food.pdf
types of becterias and diseases that come from of wrong storing food?
Solution
Salmonella: There are found mainly the intestines,bowels and faeces of humans and other
animals. It is the salmonella bacteria themselves which can cause salmonella food poising.
2. Staphylococcus:
These bacteria are foun on the skin,in sore,infected eyes and in the nose,throat,saliva and bowel
of humans. There may be many of these bacteria in the yellow mucus which comes from the
nose or is coughed up when a person has a cold or a lung infection.
3.Clostridium:
Soil and intestine of animals,including cattle,poultry,fish and humans .These are very common
bacterias in the environment.
4.Campylobacter:
Found in many animals includung dogs,cats,cattle and poultry. The sources of infection from
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only white fur-color genes. The fur color of the offspring depends on the pairs of fur-color genes
that they recieve. Assume that neither the white nor black gene dominates. List the possible
Solution
Now all possible outcomes are:
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Two chains are available to hold up an object. A student arranges the object and either one or
two chains according to the diagrams shown here. Which arrangement generates the most tension
in one chain? B D C A
Solution
Answer is 2nd option : D
Remaining B and C objects arrange two chainsand
object A arrange single chain but this not the answer.
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This is a modeling problem in Interger programming.
We have a problem that dealt with different cities—some city that have factories that made an
item and others that didn’t have factories. There are specific capacities on each of the routes
between cities (“number of trains”). Each city had a demand of the items that had to be fulfilled.
Items could be shipped to cities that are not adjacent as well (with a connection through another
city/cities). We had to find a way fulfill these constraints that minimized the cost of
transportation.
Solution
In order to approach these problems with no data, there will be demand of different items
Let us suppose there are 3 items I1,I2,I3 and demands of which are D1,D2 and D3
Then the demands of all the three items must be fulfilled, items can be shipped from other cities
i.e. D1 can send an item through D3, if there exists a path from D1 to D3 by connecting over
other cities
Please provide the constraints.
There is a surge of mergers and acquisitions among television networ.pdf
There is a surge of mergers and acquisitions among television networks, entertainment, and
internet-related companies since 2010. Some have been completed, some have been stopped by
regulators, and others are still in progress. How are these different from the AOL-Time Warner
merger of the year 2000? Are the recent mergers and acquisitions likely to be successful? Why or
why not?
Solution
A decade ago, America Online merged with Time Warner in a deal valued at a stunning $350
billion. It was then, and is now, the largest merger in American business history.
After gaining Federal Trade Commission approval, the deal had its skeptics. AOL was the
majority shareholder, and for the financials to add up, AOL would have to continue making
bundles of money in advertising revenue. Before the ink was even dry on the deal, the dot-com
bubble had burst, Internet stocks plummeted, and the bottom fell out of the online advertising
market. To make matters worse, increased availability of high-speed Internet access cut deeply
into AOL\'s dial-up revenue
The merger proved poisonous for both companies and downright deadly for investors. About
$100 billion in stock value was wiped out . In 2009, Time Warner spun AOL off as its own
company. Today, the AOL-Time Warner marriage is the standard business school case study for
the worst merger ever.
It was an odd merger, where both companies retained their independence. In fact, Time Warner
appears to have retained more power than AOL, even though technically, AOL bought Time
Warner.
There was a great potential to a merger - just imagine having the largest ISP (dial-up) with
millions of internet accounts merging with one of the largest cable network providers with
millions of homes connected to coaxial and then fiber networks. Yet, they could not make it
work.
The rumor has it that the executives of both companies after the merger (yet, again - they were
never one company) went to negotiate their consumer offering, specifically, AOL over Time
Warner boradband network. Nobody wanted to give up any revenue. The outcome? If you want
AOL over broadband, you can pay the current price for Time Warner internet (around $45/mo
back then) plus the standard AOL fee (around $20/mo). Needless to say, it was not a popular
offer. AOL slowly died. Time Warner spun it off.
NOW A days mergers and acquistions are going smoothly
Here’s a list of examples of good mergers and acquisitions transactions:
Human factors almost always have a significant impact on both a deal’s success and the amount
of additional cost and effort required to recover when they were not sufficiently considered. The
five human factors below differentiate successful deals:
Managing human factors increases the likelihood of value being realized: people are
complicated, and building a team that has the capacity and inclination to attend to them is a
differentiator in an industry where many still focus on the technical elements of the deal..
The purpose of this C++ programming project is to allow the student .pdf
The purpose of this C++ programming project is to allow the student to perform parallel array
and multidimensional array processing. The logic for string and Cstring has already been
completed, so the assignment can be started before we actually cover string and Cstring in detail.
This program has the following three menu options:
Solution
/*
This program uses simple arrays, multidimensional arrays, cstrings, strings, and files.
It allows a payroll clerk to choose an option from a menu. The choices are:
A: List the Payroll Information by Employee Name
B: Search Payroll Information by Employee Name
X: Exit the Payroll Information Module
The following items for each employee are saved in the file p10.txt:
Employee ID (1000 - 9999)
Last Name (15 characters)
First Name (15 characters)
Rate (5.00 - 10.00)
Hours W1,W2,W3,W4 (0-60)
*/
#include // file processing
#include // cin and cout
#include // toupper
#include // setw
#include // cstring functions strlen, strcmp, strcpy stored in string.h
#include // string class
#define stricmp strcasecmp
#define strnicmp strncasecmp
using namespace std;
//Disable warning messages C4267 C4996.
//To see the warnings, comment out the following line.
//#pragma warning( disable : 4267 4996)
//Warning C4267: coversion from size_t to int, possible lost of data
//size_t is a data type defined in and is an unsigned integer.
//The function strlen returns a value of the type size_t, but in
//searchByName we assign the returned value to an int.
//We could also declare the variable as size_t instead of int.
// size_t stringLength;
//Warning C4996: strnicmp strcpy, stricmp was declared deprecated, means
//the compiler encountered a function that was marked with deprecated.
//The deprecated function may no longer be supported in a future release.
//Global Constants
//When using to declare arrays, must be defined with const modifier
const int ARRAY_SIZE = 20, HOURS_SIZE = 4, NAME_SIZE = 16;
//Declare arrays as global so we don\'t have to pass the arrays to each function.
//Normally we wouldn\'t declare variables that change values a global.
int employeeId[ARRAY_SIZE];
string firstName[ARRAY_SIZE];
char lastName[ARRAY_SIZE][NAME_SIZE];
double rate[ARRAY_SIZE];
int hours[ARRAY_SIZE][HOURS_SIZE];
int numberOfEmps; //count of how many employees were loaded into arrays
int sumHours[ARRAY_SIZE] = {0}; //initialize arrays to zero by providing a
double avgHours[ARRAY_SIZE] = {0}; //value for the first element in the array
//Function Prototypes
void loadArray( );
void sumAndComputeAvgHours( );
void listByName( );
void searchByName( );
void sortByName( );
void swapValues(int i, int minIndex);
void listEmployees( );
void listEmployeesHeadings( );
void listEmployeesDetails(int i);
void listEmployeesTotals( );
void displayContinuePrompt( );
//Program starts here
int main()
{
//Declare and initialize local main variables
char choice; //menu option
//Load the arrays with data
loadArray();
//Sum and compute the average hours
sumAndComputeAv.
the input to a frequency translation system has a bandwidth of 19 to.pdf
the input to a frequency translation system has a bandwidth of 19 to 20 Mhz and it is desired to
shift the spectrum to the range of 50 to 51 Mhz while reversing the spectral sense. determine the
required frequency in Mhz of the LO frequency.
please show with steps.
Solution
The mixer frequency(Fm) have two frequency componenets that iare Fi+FL and Fi-FL, where Fi
is in put frequency and FlL is local oscilator frquency
Fm=51 Mhz
Fi=20Mhz
FL=Fm-Fi=51-20 Mhz
so required local osc frequency is 31 mhz.
The First genetic maps used genes as markers becauseplease answer.pdf
The First genetic maps used genes as markers because:
please answer both questions with correct answer! thank you! The First genetic maps used genes
as markers because: Select one: a. The locations of genes on chromosomes could be observed by
stining the DNA with dyes. X b. Phenotypes specified by genes could be visually identified and
their inheritance patterns studied. c. Individual genes specifying easily identifiable phenotypic
traits were easily cloned. d. Singel nucleotide polymorphisms were used to identify point
mutations that resulted in clearly observable phenotypic differences. Eukaryotic Genomes are
mapped using DNA markers in addition to genes because: Select one: a. DNA markers do not
require the presence of two or more alleles for mapping b. Gene maps may not cover large
regions of the genome c. Most genes contain multiple alleles that can be easily mapped X d.
DNA markers are less variable than genetic markers
Solution
1. Option D is correct. The First genetic maps used genes as markers because single nucleodite
plymorphism were used to identify any changes in gene.
2. Opttion A is correct.
the consistent joining of two specific bases in nucleotides within DN.pdf
the consistent joining of two specific bases in nucleotides within DNAS is called DNA
replication base doubling complementary base pairing base transcription The nucleotide
sequence AUGGUC could be part of a single strand of DNA could be part of an mRNA
contains three codons contains one anticodon Which process requires the participating of all
three types of RNA? translation transcription RNA processing replication. The A site on a
ribosome function is rtecei8ving a new RNA with the correct amino acid. Holding a
polypeptide as amino acids are added. Attacking the small subunits to the large subunits.
releasing the compound polypeptide. DNA is a polymer of Deoxyribnucleotides Amino acid
None of the above.
Solution
7. Ans: C
In the DNA, joining of two bases by hydrogen bonds is known as complementary base pairing.
In DNA, complementary base of guanine is cytosine and complementary base of adenine is
thymine.
8. Ans: B
Given nucleotide sequence AUGGUC could be a part of mRNA because sequence contain U
(Uracil) base which is found only in RNA not in DNA. In the DNA in place of Uracil thymine is
found.
Codon is a sequence of three bases.
9. Ans:B
In translation is a process of protein synthesis, in which all three types of RNA participate to
complete the task of protein synthesis. mRNA encodes amino acid sequence of polypeptide.
tRNA brings amoino acids to ribosomes during translation. rRNA with ribosomal proteins makes
up the ribosome, organelles that translate the mRNA.
10. Ans: A
A site of ribosome occupied by amino acyl- tRNA which act as a acceptor for the growing
protein chain during peptide bond formation. P site of ribosome occupied by peptidyl- tRNA
which carry the growing peptide chain.P site is also known as puromycin (antibiotic) sensitive
site. E site, ribosomal site harboring decylated tRNA on transit out from the ribosome.
11. Ans: B
DNA is a polymer of deoxyribonucleotides, carries genetic information for the growth,
development, functioning and reproduction of all living cells..
Technology is advancing at an alarming rate. We now have more method.pdf
Technology is advancing at an alarming rate. We now have more methods of interaction than
ever before: phone, text, instant messenger, GPS, Skype, etc. Businesses today must be
connected at multiple levels via multiple media in order to be competitive. Ponder and develop a
strategy for future forensic applications in an increasingly digitalized and connected world.
Discuss the challenges that these new media and technologies present to the forensic analyst and
begin to frame some solutions.
Solution
Computer forensics is the practice of collecting, analysing and reporting on digital data in a way
that is legally admissible. It can be used in the detection and prevention of crime and in any
dispute where evidence is stored digitally. Computer forensics follows a similar process to other
forensic disciplines, and faces similar issues.
The phrase “digital forensics” invokes an image of law enforcement officers conducting criminal
investigations. The breadth of digital forensics practices goes far beyond this narrow definition.
Civil cases use forensic analysis. Large corporations and organizations use their own forensics
groups to investigate internal issues, compliance, and insider threats that are rarely publicly
released. Governments have forensic resources that are applied in many areas, such as military
intelligence.
Forensic Applications of New Analytical Technologies
Multiply hyphenated techniques, such as gas chromatography/mass spectrometry with retention
time locking (GC/MS/RTL), liquid chromatography/time-of-flight mass spectrometry
(LC/MS/TOF), microfluidic-based capillary electrophoretic analysis of mitochondrial DNA
(mtDNA), and laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA/ICP/MS), are
able to uncover forensically germane information by providing unprecedented levels of
analytical selectivity and sensitivity, extracting genetic signatures from previously overlooked
biological sources, and sequentially microdeconstructing samples so as to map the spatial
variation and concentration of elemental constituents. These new ranges of information and rich
data sets can contribute facts crucial to the reconstruction of events and thereby increase the
probability of an accurate finding in the matters under investigation..
Suppose a mutant fruit fly with blue eyes was recently discovered. I.pdf
The document discusses genetic terminology used to describe alleles. It notes that a newly discovered mutant fruit fly has blue eyes, which is recessive to the wild-type red eyes. The most common way to represent the alleles would be: Mutant: bl, bl and Wild-type: Bl+, bl+ - with the capital B representing the dominant allele for red eyes and the lowercase b representing the recessive allele for blue eyes.
Students should research and identify an article on the subject of s.pdf
Students should research and identify an article on the subject of stakeholder mapping and its
role as a critical tool for leaders. The article should discuss the purpose of stakeholder mapping
and explain how it is used. Articles must come from a reputable source (no Twitter, Facebook or
Wikipedia), be submitted a copy of or link to the article must be included in the submission.
Students should write a paragraph on their thoughts about stakeholder mapping.
Solution
Stakeholders are individuals or organizations that will be affected in some significant way by the
outcome of the evaluation process or that are affected by the performance of the intervention, or
both.
Not all stakeholders have the same stake in the interventions and it is important to recognize the
level of influence each stakeholder has on the project and its evaluation.
This information will guide the data-collection process and allow you to identify the stakeholders
who will serve as the main sources of data for the evaluation.
Stakeholder mapping in 4 steps
When initally mapping stakeholders it is important to consider these questions:.
Questions1. Research the Master Boot Record. Write a long paragra.pdf
Questions:
1. Research the Master Boot Record. Write a long paragraph and answer the following:
a). How does this file play into the BIOS and its attempt to load the operating system?
b). Can you think of a situation in which this knowledge would help diagnose a failure to boot?
c).Why is it that the installation of Linux in a dual-boot configuration can cause problems for the
Windows OS?
2. The use of solid state memory in lieu of a hard drive is starting to receive some attention.
a). What benefits or drawbacks could crop up for this new type of secondary storage?
b). In what way is solid state memory subject to the same failure as a hard drive?
Solution
A master boot record is a special sector of data at the very start of the device which is marked as
bootable. It can reside on a hard disk partition, a CD / DVD, a pen drive or any other form of
storage. The MBR is a small piece of executable code (usually micro instructions) that is
executed at the startup by the system.
The address of the MBR is fixed and during system startup, this location is accessed and read. If
the MBR is found in this location, it is executed by the system, else error is thrown.
The MBR primarily contains 2 things:
Ans 1.
Some BIOS use a different location like Compaq, which uses 0x07C0:0x0000. Although this
resolves to the same memory location in read mode, it should be avoided.
The Initial Program Loader (IPL) of the BIOS starts executing the MBR by passing control to
this location. Prior to execution, it is setup with the following CPU registers:
Ans 2..
Problem Find the z-transform, in closed form, of the number sequence .pdf
Problem Find the z-transform, in closed form, of the number sequence generated by sampling,
every T seconds the function f(t) whose Laplace transform is given by F(s) = 2(1 - e^-5s)/s(s =
2), T = 1 s
Solution
F(s)=2(1-e^-5)/(s(s+2))
=(1-e^-5)(1/s-1/(s+2))
As we know: z=e^(sT)=e^s
Henc . e^-5=z^-5
Z transform of 1/s=z/(z-1)
Z transfrom of 1/(s+2)=z/(z-e^-2)
F(z)=(1-z^-5)[z/(z-1)-z/(z-e^-2)]
F(z)=(1-z^-5)z(1-e^-2)/[(z-1)(z-e^-2)].
Please give me as detailed as possible answers! Im really struggli.pdf
This document contains two questions asking to build parameter estimators for three distributions (Bernoulli, exponential, lognormal) using two different methods: maximum likelihood estimation (MLE) and method of moments. The student is struggling to understand these concepts and is seeking detailed explanations to help improve their understanding.
OverviewIn response to the variable effects of conservation effort.pdf
Overview
In response to the variable effects of conservation efforts and loss of biodiversity, zoos began to
turn their attention to the conservation of endangered species and wildlife in the 1970s and
1980s. Supporting conservation efforts became an important goal for the modern zoo. A major
milestone towards this goal was the Convention on Biodiversity which was signed at the Earth
Summit in Rio de Janeiro in 1992. As the modern zoo continues to focus its efforts towards
conservation, it has been seen by many as a sort of “Noah’s Ark”, primarily focused on
conserving the precious few endangered species. Unfortunately, genetic, ecosystem and
economic issues have created challenges for the conservation model of the modern zoo. Read the
following articles that expand on the conservation efforts of zoos and their use of technology
towards this goal.
Readings
Keulartz, J. (2015). Captivity for Conservation? Zoos at a Crossroads. Accessed at
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/273902031_Captivity_for_Conservation_Zoos_at_a_C
rossroads on August 13, 2016.
Kobilinsky, D. New live cam technology might help conservation. Accessed at
http://wildlife.org/new-live-cam-technology-might-help-conservation/ on August 13, 2016.
Genetics
Research has shown that zoos currently hold about 15% of the endangered land animals in
captivity. There remains a continual struggle to breed these animals due to low numbers. A zoo’s
ability to maintain enough genetic variability among individual species is impossible and space
limitations prevent expansion to allow the influx of more animals.
Economics
The secondary goal for many zoos, that of reintroduction to the wild, also faces challenges due to
the costs involved, from financial to ecological. Animals living in captivity often lose the
necessary skills to survive in the wild once released.
Ecosystems
Lastly, the ecosystems into which the captive animals are eventually released are constantly
changing. Many factors may have affected their previous habitat, preventing the animal’s chance
at a successful re-introduction to the wild.
Education and Technology
Technology and education have also been identified as important components in maintaining the
biodiversity of the natural world. Zoos are in a unique position to educate the public about
conservation issues and they are continually looking for ways to convey this information to
visitors. The Metro Richmond Zoo uses video cam technology to encourage cheetah
conservation by streaming live footage of cheetah litters online. Viewers witness the day-to-day
lives of the cheetah cubs without human interference or disturbance.
Answer the following questions in complete sentences using an essay format. See the “SLP
Assignment Expectations” for further directions on formatting and organization.
Assignment Directions:
Discuss how zoos have evolved over the last 50 years to become conservation centers.
Incorporate the role of zoos in educating the public into your response.
.
Part I Write a program that uses a function that takes in two integ.pdf
Part I: Write a program that uses a function that takes in two integers as inputand returns a
minimum value (using pass-by-value). (HINT: the prototype lookslike: int minimum(int num1,
int num2);
Part II: Modify your original program to include a function that take in fourintegers; two of
which are passed-by-value, and the other two are passed-by-reference. The pass-by-reference
integers are the min and max of the two pass-by-value integers. Find the min and max and
\"return\" the values back to main.The prototype here is: void minmax(int &min, int &max, int
num1, int num2);
Solution
Question1:
#include
using namespace std;
int minimum(int num1, int num2);
int main()
{
int num1, num2, min;
cout<<\"Enter first number: \";
cin >> num1;
cout<<\"Enter second number: \";
cin >> num2;
min = minimum(num1, num2);
cout<<\"The minimum number is \"<< min<
using namespace std;
void minmax(int &min, int &max, int num1, int num2);
int main()
{
int num1, num2, min, max;
cout<<\"Enter first number: \";
cin >> num1;
cout<<\"Enter second number: \";
cin >> num2;
minmax(min, max, num1, num2);
cout<<\"The minimum number is \"<< min< num2){
min = num2;
max = num1;
}
else{
min = num1;
max = num1;
}
}
Output:
Enter first number:
6
Enter second number:
5
The minimum number is
5
The maximum number is
6
sh-4.3$ g++ -std=c++11 -o main
*.cpp
sh-4.3$
main
Enter first number:
4
Enter second number:
5
The minimum number is 4.
Name this stage of the organism Identify the structure What does th.pdf
Name this stage of the organism Identify the structure What does the diagram show? Identify
this layers Identify the structure What does it become? What organisms is this? Identify the
structure To what domain do they belong?
Solution
9.This is fertilization phase
10.polar body
11->pronudel
12->bigger pronudel formed due to fusion.
Is a trisomic organism best described as an aneuploid or a polyploid.pdf
Is a trisomic organism best described as an aneuploid or a polyploid? Briefly explain.
Solution
A trisomic organism is the result of aneuploidism. Aneuploid organisms differ in the
chromosome number with wild type by one or two chromosomes. For example if 2n is the
normal genotype of wild strain, then in trisomic organism, the genotype would be 2n+1. Non
dysjunction during mitosis or meiosis is the most common cause of aneuploid organisms.
If it is 2n-1,it is nullisomic..
Histology is the study of the tissues of the body and how these tissu.pdf
Histology is the study of the tissues of the body and how these tissues are arranged to constitute
organs. Stop and Think: In order to study tissues, how would you divide the vast field of
histology into two interacting components? What kinds of organ systems might be present in all
tissues?
Solution
The vast field of histology can be divided into two interacting components which are cells and
the extra cellular matrix. Cells are the structural and functional unit of life. Some substances
secreted by cells form the extra cellular matrix that serve to provide structural and biochemical
support to these cells.
All tissues types (epithelial, connective, muscular and nervous tissues) have blood..
How many different kinds of computer networks can you recognize.pdf
How many different kinds of computer networks can you recognize?
Solution
Computer Networks may be defined as the connection of several devices With each other in
order to form a communication between each other. In order to provide such type of
communication we require some cables, devices such as routers, switchs. Both router and switch
have got different functionality for creation and role in network. We know we have got different
type of network like LAN WAN and MAN. If you have small office or building then you can set
up LAN connectivity where many computers are connected with the help of switch holding
different IPaddress in same network. If u have class type room then you probably can have one
switch that can connect many different PCs together with the help of private IP address that you
can assign on each PCs. You can each creat DHCP SERVER with the help of which each IP will
be assigned automatically to every computer without assigning them one by one.
Now there are different type of computer networks that we can see. Like LAN local area
network, WAN wide area network, MAN metropolitan area network, distributes networks,
VANET vehicular ad hoc networks, MANET mobile ad hoc networks. Every network depends
upon the range and distance of network when established. We have network that are connected
throughout the world which forms WAN that means every node which are in network are
connected publicly that means each node is given an public IP address which ISP Provides us. If
we are talking about LAN then each node is connected through private IP address. Every
network in the world is connected through ISP internet service providers with the help of routers
thus forms an Internet..
How does herbivory on seeds and fruits differ from herbivory on le.pdf
How does herbivory on seeds and fruits differ from herbivory on leaves and stems of plants? Can
both of these types of herbivory result in positive interaction between the plant and it\'s
herbivore?
How does herbivory on seeds and fruits differ from herbivory on leaves and stems of plants? Can
both of these types of herbivory result in positive interaction between the plant and it\'s
herbivore?
Solution
herbivory on leaves and stems- Plants have many external structural defenses that discourage
herbivory. Depending on the herbivore’s physical characteristics (i.e. size and defensive armor),
plant structural defenses on stems and leaves can deter, injure, or kill the grazer. Some defensive
compounds are produced internally but are released onto the plant’s surface; for example, resins,
lignins, silica, and wax cover the epidermis of terrestrial plants and alter the texture of the plant
tissue. The leaves of holly plants, for instance, are very smooth and slippery making feeding
difficult. Some plants produce gummosis or sap that traps insects.
A plant\'s leaves and stem may be covered with sharp prickles, spines, thorns, or trichomes- hairs
on the leaf often with barbs, sometimes containing irritants or poisons. Plant structural features
like spines and thorns reduce feeding by large ungulate herbivores (e.g. kudu, impala, and goats)
by restricting the herbivores\' feeding rate, or by wearing down the molars.Raphides are sharp
needles of calcium oxalate or calcium carbonate in plant tissues, making ingestion painful,
damaging a herbivore\'s mouth and gullet and causing more efficient delivery of the plant\'s
toxins. The structure of a plant, its branching and leaf arrangement may also be evolved to
reduce herbivore impact.
herbivory on seeds and fruits- Coconut palms protect their fruit by surrounding it with multiple
layers of armor.
Trees such as coconut and other palms, may protect their fruit by multiple layers of armor,
needing efficient tools to break through to the seed contents, and special skills to climb the tall
and relatively smooth trunk..
More Related Content
More from Rahul04August
Two chains are available to hold up an object. A student arranges t.pdf
Two chains are available to hold up an object. A student arranges the object and either one or
two chains according to the diagrams shown here. Which arrangement generates the most tension
in one chain? B D C A
Solution
Answer is 2nd option : D
Remaining B and C objects arrange two chainsand
object A arrange single chain but this not the answer.
This is a modeling problem in Interger programming.We have a probl.pdf
This is a modeling problem in Interger programming.
We have a problem that dealt with different cities—some city that have factories that made an
item and others that didn’t have factories. There are specific capacities on each of the routes
between cities (“number of trains”). Each city had a demand of the items that had to be fulfilled.
Items could be shipped to cities that are not adjacent as well (with a connection through another
city/cities). We had to find a way fulfill these constraints that minimized the cost of
transportation.
Solution
In order to approach these problems with no data, there will be demand of different items
Let us suppose there are 3 items I1,I2,I3 and demands of which are D1,D2 and D3
Then the demands of all the three items must be fulfilled, items can be shipped from other cities
i.e. D1 can send an item through D3, if there exists a path from D1 to D3 by connecting over
other cities
Please provide the constraints.
There is a surge of mergers and acquisitions among television networ.pdf
There is a surge of mergers and acquisitions among television networks, entertainment, and
internet-related companies since 2010. Some have been completed, some have been stopped by
regulators, and others are still in progress. How are these different from the AOL-Time Warner
merger of the year 2000? Are the recent mergers and acquisitions likely to be successful? Why or
why not?
Solution
A decade ago, America Online merged with Time Warner in a deal valued at a stunning $350
billion. It was then, and is now, the largest merger in American business history.
After gaining Federal Trade Commission approval, the deal had its skeptics. AOL was the
majority shareholder, and for the financials to add up, AOL would have to continue making
bundles of money in advertising revenue. Before the ink was even dry on the deal, the dot-com
bubble had burst, Internet stocks plummeted, and the bottom fell out of the online advertising
market. To make matters worse, increased availability of high-speed Internet access cut deeply
into AOL\'s dial-up revenue
The merger proved poisonous for both companies and downright deadly for investors. About
$100 billion in stock value was wiped out . In 2009, Time Warner spun AOL off as its own
company. Today, the AOL-Time Warner marriage is the standard business school case study for
the worst merger ever.
It was an odd merger, where both companies retained their independence. In fact, Time Warner
appears to have retained more power than AOL, even though technically, AOL bought Time
Warner.
There was a great potential to a merger - just imagine having the largest ISP (dial-up) with
millions of internet accounts merging with one of the largest cable network providers with
millions of homes connected to coaxial and then fiber networks. Yet, they could not make it
work.
The rumor has it that the executives of both companies after the merger (yet, again - they were
never one company) went to negotiate their consumer offering, specifically, AOL over Time
Warner boradband network. Nobody wanted to give up any revenue. The outcome? If you want
AOL over broadband, you can pay the current price for Time Warner internet (around $45/mo
back then) plus the standard AOL fee (around $20/mo). Needless to say, it was not a popular
offer. AOL slowly died. Time Warner spun it off.
NOW A days mergers and acquistions are going smoothly
Here’s a list of examples of good mergers and acquisitions transactions:
Human factors almost always have a significant impact on both a deal’s success and the amount
of additional cost and effort required to recover when they were not sufficiently considered. The
five human factors below differentiate successful deals:
Managing human factors increases the likelihood of value being realized: people are
complicated, and building a team that has the capacity and inclination to attend to them is a
differentiator in an industry where many still focus on the technical elements of the deal..
The purpose of this C++ programming project is to allow the student .pdf
The purpose of this C++ programming project is to allow the student to perform parallel array
and multidimensional array processing. The logic for string and Cstring has already been
completed, so the assignment can be started before we actually cover string and Cstring in detail.
This program has the following three menu options:
Solution
/*
This program uses simple arrays, multidimensional arrays, cstrings, strings, and files.
It allows a payroll clerk to choose an option from a menu. The choices are:
A: List the Payroll Information by Employee Name
B: Search Payroll Information by Employee Name
X: Exit the Payroll Information Module
The following items for each employee are saved in the file p10.txt:
Employee ID (1000 - 9999)
Last Name (15 characters)
First Name (15 characters)
Rate (5.00 - 10.00)
Hours W1,W2,W3,W4 (0-60)
*/
#include // file processing
#include // cin and cout
#include // toupper
#include // setw
#include // cstring functions strlen, strcmp, strcpy stored in string.h
#include // string class
#define stricmp strcasecmp
#define strnicmp strncasecmp
using namespace std;
//Disable warning messages C4267 C4996.
//To see the warnings, comment out the following line.
//#pragma warning( disable : 4267 4996)
//Warning C4267: coversion from size_t to int, possible lost of data
//size_t is a data type defined in and is an unsigned integer.
//The function strlen returns a value of the type size_t, but in
//searchByName we assign the returned value to an int.
//We could also declare the variable as size_t instead of int.
// size_t stringLength;
//Warning C4996: strnicmp strcpy, stricmp was declared deprecated, means
//the compiler encountered a function that was marked with deprecated.
//The deprecated function may no longer be supported in a future release.
//Global Constants
//When using to declare arrays, must be defined with const modifier
const int ARRAY_SIZE = 20, HOURS_SIZE = 4, NAME_SIZE = 16;
//Declare arrays as global so we don\'t have to pass the arrays to each function.
//Normally we wouldn\'t declare variables that change values a global.
int employeeId[ARRAY_SIZE];
string firstName[ARRAY_SIZE];
char lastName[ARRAY_SIZE][NAME_SIZE];
double rate[ARRAY_SIZE];
int hours[ARRAY_SIZE][HOURS_SIZE];
int numberOfEmps; //count of how many employees were loaded into arrays
int sumHours[ARRAY_SIZE] = {0}; //initialize arrays to zero by providing a
double avgHours[ARRAY_SIZE] = {0}; //value for the first element in the array
//Function Prototypes
void loadArray( );
void sumAndComputeAvgHours( );
void listByName( );
void searchByName( );
void sortByName( );
void swapValues(int i, int minIndex);
void listEmployees( );
void listEmployeesHeadings( );
void listEmployeesDetails(int i);
void listEmployeesTotals( );
void displayContinuePrompt( );
//Program starts here
int main()
{
//Declare and initialize local main variables
char choice; //menu option
//Load the arrays with data
loadArray();
//Sum and compute the average hours
sumAndComputeAv.
the input to a frequency translation system has a bandwidth of 19 to.pdf
the input to a frequency translation system has a bandwidth of 19 to 20 Mhz and it is desired to
shift the spectrum to the range of 50 to 51 Mhz while reversing the spectral sense. determine the
required frequency in Mhz of the LO frequency.
please show with steps.
Solution
The mixer frequency(Fm) have two frequency componenets that iare Fi+FL and Fi-FL, where Fi
is in put frequency and FlL is local oscilator frquency
Fm=51 Mhz
Fi=20Mhz
FL=Fm-Fi=51-20 Mhz
so required local osc frequency is 31 mhz.
The First genetic maps used genes as markers becauseplease answer.pdf
The First genetic maps used genes as markers because:
please answer both questions with correct answer! thank you! The First genetic maps used genes
as markers because: Select one: a. The locations of genes on chromosomes could be observed by
stining the DNA with dyes. X b. Phenotypes specified by genes could be visually identified and
their inheritance patterns studied. c. Individual genes specifying easily identifiable phenotypic
traits were easily cloned. d. Singel nucleotide polymorphisms were used to identify point
mutations that resulted in clearly observable phenotypic differences. Eukaryotic Genomes are
mapped using DNA markers in addition to genes because: Select one: a. DNA markers do not
require the presence of two or more alleles for mapping b. Gene maps may not cover large
regions of the genome c. Most genes contain multiple alleles that can be easily mapped X d.
DNA markers are less variable than genetic markers
Solution
1. Option D is correct. The First genetic maps used genes as markers because single nucleodite
plymorphism were used to identify any changes in gene.
2. Opttion A is correct.
the consistent joining of two specific bases in nucleotides within DN.pdf
the consistent joining of two specific bases in nucleotides within DNAS is called DNA
replication base doubling complementary base pairing base transcription The nucleotide
sequence AUGGUC could be part of a single strand of DNA could be part of an mRNA
contains three codons contains one anticodon Which process requires the participating of all
three types of RNA? translation transcription RNA processing replication. The A site on a
ribosome function is rtecei8ving a new RNA with the correct amino acid. Holding a
polypeptide as amino acids are added. Attacking the small subunits to the large subunits.
releasing the compound polypeptide. DNA is a polymer of Deoxyribnucleotides Amino acid
None of the above.
Solution
7. Ans: C
In the DNA, joining of two bases by hydrogen bonds is known as complementary base pairing.
In DNA, complementary base of guanine is cytosine and complementary base of adenine is
thymine.
8. Ans: B
Given nucleotide sequence AUGGUC could be a part of mRNA because sequence contain U
(Uracil) base which is found only in RNA not in DNA. In the DNA in place of Uracil thymine is
found.
Codon is a sequence of three bases.
9. Ans:B
In translation is a process of protein synthesis, in which all three types of RNA participate to
complete the task of protein synthesis. mRNA encodes amino acid sequence of polypeptide.
tRNA brings amoino acids to ribosomes during translation. rRNA with ribosomal proteins makes
up the ribosome, organelles that translate the mRNA.
10. Ans: A
A site of ribosome occupied by amino acyl- tRNA which act as a acceptor for the growing
protein chain during peptide bond formation. P site of ribosome occupied by peptidyl- tRNA
which carry the growing peptide chain.P site is also known as puromycin (antibiotic) sensitive
site. E site, ribosomal site harboring decylated tRNA on transit out from the ribosome.
11. Ans: B
DNA is a polymer of deoxyribonucleotides, carries genetic information for the growth,
development, functioning and reproduction of all living cells..
Technology is advancing at an alarming rate. We now have more method.pdf
Technology is advancing at an alarming rate. We now have more methods of interaction than
ever before: phone, text, instant messenger, GPS, Skype, etc. Businesses today must be
connected at multiple levels via multiple media in order to be competitive. Ponder and develop a
strategy for future forensic applications in an increasingly digitalized and connected world.
Discuss the challenges that these new media and technologies present to the forensic analyst and
begin to frame some solutions.
Solution
Computer forensics is the practice of collecting, analysing and reporting on digital data in a way
that is legally admissible. It can be used in the detection and prevention of crime and in any
dispute where evidence is stored digitally. Computer forensics follows a similar process to other
forensic disciplines, and faces similar issues.
The phrase “digital forensics” invokes an image of law enforcement officers conducting criminal
investigations. The breadth of digital forensics practices goes far beyond this narrow definition.
Civil cases use forensic analysis. Large corporations and organizations use their own forensics
groups to investigate internal issues, compliance, and insider threats that are rarely publicly
released. Governments have forensic resources that are applied in many areas, such as military
intelligence.
Forensic Applications of New Analytical Technologies
Multiply hyphenated techniques, such as gas chromatography/mass spectrometry with retention
time locking (GC/MS/RTL), liquid chromatography/time-of-flight mass spectrometry
(LC/MS/TOF), microfluidic-based capillary electrophoretic analysis of mitochondrial DNA
(mtDNA), and laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA/ICP/MS), are
able to uncover forensically germane information by providing unprecedented levels of
analytical selectivity and sensitivity, extracting genetic signatures from previously overlooked
biological sources, and sequentially microdeconstructing samples so as to map the spatial
variation and concentration of elemental constituents. These new ranges of information and rich
data sets can contribute facts crucial to the reconstruction of events and thereby increase the
probability of an accurate finding in the matters under investigation..
Suppose a mutant fruit fly with blue eyes was recently discovered. I.pdf
The document discusses genetic terminology used to describe alleles. It notes that a newly discovered mutant fruit fly has blue eyes, which is recessive to the wild-type red eyes. The most common way to represent the alleles would be: Mutant: bl, bl and Wild-type: Bl+, bl+ - with the capital B representing the dominant allele for red eyes and the lowercase b representing the recessive allele for blue eyes.
Students should research and identify an article on the subject of s.pdf
Students should research and identify an article on the subject of stakeholder mapping and its
role as a critical tool for leaders. The article should discuss the purpose of stakeholder mapping
and explain how it is used. Articles must come from a reputable source (no Twitter, Facebook or
Wikipedia), be submitted a copy of or link to the article must be included in the submission.
Students should write a paragraph on their thoughts about stakeholder mapping.
Solution
Stakeholders are individuals or organizations that will be affected in some significant way by the
outcome of the evaluation process or that are affected by the performance of the intervention, or
both.
Not all stakeholders have the same stake in the interventions and it is important to recognize the
level of influence each stakeholder has on the project and its evaluation.
This information will guide the data-collection process and allow you to identify the stakeholders
who will serve as the main sources of data for the evaluation.
Stakeholder mapping in 4 steps
When initally mapping stakeholders it is important to consider these questions:.
Questions1. Research the Master Boot Record. Write a long paragra.pdf
Questions:
1. Research the Master Boot Record. Write a long paragraph and answer the following:
a). How does this file play into the BIOS and its attempt to load the operating system?
b). Can you think of a situation in which this knowledge would help diagnose a failure to boot?
c).Why is it that the installation of Linux in a dual-boot configuration can cause problems for the
Windows OS?
2. The use of solid state memory in lieu of a hard drive is starting to receive some attention.
a). What benefits or drawbacks could crop up for this new type of secondary storage?
b). In what way is solid state memory subject to the same failure as a hard drive?
Solution
A master boot record is a special sector of data at the very start of the device which is marked as
bootable. It can reside on a hard disk partition, a CD / DVD, a pen drive or any other form of
storage. The MBR is a small piece of executable code (usually micro instructions) that is
executed at the startup by the system.
The address of the MBR is fixed and during system startup, this location is accessed and read. If
the MBR is found in this location, it is executed by the system, else error is thrown.
The MBR primarily contains 2 things:
Ans 1.
Some BIOS use a different location like Compaq, which uses 0x07C0:0x0000. Although this
resolves to the same memory location in read mode, it should be avoided.
The Initial Program Loader (IPL) of the BIOS starts executing the MBR by passing control to
this location. Prior to execution, it is setup with the following CPU registers:
Ans 2..
Problem Find the z-transform, in closed form, of the number sequence .pdf
Problem Find the z-transform, in closed form, of the number sequence generated by sampling,
every T seconds the function f(t) whose Laplace transform is given by F(s) = 2(1 - e^-5s)/s(s =
2), T = 1 s
Solution
F(s)=2(1-e^-5)/(s(s+2))
=(1-e^-5)(1/s-1/(s+2))
As we know: z=e^(sT)=e^s
Henc . e^-5=z^-5
Z transform of 1/s=z/(z-1)
Z transfrom of 1/(s+2)=z/(z-e^-2)
F(z)=(1-z^-5)[z/(z-1)-z/(z-e^-2)]
F(z)=(1-z^-5)z(1-e^-2)/[(z-1)(z-e^-2)].
Please give me as detailed as possible answers! Im really struggli.pdf
This document contains two questions asking to build parameter estimators for three distributions (Bernoulli, exponential, lognormal) using two different methods: maximum likelihood estimation (MLE) and method of moments. The student is struggling to understand these concepts and is seeking detailed explanations to help improve their understanding.
OverviewIn response to the variable effects of conservation effort.pdf
Overview
In response to the variable effects of conservation efforts and loss of biodiversity, zoos began to
turn their attention to the conservation of endangered species and wildlife in the 1970s and
1980s. Supporting conservation efforts became an important goal for the modern zoo. A major
milestone towards this goal was the Convention on Biodiversity which was signed at the Earth
Summit in Rio de Janeiro in 1992. As the modern zoo continues to focus its efforts towards
conservation, it has been seen by many as a sort of “Noah’s Ark”, primarily focused on
conserving the precious few endangered species. Unfortunately, genetic, ecosystem and
economic issues have created challenges for the conservation model of the modern zoo. Read the
following articles that expand on the conservation efforts of zoos and their use of technology
towards this goal.
Readings
Keulartz, J. (2015). Captivity for Conservation? Zoos at a Crossroads. Accessed at
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/273902031_Captivity_for_Conservation_Zoos_at_a_C
rossroads on August 13, 2016.
Kobilinsky, D. New live cam technology might help conservation. Accessed at
http://wildlife.org/new-live-cam-technology-might-help-conservation/ on August 13, 2016.
Genetics
Research has shown that zoos currently hold about 15% of the endangered land animals in
captivity. There remains a continual struggle to breed these animals due to low numbers. A zoo’s
ability to maintain enough genetic variability among individual species is impossible and space
limitations prevent expansion to allow the influx of more animals.
Economics
The secondary goal for many zoos, that of reintroduction to the wild, also faces challenges due to
the costs involved, from financial to ecological. Animals living in captivity often lose the
necessary skills to survive in the wild once released.
Ecosystems
Lastly, the ecosystems into which the captive animals are eventually released are constantly
changing. Many factors may have affected their previous habitat, preventing the animal’s chance
at a successful re-introduction to the wild.
Education and Technology
Technology and education have also been identified as important components in maintaining the
biodiversity of the natural world. Zoos are in a unique position to educate the public about
conservation issues and they are continually looking for ways to convey this information to
visitors. The Metro Richmond Zoo uses video cam technology to encourage cheetah
conservation by streaming live footage of cheetah litters online. Viewers witness the day-to-day
lives of the cheetah cubs without human interference or disturbance.
Answer the following questions in complete sentences using an essay format. See the “SLP
Assignment Expectations” for further directions on formatting and organization.
Assignment Directions:
Discuss how zoos have evolved over the last 50 years to become conservation centers.
Incorporate the role of zoos in educating the public into your response.
.
Part I Write a program that uses a function that takes in two integ.pdf
Part I: Write a program that uses a function that takes in two integers as inputand returns a
minimum value (using pass-by-value). (HINT: the prototype lookslike: int minimum(int num1,
int num2);
Part II: Modify your original program to include a function that take in fourintegers; two of
which are passed-by-value, and the other two are passed-by-reference. The pass-by-reference
integers are the min and max of the two pass-by-value integers. Find the min and max and
\"return\" the values back to main.The prototype here is: void minmax(int &min, int &max, int
num1, int num2);
Solution
Question1:
#include
using namespace std;
int minimum(int num1, int num2);
int main()
{
int num1, num2, min;
cout<<\"Enter first number: \";
cin >> num1;
cout<<\"Enter second number: \";
cin >> num2;
min = minimum(num1, num2);
cout<<\"The minimum number is \"<< min<
using namespace std;
void minmax(int &min, int &max, int num1, int num2);
int main()
{
int num1, num2, min, max;
cout<<\"Enter first number: \";
cin >> num1;
cout<<\"Enter second number: \";
cin >> num2;
minmax(min, max, num1, num2);
cout<<\"The minimum number is \"<< min< num2){
min = num2;
max = num1;
}
else{
min = num1;
max = num1;
}
}
Output:
Enter first number:
6
Enter second number:
5
The minimum number is
5
The maximum number is
6
sh-4.3$ g++ -std=c++11 -o main
*.cpp
sh-4.3$
main
Enter first number:
4
Enter second number:
5
The minimum number is 4.
Name this stage of the organism Identify the structure What does th.pdf
Name this stage of the organism Identify the structure What does the diagram show? Identify
this layers Identify the structure What does it become? What organisms is this? Identify the
structure To what domain do they belong?
Solution
9.This is fertilization phase
10.polar body
11->pronudel
12->bigger pronudel formed due to fusion.
Is a trisomic organism best described as an aneuploid or a polyploid.pdf
Is a trisomic organism best described as an aneuploid or a polyploid? Briefly explain.
Solution
A trisomic organism is the result of aneuploidism. Aneuploid organisms differ in the
chromosome number with wild type by one or two chromosomes. For example if 2n is the
normal genotype of wild strain, then in trisomic organism, the genotype would be 2n+1. Non
dysjunction during mitosis or meiosis is the most common cause of aneuploid organisms.
If it is 2n-1,it is nullisomic..
Histology is the study of the tissues of the body and how these tissu.pdf
Histology is the study of the tissues of the body and how these tissues are arranged to constitute
organs. Stop and Think: In order to study tissues, how would you divide the vast field of
histology into two interacting components? What kinds of organ systems might be present in all
tissues?
Solution
The vast field of histology can be divided into two interacting components which are cells and
the extra cellular matrix. Cells are the structural and functional unit of life. Some substances
secreted by cells form the extra cellular matrix that serve to provide structural and biochemical
support to these cells.
All tissues types (epithelial, connective, muscular and nervous tissues) have blood..
How many different kinds of computer networks can you recognize.pdf
How many different kinds of computer networks can you recognize?
Solution
Computer Networks may be defined as the connection of several devices With each other in
order to form a communication between each other. In order to provide such type of
communication we require some cables, devices such as routers, switchs. Both router and switch
have got different functionality for creation and role in network. We know we have got different
type of network like LAN WAN and MAN. If you have small office or building then you can set
up LAN connectivity where many computers are connected with the help of switch holding
different IPaddress in same network. If u have class type room then you probably can have one
switch that can connect many different PCs together with the help of private IP address that you
can assign on each PCs. You can each creat DHCP SERVER with the help of which each IP will
be assigned automatically to every computer without assigning them one by one.
Now there are different type of computer networks that we can see. Like LAN local area
network, WAN wide area network, MAN metropolitan area network, distributes networks,
VANET vehicular ad hoc networks, MANET mobile ad hoc networks. Every network depends
upon the range and distance of network when established. We have network that are connected
throughout the world which forms WAN that means every node which are in network are
connected publicly that means each node is given an public IP address which ISP Provides us. If
we are talking about LAN then each node is connected through private IP address. Every
network in the world is connected through ISP internet service providers with the help of routers
thus forms an Internet..
How does herbivory on seeds and fruits differ from herbivory on le.pdf
How does herbivory on seeds and fruits differ from herbivory on leaves and stems of plants? Can
both of these types of herbivory result in positive interaction between the plant and it\'s
herbivore?
How does herbivory on seeds and fruits differ from herbivory on leaves and stems of plants? Can
both of these types of herbivory result in positive interaction between the plant and it\'s
herbivore?
Solution
herbivory on leaves and stems- Plants have many external structural defenses that discourage
herbivory. Depending on the herbivore’s physical characteristics (i.e. size and defensive armor),
plant structural defenses on stems and leaves can deter, injure, or kill the grazer. Some defensive
compounds are produced internally but are released onto the plant’s surface; for example, resins,
lignins, silica, and wax cover the epidermis of terrestrial plants and alter the texture of the plant
tissue. The leaves of holly plants, for instance, are very smooth and slippery making feeding
difficult. Some plants produce gummosis or sap that traps insects.
A plant\'s leaves and stem may be covered with sharp prickles, spines, thorns, or trichomes- hairs
on the leaf often with barbs, sometimes containing irritants or poisons. Plant structural features
like spines and thorns reduce feeding by large ungulate herbivores (e.g. kudu, impala, and goats)
by restricting the herbivores\' feeding rate, or by wearing down the molars.Raphides are sharp
needles of calcium oxalate or calcium carbonate in plant tissues, making ingestion painful,
damaging a herbivore\'s mouth and gullet and causing more efficient delivery of the plant\'s
toxins. The structure of a plant, its branching and leaf arrangement may also be evolved to
reduce herbivore impact.
herbivory on seeds and fruits- Coconut palms protect their fruit by surrounding it with multiple
layers of armor.
Trees such as coconut and other palms, may protect their fruit by multiple layers of armor,
needing efficient tools to break through to the seed contents, and special skills to climb the tall
and relatively smooth trunk..
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