Math 009
Quiz 2 Page 5
Math 009 Quiz 2
Professor: Dr. Kate Bauer
Name________________________________
Instructions:
· The quiz is worth 50 points. There are 10 problems, each worth 5 points. Your score on the quiz will be converted to a percentage and posted in your assignment folder with comments.
· This quiz allows open book and open notes, and you may take as long as you like on it provided that you submit the quiz no later than the due date posted in our course schedule of the syllabus. You may refer to your textbook, notes, and online classroom materials, but you may not consult anyone.
· You should show all of your work to receive full credit. If you do not show work, you may earn only partial or no credit.
· Please type your work in your copy of the quiz, or if you prefer, create a document containing your work. Scanned work is also acceptable. Be sure to include your name in the document. Review instructions for submitting your quiz in the Quizzes Module.
· If you have any questions, please contact me by e-mail ([email protected]).
At the end of your quiz you must include the following dated statement with your name typed in lieu of a signature. Without this signed statement you will receive a zero.
I have completed this quiz myself, working independently and not consulting anyone except the instructor. I have neither given nor received help on this quiz.
Name: Date:
Please remember to show ALL of your work on every problem. Show the complete expression or equation in every step; write each new step beneath the previous step; make sure that each step follows algebraically from the previous step; and remember that equal signs should only connect equal numbers or expressions.
1) Simplify each expression. First use the Distributive Property to clear parentheses and then combine like terms.
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
2) Perform the indicated operations, showing all work:
a)
b)
3) Evaluate the following expression if and .
4) Solve the equation. Show all work and show the complete check of your answer.
5) Solve the equation. Show all work and show the complete check of your answer.
6) Solve the equation using the method discussed on page 308 of our textbook. Show all work and show the complete check of your answer.
7) Solve the equation using the method discussed on page 308 of our textbook. Show all work and show the complete check of your answer.
8) An advertisement at an electronics store states that computers are on sale for of their regular prices. What would the sale price be for a computer with regular price $1475?
Show all work, please, and include units in your answer.
9) Alyson is creating a vegetable garden in her back yard. She has ...
Maxwell Boltzmann Summary Answer the following questions anAbramMartino96
Maxwell Boltzmann: Summary
Answer the following questions and submit your responses as a PDF.
1. Write down one major conclusion you can draw from this week’s laboratory.
Please explain.
2. Describe the experimental evidence that supports your conclusion. Please
explain.
3. Give one example of applications/situations for the finding(s) you described
above in your everyday life outside of physics lab.
4.What
did
you
like
and
dislike
about
this
week;s
lab
Lab: The Maxwell-Boltzmann Distribution* Phys 242
*Some components of this lab are based on the activity developed by Julia Chamberlain & Ingrid Ulbrich
(PhET, UC Boulder; https://phet.colorado.edu/en/contributions/view/3687)
In this lab we will study several macroscopic quantities that can be used to describe a gas and explore the
relationships among these quantities. using a simulation from the PhET team:
https://phet.colorado.edu/sims/html/gas-properties/latest/gas-properties_en.html
This is a variant of the simulation you used for the Gas Properties lab. The simulation can be run in a
browser. If you have issues with the simulation, try using another browser. If you are unable to run the
simulation, your TA will provide you with remote assistance. When you run the simulation, choose the
“Energy” option. At the very bottom of the screen you will see the other options for the simulation,
including a home button, “Ideal,” “Explore,” “Energy,” and “Diffusion.” If you accidentally navigate to
another area, you can return to the Energy option by clicking the button.
The simulation shows a preset volume. In its initial configuration the box is empty. On the right side of
the screen there is a menu labelled “Particles.” By expanding this menu, you can choose to add so many
heavy or light particles. These particles will enter the volume at a temperature of 300 K in the initial
setup.
Once there are particles in the box, the temperature and pressure in the box can be read off the scales on
the right corner of the box. The units can be changed for these values. To adjust the temperature of the
particles in the box, move and hold the slider bar below the box.
To the left of the box is a graph showing the speed of the particles. This is a histogram. By clicking the
blue and red boxes below the graph, you can see the distributions of the heavy and light particles,
respectively. The box above this shows the average speed of the heavy and light particles.
Below the speed distribution graph is a menu that can be expanded to show the kinetic energy distribution
of the particles. Again, by clicking the blue and red boxes below the graph, you can see the distributions
of the heavy and light particles, respectively.
On the left there is a handle to change the size of the box. There is also a lever at the top of the box that
can be lifted to open the box, allowing particles to escape. Particles ...
Richard Feynman discusses simulating physics with computers. He proposes that an exact simulation of physics is possible if the computer uses local interactions like a cellular automaton. For classical physics, this is possible since it is causal and reversible. However, quantum mechanics involves probability, so it cannot be simulated by directly calculating probabilities. Instead, it could be simulated by a probabilistic computer that produces the same probabilities as quantum mechanics when many trials are run, even if each individual trial is different. This probabilistic computer model with local interactions could provide insights into both the nature of computation and quantum physics.
01 Course Intro, Administrative, Etc After ClassSteve Koch
This document provides an introduction and overview for a Physics 102 course. It outlines the instructor's background, contact information, course goals and topics. Key aspects include:
- The course aims to teach physics concepts with minimal math for non-science majors.
- Students will use iClickers for in-class participation and four exams will determine 90% of the final grade.
- The first homework assignment is to read the syllabus on the course website by the next class.
- Technical support is available through the listed teaching assistant.
1. This section discusses modelling forces acting on objects. The weight of an object is modelled as the gravitational force on the object due to the Earth. An object's weight has magnitude equal to its mass multiplied by the acceleration due to gravity (approximately 9.81 m/s^2) and acts downward.
2. A particle is introduced as a simplified model of an object, representing it as a single point in space with mass but no size. Forces on a particle are represented by vectors drawn from the particle.
3. For a particle to be in equilibrium, the sum of all forces acting on it must equal zero, as stated in Newton's first law of motion.
Lab 05 – Gravitation and Keplers Laws Name __________________.docxDIPESH30
This document is a lab assignment on gravitation and Kepler's laws. It includes an introduction to universal gravitation and Newton's law of gravitation. The document contains a procedure where students are asked to use an online simulation to observe gravitational force between two objects at different distances and masses. They then calculate the gravitational constant, G, and compare it to published values. Several conclusion questions follow about gravitational forces and Kepler's laws of planetary motion.
The document discusses three potential new products for Techsonic Industries to invest in: a new depth sounder (an extension of their current product line), VHF radios (a new product category), and a GPS navigation device (another new category). For each product, the document provides a SWOT (strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, threats) analysis. It finds that the depth sounder builds on Techsonic's expertise but faces competitive pressures, while the VHF radio and GPS device offer opportunities to enter new markets but require substantial investment and marketing to educate customers.
These documents contain summaries of multiple check-up tests for physics. The tests cover topics in classical and modern physics including mechanics, optics, acoustics, thermodynamics, electromagnetism, measurement, waves, light, electricity, and circuits. The questions test definitions, differentiations, descriptions, drawings, calculations, and explanations.
Maxwell Boltzmann Summary Answer the following questions anAbramMartino96
Maxwell Boltzmann: Summary
Answer the following questions and submit your responses as a PDF.
1. Write down one major conclusion you can draw from this week’s laboratory.
Please explain.
2. Describe the experimental evidence that supports your conclusion. Please
explain.
3. Give one example of applications/situations for the finding(s) you described
above in your everyday life outside of physics lab.
4.What
did
you
like
and
dislike
about
this
week;s
lab
Lab: The Maxwell-Boltzmann Distribution* Phys 242
*Some components of this lab are based on the activity developed by Julia Chamberlain & Ingrid Ulbrich
(PhET, UC Boulder; https://phet.colorado.edu/en/contributions/view/3687)
In this lab we will study several macroscopic quantities that can be used to describe a gas and explore the
relationships among these quantities. using a simulation from the PhET team:
https://phet.colorado.edu/sims/html/gas-properties/latest/gas-properties_en.html
This is a variant of the simulation you used for the Gas Properties lab. The simulation can be run in a
browser. If you have issues with the simulation, try using another browser. If you are unable to run the
simulation, your TA will provide you with remote assistance. When you run the simulation, choose the
“Energy” option. At the very bottom of the screen you will see the other options for the simulation,
including a home button, “Ideal,” “Explore,” “Energy,” and “Diffusion.” If you accidentally navigate to
another area, you can return to the Energy option by clicking the button.
The simulation shows a preset volume. In its initial configuration the box is empty. On the right side of
the screen there is a menu labelled “Particles.” By expanding this menu, you can choose to add so many
heavy or light particles. These particles will enter the volume at a temperature of 300 K in the initial
setup.
Once there are particles in the box, the temperature and pressure in the box can be read off the scales on
the right corner of the box. The units can be changed for these values. To adjust the temperature of the
particles in the box, move and hold the slider bar below the box.
To the left of the box is a graph showing the speed of the particles. This is a histogram. By clicking the
blue and red boxes below the graph, you can see the distributions of the heavy and light particles,
respectively. The box above this shows the average speed of the heavy and light particles.
Below the speed distribution graph is a menu that can be expanded to show the kinetic energy distribution
of the particles. Again, by clicking the blue and red boxes below the graph, you can see the distributions
of the heavy and light particles, respectively.
On the left there is a handle to change the size of the box. There is also a lever at the top of the box that
can be lifted to open the box, allowing particles to escape. Particles ...
Richard Feynman discusses simulating physics with computers. He proposes that an exact simulation of physics is possible if the computer uses local interactions like a cellular automaton. For classical physics, this is possible since it is causal and reversible. However, quantum mechanics involves probability, so it cannot be simulated by directly calculating probabilities. Instead, it could be simulated by a probabilistic computer that produces the same probabilities as quantum mechanics when many trials are run, even if each individual trial is different. This probabilistic computer model with local interactions could provide insights into both the nature of computation and quantum physics.
01 Course Intro, Administrative, Etc After ClassSteve Koch
This document provides an introduction and overview for a Physics 102 course. It outlines the instructor's background, contact information, course goals and topics. Key aspects include:
- The course aims to teach physics concepts with minimal math for non-science majors.
- Students will use iClickers for in-class participation and four exams will determine 90% of the final grade.
- The first homework assignment is to read the syllabus on the course website by the next class.
- Technical support is available through the listed teaching assistant.
1. This section discusses modelling forces acting on objects. The weight of an object is modelled as the gravitational force on the object due to the Earth. An object's weight has magnitude equal to its mass multiplied by the acceleration due to gravity (approximately 9.81 m/s^2) and acts downward.
2. A particle is introduced as a simplified model of an object, representing it as a single point in space with mass but no size. Forces on a particle are represented by vectors drawn from the particle.
3. For a particle to be in equilibrium, the sum of all forces acting on it must equal zero, as stated in Newton's first law of motion.
Lab 05 – Gravitation and Keplers Laws Name __________________.docxDIPESH30
This document is a lab assignment on gravitation and Kepler's laws. It includes an introduction to universal gravitation and Newton's law of gravitation. The document contains a procedure where students are asked to use an online simulation to observe gravitational force between two objects at different distances and masses. They then calculate the gravitational constant, G, and compare it to published values. Several conclusion questions follow about gravitational forces and Kepler's laws of planetary motion.
The document discusses three potential new products for Techsonic Industries to invest in: a new depth sounder (an extension of their current product line), VHF radios (a new product category), and a GPS navigation device (another new category). For each product, the document provides a SWOT (strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, threats) analysis. It finds that the depth sounder builds on Techsonic's expertise but faces competitive pressures, while the VHF radio and GPS device offer opportunities to enter new markets but require substantial investment and marketing to educate customers.
These documents contain summaries of multiple check-up tests for physics. The tests cover topics in classical and modern physics including mechanics, optics, acoustics, thermodynamics, electromagnetism, measurement, waves, light, electricity, and circuits. The questions test definitions, differentiations, descriptions, drawings, calculations, and explanations.
#2 6-10 sentences replyPersonally I believe that open a.docxkatherncarlyle
This document discusses open access journals and their pros and cons compared to traditional print journals. It notes two pros of open access journals are their worldwide readership and easier ability to review articles. However, it also mentions two cons, which are potential damage to the peer review system and diminished overall quality of scientific publishing. The document expresses the view that open access journals represent a commercialization of biomedical publishing, as large profits can be made by charging publication fees while not necessarily performing proper peer reviews.
Quantum computing uses quantum mechanics phenomena like superposition, entanglement, and interference to perform computation. Quantum computers are improving at an exponential rate according to Neven's Law, doubling their processing power exponentially faster than classical computers. The basic unit of quantum information is the qubit, which can exist in superposition and represent a '1' and '0' simultaneously. This allows quantum computers to explore all computational paths at once, greatly increasing their processing speed over classical computers for certain problems.
1) The document discusses Einstein's theory of special relativity, which is based on two postulates about the laws of physics and the constant speed of light.
2) Some examples of relativity problems are presented, such as calculating time dilation between moving observers.
3) The implications of Einstein's work are discussed, including its role in enabling technologies like GPS and nuclear power. String theory is also mentioned as an attempt to unify gravity with other fundamental forces.
This document provides an introduction to the Power Round problems, which aim to prove that the density of primes dividing terms of the Somos-4 sequence is 11/21. It begins with definitions of relevant mathematical concepts and Bézout's lemma as an example proof. The document is divided into multiple sections that build up the necessary mathematical machinery to ultimately prove the theorem, including group theory, elliptic curves, sequences, Galois theory, and their connections. It acknowledges influences on the problems and thanks various individuals and organizations.
The document appears to be lecture notes on abstract algebra that cover topics including groups, rings, fields, and Galois theory. It begins with an introduction discussing the author's early interest in solving polynomial equations and motivation for studying abstract algebra. It then provides a brief review of properties of integers, including the division algorithm, greatest common divisors, least common multiples, and Euclid's algorithm. The notes state that these integer properties will be useful since group theory makes use of them. It introduces the topic of groups by defining binary operations and stating that certain choices will make a set into a group while others will not.
This document summarizes the key differences between classical and quantum computing. Classical computing uses binary bits that are either 1 or 0, while quantum computing uses quantum bits (qubits) that can be 1, 0, or both at the same time due to quantum superposition. The document explains how qubits are based on properties of electrons and their spin, and how quantum gates manipulate qubit states. It discusses how quantum entanglement allows qubits to influence each other in a way that could solve complex problems more efficiently than classical computing. However, the document notes that quantum computing is still in development and some dispute claims about its current capabilities.
The physical world as a virtual reality, Brian Whitwor.docxssusera34210
The physical world as a virtual reality, Brian Whitworth
2
The Physical World as a Virtual Reality
Brian Whitworth
Massey University, Albany, Auckland, New Zealand
E-mail: [email protected]
Not only is the universe stranger than we imagine, it is stranger than we can imagine
Sir Arthur Eddington
Abstract
This paper explores the idea that the universe is a virtual reality created by information
processing, and relates this strange idea to the findings of modern physics about the physical
world. The virtual reality concept is familiar to us from online worlds, but our world as a virtual
reality is usually a subject for science fiction rather than science. Yet logically the world could be
an information simulation running on a multi-dimensional space-time screen. Indeed, if the
essence of the universe is information, matter, charge, energy and movement could be aspects of
information, and the many conservation laws could be a single law of information conservation.
If the universe were a virtual reality, its creation at the big bang would no longer be paradoxical,
as every virtual system must be booted up. It is suggested that whether the world is an objective
reality or a virtual reality is a matter for science to resolve. Modern information science can
suggest how core physical properties like space, time, light, matter and movement could derive
from information processing. Such an approach could reconcile relativity and quantum theories,
with the former being how information processing creates space-time, and the latter how it
creates energy and matter.
Key words: Digital physics, virtual reality, information theory
Modern online games show that information processing can create virtual “worlds”, with their
own time, space, entities and objects, e.g. “The Sims”. However that our physical world is a
virtual reality (VR) is normally considered a topic of science fiction, religion or philosophy, not a
theory of physics. Yet the reader is asked to keep an open mind, as one should at least consider a
theory before rejecting it. This paper asks if a world that behaves just like the world we live in
could arise from a VR simulation. It first defines what VR theory entails, asks if it is logically
possible, then considers if it explains known facts better than other theories.
Strange Physics
While virtual reality theory seems strange, so do other current theories of physics, e.g. the many-
worlds view of quantum physics proposes that each quantum choice divides the universe into
parallel universes [1], so everything that can happen does in fact happen somewhere, in an
inconceivable “multi-verse’ of parallel universes. This is a minority view but surprisingly
popular. Even relatively main-stream physics theories are quite strange. Guth’s inflationary model
suggests that our universe is just one of many “bubble universes” produced by the big bang [2].
String theory suggests the physical world could have 9 s ...
This document provides recommendations for books and resources on classical mechanics and relativity. It recommends two books on classical mechanics that provide clear explanations of fundamental concepts. It also recommends an annotated version of Newton's Principia and two books on special relativity at varying levels of difficulty. The document notes that excellent lecture notes are also available online.
1. Think “Relevant ==> Simple ==> Intricate.”
2. Visualize “mastery blocks.”
3. Generate comprehensive examples.
4. Assessment.
5. End with lead to next topic.
This document provides an overview of scientific concepts including data collection, the metric system, units of measurement, models, theories, and laws. It discusses how scientists use tools to collect and analyze data. It introduces the International System of Units (metric system) which uses multiples of ten. It provides examples of converting between metric units and discusses typical units used to measure length, mass, volume, density, and temperature. It describes physical, conceptual, and mathematical models and how they represent real objects or systems. It distinguishes scientific theories from laws, noting that theories can change over time but laws simply describe what happens.
MGMT 511Location ProblemGeorge Heller was so successful in.docxandreecapon
MGMT 511
Location Problem
George Heller was so successful in his previous assignment that he was promoted to the coveted position of Infrastructure Manager on the Mergers and Acquisitions Team.
Again Agame has recently acquired a competitive company with a plant and a warehouse in a nearby city. Management has decided to keep the additional warehouse. However, they are unsure if they need to keep the additional manufacturing plant. All products can be manufactured in either plant and shipped from either warehouse. Each plant and each warehouse has sufficient capacity to meet the total forecasted demand individually.
Prepare a report for management with your recommendation. Three possible choices exist. 1) Close the Competitor plant and satisfy all demand from the Again Agame plant; 2) Close the Again Agame plant and satisfy all demand from the Competitor plant; 3)Keep both plants open.
Your recommendation should include a solution for each of the five years in question. Include your calculations and spreadsheets in support of your recommendations.
Sales Forecast (cases)
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
Competitor Warehouse (WH1)
15,000,000
20,000,000
26,000,000
34,000,000
44,000,000
Again Agame Warehouse (WH2)
6,000,000
7,000,000
10,000,000
15,000,000
21,000,000
Fixed Costs
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
Competitor Plant (P1)
900,000
900,000
900,000
900,000
900,000
Again Agame Plant (P2)
800,000
800,000
800,000
800,000
800,000
Transportation Costs
$1.00 / 1,000 cases / mile
4
Costs -- Both Plant Scenario
20112012201320142015
Transport P1 - WH1
Transport P2 - WH2
Fixed Cost - P1
Fixed Cost - P2
Total
General Info.Infrastructure ExerciseDate: 28/10/97Situation:a) Package -RGBb) Nr. Plants -2c) Nr. WH -2d) Period -5 yearse) Sales Frcst. -DecreasingCapacity MM U/C per Year:Plant 1 -5avg. HK 70 (KS)Plant 2 -3avg. HK 42 (KS)Distance Matrix: (Km)WH1WH2P150600P2600100Diagram:
&A
Page &P
WH2
Franchise 2
Franchise 1
P2
P1
WH1
Sales Frcst.Infrastructure ExerciseDate: 28/10/97Sales Forecast (M U.C)RGB'98'99'00'01'02WH15000.04000.03400.02800.02400.0WH23000.02400.02000.01600.01400.0Obs. Volume is Decreasing 15% per year.
&A
Page &P
CostsInfrastructure ExerciseDate: 28/10/97Transport Costs:0.51,000 cases per KmFixed Costs:900,000P1 = $600,000/year800,000P2 = $500,000/year
&A
Page &P
AnalysisInfrastructure ExerciseDate: 28/10/97Fixed Costs'98'99'00'01'02P1800,000800,000800,000800,000800,000P2700,000700,000700,000700,000700,000Total1,500,0001,500,0001,500,0001,500,0001,500,000Transportation Costs'98'99'00'01'02P1 - WH1125,000100,00085,00070,00060,000P2 - WH2150,000120,000100,00080,00070,000P1 - WH2900,000720,000600,000480,000420,000P2 - WH11,500,0001,200,0001,020,000840,000720,000Total 1275,000220,000185,000150,000130,000(both plants)Total 21,025,000820,000685 ...
MGMT 464From Snowboarders to Lawnmowers Case Study Case An.docxandreecapon
MGMT 464
From Snowboarders to Lawnmowers Case Study
Case Analysis Worksheet #1
Case Analysis Session 1 : Focus on Inspiring a Shared Vision (Principle #2)
Inspiring a shared vision has two main components [1] creating a vision through common purpose, and [2] enlisting or getting people ‘on board’ with the vision.
In your small groups, discuss and document your group’s response to the following questions. Upload your typed document into one of your group member’s D2L dropbox by the assigned due date on your course schedule. Be sure to include on your worksheet all group member names. If present in class, all group members will receive the same grade for this case analysis assignment (maximum 30 pts). Group peer evaluations will be used to determine overall individual group member participation points for both of these case study discussions (maximum 15 pts).
1. In what specific ways did Michael fail and/or succeed in ‘listening deeply’ to his employees?
2. In what specific ways did Michael show that he was not “open to influence?” How would Michael being open to influence have made him more effective, ( i.e., who were the “local experts” and how could he have benefited from them)?
3. When you consider the employees of Bedford Mower as they were before Michael arrived, how would you characterize them in terms of what was personally meaningful to them?
4. When creating his vision for the company, in what specific ways did Michael fail and/or succeed in ‘determining what was meaningful’ to his employees, and what was the impact?
5. What specific mechanisms, or opportunities did Michael have available to him for enlisting others?
6. To what extent did Michael take advantage of these? To what extent were they effective in terms of getting everyone on board with the new vision?
7. In thinking about his attempts to enlist others, in what ways did or didn’t Michael incorporate common ideals into his communication with his employees as it related to the new vision?
8. How successful was Michael in “animating the vision”? How would you characterize him in terms of his use of symbolic language, providing imagery of the future, practicing positive communication, expressing emotion, and speaking from the heart, in his communications to his employees?
9. What would you have done differently with this group of employees in terms of inspiring a shared vision?
Team Leadership Case
From Snowboards to Lawnmowers
Michael Francis, a man in his late 30s, born and raised in Oregon, was an avid snowboarder. He was known among his many friends and associates as a risk-taker, highly intelligent, innovative, a bit of a rebel, but an extremely smart businessman. When he was in his early 20s, he started his own snowboarding company designing and manufacturing what became known as some of the most cutting edge boards available. Having recently married a woman who was raised on the East coast, he decided to sell his company and move to Vermont where h ...
MG345_Lead from Middle.pptLeading from the Middle Exe.docxandreecapon
MG345_Lead from Middle.ppt
Leading from the Middle: Exerting Influence Sideways & Upward
MG345 Organizations & Environment
Tony Buono
Fall 2104
Unfreezing
Changing
Refreezing
Planned
Change
Guided
Changing
Freezing
Rebalancing/
Translating
Unfreezing/
Improvising
Directed
Change
Present
State
Desired
State
Conceptualizing Change Processes
Low
Low
High
High
Business Complexity
Socio-Technical
Uncertainty
Authority
Acceptance
Persuasive Communication
A Question of Rhythm?
Leadership Styles
TASK FOCUS
PEOPLE FOCUS
LEARNING FOCUS
ORGANIZATIONAL EMPHASIS
INDIVIDUAL EMPHASIS
Commanding (Coercive)
Pacesetter
Visionary
(Authoritative)
Affiliative
Democratic
Coaching
EQ Adaptive Ability
Across Styles
Managers as Linking Pins
Middle Management …
“… story of gradual disempowerment in which reasonably healthy, confident and competent people become transformed into anxious, tense, ineffective and self-doubting wrecks.”
Barry Oshry, “Converting Middle Powerlessness to Middle Power,” National Productivity Review
Intervening in the MiddleConceptualizing and Understanding One’s Sphere of InfluenceControllables v. UncontrollablesControlled (Contained) EmpowermentLooking for Opportunities in AmbiguityPursuing “Small Wins”
Source: A.F. Buono & A.J. Nurick, “Intervening in the Middle: Coping Strategies in Mergers and
Acquisitions,” Human Resource Planning, 1992, vol. 15, no. 2.
Lewin’s Force-Field Analysis
Status Quo
Change Drivers
Change Resisters
2-
C
H
A
N
G
I
N
G
1-UNFREEZING
3-REFREEZING
KEY:
Own versus
Induced Forces
Dealing with ResistanceApproachUseAdvantagesDisadvantagesEducation +
CommunicationLack of or inaccurate infoHelps to inform and persuadeTime consuming, especially if many people are involvedParticipation + InvolvementInitiators do not have all info; others have considerable power to resistParticipation leads to commitment; recipient info integrated into change planTime consuming; participators can design inappropriate changeFacilitation + SupportResistance due to adjustment problemsBest way to cope with adjustment issuesCan be time consuming; can still failNegotiationSomeone/group loses out and has power to resistRelatively easy was to avoid problemsCan be expensiveManipulationOther tactics don’t’ workQuick, inexpensiveShort-term utility, can lead to future problemsExplicit + Implicit CoercionSpeed; you have powerSimple, straightforwardShort-term benefits, can be risky; retribution
“Managing” Your Boss
Understand your boss
Goals & Needs Working Style
Strengths & Weaknesses
Understand yourself
Goals & Needs Working Style
Strengths & Weaknesses How you react to your boss?
What do you do to help/hurt your relat ...
MGMT 345
Phase 2 IPBusiness MemoTo:
Warehouse ManagerFrom:[Your Name]Date:February 25, 2015Re:
Effective Supply Chain Design
Enhancing Profitability and Stakeholder Value with Effective Supply Chain Design
Supply Chain Networks
Supply Chain Drivers
Supply Chains and Distribution of Assets and Resources
Supply Chain Visual
Figure 1: The Food Production Chain.(n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/foodsafety/images/food_production_chain_400px.jpg
References
Do not forget to put your references in alphabetical order (vertically, NOT horizontally) by author’s last name, and use only first initials, not first name. If one of your references begins with the word "The," put the rest of the name first and insert a comma, followed by the word The (example – Associated Press, The.).
Author's Last Name, First Initial. (year). Title of article/Internet page. Retrieved from http://complete URL here Do Not end with a period (EXAMPLE OF AN INTERNET SOURCE – IF NO DATE IS GIVEN ON THE INTERNET PAGE USE: (n.d.). IN PLACE OF THE YEAR.)
Author's Last Name, First Initial. (year). Title of book. City, ST: Publisher. (EXAMPLE OF A BOOK)
Author's Last Name, First Initial. (year, Season). Title of article. Magazine Name, 12(8), 27. (EXAMPLE OF A MAGAZINE ARTICLE - Note – only capitalize the proper nouns in the title of the article; capitalize all the words in the magazine name; the 12 is where the volume number goes, the 8 is where the issue number goes, the 27 is where the page number goes.)
Berube, M. S., ed. (1989). The American heritage dictionary. New York: Dell. (EXAMPLE OF A DICTIONARY)
Bird, I. (1973). A lady's life in the Rocky Mountains (Reprint ed.). New York: Ballantine Books. (EXAMPLE OF A BOOK)
Food Production Chain, The. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/foodsafety/images/food_production_chain_400px.jpg
Grant, A. M. & Berry, J. W. (2011). The necessity of others is the mother of invention: Intrinsic and prosocial motivations, perspective taking, and creativity. Academy of Management Journal.54 (1), 73-96. DOI: 10.5465/AMJ.2011.59215085 (EXAMPLE FROM OUR BONUS LIVE CHAT, PLEASE VIEW THE BONUS LIVE CHAT TO SEE HOW TO FORMAT A REFERENCE WHEN RESEARCHING FROM THE CTU LIBRARY, WHICH IS REQUIRED FOR THIS TASK)
Leonard, S. J., & Noel, T. J. (1990). Denver: Mining camp to metropolis. Niwot, CO: University Press of Colorado. (EXAMPLE OF A BOOK)
Morson, B., & Frazier, D. (2000, December 7). For years, brown cloud fouls Denver image [Electronic version]. Denver (Colorado) Rocky Mountain News. Retrieved October 3, 2002, from http://insidedenver.com/millennium/1207stone.shtml (EXAMPLE OF A NEWSPAPER ARTICLE FROM AN ONLINE VERSION OF THE NEWSPAPER)
National Jewish Medical & Research Center. (2001a, January 5). The 'Brown Cloud,' cold-induced asthma, winter allergies and seasonal affective disorder around the corner as winter approaches. Retrieved October 4, 2002, from http://www.njc.org/news/ winter1.html (EXAMPLE OF AN ORGANIZATION ...
MGMT 3720 – Organizational Behavior EXAM 3
(CH. 9, 10, 11, & 12)
Question 1
1.
While discussing their marketing campaign for a new product, the members of the cross-functional team responsible for Carver Inc. realized that a couple of changes relating to their prior plan would be beneficial. The offer of a franchising that had earlier been brushed off by the company head was discussed thoroughly and it was decided that it would be implemented on a trial basis initially, and on full scale if found to work well. From the information provided, it can be concluded that this cross-functional team has a high degree of ________.
Answer
reflexivity
uncertainty
diversity
conformity
demography
Question 2
1.
Max Hiller was recently hired by Sync, a consumer goods company. During his first meeting with the sales team, Max impressed upon his team that work performance is the only criterion he would use to evaluate them. To help them perform well and meet their targets, he pushed his team to work extra hours. He also gave very clear instructions to each member regarding their job responsibilities and continually verified if they were meeting their targets. Which of the following, if true, would weaken Max's approach?
Answer
Sales figures for the region that Max's team is responsible for have improved in the last quarter.
Max is leading many new employees who have joined his team directly after training.
Max's sales team is comprised of independent and experienced employees who are committed to their jobs.
Max's team functions in a sluggish manner and picks up pace only a week or so before the monthly operations cycle meetings.
Max's team does not display high levels of cohesiveness and members fail to coordinate with each other.
Question 3
1.
Which of the following statements is true regarding the effect of group cohesiveness and performance norms on group productivity?
Answer
When both cohesiveness and performance norms are high, productivity will be high.
The productivity of the group is affected by the performance norms but not by the cohesiveness of the group.
If cohesiveness is high and performance norms are low, productivity will be high.
When cohesiveness is low and performance norms are also low, productivity will be high.
If cohesiveness is low and performance norms are high, productivity will be low.
Question 4
1.
Neutralizers make it impossible for leader behavior to make any difference to follower outcomes.
Answer
True
False
Question 5
1.
Communication includes both the transfer and the understanding of meaning.
Answer
True
False
Question 6
1.
According to the path-goal theory, directive leadership is likely to be welcomed and accepted by employees with high ability or considerable experience.
Answer
True
False
Question 7
1.
Before buying her new phone, Gina listed the various requirements her new phone must meet. As a wedding planner, much of her work revolved around usin ...
Mexico, Page 1 Running Head MEXICO’S CULTURAL, ECONOMI.docxandreecapon
Mexico, Page 1
Running Head: MEXICO’S CULTURAL, ECONOMICAL, AND POLITICAL STATE
Mexico’s Cultural, Economical, and Political State
For
Firms Pursuing Business In or With Mexico
By
Kashmala Khan
For
Athena Miklos, Professor
ECN 2025-102947
Tuesdays and Thursdays, 10:00-11:20 AM
College of Southern Maryland
La Plata, Maryland
November 15, 2012
Mexico, Page 2
Summary
Before a firm does business in Mexico it is imperative to understand the achievements
and pitfalls of its cultural, economic, and political forces. Although Mexico has improved
substantially with its technological development, investment policies, foreign exchange policies,
and tariffs, it still has significant pitfalls when it comes to honoring contracts, legal framework,
and enforcing laws.
The cultural forces of Mexico are largely dependent on social structure. Mexicans respect
authority and look to those above them for guidance and decision-making. This makes it
important to know which person is in charge, and leads to an authoritarian approach to decision-
making and problem solving. Since 92.7% of the total population in Mexico speaks Spanish
only, it will be beneficial to learn Spanish or have a translator at hand at all times. Shared culture
makes it easier to market and sell goods and services.
The economic forces in Mexico offer both favorable and unfavorable qualities. Mexico is
currently the second largest export market for U.S. goods. Some of the greatest achievements of
economic forces include physical infrastructures, telecommunication systems, production
capabilities, and technology. The unfavorable qualities of the economic forces include high
employment rate and unskilled labor.
The political forces in Mexico also play a great role in opportunities and pitfalls. The
opportunities include efficient settlements to disputes and reasonable trade regulations and
standards. The pitfalls include wars and terrorism caused by the drug wars and cartels.
There are numerous opportunities for firms in the Textiles and Clothing industry of
Mexico. A firm should be knowledgeable about the cultural differences in Mexican people in
Mexico, Page 3
order to undergo business successfully. A firm should also be aware of the potential profit
Mexico has to offer, as well as the potential problems. To conclude from this research, U.S.
firms should enter the Textiles and Clothing industry in Mexico because there are a lot of
opportunities and the Mexican economy will further expand in the near future.
Mexico, Page 4
Introduction
This paper will review and relay the most recent information regarding Mexico’s cultural,
economic, and political forces. The objective of this paper is to assist firms who are interested in
entering the Textiles and Clothing industry in Mexico by portraying the opportunities, issues,
and pros and cons of doing business in Mexico. Th ...
MGM316-1401B-01Quesadra D. GoodrumClass Discussion Phase2.docxandreecapon
MGM316-1401B-01
Quesadra D. Goodrum
Class Discussion Phase2
Colorado Technical University
Professor: Edmund Winters
4/07/2014
In an ever-changing world, intercultural business communication is one of the most vital aspects of carrying out business in foreign countries. We are set up to fail if we enter into foreign business agreements blindly. In the absence of proper communication skills, cultural awareness comes into play knowing the culture in which we are dealing. All of your concepts you may have grown up with and ideas that you have formed beforehand need to be thrown away and cast to the side. Your concepts and ideas in these business meetings will only be as effective as your communication skills. If your communications skills are weak so will be your presentation of your projected business plan. If I was going to develop a training program on the same, my lesson plan would look as illustrated below:
I. Class Objectives: The goals or objectives for class include understanding how language affects intercultural business communications and learning about different cultures and how they communicate when conducting business activities.
II. Connection to Course Goals: The class’s daily objectives will connect to the overall course goals by dealing with one topic at a time.
III. Anticipatory Set: What is usually involved in intercultural business communication and how should one behave if relocated to foreign countries such as United Arab Emirates, Mexico, China and Israel?
IV. Cultural Awareness
V. High vs. Low Context Cultures
VI. Language: Verbal vs. Non-Verbal
VII. Conversational Taboos
VIII. Interaction: Ethical/Unethical awareness
IX. Conclusion: connecting the objectives
My developed training program will help my students target and grasp the importance of the concepts listed and how they connect to one another. You will need to know a number of things regarding Cultural Awareness, High vs. Low Context Cultures, and Verbal vs. Non-Verbal, Conversational Taboos, and Interaction Ethical/Unethical awareness, and connecting the objectives. “Low context language is where things are fully spelled out or made explicit where there is also considerable dependence on what is actually being said or written (Gibson, 2002).” Western cultures tend to be inclined more toward low context language while Eastern and
Southern cultures are more inclined to use high context language (LeBaron, 2003).“High context language is whereby communicators assume a great deal of commonality of opinions and knowledge so that not much is made explicit (Novinger, 2001).” In other words, communication is in indirect ways. It is of crucial importance for business individuals venturing overseas to learn more about the business culture and etiquette present in countries such as Mexico, China, United Arab Emirates and Israel as they are not the same as the American business culture.
International Business Communication
Understanding other cultures tend to greatly enh ...
METROPOLITAN PLANNING ANDENVIRONMENTAL ISSUESn May 2008, the N.docxandreecapon
This document discusses metropolitan planning and environmental issues, specifically comparing urban development patterns in Europe and the United States. It provides context on sprawl and smart growth initiatives. The key points are:
1) Paul Krugman praised Berlin's public transportation and high-density development but overlooked issues with the city. European cities developed this way due to strong government planning powers over land use.
2) In contrast, the US favors private property rights and minimal government intervention, leading to low-density sprawl dependent on cars.
3) "Smart growth" aims to curb sprawl through incentives, farmland preservation, and clustered development served by public transit. However, giving planners more control is difficult in the
Methods of Moral Decision Making REL 330 Christian Moralit.docxandreecapon
Methods of Moral Decision Making
REL 330 Christian Morality
Acquisition of Christian Based Ethical Truth comes from:
1. Written Revelation – the Bible
2. Natural Law
· Human reason is capable of divine ethical truth.
· Human kind made in the image of God is therefore capable of understanding ethical standards revealed in nature.
· Natural tendency for self-preservation, avoidance of pain, defense of children.
3. The Church - A. Narrative component : Stories and images,
B. Normative component: Rules/guidelines
C. Church functions to assist with character development by teaching,
through community, and imagination (raises to new acute awareness &
understanding)
How we decide is a matter of style:
Rule-Based or Deontological Theories of Ethics (Rule or duty based)
A. Divine Command/Absolutism –
Our behavior, actions and moral decisions are based on God’s will.
How do we determine the will of God?
Based on our experience of God and our understanding of the nature of
God.
God is good. We need an understanding of what the Good is.
Do we follow God’s command out of fear or out of love?
Which is more important the rule or the intention?
The problem with moral decision making arises when in a particular situation one needs to choose between protecting one’s own life and the life of another. Complex situations in our nuclear age make it difficult to determine the greater good or the lesser of two evils in many cases.
B. Immanuel Kant’s “Categorical Imperative” - another of the deontological or rule based theories of ethics that may help in ethical reasoning-
His theory states “Act only according to that maxim by which you can at the same time will that it should become a universal law.” Also persons are not to be a means to an end. (Immanuel Kant, Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals, 1785; cited in Rachels, 115)
C. Social Contract Theories- a belief that moral judgments are simply conventions determined by a particular society. How this works is evident in the “Peace Child.”
D. Critical Realism- is a method thatasserts that our knowledge of the world refers to the-way-things-really-are, but in a partial fashion which will necessarily be revised as that knowledge develops. Critical Realism attempts to find the real good through dialogue and reason between the ideal rule or norm and the reality of the present world.
Teleological or goal-based theories of Ethical Reasoning- (Also known as consequentialism)
A. Ethical Egoism- a moral act is what benefits me.
B. Utilitarianism- a moral act is what causes the greatest amount of happiness for the most people concerned, i.e.,
· Right actions are those with best consequences.
· In assessing “best consequences” the amount of happiness or unhappiness caused is the only relevant consideration.
· Each person’s welfare is equally important
C. Emotivism- moral judgments ar ...
METHODS TO STOP DIFFERENT CYBER CRIMES .docxandreecapon
METHODS TO STOP DIFFERENT CYBER CRIMES 1
Methods to Stop Different Cyber Crimes
People must be well-informed regarding internet scams and certain vulnerabilities, which permit them to occur sooner or later. With education, they will be in a situation to help in prevention of such scams successfully (Hynson, 2012). It is imperative for people to be familiar with attempts of cybercrimes and to comprehend correct solutions in internet practices and solutions. People will learn with education how to put into practice proper security protocols. When they develop into social media savvy people and when they learn how to safe guard their computer devices, cybercriminals will encounter multiple layers of security, which will limit their illegal activities substantially.
Firewalls have the capability to protect users and their network devices against cyber criminals in the first instance of a attempted breach (Lehto,2013). A firewall monitors the interchange between a local network or the internet and a user’s computer. The firewall should be enabled through the security software or a router. Cybercriminals will be unable to use the interchange traffic to install malware, which is intended to compromise the user’s network and computer. If more people would use firewalls, hackers would be at a chief disadvantage due to being unable to navigate deeper into a system to obtain sensitive information and eventually, cybercrime would be lessened for a time.
Users need to analyze their operating and online systems continually so they can resolve vulnerabilities (Hynson, 2012). Internal accounting information or protocols, which lead to financial information or bank statements, should be checked on a regular basis in order to recognize the risks and mitigate them accordingly. It is very difficult for people to curb the flow of cybercrimes if they are ignorant of the risks in which they face or the weaknesses, which exist within their systems.
One successful way of slowing the actions of cyber criminals is by acting like them. This requires law enforcement agencies such as the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) to assign special undercover agents to gain access to clubs or groups of cyber criminals so they can investigate their steps (Hynson, 2012). The investigation method will become more effective by identifying the source of the problem and in developing a stronger strategy to cripple the efforts of the criminals.
Cyber criminals can hack into systems without difficulty when they encounter uncomplicated passwords. Users should use passwords with at least 10 or more characters so they can amplify the complexity of logging into the computer system (Lehto, 2013). It also helps top add in capital letters and special characters to increase the complexity of a password. In addition, different accounts should have dissimilar ID’s or password combinations to avoid giving hackers ac ...
Mexico The Third War Security Weekly Wednesday, February 18.docxandreecapon
Mexico: The Third War
Security Weekly Wednesday, February 18, 2009 - 13:23 Print Text Size
By Fred Burton and Scott Stewart
Mexico has pretty much always been a rough-and
-tumble place. In recent years, however, the
security environment has deteriorated rapidly, and
parts of the country have become incredibly
violent. It is now common to see military
weaponry such as fragmentation grenades and
assault rifles used almost daily in attacks.
In fact, just last week we noted two separate
strings of grenade attacks directed against police
in Durango and Michoacan states. In the
Michoacan incident, police in Uruapan and Lazaro Cardenas were targeted by three grenade attacks during a 12-hour period.
Then on Feb. 17, a major firefight occurred just across the border from the United States in Reynosa, when Mexican
authorities attempted to apprehend several armed men seen riding in a vehicle. The men fled to a nearby residence and
engaged the pursuing police with gunfire, hand grenades and rocket-propelled grenades (RPGs). After the incident, in which
five cartel gunmen were killed and several gunmen, cops, soldiers and civilians were wounded, authorities recovered a 60 mm
mortar, five RPG rounds and two fragmentation grenades.
Make no mistake, considering the military weapons now being used in Mexico and the number of deaths involved, the country
is in the middle of a war. In fact, there are actually three concurrent wars being waged in Mexico involving the Mexican drug
cartels. The first is the battle being waged among the various Mexican drug cartels seeking control over lucrative smuggling
corridors, called plazas. One such battleground is Ciudad Juarez, which provides access to the Interstate 10, Interstate 20 and
Interstate 25 corridors inside the United States. The second battle is being fought between the various cartels and the Mexican
government forces who are seeking to interrupt smuggling operations, curb violence and bring the cartel members to justice.
Then there is a third war being waged in Mexico, though because of its nature it is a bit more subdued. It does not get the
same degree of international media attention generated by the running gun battles and grenade and RPG attacks. However, it
is no less real, and in many ways it is more dangerous to innocent civilians (as well as foreign tourists and business travelers)
than the pitched battles between the cartels and the Mexican government. This third war is the war being waged on the
Mexican population by criminals who may or may not be involved with the cartels. Unlike the other battles, where cartel
members or government forces are the primary targets and civilians are only killed as collateral damage, on this battlefront,
civilians are squarely in the crosshairs.
The Criminal Front
There are many different shapes and sizes of criminal gangs in Mexico. While many of them are in some way related to the
drug cartels, others have various types of c ...
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The physical world as a virtual reality, Brian Whitwor.docxssusera34210
The physical world as a virtual reality, Brian Whitworth
2
The Physical World as a Virtual Reality
Brian Whitworth
Massey University, Albany, Auckland, New Zealand
E-mail: [email protected]
Not only is the universe stranger than we imagine, it is stranger than we can imagine
Sir Arthur Eddington
Abstract
This paper explores the idea that the universe is a virtual reality created by information
processing, and relates this strange idea to the findings of modern physics about the physical
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MGMT 511Location ProblemGeorge Heller was so successful in.docxandreecapon
MGMT 511
Location Problem
George Heller was so successful in his previous assignment that he was promoted to the coveted position of Infrastructure Manager on the Mergers and Acquisitions Team.
Again Agame has recently acquired a competitive company with a plant and a warehouse in a nearby city. Management has decided to keep the additional warehouse. However, they are unsure if they need to keep the additional manufacturing plant. All products can be manufactured in either plant and shipped from either warehouse. Each plant and each warehouse has sufficient capacity to meet the total forecasted demand individually.
Prepare a report for management with your recommendation. Three possible choices exist. 1) Close the Competitor plant and satisfy all demand from the Again Agame plant; 2) Close the Again Agame plant and satisfy all demand from the Competitor plant; 3)Keep both plants open.
Your recommendation should include a solution for each of the five years in question. Include your calculations and spreadsheets in support of your recommendations.
Sales Forecast (cases)
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
Competitor Warehouse (WH1)
15,000,000
20,000,000
26,000,000
34,000,000
44,000,000
Again Agame Warehouse (WH2)
6,000,000
7,000,000
10,000,000
15,000,000
21,000,000
Fixed Costs
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
Competitor Plant (P1)
900,000
900,000
900,000
900,000
900,000
Again Agame Plant (P2)
800,000
800,000
800,000
800,000
800,000
Transportation Costs
$1.00 / 1,000 cases / mile
4
Costs -- Both Plant Scenario
20112012201320142015
Transport P1 - WH1
Transport P2 - WH2
Fixed Cost - P1
Fixed Cost - P2
Total
General Info.Infrastructure ExerciseDate: 28/10/97Situation:a) Package -RGBb) Nr. Plants -2c) Nr. WH -2d) Period -5 yearse) Sales Frcst. -DecreasingCapacity MM U/C per Year:Plant 1 -5avg. HK 70 (KS)Plant 2 -3avg. HK 42 (KS)Distance Matrix: (Km)WH1WH2P150600P2600100Diagram:
&A
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Franchise 2
Franchise 1
P2
P1
WH1
Sales Frcst.Infrastructure ExerciseDate: 28/10/97Sales Forecast (M U.C)RGB'98'99'00'01'02WH15000.04000.03400.02800.02400.0WH23000.02400.02000.01600.01400.0Obs. Volume is Decreasing 15% per year.
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Case Analysis Worksheet #1
Case Analysis Session 1 : Focus on Inspiring a Shared Vision (Principle #2)
Inspiring a shared vision has two main components [1] creating a vision through common purpose, and [2] enlisting or getting people ‘on board’ with the vision.
In your small groups, discuss and document your group’s response to the following questions. Upload your typed document into one of your group member’s D2L dropbox by the assigned due date on your course schedule. Be sure to include on your worksheet all group member names. If present in class, all group members will receive the same grade for this case analysis assignment (maximum 30 pts). Group peer evaluations will be used to determine overall individual group member participation points for both of these case study discussions (maximum 15 pts).
1. In what specific ways did Michael fail and/or succeed in ‘listening deeply’ to his employees?
2. In what specific ways did Michael show that he was not “open to influence?” How would Michael being open to influence have made him more effective, ( i.e., who were the “local experts” and how could he have benefited from them)?
3. When you consider the employees of Bedford Mower as they were before Michael arrived, how would you characterize them in terms of what was personally meaningful to them?
4. When creating his vision for the company, in what specific ways did Michael fail and/or succeed in ‘determining what was meaningful’ to his employees, and what was the impact?
5. What specific mechanisms, or opportunities did Michael have available to him for enlisting others?
6. To what extent did Michael take advantage of these? To what extent were they effective in terms of getting everyone on board with the new vision?
7. In thinking about his attempts to enlist others, in what ways did or didn’t Michael incorporate common ideals into his communication with his employees as it related to the new vision?
8. How successful was Michael in “animating the vision”? How would you characterize him in terms of his use of symbolic language, providing imagery of the future, practicing positive communication, expressing emotion, and speaking from the heart, in his communications to his employees?
9. What would you have done differently with this group of employees in terms of inspiring a shared vision?
Team Leadership Case
From Snowboards to Lawnmowers
Michael Francis, a man in his late 30s, born and raised in Oregon, was an avid snowboarder. He was known among his many friends and associates as a risk-taker, highly intelligent, innovative, a bit of a rebel, but an extremely smart businessman. When he was in his early 20s, he started his own snowboarding company designing and manufacturing what became known as some of the most cutting edge boards available. Having recently married a woman who was raised on the East coast, he decided to sell his company and move to Vermont where h ...
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MG345 Organizations & Environment
Tony Buono
Fall 2104
Unfreezing
Changing
Refreezing
Planned
Change
Guided
Changing
Freezing
Rebalancing/
Translating
Unfreezing/
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Present
State
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State
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Low
Low
High
High
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TASK FOCUS
PEOPLE FOCUS
LEARNING FOCUS
ORGANIZATIONAL EMPHASIS
INDIVIDUAL EMPHASIS
Commanding (Coercive)
Pacesetter
Visionary
(Authoritative)
Affiliative
Democratic
Coaching
EQ Adaptive Ability
Across Styles
Managers as Linking Pins
Middle Management …
“… story of gradual disempowerment in which reasonably healthy, confident and competent people become transformed into anxious, tense, ineffective and self-doubting wrecks.”
Barry Oshry, “Converting Middle Powerlessness to Middle Power,” National Productivity Review
Intervening in the MiddleConceptualizing and Understanding One’s Sphere of InfluenceControllables v. UncontrollablesControlled (Contained) EmpowermentLooking for Opportunities in AmbiguityPursuing “Small Wins”
Source: A.F. Buono & A.J. Nurick, “Intervening in the Middle: Coping Strategies in Mergers and
Acquisitions,” Human Resource Planning, 1992, vol. 15, no. 2.
Lewin’s Force-Field Analysis
Status Quo
Change Drivers
Change Resisters
2-
C
H
A
N
G
I
N
G
1-UNFREEZING
3-REFREEZING
KEY:
Own versus
Induced Forces
Dealing with ResistanceApproachUseAdvantagesDisadvantagesEducation +
CommunicationLack of or inaccurate infoHelps to inform and persuadeTime consuming, especially if many people are involvedParticipation + InvolvementInitiators do not have all info; others have considerable power to resistParticipation leads to commitment; recipient info integrated into change planTime consuming; participators can design inappropriate changeFacilitation + SupportResistance due to adjustment problemsBest way to cope with adjustment issuesCan be time consuming; can still failNegotiationSomeone/group loses out and has power to resistRelatively easy was to avoid problemsCan be expensiveManipulationOther tactics don’t’ workQuick, inexpensiveShort-term utility, can lead to future problemsExplicit + Implicit CoercionSpeed; you have powerSimple, straightforwardShort-term benefits, can be risky; retribution
“Managing” Your Boss
Understand your boss
Goals & Needs Working Style
Strengths & Weaknesses
Understand yourself
Goals & Needs Working Style
Strengths & Weaknesses How you react to your boss?
What do you do to help/hurt your relat ...
MGMT 345
Phase 2 IPBusiness MemoTo:
Warehouse ManagerFrom:[Your Name]Date:February 25, 2015Re:
Effective Supply Chain Design
Enhancing Profitability and Stakeholder Value with Effective Supply Chain Design
Supply Chain Networks
Supply Chain Drivers
Supply Chains and Distribution of Assets and Resources
Supply Chain Visual
Figure 1: The Food Production Chain.(n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/foodsafety/images/food_production_chain_400px.jpg
References
Do not forget to put your references in alphabetical order (vertically, NOT horizontally) by author’s last name, and use only first initials, not first name. If one of your references begins with the word "The," put the rest of the name first and insert a comma, followed by the word The (example – Associated Press, The.).
Author's Last Name, First Initial. (year). Title of article/Internet page. Retrieved from http://complete URL here Do Not end with a period (EXAMPLE OF AN INTERNET SOURCE – IF NO DATE IS GIVEN ON THE INTERNET PAGE USE: (n.d.). IN PLACE OF THE YEAR.)
Author's Last Name, First Initial. (year). Title of book. City, ST: Publisher. (EXAMPLE OF A BOOK)
Author's Last Name, First Initial. (year, Season). Title of article. Magazine Name, 12(8), 27. (EXAMPLE OF A MAGAZINE ARTICLE - Note – only capitalize the proper nouns in the title of the article; capitalize all the words in the magazine name; the 12 is where the volume number goes, the 8 is where the issue number goes, the 27 is where the page number goes.)
Berube, M. S., ed. (1989). The American heritage dictionary. New York: Dell. (EXAMPLE OF A DICTIONARY)
Bird, I. (1973). A lady's life in the Rocky Mountains (Reprint ed.). New York: Ballantine Books. (EXAMPLE OF A BOOK)
Food Production Chain, The. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/foodsafety/images/food_production_chain_400px.jpg
Grant, A. M. & Berry, J. W. (2011). The necessity of others is the mother of invention: Intrinsic and prosocial motivations, perspective taking, and creativity. Academy of Management Journal.54 (1), 73-96. DOI: 10.5465/AMJ.2011.59215085 (EXAMPLE FROM OUR BONUS LIVE CHAT, PLEASE VIEW THE BONUS LIVE CHAT TO SEE HOW TO FORMAT A REFERENCE WHEN RESEARCHING FROM THE CTU LIBRARY, WHICH IS REQUIRED FOR THIS TASK)
Leonard, S. J., & Noel, T. J. (1990). Denver: Mining camp to metropolis. Niwot, CO: University Press of Colorado. (EXAMPLE OF A BOOK)
Morson, B., & Frazier, D. (2000, December 7). For years, brown cloud fouls Denver image [Electronic version]. Denver (Colorado) Rocky Mountain News. Retrieved October 3, 2002, from http://insidedenver.com/millennium/1207stone.shtml (EXAMPLE OF A NEWSPAPER ARTICLE FROM AN ONLINE VERSION OF THE NEWSPAPER)
National Jewish Medical & Research Center. (2001a, January 5). The 'Brown Cloud,' cold-induced asthma, winter allergies and seasonal affective disorder around the corner as winter approaches. Retrieved October 4, 2002, from http://www.njc.org/news/ winter1.html (EXAMPLE OF AN ORGANIZATION ...
MGMT 3720 – Organizational Behavior EXAM 3
(CH. 9, 10, 11, & 12)
Question 1
1.
While discussing their marketing campaign for a new product, the members of the cross-functional team responsible for Carver Inc. realized that a couple of changes relating to their prior plan would be beneficial. The offer of a franchising that had earlier been brushed off by the company head was discussed thoroughly and it was decided that it would be implemented on a trial basis initially, and on full scale if found to work well. From the information provided, it can be concluded that this cross-functional team has a high degree of ________.
Answer
reflexivity
uncertainty
diversity
conformity
demography
Question 2
1.
Max Hiller was recently hired by Sync, a consumer goods company. During his first meeting with the sales team, Max impressed upon his team that work performance is the only criterion he would use to evaluate them. To help them perform well and meet their targets, he pushed his team to work extra hours. He also gave very clear instructions to each member regarding their job responsibilities and continually verified if they were meeting their targets. Which of the following, if true, would weaken Max's approach?
Answer
Sales figures for the region that Max's team is responsible for have improved in the last quarter.
Max is leading many new employees who have joined his team directly after training.
Max's sales team is comprised of independent and experienced employees who are committed to their jobs.
Max's team functions in a sluggish manner and picks up pace only a week or so before the monthly operations cycle meetings.
Max's team does not display high levels of cohesiveness and members fail to coordinate with each other.
Question 3
1.
Which of the following statements is true regarding the effect of group cohesiveness and performance norms on group productivity?
Answer
When both cohesiveness and performance norms are high, productivity will be high.
The productivity of the group is affected by the performance norms but not by the cohesiveness of the group.
If cohesiveness is high and performance norms are low, productivity will be high.
When cohesiveness is low and performance norms are also low, productivity will be high.
If cohesiveness is low and performance norms are high, productivity will be low.
Question 4
1.
Neutralizers make it impossible for leader behavior to make any difference to follower outcomes.
Answer
True
False
Question 5
1.
Communication includes both the transfer and the understanding of meaning.
Answer
True
False
Question 6
1.
According to the path-goal theory, directive leadership is likely to be welcomed and accepted by employees with high ability or considerable experience.
Answer
True
False
Question 7
1.
Before buying her new phone, Gina listed the various requirements her new phone must meet. As a wedding planner, much of her work revolved around usin ...
Mexico, Page 1 Running Head MEXICO’S CULTURAL, ECONOMI.docxandreecapon
Mexico, Page 1
Running Head: MEXICO’S CULTURAL, ECONOMICAL, AND POLITICAL STATE
Mexico’s Cultural, Economical, and Political State
For
Firms Pursuing Business In or With Mexico
By
Kashmala Khan
For
Athena Miklos, Professor
ECN 2025-102947
Tuesdays and Thursdays, 10:00-11:20 AM
College of Southern Maryland
La Plata, Maryland
November 15, 2012
Mexico, Page 2
Summary
Before a firm does business in Mexico it is imperative to understand the achievements
and pitfalls of its cultural, economic, and political forces. Although Mexico has improved
substantially with its technological development, investment policies, foreign exchange policies,
and tariffs, it still has significant pitfalls when it comes to honoring contracts, legal framework,
and enforcing laws.
The cultural forces of Mexico are largely dependent on social structure. Mexicans respect
authority and look to those above them for guidance and decision-making. This makes it
important to know which person is in charge, and leads to an authoritarian approach to decision-
making and problem solving. Since 92.7% of the total population in Mexico speaks Spanish
only, it will be beneficial to learn Spanish or have a translator at hand at all times. Shared culture
makes it easier to market and sell goods and services.
The economic forces in Mexico offer both favorable and unfavorable qualities. Mexico is
currently the second largest export market for U.S. goods. Some of the greatest achievements of
economic forces include physical infrastructures, telecommunication systems, production
capabilities, and technology. The unfavorable qualities of the economic forces include high
employment rate and unskilled labor.
The political forces in Mexico also play a great role in opportunities and pitfalls. The
opportunities include efficient settlements to disputes and reasonable trade regulations and
standards. The pitfalls include wars and terrorism caused by the drug wars and cartels.
There are numerous opportunities for firms in the Textiles and Clothing industry of
Mexico. A firm should be knowledgeable about the cultural differences in Mexican people in
Mexico, Page 3
order to undergo business successfully. A firm should also be aware of the potential profit
Mexico has to offer, as well as the potential problems. To conclude from this research, U.S.
firms should enter the Textiles and Clothing industry in Mexico because there are a lot of
opportunities and the Mexican economy will further expand in the near future.
Mexico, Page 4
Introduction
This paper will review and relay the most recent information regarding Mexico’s cultural,
economic, and political forces. The objective of this paper is to assist firms who are interested in
entering the Textiles and Clothing industry in Mexico by portraying the opportunities, issues,
and pros and cons of doing business in Mexico. Th ...
MGM316-1401B-01Quesadra D. GoodrumClass Discussion Phase2.docxandreecapon
MGM316-1401B-01
Quesadra D. Goodrum
Class Discussion Phase2
Colorado Technical University
Professor: Edmund Winters
4/07/2014
In an ever-changing world, intercultural business communication is one of the most vital aspects of carrying out business in foreign countries. We are set up to fail if we enter into foreign business agreements blindly. In the absence of proper communication skills, cultural awareness comes into play knowing the culture in which we are dealing. All of your concepts you may have grown up with and ideas that you have formed beforehand need to be thrown away and cast to the side. Your concepts and ideas in these business meetings will only be as effective as your communication skills. If your communications skills are weak so will be your presentation of your projected business plan. If I was going to develop a training program on the same, my lesson plan would look as illustrated below:
I. Class Objectives: The goals or objectives for class include understanding how language affects intercultural business communications and learning about different cultures and how they communicate when conducting business activities.
II. Connection to Course Goals: The class’s daily objectives will connect to the overall course goals by dealing with one topic at a time.
III. Anticipatory Set: What is usually involved in intercultural business communication and how should one behave if relocated to foreign countries such as United Arab Emirates, Mexico, China and Israel?
IV. Cultural Awareness
V. High vs. Low Context Cultures
VI. Language: Verbal vs. Non-Verbal
VII. Conversational Taboos
VIII. Interaction: Ethical/Unethical awareness
IX. Conclusion: connecting the objectives
My developed training program will help my students target and grasp the importance of the concepts listed and how they connect to one another. You will need to know a number of things regarding Cultural Awareness, High vs. Low Context Cultures, and Verbal vs. Non-Verbal, Conversational Taboos, and Interaction Ethical/Unethical awareness, and connecting the objectives. “Low context language is where things are fully spelled out or made explicit where there is also considerable dependence on what is actually being said or written (Gibson, 2002).” Western cultures tend to be inclined more toward low context language while Eastern and
Southern cultures are more inclined to use high context language (LeBaron, 2003).“High context language is whereby communicators assume a great deal of commonality of opinions and knowledge so that not much is made explicit (Novinger, 2001).” In other words, communication is in indirect ways. It is of crucial importance for business individuals venturing overseas to learn more about the business culture and etiquette present in countries such as Mexico, China, United Arab Emirates and Israel as they are not the same as the American business culture.
International Business Communication
Understanding other cultures tend to greatly enh ...
METROPOLITAN PLANNING ANDENVIRONMENTAL ISSUESn May 2008, the N.docxandreecapon
This document discusses metropolitan planning and environmental issues, specifically comparing urban development patterns in Europe and the United States. It provides context on sprawl and smart growth initiatives. The key points are:
1) Paul Krugman praised Berlin's public transportation and high-density development but overlooked issues with the city. European cities developed this way due to strong government planning powers over land use.
2) In contrast, the US favors private property rights and minimal government intervention, leading to low-density sprawl dependent on cars.
3) "Smart growth" aims to curb sprawl through incentives, farmland preservation, and clustered development served by public transit. However, giving planners more control is difficult in the
Methods of Moral Decision Making REL 330 Christian Moralit.docxandreecapon
Methods of Moral Decision Making
REL 330 Christian Morality
Acquisition of Christian Based Ethical Truth comes from:
1. Written Revelation – the Bible
2. Natural Law
· Human reason is capable of divine ethical truth.
· Human kind made in the image of God is therefore capable of understanding ethical standards revealed in nature.
· Natural tendency for self-preservation, avoidance of pain, defense of children.
3. The Church - A. Narrative component : Stories and images,
B. Normative component: Rules/guidelines
C. Church functions to assist with character development by teaching,
through community, and imagination (raises to new acute awareness &
understanding)
How we decide is a matter of style:
Rule-Based or Deontological Theories of Ethics (Rule or duty based)
A. Divine Command/Absolutism –
Our behavior, actions and moral decisions are based on God’s will.
How do we determine the will of God?
Based on our experience of God and our understanding of the nature of
God.
God is good. We need an understanding of what the Good is.
Do we follow God’s command out of fear or out of love?
Which is more important the rule or the intention?
The problem with moral decision making arises when in a particular situation one needs to choose between protecting one’s own life and the life of another. Complex situations in our nuclear age make it difficult to determine the greater good or the lesser of two evils in many cases.
B. Immanuel Kant’s “Categorical Imperative” - another of the deontological or rule based theories of ethics that may help in ethical reasoning-
His theory states “Act only according to that maxim by which you can at the same time will that it should become a universal law.” Also persons are not to be a means to an end. (Immanuel Kant, Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals, 1785; cited in Rachels, 115)
C. Social Contract Theories- a belief that moral judgments are simply conventions determined by a particular society. How this works is evident in the “Peace Child.”
D. Critical Realism- is a method thatasserts that our knowledge of the world refers to the-way-things-really-are, but in a partial fashion which will necessarily be revised as that knowledge develops. Critical Realism attempts to find the real good through dialogue and reason between the ideal rule or norm and the reality of the present world.
Teleological or goal-based theories of Ethical Reasoning- (Also known as consequentialism)
A. Ethical Egoism- a moral act is what benefits me.
B. Utilitarianism- a moral act is what causes the greatest amount of happiness for the most people concerned, i.e.,
· Right actions are those with best consequences.
· In assessing “best consequences” the amount of happiness or unhappiness caused is the only relevant consideration.
· Each person’s welfare is equally important
C. Emotivism- moral judgments ar ...
METHODS TO STOP DIFFERENT CYBER CRIMES .docxandreecapon
METHODS TO STOP DIFFERENT CYBER CRIMES 1
Methods to Stop Different Cyber Crimes
People must be well-informed regarding internet scams and certain vulnerabilities, which permit them to occur sooner or later. With education, they will be in a situation to help in prevention of such scams successfully (Hynson, 2012). It is imperative for people to be familiar with attempts of cybercrimes and to comprehend correct solutions in internet practices and solutions. People will learn with education how to put into practice proper security protocols. When they develop into social media savvy people and when they learn how to safe guard their computer devices, cybercriminals will encounter multiple layers of security, which will limit their illegal activities substantially.
Firewalls have the capability to protect users and their network devices against cyber criminals in the first instance of a attempted breach (Lehto,2013). A firewall monitors the interchange between a local network or the internet and a user’s computer. The firewall should be enabled through the security software or a router. Cybercriminals will be unable to use the interchange traffic to install malware, which is intended to compromise the user’s network and computer. If more people would use firewalls, hackers would be at a chief disadvantage due to being unable to navigate deeper into a system to obtain sensitive information and eventually, cybercrime would be lessened for a time.
Users need to analyze their operating and online systems continually so they can resolve vulnerabilities (Hynson, 2012). Internal accounting information or protocols, which lead to financial information or bank statements, should be checked on a regular basis in order to recognize the risks and mitigate them accordingly. It is very difficult for people to curb the flow of cybercrimes if they are ignorant of the risks in which they face or the weaknesses, which exist within their systems.
One successful way of slowing the actions of cyber criminals is by acting like them. This requires law enforcement agencies such as the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) to assign special undercover agents to gain access to clubs or groups of cyber criminals so they can investigate their steps (Hynson, 2012). The investigation method will become more effective by identifying the source of the problem and in developing a stronger strategy to cripple the efforts of the criminals.
Cyber criminals can hack into systems without difficulty when they encounter uncomplicated passwords. Users should use passwords with at least 10 or more characters so they can amplify the complexity of logging into the computer system (Lehto, 2013). It also helps top add in capital letters and special characters to increase the complexity of a password. In addition, different accounts should have dissimilar ID’s or password combinations to avoid giving hackers ac ...
Mexico The Third War Security Weekly Wednesday, February 18.docxandreecapon
Mexico: The Third War
Security Weekly Wednesday, February 18, 2009 - 13:23 Print Text Size
By Fred Burton and Scott Stewart
Mexico has pretty much always been a rough-and
-tumble place. In recent years, however, the
security environment has deteriorated rapidly, and
parts of the country have become incredibly
violent. It is now common to see military
weaponry such as fragmentation grenades and
assault rifles used almost daily in attacks.
In fact, just last week we noted two separate
strings of grenade attacks directed against police
in Durango and Michoacan states. In the
Michoacan incident, police in Uruapan and Lazaro Cardenas were targeted by three grenade attacks during a 12-hour period.
Then on Feb. 17, a major firefight occurred just across the border from the United States in Reynosa, when Mexican
authorities attempted to apprehend several armed men seen riding in a vehicle. The men fled to a nearby residence and
engaged the pursuing police with gunfire, hand grenades and rocket-propelled grenades (RPGs). After the incident, in which
five cartel gunmen were killed and several gunmen, cops, soldiers and civilians were wounded, authorities recovered a 60 mm
mortar, five RPG rounds and two fragmentation grenades.
Make no mistake, considering the military weapons now being used in Mexico and the number of deaths involved, the country
is in the middle of a war. In fact, there are actually three concurrent wars being waged in Mexico involving the Mexican drug
cartels. The first is the battle being waged among the various Mexican drug cartels seeking control over lucrative smuggling
corridors, called plazas. One such battleground is Ciudad Juarez, which provides access to the Interstate 10, Interstate 20 and
Interstate 25 corridors inside the United States. The second battle is being fought between the various cartels and the Mexican
government forces who are seeking to interrupt smuggling operations, curb violence and bring the cartel members to justice.
Then there is a third war being waged in Mexico, though because of its nature it is a bit more subdued. It does not get the
same degree of international media attention generated by the running gun battles and grenade and RPG attacks. However, it
is no less real, and in many ways it is more dangerous to innocent civilians (as well as foreign tourists and business travelers)
than the pitched battles between the cartels and the Mexican government. This third war is the war being waged on the
Mexican population by criminals who may or may not be involved with the cartels. Unlike the other battles, where cartel
members or government forces are the primary targets and civilians are only killed as collateral damage, on this battlefront,
civilians are squarely in the crosshairs.
The Criminal Front
There are many different shapes and sizes of criminal gangs in Mexico. While many of them are in some way related to the
drug cartels, others have various types of c ...
Mercy College Principles of Management
Professor Tormey
Shadow-A-Company Term Project
The EXACT POWERPOINT sequence or order for your report should be as follows:
1. The Company’s Name
2. The Company’s Logo
3. The Company’s Mission Statement
4. Is the company living up to its stated objectives
5. What additional businesses should this company possibly explore entering?
6. The Company’s three (3) main competitors
7. A picture of, and the name of, the following: the Chairman, the President, the CEO and the CFO
8. The Stock Symbol and Exchange that it is traded on
9. The company’s recent stock price
10. The number of company employees worldwide
11. The location of the company’s corporate headquarters (city/state only)
12. The company’s yearly sales for 2012 in billions of dollars
13. The company’s yearly profit for 2012 in millions/billions of dollars
14. The company’s…STRENGTHS
15. The company’s…WEAKNESSES
16. The company’s…OPPORTUNITIES
17. The company’s…THREATS
18. Several of the company’s STAR product’s and or division’s
19. Several of the company’s CASH COW product’s and or division’s
20. The company’s QUESTION MARK’S product’s and or division’s
21. The company’s DOG product’s and or division’s
22. IMPORTANTLY… a statement from EACH student of exactly what each of you have learned while completing this research project
Shadow-A-Company Analysis
A process by which a student evaluates the products and businesses making up their assigned company.
Portfolio AnalysisPurpose of portfolio analysis:
Resources are directed toward more profitable businesses while weaker ones are phased out or dropped.Standard portfolio analysis evaluates SBUs on two important dimensions:
Attractiveness of SBU’s market or industry.
Strength of SBU’s position within that market or industry.
Figure 2.2:
The BCG Growth-Share Matrix
BCG Growth-Share MatrixStars: High-share of high-growth market.
Strategy: Build into cash cow via investment.Cash cows: High-share of low-growth market.
Strategies: Maintain or harvest for cash to build STARS.Question marks: Low-share of high-growth market.
Strategies: Build into STAR via investment OR reallocate funding and let slip into DOG status.Dogs: Low-share of low-growth market.
Strategies: Maintain or divest.
Figure 2.7:
SWOT Analysis
Mercy College Principles of Management
Professor Tormey
Shadow-A-Company Term Project
Each student will be assigned a specific company to closely monitor and study throughout the duration of the semester.
On our final class meeting date, you will be required to s ...
MGMT 301 EOY Group” Case Study and Power Point Presentation G.docxandreecapon
MGMT 301 EOY “Group” Case Study and Power Point Presentation Grade Sheet-
Group Name: _____________________________ Time of class__________________
Total Paper should be 8-10 pages in length- this includes preliminary or prefatory section
No indentations for paragraphs- single spacing with double spacing in-between paragraphs
APA citations need to be used as your guide for citing reference material!
Preliminary or prefatory section- (this section has different page numbering, ii,iii,etc)
Title Page
Page ii-Table of Contents/ and List of Illustrations/Figures/Tables (10 points) ________
Page iii- Executive Summary- use bullets/ and bold headings (10 points) ________
Body of Paper and Analysis of Case Study and Questions and Answers – (starts w/page 1)
Page 1- Introduction- Starts on Page 1 and is at least ¼ to ½ page (5 points) ________
Page Numbering- After Introduction start your research paper…
Body of paper should be 5-8 pages in length
Research used in your paper
You will need to use at least “Five” different research cites! (50 points)________
You need to include “Five” different areas of analysis
Example: Motivation, Communication, Leadership, etc. (Chapters from your book)
Two Charts or Graphs in body of paper (5 points each) (10 points)________
They both need to be properly cited! (Heading)( Figure 1 or 2)(Source: citation)
Recommendation/Conclusion – (10 points)________
Reference Page- cite all you references on a separate sheet (5 points)________
100 POINTS TOTAL_________________
Points to be deducted in each category:
Poor: Headings, Sub-Heading or lack of Bold Headings (5 points)_________
Poor: Grammar- Sentence Structure - Formatting of Paragraphs (5 points)_________
Poor: Citation of your research material (10 points)_________
WRITTEN PAPERWORTH 100 POINTS TOTAL _______________
Power point Presentation - NOT MORE THAN 10 MINUTES!- Please do voice-over or camera
(Call eCampus or Tech-help or blackboard for assistance with your power point presentation)
Appropriate Business Attire for Presentation--points will be taken off for poor attire
Was there an opening statement? (10 points) ________
Clear - Easy to read - Eye appealing (10 points) ________
Not more than 7 lines per slide and 7 words in a line on a slide
Did you engage your audience?
Voice, clarity, clarity, volume, speed, poise and confidence (10 points) ________
Two graphs in your presentation- must be cited correctly (10 points)________
Was there a conclusion slide and statement? (10 points__________
Points will be taken off if:
Speed of presentation, (too fast or too slow) (up to 5 points) ________
“UHMS” and “H’S” – (1 point for every 10)________
POWER POINTWORTH 50 POINTS TOTAL________
ENTIRE PAPERWORTH 150 POINTS TOTAL__________
CASE
3 Building a Coali ...
MGMT 464New Manager’s Case Study Case Analysis Worksheet #.docxandreecapon
MGMT 464
New Manager’s Case Study
Case Analysis Worksheet #2
Team Case Analysis Session 2: Enable Others To Act (Principle # 4)
Enabling others to act has two main components [1] fostering collaboration, and [2] strengthening others.
In your small groups, discuss and document your group’s response to the following questions. Upload your typed document into one of your group member’s D2L dropbox by the assigned due date on your course schedule. Be sure to include on your worksheet all group member names. If present in class, all group members will receive the same grade for this case analysis assignment (maximum 30 pts). Group peer evaluations will be used to determine overall individual group member participation points for both these case discussions (maximum 15 pts).
1. In what specific ways did Mark create a climate of distrust?
2. In what ways did Mark fail to “set the example” in his work role? What was the impact of his failure to be a good role model for his employees?
3. What type of relevant information and resources did he not share with his employees? What was the impact?
4. In what ways had the former supervisor built his employees’ sense of competence? How did Mark later undermine the employees’ sense of competence?
5. In what ways did the employees demonstrate accountability before Mark took over?
6. What kind of expectations of his employees did Mark communicate, and how did this become a self-fulfilling prophecy (The Pygmalion Effect)?
7. What employee obstacles were apparent in the case that Mark ignored? What actions could he have taken to remove these obstacles?
8. In what sense did the employees have a sense of job meaning and impact before Mark arrived? How did Mark’s actions lead to a decreased sense of job meaning and impact for the employees?
9. What would you have done differently with this group of employees in terms of empowerment and fostering collaboration?
Problems: Answer each question
1. A quality control expert is called in to determine whether a newly installed machine is meeting quality standards in producing a particular cotton cloth according to the specifications set by the manufacturer. The mean warp-breaking strength of this particular cotton cloth has been established to be 66 pounds. A random sample of 36 pieces of cotton cloth is obtained from a production run on this machine. The results of the sample reveal a mean warp-breaking strength of 64.5 pounds and a standard deviation of 5 pounds. Can the quality control expert make the decision that the cotton produced on the new machine meets the warp-breaking specification of the manufacturer at the .05 level of significance?
2. The personnel director of a large insurance company is interested in reducing the turnover rate of data processing clerks in the first year of employment. Past records indicate that 25% of all new hires in this area are no longer employed at the end of one year. Extensive new training approaches are im ...
META-INF/MANIFEST.MF
Manifest-Version: 1.0
.classpath
PriorityQueue.classpublicsynchronizedclass PriorityQueue {
Heap q;
public void PriorityQueue(int, java.util.Comparator);
public Object peek();
public Object remove();
void add(Object);
boolean isEmpty();
public int size();
}
PriorityQueue.javaPriorityQueue.javaimport java.util.Comparator;
publicclassPriorityQueue<E>{
Heap q;
/**
*PriorityQueue initializes the queue.
*
* @param initialCapacity an int that is the heaps initial size.
* @param comparator the priority of various imputs.
*/
publicPriorityQueue(int initialCapacity,Comparator<?super E> comparator){
q=newHeap(initialCapacity,comparator);
}
/**
* Peek, returns the next item in the queue without removing it.
*
* If it is empty then null is returned.
* @return the next item in the queue.
*/
public E peek(){
if(q.size()==0){
returnnull;
}
return(E) q.findMax();
}
/**
* This removes the first item from the queue.
*
* It returns null if the queue is empty.
* @return the first item in the queue.
*/
public E remove(){
if(q.size()==0){
returnnull;
}
return(E) q.removeMax();
}
/**
* This adds item to the queue
* @param item that is added to the queue.
*/
void add(E item){
q.insert(item);
}
/**
* isEmpty returns if the queue is empty or not.
*
* @return boolean if the queue is empty or not.
*/
boolean isEmpty(){
if(q.size()!=0){
returnfalse;
}
returntrue;
}
/**
* size returns the size of the queue.
*
* @return int the size of the queue.
*/
publicint size(){
return q.size();
}
}
ArithmeticExpression.classpublicsynchronizedclass ArithmeticExpression {
BinaryTree t;
java.util.ArrayList list;
String equation;
void ArithmeticExpression(String) throws java.text.ParseException;
public String toString(BinaryTree);
public String toPostfixString(BinaryTree);
void setVariable(String, int) throws java.rmi.NotBoundException;
public int evaluate(BinaryTree);
}
ArithmeticExpression.javaArithmeticExpression.javaimport java.rmi.NotBoundException;
import java.text.ParseException;
import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.Stack;
/**
* ArithmeticExpression takes equations in the form of strings creates a binary
* tree, and can return either the regular or postfix equation. It also allows
* them to be calculated.
*
*
* Extra Credit:
* ** it can handle spaces or no spaces in the string inputted. ** it can return
* regular or postfix notation
*
* @author tai-lanhirabayashi
*
*/
publicclassArithmeticExpression{
BinaryTree t;
ArrayList list;
String equation;
/**
* ArithmeticExpression is the construction which takes in a space
* delimitated equation containing "*,/,+,-" symbols and converts it into a
* binary tree.
*
* If the expression is not valid it will throw a ParseException. This is ...
Menu Management Options· · APRN504 - 5886 - HEALTH POLICY .docxandreecapon
Menu Management Options
·
·
APRN504 - 5886 - HEALTH POLICY AND LEADERSHIP - Spring2016
· Home Page
· Announcements
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· Week One
· PowerPoint Week #1
· PowerPoints Week #1
· Week Two: Information
· Week Three
· PowerPoint:Week #3 Policy
· PowerPoint-Communication
· PowerPoint: SS
· Week Four
· PowerPoint: Finances
· PowerPoint-Ethics
· Week Five
· Week Six
· Week Seven
· Week Eight
· PowerPoint: Lobbying
· Week Nine
· PowerPoint:Workplace
· Week Ten
· Week Eleven
· PowerPoint:Centers
· PP: Putting it Together
· Week Twelve
· Week Thirteen
· Week Fourteen
· Week Fifteen
· APA Links
· Help
· Tools
PowerPoint Week #1
Top of Form
Bottom of Form
Content
·
Social Determinants of Health
·
One view of the ACA
·
Another view of ACA
Remember South Carolina did NOT take the Medicaid expansion.
·
South Carolina and Medicaid
·
The IOM and Nursing
· Nursing and Politics
·
Mentoring
·
The Difference in Political Philosophy
·
Policy Process
GRADING RUBRICS:
Journals: The Journals should be a synopsis of ALL your required readings and PowerPoints. These papers are three to six pages long and include a reference page. Tell me what you learned. Failure to cover any aspect of the information will result is loss of points. APA format is required so remember your title page. The required APA textbook has examples from pages 41-59. Spelling and grammar issues will result in loss of points. Late Submissions: Minus 10 points/day.
Forum: Discussion Board
Organize Forum Threads on this page and apply settings to several or all threads. Threads are listed in a tabular format. The Threads can be sorted by clicking the column title or the caret at the top of each column. More Help
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This is a 'post-first' discussion forum.
There are currently 18 threads in this forum. Join the conversation by creating a thread!
Create Thread
Forum Description
Introduce yourself. Tell us your background and what track you are currently in. Have you had any experience with politics, leadership or political events? What do you hope to gain from this course? What are your concerns about taking a hybid course? What do you wish other people knew about you? Where do you hope to be five years from now? What has been your experience in a Political Group (ANA, SCNA, ANCC, ACNP, SCMA, Republican Party, Democratic Party, etc) and the role they play in politics? Inform us of what district you live in, who is your current represenative and senator for your district. A meaningful response to two classmates and facilitation of a dialog is an expectation for the discussion board. You can not post "I agree" or "I disagree". A discussion is like a ball being tossed back and forth. If you ask questions of your classmates you facilitate dialog. The discussion Boards are open for two weeks and close on Sundays at 11:59 pm. Do not wait until the last minute to post becaus ...
MGMT 673 Problem Set 51. For each of the following economic cond.docxandreecapon
MGMT 673 Problem Set 5
1. For each of the following economic conditions, place an X in the table to indicate the appropriate range in the Aggregate Supply Curve
Condition
Keynesian
Intermediate
Classical
Unemployment is above the historical average
The nation’s factories are running at capacity
Any increase in GDP will be accompanied by high inflation
The nation is suffering through a severe recession
A mid-point in the business cycle expansion phase
GDP can increase without an increase in the Price Index
2. Many exogenous factors can cause a shift in the Aggregate Supply Curve. For each of the following factors, place an X in the table to indicate how the AS curve would shift.
Factor
AS shift right
(increase in AS)
AS shift left
(decrease in AS)
World oil prices increase substantially
Environmental Protection Agency enacts broad pollution restrictions
Business taxes are reduced
Internal combustion engine fuel efficiencies are greatly increased
Adverse winter weather persists for months more the normal
New restrictions slow immigration
Federal minimum wage is increased by 30%
3. Earlier we learned that Demand, which we now call Aggregate Demand, is comprised of 4 components: Consumption (C), Investment (I), Government spending (G), and Net Exports (NE). Any exogenous factor that increases any of the component(s) will also increase Aggregate Demand. For each of the following, place an X to indicate the component affected and an R (increase) or and L (decrease) to show whether the AD curve shifts Right or Left. Consider only the primary effect.
Factor
C
I
G
NE
R or L
Real interest rate decreases
Consumers and executives become more confident in the economic future
The stock market rises
China’s economic growth slows
Congress increases spending for in the current fiscal year
Tariffs are imposed by many countries to protect domestic employment
The US Import/Export bank eliminates guarantees for loans to foreign airlines to purchase Boeing aircraft
Congress enacts tax incentives for firms purchasing new equipment and facilities
4. For each of the following government economic actions, place an X in the table to indicate whether the action is fiscal or monetary policy.
Action
Monetary
Fiscal
Taxes are increased on the wealthiest 1% of households
The Fed purchases Mortgage-backed securities (MBS)
The US Treasury borrows money to finance increased government spending
The federal government provides a rebate to first time home buyers
The President signs and enacts the Affordable Care Act
The Fed promises to keep interest rates near zero for an extended time
5. For each of the following government actions, insert the original and shifted AD curve. Insert an arrow to show the shift in the AD curve. Here’s an example:
GDP
Price
Index
Real GDP
AS
a. While in a steep recession, the federal government enacts a stimulus program of increased spending and r ...
Mental Illness Stigma and the Fundamental Components ofSuppo.docxandreecapon
Mental Illness Stigma and the Fundamental Components of
Supported Employment
Patrick W. Corrigan, Jonathon E. Larson, and Sachiko A. Kuwabara
Illinois Institute of Psychology
Purpose/Objective: The success of supported employment programs will partly depend on the endorse-
ment of stigma in communities in which the programs operate. In this article, the authors examine 2
models of stigma—responsibility attribution and dangerousness—and their relationships to components
of supported employment—help getting a job and help keeping a job. Research Method/Design: A
stratified and randomly recruited sample (N � 815) completed responses to a vignette about “Chris,” a
person alternately described with mental illness, with drug addiction, or in a wheelchair. Research
participants completed items that represented responsibility and dangerousness models. They also
completed items representing 2 fundamental aspects of supported employment: help getting a job or help
keeping a job. Results: When participants viewed Chris as responsible for his condition (e.g., mental
illness), they reacted to him in an angry manner, which in turn led to lesser endorsement of the 2 aspects
of supported employment. In addition, people who viewed Chris as dangerous feared him and wanted to
stay away from him, even in settings where people with mental illness might work. Conclusions/
Implications: Implications for understanding supported employment are discussed.
Keywords: stigma, supported employment, discrimination
The disabilities of serious mental illness can block people from
obtaining important life goals, including a good job. Several kinds
of vocational rehabilitation programs have emerged to address
work-related disabilities. Some of these approaches are known as
train-place strategies (Corrigan & McCracken, 2005). Through an
education-based strategy, in train-place programs, participants
must learn prevocational and work readiness skills before they are
placed in work settings. These work settings are often sheltered;
that is, the job is “owned” by a rehabilitation agency, which can
protect participants from stressors (Corrigan, 2001). Alternatively,
supported employment is place-train in orientation. People are
placed in real-world work and subsequently provided training and
support to address problems as they emerge, thereby helping a
person to maintain a regular job. The latter group has dominated
recent supported employment models for people with psychiatric
disabilities (Bond et al., 2001; Bond, Becker, Drake, & Vogler, 1997).
Some forms of supported employment recommend rapid placement
of people in work settings of interest to them (Becker & Drake, 2003).
Unlike train-place programs, supported employment does not
try to protect people with disabilities from the work world (Cor-
rigan, 2001; Corrigan & McCracken, 2005). Instead, providers
offer direct support in vivo. This kind of approach is more suc-
cessful in communities where the intent of supported ...
This slide is special for master students (MIBS & MIFB) in UUM. Also useful for readers who are interested in the topic of contemporary Islamic banking.
Reimagining Your Library Space: How to Increase the Vibes in Your Library No ...Diana Rendina
Librarians are leading the way in creating future-ready citizens – now we need to update our spaces to match. In this session, attendees will get inspiration for transforming their library spaces. You’ll learn how to survey students and patrons, create a focus group, and use design thinking to brainstorm ideas for your space. We’ll discuss budget friendly ways to change your space as well as how to find funding. No matter where you’re at, you’ll find ideas for reimagining your space in this session.
How to Setup Warehouse & Location in Odoo 17 InventoryCeline George
In this slide, we'll explore how to set up warehouses and locations in Odoo 17 Inventory. This will help us manage our stock effectively, track inventory levels, and streamline warehouse operations.
This presentation was provided by Steph Pollock of The American Psychological Association’s Journals Program, and Damita Snow, of The American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), for the initial session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session One: 'Setting Expectations: a DEIA Primer,' was held June 6, 2024.
Leveraging Generative AI to Drive Nonprofit InnovationTechSoup
In this webinar, participants learned how to utilize Generative AI to streamline operations and elevate member engagement. Amazon Web Service experts provided a customer specific use cases and dived into low/no-code tools that are quick and easy to deploy through Amazon Web Service (AWS.)
Beyond Degrees - Empowering the Workforce in the Context of Skills-First.pptxEduSkills OECD
Iván Bornacelly, Policy Analyst at the OECD Centre for Skills, OECD, presents at the webinar 'Tackling job market gaps with a skills-first approach' on 12 June 2024
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...PECB
Denis is a dynamic and results-driven Chief Information Officer (CIO) with a distinguished career spanning information systems analysis and technical project management. With a proven track record of spearheading the design and delivery of cutting-edge Information Management solutions, he has consistently elevated business operations, streamlined reporting functions, and maximized process efficiency.
Certified as an ISO/IEC 27001: Information Security Management Systems (ISMS) Lead Implementer, Data Protection Officer, and Cyber Risks Analyst, Denis brings a heightened focus on data security, privacy, and cyber resilience to every endeavor.
His expertise extends across a diverse spectrum of reporting, database, and web development applications, underpinned by an exceptional grasp of data storage and virtualization technologies. His proficiency in application testing, database administration, and data cleansing ensures seamless execution of complex projects.
What sets Denis apart is his comprehensive understanding of Business and Systems Analysis technologies, honed through involvement in all phases of the Software Development Lifecycle (SDLC). From meticulous requirements gathering to precise analysis, innovative design, rigorous development, thorough testing, and successful implementation, he has consistently delivered exceptional results.
Throughout his career, he has taken on multifaceted roles, from leading technical project management teams to owning solutions that drive operational excellence. His conscientious and proactive approach is unwavering, whether he is working independently or collaboratively within a team. His ability to connect with colleagues on a personal level underscores his commitment to fostering a harmonious and productive workplace environment.
Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Find out more about ISO training and certification services
Training: ISO/IEC 27001 Information Security Management System - EN | PECB
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Webinars: https://pecb.com/webinars
Article: https://pecb.com/article
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For more information about PECB:
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Slideshare: http://www.slideshare.net/PECBCERTIFICATION
How to Fix the Import Error in the Odoo 17Celine George
An import error occurs when a program fails to import a module or library, disrupting its execution. In languages like Python, this issue arises when the specified module cannot be found or accessed, hindering the program's functionality. Resolving import errors is crucial for maintaining smooth software operation and uninterrupted development processes.
How to Make a Field Mandatory in Odoo 17Celine George
In Odoo, making a field required can be done through both Python code and XML views. When you set the required attribute to True in Python code, it makes the field required across all views where it's used. Conversely, when you set the required attribute in XML views, it makes the field required only in the context of that particular view.
A workshop hosted by the South African Journal of Science aimed at postgraduate students and early career researchers with little or no experience in writing and publishing journal articles.
it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
Math 009Quiz 2Page 5Math 009 Quiz 2Professor Dr..docx
1. Math 009
Quiz 2 Page 5
Math 009 Quiz 2
Professor: Dr. Kate Bauer
Name________________________________
Instructions:
· The quiz is worth 50 points. There are 10 problems, each
worth 5 points. Your score on the quiz will be converted to a
percentage and posted in your assignment folder with
comments.
· This quiz allows open book and open notes, and you may take
as long as you like on it provided that you submit the quiz no
later than the due date posted in our course schedule of the
syllabus. You may refer to your textbook, notes, and online
classroom materials, but you may not consult anyone.
· You should show all of your work to receive full credit. If
you do not show work, you may earn only partial or no credit.
· Please type your work in your copy of the quiz, or if you
prefer, create a document containing your work. Scanned work
is also acceptable. Be sure to include your name in the
document. Review instructions for submitting your quiz in the
Quizzes Module.
· If you have any questions, please contact me by e-mail
([email protected]).
2. At the end of your quiz you must include the following dated
statement with your name typed in lieu of a signature. Without
this signed statement you will receive a zero.
I have completed this quiz myself, working independently and
not consulting anyone except the instructor. I have neither
given nor received help on this quiz.
Name: Date:
Please remember to show ALL of your work on every problem.
Show the complete expression or equation in every step; write
each new step beneath the previous step; make sure that each
step follows algebraically from the previous step; and remember
that equal signs should only connect equal numbers or
expressions.
1) Simplify each expression. First use the Distributive
Property to clear parentheses and then combine like terms.
a)
5. 4) Solve the equation. Show all work and show the complete
check of your answer.
5) Solve the equation. Show all work and show the complete
check of your answer.
6. 6) Solve the equation using the method discussed on page 308
of our textbook. Show all work and show the complete check of
your answer.
7) Solve the equation using the method discussed on page 308
of our textbook. Show all work and show the complete check of
your answer.
7. 8) An advertisement at an electronics store states that
computers are on sale for of their regular prices. What would
the sale price be for a computer with regular price $1475?
Show all work, please, and include units in your answer.
8. 9) Alyson is creating a vegetable garden in her back yard. She
has set aside a rectangular space that is feet wide and feet
long. Find the perimeter and the area of the garden. Show all
work and write complete answers with appropriate units.
10) At an animal shelter, there are 38 more dogs than cats. It
the total number of animals is 152, how many of each type are
in the shelter? Please set up and solve this problem following
the steps below:
a) Define the unknown quantities in terms of one variable.
b) Translate the question into an equation.
c) Solve the equation, showing all work.
d) Write a complete answer to the question asked, including
9. appropriate units.
End of quiz: please do not forget to write and sign (or type) the
required statement explained in the box on Page 1 of the quiz.
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The physical world as a virtual reality, Brian Whitworth
2
The Physical World as a Virtual Reality
Brian Whitworth
Massey University, Albany, Auckland, New Zealand
E-mail: [email protected]
Not only is the universe stranger than we imagine, it is stranger
than we can imagine
12. Sir Arthur Eddington
Abstract
This paper explores the idea that the universe is a virtual reality
created by information
processing, and relates this strange idea to the findings of
modern physics about the physical
world. The virtual reality concept is familiar to us from online
worlds, but our world as a virtual
reality is usually a subject for science fiction rather than
science. Yet logically the world could be
an information simulation running on a multi-dimensional
space-time screen. Indeed, if the
essence of the universe is information, matter, charge, energy
and movement could be aspects of
information, and the many conservation laws could be a single
law of information conservation.
If the universe were a virtual reality, its creation at the big bang
would no longer be paradoxical,
as every virtual system must be booted up. It is suggested that
whether the world is an objective
reality or a virtual reality is a matter for science to resolve.
Modern information science can
suggest how core physical properties like space, time, light,
matter and movement could derive
from information processing. Such an approach could reconcile
relativity and quantum theories,
with the former being how information processing creates
space-time, and the latter how it
creates energy and matter.
Key words: Digital physics, virtual reality, information theory
Modern online games show that information processing can
create virtual “worlds”, with their
13. own time, space, entities and objects, e.g. “The Sims”. However
that our physical world is a
virtual reality (VR) is normally considered a topic of science
fiction, religion or philosophy, not a
theory of physics. Yet the reader is asked to keep an open mind,
as one should at least consider a
theory before rejecting it. This paper asks if a world that
behaves just like the world we live in
could arise from a VR simulation. It first defines what VR
theory entails, asks if it is logically
possible, then considers if it explains known facts better than
other theories.
Strange Physics
While virtual reality theory seems strange, so do other current
theories of physics, e.g. the many-
worlds view of quantum physics proposes that each quantum
choice divides the universe into
parallel universes [1], so everything that can happen does in
fact happen somewhere, in an
inconceivable “multi-verse’ of parallel universes. This is a
minority view but surprisingly
popular. Even relatively main-stream physics theories are quite
strange. Guth’s inflationary model
suggests that our universe is just one of many “bubble
universes” produced by the big bang [2].
String theory suggests the physical world could have 9 spatial
dimensions, with six of them
“curled up” from our perspective. M-theory suggests our
universe lies on a three dimensional
“brane” that floats in time along a fifth dimension we cannot
register [3, p177-180]. The cyclic-
ekpyrotic model postulates that we exist in one of two 3D
worlds that collide and retreat in an
eternal cycle along a hidden extra connecting dimension [4].
Equally strange are the results of
14. modern physics experiments, where time dilates, space curves,
entities teleport and objects exist
in many places at once, e.g. at the cosmic level:
The physical world as a virtual reality, Brian Whitworth
3
1. Gravity slows time: An atomic clock on a tall building
“ticks” faster than one on the ground.
2. Gravity curves space: Rays of light traveling around the sun
are bent by curved space.
3. Speed slows time. An atomic clock on a flying plane goes
slower than one on the ground.
4. Speed increases mass. As objects move faster, their mass
increases.
5. The speed of light is absolute. Light shone from a torch on a
spaceship moving at 9/10ths of
the speed of light leaves the spaceship at the speed of light.
The above statements don’t fit our normal reality concepts, yet
they have been experimentally
verified, e.g. in 1962 one of two synchronized atomic clocks
was flown in an airplane for several
days while the other stayed stationary on the ground. The result
was, as Einstein predicted, less
time passed for the clock on the plane. In relativity theory a
young astronaut could leave his twin
on Earth and return after a year’s high speed travel in space to
15. attend his twin brother’s 80th
birthday. This is not considered a theoretical possibility, but as
something that could actually
happen. The quantum level of physics introduces even more
strangeness:
1. Teleportation. Quantum particles can “tunnel”, suddenly
appearing beyond a barrier they
cannot cross, like a coin in a sealed glass bottle suddenly
appearing outside it.
2. Faster than light interaction. If two quantum particles are
“entangled”, what happens to one
instantly affects the other, even if they are light years apart.
3. Creation from nothing. Given enough energy, matter can
suddenly appear from an “empty”
space (where there was no matter before).
4. Multiple existence. Light passing through two slits creates a
wave interference pattern. The
interference continues if photons are shot through the slits one
at a time, and regardless of the
time delay. A quantum entity, it seems, can interfere with itself.
5. Physical effects without causality. Quantum events like
gamma radiation occur randomly,
and no physical cause for them has ever been identified.
It is the strange findings of physics experiments that are driving
the strange theories of physics.
Strange theories
Modern physics began when Maxwell presented his wave
equations in 1900 and Einstein
suggested special relativity in 1905 and general relativity in
16. 1915. Despite considerable scientific
skepticism, these theories met every experimental and logical
test their critics could devise. Their
predictive success surprised even their advocates, e.g. in 1933
Fermi’s formulas pre-discovered
the neutrino (a particle with no significant mass or charge) well
before nuclear experiments
verified it in 1953. Dirac’s equations similarly predicted anti-
matter before it too was later
confirmed. These and other stunning successes have made the
theories of quantum mechanics and
relativity the crown jewels of modern physics. They have quite
simply never been shown wrong.
Yet, a century later, they still just don’t make sense. As
Kenneth Ford says of quantum theory:
“Its just that the theory lacks a rationale. “How come the
quantum” John Wheeler likes to ask.
“If your head doesn’t swim when you think about the quantum,”
Niels Bohr reportedly said, “you
haven’t understood it.” And Richard Feynman … who
understood quantum mechanics as deeply
as anyone, wrote: “My physics students don’t understand it
either. That is because I don’t
understand it.”” [5, p98]
The physical world as a virtual reality, Brian Whitworth
4
Similar statements could be made of relativity theory’s claims
that time and space are malleable.
For perhaps the first time in the history of any science, the
17. scholars of physics simply don’t
personally believe what the reigning theories of their discipline
are saying. They accept them as
mathematical statements that give correct answers, but not as
literal world reality descriptions.
This is, to say the least, an unusual state of affairs. The problem
is not lack of use, as these
theories permeate modern physics applications, from micro-
computers to space exploration. By
some estimates 40% of US productivity derives from
technologies based on quantum theory,
including cell phones, transistors, lasers, CD players and
computers. Yet physicists use quantum
theory because it works not because it makes sense:
“… physicists who work with the theory every day don’t really
know quite what to make of it.
They fill blackboards with quantum calculations and
acknowledge that it is probably the most
powerful, accurate, and predictive scientific theory ever
developed. But … the very suggestion
that it may be literally true as a description of nature is still
greeted with cynicism,
incomprehension, and even anger.” [6]
The need is not for more proofs or applications but for more
understanding. Physicists know the
mathematics, but cannot connect it to their practical knowledge
of the world, i.e. the theories are
useful but not meaningful. Physics has theories that work but
which make no sense, e.g. Feynman
observed that an electron traveling from A to B acts like it
simultaneously traverses all possible
intervening paths. His “sum over histories” theory gives the
mathematics to do this calculation,
and it predicts quantum outcomes well. Yet while most
18. scientific theories increase understanding,
this theory seems to take understanding away. How can one
electron simultaneously travel all
possible paths between two points? Is the theory just a
mathematical device, not a reality
description?
It is ironic that relativity theory and quantum theory not only
contradict much of what we know
(or think we know) of the world, they also contradict each
other. Each has its domain - relativity
describes macro space-time events, and quantum theory
describes micro sub-atomic events. Each
theory works perfectly within its own domain, but combining
them creates contradictions, e.g.
relativity demands that nothing can travel faster than light, but
in quantum entangled particles can
affect each other instantly from anywhere in the universe, which
Einstein called “spooky action at
a distance”. As Greene notes:
“The problem … is that when the equations of general relativity
commingle with those of
quantum mechanics, the result is disastrous.” [7, p15]
A symptom of the semantic failure of modern theoretical
physics is that even after a century of
successful use and testing, even simple versions of its main
theories are not yet taught in high
schools, perhaps as it is difficult to teach what one doesn’t
believe. Physics has contained the
problem by putting a mathematical “fence” around it, perhaps as
a sort of quarantine:
“… we have locked up quantum physics in “black boxes”, which
we can handle and operate
19. without knowing what is going on inside. [8] (Preface, p x).
Relativity and quantum theory today have become like magic
wands, which physicists manipulate
to predict the universe, but why or how the mathematical
“spells” work is unknown. Some argue
that pragmatically it doesn’t matter - if the mathematics works
what else is needed? Yet others
think that since these formulae describe the essence of physical
reality, an explanation is due:
“Many physicists believe that some reason for quantum
mechanics awaits discovery.” [5, p98]
One cannot relegate quantum and relativity effects to the “odd”
corner of physics, as in many
ways these theories are modern physics. Quantum theory rules
the atomic world, from which the
visible world we see emerges. Special and general relativity
rule the cosmic world of vast space,
which surrounds and contains our world. Between these two
poles, everything we see and know
The physical world as a virtual reality, Brian Whitworth
5
about the physical world is encompassed. It is unacceptable that
these theories, however
mathematically precise, continue to remain opaque to human
understanding. Yet modern physics
increasingly describes a physical world in which information is
central. Virtual reality theory
arises from the Sherlock Holmes dictum: “…when you have
20. excluded the impossible, whatever
remains, however improbable, must be the truth”. Let us now
postulate the unthinkable: that the
“real” world is a virtual reality.
The virtual reality axiom
While never commonly held, the idea that the world is a virtual
reality has a long pedigree. Over
two thousand years ago Pythagoras thought numbers were the
non-material essence from which
the physical world was created. Buddhism says the world is an
illusion, and Hinduism considers it
God’s “play” or Lila, while Plato’s cave analogy suggested the
world we see is like shadows on a
cave wall, and reflects rather than is reality. Plato also felt that
“God geometrizes”, and Gauss
believed that “God computes” (Svozil, 2005), both arguing that
the divine mind appears as
nature’s mathematical laws. Blake’s illustration “The Ancient
of Days” shows Urizen wielding a
compass upon the world. Zuse first expressed the concept in
modern scientific terms, suggesting
that space calculates [9], and since then other scientists have
also considered the idea [10-16].
A virtual reality is here considered to be a reality created by
information processing, and so by
definition it cannot exist independently in and of itself, as it
depends upon processing to exist. If
the processing stops then the virtual reality must also cease to
exist. In contrast an objective
reality simply is, and does not need anything else to sustain it.
This suggests two hypotheses
about our reality:
1. The objective reality (OR) hypothesis: That our physical
21. reality is an objective reality that
exists in and of itself, and being self-contained needs nothing
outside of itself to explain it.
2. The virtual reality (VR) hypothesis: That our physical reality
is a virtual reality that depends
upon information processing to exist, which processing must
occur outside of itself.
Whatever one’s personal opinion, these views clearly
contradict. If the world exists as an
objective reality it cannot be virtual, and if it exists as a virtual
reality then it cannot be objective.
That the world is an objective reality and that it is a virtual one
are mutually exclusive. Each
hypothesis has implications, e.g. objective reality suggests the
universe as a whole is permanent,
as it has nowhere to come from or go to. It implies the sort of
physical realism statements that
quantum theory contradicts, for example [17]:
1. Object locality: That objects exist in a locality that limits
their event interactions.
2. Object reality: That objects have inherent properties that
their existence carries forward from
one moment to the next, and these determine their behavior
independent of any measurement.
To illustrate the depth of the contrast, consider the primary
axiom of Lee Smolin’s recent book:
“There is nothing outside the universe” [18 p17].
The edifice of science itself is often assumed to rest upon this
apparently self-evident statement,
22. yet it is precisely this statement that VR theory contradicts.
Indeed the prime axiom of virtual
reality theory can be obtained by reversing Smolin’s axiom,
namely:
There is nothing in our universe that exists of or by itself.
This axiom arises because a VR processor cannot itself logically
exist within the virtual reality its
processing creates. A processor cannot create itself because the
virtual world creation could not
start if a processor did not initially exist outside it. Hence any
VR world, by definition, must have
The physical world as a virtual reality, Brian Whitworth
6
existence dimensions outside itself. Many physics theories, like
string theory, already suggest that
our world has additional dimensions, yet these are for some
reason still assumed to be in the
world, but just “curled up” to be invisible to us. In contrast VR
theory’s additional dimension(s)
must be outside the VR world. Yet what is the difference
between an unknowable dimension that
is “in the world” and one that is “outside the world”? Since both
are untestable science favors
neither view. To postulate the world is virtual does not
contradict science, but rather engages its
spirit of questioning. Science is a method of asking questions,
not a set of reality assumptions
[19]. Scientists are entitled to ask if what could be actually is
23. so. The only constraint is that the
question be decided by feedback gathered from the world by an
accepted research method.
Science does not require an objective world, only information to
test theories against, which a VR
can easily provide. Not only can science accommodate the
virtual world concept, a virtual world
could also sustain science.
Can a virtual reality be real?
Doesn’t common sense deny that the world which appears so
real to us is a virtual reality?
Philosophers like Plato have long recognized that the reality of
reality is not provable [20].
Bishop Berkeley’s solipsism argued that a tree falling in a wood
will make no sound if no-one is
there to hear it. Dr Johnson is said to have reacted to that idea
the world is created by the mind by
stubbing his toe on a stone and saying “I disprove it thus”.
However VR theory does not claim
that the world is unreal to its inhabitants, only that it is not
objectively real.
To clarify the difference, suppose information processing in one
world creates a second virtual
world. To an observer in the first world, events within the
virtual world are “unreal”, but to an
observer within the virtual world, virtual events are as real as it
gets. If a virtual gun wounds a
virtual man, to that virtual man the pain is “real”. That a world
is calculated does not mean it has
no “reality”, merely that its reality is local to itself. Even in a
virtual reality, stubbed toes will still
hurt and falling trees will still make sounds when no-one is
around. Reality is relative to the
observer, so by analogy, a table is “solid” because our hands are
24. made of the same atoms as the
table. To a neutrino, the table is just a ghostly insubstantiality
through which it flies, as is the
entire earth. Things constituted the same way are substantial to
each other, so likewise what is
“real” depends upon the world it is measured from. To say a
world is a virtual doesn’t imply it is
unreal to its inhabitants, only that its reality is “local” to that
world, i.e. not an objective reality.
The science-fiction movie The Matrix illustrated how a
calculated reality could appear real to its
inhabitants (as long as they remained within it). This was
possible because people in the matrix
only knew their world from the information they received,
which is exactly how we know ours.
Yet this movie does not illustrate VR theory, as its matrix was
created by machines in a physical
world, and matrix inhabitants could escape to this “real” world,
i.e. the physical world was still
presumed to be the “end of the line” for “realness”. In contrast
VR theory does not assume this. It
merely argues that our reality is a local reality, i.e. dependent
upon processing outside itself. Yet
the Matrix movie did correctly show that a virtual world need
not be obviously so:
“But maybe we are all linked in to a giant computer simulation
that sends a signal of pain when
we send a motor signal to swing an imaginary foot at an
imaginary stone. Maybe we are
characters in a computer game played by aliens.” [6, p131]
However Hawking’s next sentence was “Joking apart, …”
Though logically our world could be
virtual, for some reason to imagine that it is can only be
25. presented as a joke involving aliens.
Approaching virtual reality
Current physics seems to approach VR theory in three ways:
The physical world as a virtual reality, Brian Whitworth
7
1. Calculable Universe Hypothesis: That our physical reality
can be simulated by information
processing that is calculable (halting).
2. Calculating Universe Hypothesis: That our physical reality
uses information processing in
its operation to some degree.
3. Calculated Universe Hypothesis: That our physical reality is
created by information
processing based outside the physical world we register.
The calculable universe hypothesis states that physical reality
can be simulated by information
processing [14]. Calculable here does not mean deterministic, as
processing can be probabilistic,
nor does it mean mathematically definable, as not all definable
mathematics is calculable, e.g. an
infinite series. Many scientists accept that the universe is
calculable in theory, as the Church-
Turing thesis states that for any specifiable output there is a
finite program capable of simulating
it. If our universe is lawfully specifiable, even probabilistically,
then in theory a program could
26. simulate it (though this universal program might be bigger than
the universe itself). This
hypothesis does not say the universe is a computer, but that it
could be simulated by one, i.e. it
does not contradict objective reality.
The calculating universe hypothesis states that the universe uses
information processing
algorithms to create reality, e.g. quantum mechanical formulae.
Supporters of this view are a
minority, but include mainstream physicists like John Wheeler,
whose phrase “It from Bit”
suggests that objects (“it”) somehow derive from information
(“bit”). Now information
processing does not just model the universe, it explains it [21].
While a computer simulation
compares its output to the physical world, in a computer
explanation the information processing
creates reality, i.e. the latter is a theory about how the world
actually works. Now the world is not
just like a computer, it is a computer.
The calculated universe hypothesis goes a step further, stating
that physical reality is created by
external information processing, which equates to the VR
hypothesis presented earlier. Now the
physical “real” world is the computer output rather the
computer process. Supporters of this
“strong” virtual reality theory are few [10], with none in the
physics mainstream.
A common criticism of the calculated hypothesis is that we
“…have no means of understanding
the hardware upon which that software is running. So we have
no way of understanding the real
physics of reality.” [22]. The argument is that virtuality implies
27. an unfalsifiable reality, and so is
unscientific and should be dismissed. However this
misrepresents VR theory, which postulates no
other dimensional “hardware”. It is a theory about this world,
not some other unknowable world,
and its hypothetical contrast is that this world is an objective
physical reality. Unprovable
speculations about other virtual universes [23], or that the
universe could be “saved” and
“restored” [11], or that our virtual reality could be created by
another VR [24], fall outside the
scope of VR theory as proposed here. Further, the theory that
the world is an objective reality is
just as unprovable as the theory that it is a virtual reality. It is
inconsistent to dismiss a new theory
because it is unprovable when the accepted theory is in exactly
the same boat.
The above three hypotheses cumulate, as each requires the
previous to be true. If the universe is
not calculable it cannot use calculating in its operations, and if
it cannot operate by calculating it
cannot be a calculated reality. Hence VR theory is falsifiable as
one could disprove it by showing
some incomputable physics. If reality does something that
information processing cannot, then
the world cannot be virtual, which supports the objective reality
hypothesis. Yet while there are
many incomputable algorithms in mathematics, all known
physics seems to be computable.
The above three hypotheses also constitute a slippery slope, as
if one accepts that physical reality
is calculable then perhaps it is also calculating, and if it is
calculating, then perhaps it is also
28. The physical world as a virtual reality, Brian Whitworth
8
calculated, i.e. virtual. On the surface the calculating universe
hypothesis seems to give the best
of both worlds, combining an objective universe and
information processing, e.g. Deutsch says:
“The universe is not a program running somewhere else. It is a
universal computer, and there is
nothing outside it.” [25]
Yet if the physical world is a universal computer with nothing
outside it, what is its output? What
is the “output” for example of the solar system? While the brain
may input and output
information like a computer, most of the world does not [21].
Or if the physical world is the
computing output, what is doing the processing? That the
universe computes the universe creates
a recursive paradox [26]. For physical processing, occurring in
the physical world, to create that
same physical world is an entity creating itself, which is
illogical. A universe can no more output
itself than a computer can output itself. The physical universe
cannot be both a universal
computer and its output. If the physical world is produced by
information processing, as the
computations of modern physics imply, that processing cannot
occur in the physical world, i.e. it
must occur elsewhere. Under examination, the calculating
universe hypothesis collapses to the
29. calculated universe hypothesis, i.e. to VR theory, giving only
two viable theoretical alternatives –
objective reality and virtual reality.
Virtual reality requirements
If one were to create a VR that behaves like our world, what
would be the requirements? To
proceed, one must assume information processing constancy:
that information processing
operates the same way in all worlds, e.g. information processing
in our world involves discrete
input/output, calculable algorithmic processes, and finite
memory and processing, and so it is
assumed that virtual reality processing works the same way.
Other requirements include:
1. Finite processing allocations. That the processing that creates
a VR that behaves like our
world allocates it’s processing in finite amounts. Apart from the
fact that we have no concept
of what “infinite” processing means, finite processing allocation
suggests that every quanta of
matter, time, energy and space has a finite information capacity:
“…recent observations favor
cosmological models in which there are fundamental upper
bounds on both the information
content and information processing rate.” [27 ,p13] While the
processing power needed to
run a universe is enormous it is not inconceivable, e.g. Bostrom
argues that all human history
would require less than 1036 calculations to simulate, and a
planet sized computer could
provide 1042 operations per second [24].
2. Autonomy. Once started, a VR that behaves like our world
must run itself without further
30. information input. Most human computer simulations require
regular data input to run. In a
virtual world that behaves like ours, such external data input
would constitute a “miracle”,
and in our world miracles are at best rare. This VR simulation
must run itself without
miracles, i.e. without ongoing data input.
3. Consistent self-registration. A VR that behaves like our
world must “register” itself
consistently to internal “observers”. Most human computer
simulations output data to an
outside viewer, but we see our world from within. We register
“reality” when light from the
world interacts with our eyes, also in the same world. For a
virtual reality to “register itself”
as we do, internal interactions must be consistent with respect
to each local “observer”.
4. Calculability. A VR that behaves like our world must at all
times be calculable. A finite
processing source must ensure that no calculations tend to
infinity, e.g. the processing
demands of some many body calculations explode to
incalculability. Calculability requires a
simulation that is guaranteed to avoid such infinities.
The physical world as a virtual reality, Brian Whitworth
9
These major requirements constrain any VR model of our world.
A prima facie case is now
31. presented that such a model could help explain some of the
strange results of modern physics.
A prima facie case that the physical world is a virtual reality
One of the mysteries of our world is how every photon of light,
every electron and quark, and
indeed every point of space itself, seems to just “know” what to
do at each moment. The mystery
is that these tiniest parts of the universe have no mechanisms or
structures by which to make such
decisions. Yet if the world is a virtual reality, this problem
disappears. Other examples of how a
VR approach could illuminate current physics issues include:
1. Virtual reality creation. A virtual reality usually arises from
“nothing”, which matches how
the big bang theory proposes our universe did arise (see next
section).
2. Maximum processing rate. The maximum speed a pixel in a
virtual reality game can cross a
screen is limited by the processing capacity of the computer
running it. In general, a virtual
world’s maximum event rate is fixed by the allocated processing
capacity. In our world, the
fixed maximum that comes to mind is the speed of light. That
there is an absolute maximum
speed could reflect a maximum information processing rate (see
next section).
3. Digital processing. If a world is virtual, everything in it must
be digitized, and so discrete at
the lowest level. Plank’s discovery that light is quantized (as
photons) could then generalize
not only to charge, spin and matter, but also to space-time.
Discrete space-time avoids the
32. mathematical infinities of continuous space-time, as loop
quantum gravity theory argues [18].
4. Non-local effects. The processing that creates a virtual world
is not limited by the space of
that world, e.g. a CPU drawing a screen is no “further” from
any one part of the screen than
any other. All screen points are equidistant with respect to the
CPU, so VR processor effects
can ignore screen distance, i.e. be non-local. If our universe is a
three-dimensional “screen”
it’s processing is “equidistant” to all points in the universe, so
the non-local collapse of the
quantum wave function could be such an effect.
5. Processing load effects. On a distributed network, nodes with
a high local workload will slow
down, e.g. if a local server has many demands a video download
may play slower than usual.
Likewise a high matter concentration may constitute a high
processing demand, so a massive
body could slow down the information processing of space-
time, causing space to “curve”
and time to slow. Likewise, if faster movement requires more
processing, speeds near light
speed could affect space/time, causing time to “dilate” and
space to extend. Relativity effects
could then arise from local processing overloads.
6. Information conservation. If a system inputs no new
information after it starts, it must also
not lose the information it has or it will “run down”. Our
universe has not run down after an
inconceivable number of microscopic interactions over 14+
billion years, so if it is made of
information it must conserve it. If matter, energy, charge,
33. momentum and spin are all
information, all the conservation laws could reduce to one.
Einstein’s transformation of
matter into energy (e=mc2) would then be simply information
going from one form to
another. The only conservation law VR theory requires is that of
information conservation.
7. Algorithmic simplicity. If the world arises from finite
information processing, it is necessary
to keep frequent calculations simple. Indeed the core
mathematical laws that describe our
world are surprisingly simple: “The enormous usefulness of
mathematics in the natural
sciences is something bordering on the mysterious and there is
no rational explanation for
it.” [28] In VR theory physical laws are simple because they
must actually be calculated.
The physical world as a virtual reality, Brian Whitworth
10
8. Choice creation. Information arises from a choice between
options [29]. A mechanical or
predictable choice is not really a choice in this sense. Einstein
never accepted that quantum
events were truly random, i.e. no prior world events could
predict them. That a radioactive
atom decays by pure chance, whenever “it decides” was to him
unacceptable, as it was a
physical event not predicted by another physical event. He
argued that one day quantum
34. random effects would be predicted by as yet unknown “hidden
properties”. Yet if the source
of quantum randomness is the VR processor, which is outside
the physical world, this
predicts that no hidden variables will ever be found.
9. Complementary uncertainty. In Newtonian mechanics one can
know both the position and
momentum of objects, but for quantum objects Heisenberg’s
uncertainty principle means one
cannot know both at once. Knowing one property with 100%
certainty makes the other
entirely uncertain. This is not measurement “noise”, but a
property of reality, e.g. measuring
particle position displaces its momentum information, and vice-
versa. In a similar way virtual
reality “screens” are typically only calculated when they are
viewed, i.e. when an interaction
occurs [12]. If complementary object properties use the same
memory location, the object can
appear as having either position or momentum, but not both at
once.
10. Digital equivalence. Every digital symbol calculated by the
same program is identical to
every other, e.g. every “a” on this page identical to every other
one because all arise from the
same computer code. In computing terms, objects can be
“instances” of a general class.
Likewise every photon in the universe is exactly identical to
every other photon, as is every
electron, quark, etc. While the objects we see have individual
properties, quantum objects like
photons seem all pressed from identical moulds. VR theory
suggests that this is so because
each is created by the same digital calculation.
35. 11. Digital transitions. When one views a digital animation it
looks continuous, but in fact it is a
series of state transitions, e.g. a movie is a series of still frames
run together fast enough to
look like a continuous event. Yet if the projector is slowed
down, one sees a series of still
pictures. Quantum mechanics describes quantum interactions in
similar terms, as state
transitions. These transitions could explain quantum tunneling,
where an electron at A
suddenly appears at C without moving through the intervening
area B which is impenetrable
to it. While this is strange for an objective reality, in VR theory
all object movement would
be expected to be by state transitions.
Individually none of the above short points is convincing, but
taken together they constitute what
a court might call circumstantial evidence, favoring virtual
reality against objective reality. When
coincidences mount up, they present a plausibility argument if
not a proof. More powerful
evidence is provided by cases which a VR theory explains easily
but which OR approaches have
great difficulty with. Two such cases are now given in more
detail.
Where did the universe come from?
The traditional view of our universe was that as an objective
reality it “just is”, and so has always
existed. While its parts may transform, its total is in a “steady
state” that always was and always
will be. The alternative view is that the universe did not always
exist, but arose at some specific
point, which also created space and time. During the last
36. century these two theories have battled it
out for supremacy on the stage of science. Steady-state theory
proponents included respected
physicists, who thought that the idea that the entire universe
expanded from a single point was
highly unlikely to be true. However Hubble’s finding that all
the stars around us are red-shifted
suggested that the entire universe is indeed expanding at the
speed of light. Now an expanding
universe has to expand from somewhere, so scientists could run
the expansion backwards to a
source, a “big bang” that began our universe about 15 billion
years ago. The discovery of cosmic
The physical world as a virtual reality, Brian Whitworth
11
background radiation, left over from the big bang, has largely
confirmed the theory today in the
minds of most physicists.
Big bang theory sidesteps questions like: “What existed before
the big bang?” by answering:
“There was no time or space before the big bang”, but if time
and space suddenly “appeared” for
no apparent reason at the big bang, could they not equally
suddenly disappear tomorrow? Big
bang theory implies a dependent universe, so what is it
dependent upon is a valid question even
without time and space. If nothing in our universe is created
from nothing, how can an entire
universe come from nothing? That our universe arose from
37. nothing is not just incredible, it is
inconceivable. One can state the problems simply:
1. What caused the big bang?
2. What caused space to start?
3. What caused time to start?
4. How can a big bang arise when there is no time or space?
5. How can space be caused if there is no “there” for a cause to
exist within?
6. How can time be started if there is no time flow for the
starting to occur within?
The big bang contradicts any theory that assumes the universe is
objectively real and complete in
itself. How can an objective reality, existing in and of itself, be
created out of nothing? The
failure of the steady state theory of the universe removes a
cornerstone of support for the
objective reality hypothesis. In contrast virtual reality theory
fits well with a big bang. No virtual
reality can have existed forever, since it needs a processor to
start it up. All virtual realities “start
up” at a specific moment of time, typically with a sudden influx
of information. Every time one
starts a computer game or boots up a computer, such a “big
bang” occurs. From the perspective of
the virtual world itself, its creation is always from “nothing”, as
before the virtual world startup
there was indeed no time or space as defined by that world.
There was nothing relative to that
world because the world itself did not exist. It is a hallmark of
38. virtual realities that they must
come into existence at a specific event in their space and time,
which also initiates their space-
time fabric. Note that in a virtual world there is no logical
reason why all initiating information
cannot initially “point” to a single arbitrary location, i.e. no
reason why an entire universe cannot
exist at a single point. In VR theory the big bang was simply
when our universe was “booted up”.
The big bang is an accepted aspect of modern physics that VR
theory accommodates but OR
theory does not. It illustrates that VR/OR arguments can be
resolved by appeal to experimental
data from this world. Just as the steady state versus big bang
theories were resolved by research,
so can the more general virtual vs. objective theoretical contrast
be resolved. To decide if the
world is objective or virtual we simply need to consider what
data from the world is telling us.
Why does our universe have a maximum speed?
The author’s interest in this subject began with a simple
question: “Why does our universe have a
maximum speed?” Einstein deduced that nothing travels faster
than light from the way the world
works, but this did not explain why the world had to be that
way. Why cannot an object’s speed
simply keep increasing? Why must there be a maximum speed at
all? If light is like a classical
wave, its speed should depend upon the elasticity and inertia of
the medium it travels through. If
light travels through the medium of empty space, its speed
should depend upon the elasticity and
inertia of space. However how can empty space have properties?
Once space was considered a
39. luminiferous “ether”, through which objects move as a fish
swims through water. However such a
space would give a fixed frame of reference to movement, and
in 1887 Michelson and Morley
The physical world as a virtual reality, Brian Whitworth
12
showed that space didn’t work that way. When Einstein deduced
that the speed of light was the
real absolute, this discredited the spatial “ether” idea.
However this left a problem, namely that empty space (the
medium that transmits light) was
“nothing”. Mathematical properties of empty space, like length,
breadth and depth, give no basis
for elasticity or inertia. How can the properties of a “nothing”
vacuum imply a maximum speed?
To say the speed of light defines the elasticity of space argues
backwards, that an outcome
determines a cause. The nature of space should define the rate
of transmission through it. The
speed of light should conclude the argument, not begin it. Yet if
“empty space” is devoid of
object properties, how can it be a “medium” that not only
transmits light but also limits its speed?
This paradox, like many others, arises from assuming that there
is an objective reality. If one
assumes objects exist in and of themselves one must also
assume a context for them to exist
within. The ether’s proponents assumed space (the context) was
40. an “object” like the objects it
contained, as both fish and water are physical objects. Einstein
showed that space, which contains
objects, cannot also itself be an object, else it would exist in
itself, which is impossible. Yet
Einstein replaced space and time by an equally absolute space-
time concept:
“…absolute space-time is as absolute for special relativity as
absolute space and absolute time
were for Newton …” [7, p51]
Einstein replaced the old object context (space/time) with a new
context (space-time), but it was
still a context. Like Newton, he believed that objects exist of
themselves, which is what put him at
odds with quantum theory’s non-local equations. Any theory
that assumes objects exist
independently must also assume a reality context for them to
exist within. Such an assumed
context, whether space or space-time, cannot have properties
like the objects it contains. Yet the
speed of light limit suggests that space as a medium of
transmission does have properties. String
theory has the same problem, as strings are assumed to exist in
a space-time context. In contrast
virtual reality theory assumes nothing except that everything is
information. While objective
reality must assume space, time, or both, virtual reality theory
does not.
Information, as a universal constituent, avoids the problem that
a substance cannot exist within
itself because information processing can “stack”, i.e.
processing can create processing. That VR
objects arise from information processing does not conflict with
41. space itself arising the same way.
That a virtual space is empty of “objects” then need not make it
empty of structure, just as an idle
computer network still has protocols and connections to
maintain. Space as a virtual processing
network supports the modern view that empty space is not
“empty”. It also allows a maximum
network processing rate property. The Lorentz transformations
suggest the maximum rate objects
can move through space-time is a trade off between space and
time, so for a photon moving at the
maximum speed of light the rate of change of time is zero, i.e.
time stands still. If both space and
time arise from a fixed information processing allocation, that
the sum total of space and time
processing adds up to the local processing available is
reasonable. That our universe has
maximum change rates is a fact of physics VR theory explains
well but objective reality cannot.
Evaluating virtual reality theory
Possible responses to this prima facie case for the world as a
virtual reality include:
1. Spurious. One can satisfy the requirements of any world by
appropriate assumptions, so a VR
model can always be found to match our world. This response is
less likely if the model’s
assumptions are few and reasonable.
2. Coincidence. The matches between VR theory and modern
physics are fortunate
coincidences. This response is less likely if the matches found
are many and detailed.
42. The physical world as a virtual reality, Brian Whitworth
13
3. Useful. Seeing the world in information processing terms
may open up new perspectives in
physics. This response is more likely if VR theory explains
many things.
4. Veridical. Our world is in all likelihood a virtual reality. This
option is more likely if VR
theory explains what other theories cannot.
While it the reader can decide their own response, it is
suggested that virtual reality theory is a
logical option that deserves consideration alongside physic’s
other strange theories. That the
essence of the universe is information may not be correct, but it
is a useful approach to some of
the perennial issues of physics. Can science evaluate if a world
is a virtual reality from within it?
Suppose one day that the computer code that creates “The
Sims”, a virtual online world, became
so complex that some Sims within the simulation began to
“think”. Could they deduce that their
world was a virtual world, or at least that it was likely to be so?
If simulated beings in a simulated
world acquired thought, like us, would they see their world as
we see ours now? A virtual entity
could not perceive the processing that creates its world, but it
could conceive it, as we do now.
They could compare how a virtual reality would behave with
how their world actually behaved.
They could not “know”, but they could deduce a likelihood,
43. which is all our science does anyway.
Science warns against selecting data to support a theory. It
requires unbiased data, not data
selected by the researcher (to fit their case). It is not enough to
find that selected computer
programs, like cellular automata, mimic selected world
properties [13], as the researcher can then
choose what is to be explained. There is no need for “a new
kind of science” if the old kind still
works, i.e. one must not select the parts of reality one’s VR
theory explains. One way to avoid
this trap is to derive the core of physics from first principles,
i.e. begin with the properties of
computing and derive properties like space, time, light, energy,
electrons, quarks and movement.
This would explain not just selected world events but its
operational core. This approach, to
assume VR theory is true then “follow the logic” until it fails,
has so far been surprisingly
successful, as a following paper will show. If the world is not a
virtual reality, assuming it is so
should soon generate outcomes inconsistent with observations,
but if the world is indeed a virtual
reality, it should consistently explain facts that objective reality
theories cannot. Ultimately, the
success or failure of the VR model depends upon how well it
explains our world.
Discussion
Almost a century ago Bertrand Russell dismissed the idea that
life is a dream using Occam’s
razor (that a simpler theory is always preferred):
"There is no logical impossibility in the supposition that the
whole of life is a dream, in which we
44. ourselves create all the objects that come before us. But
although this is not logically impossible,
there is no reason whatever to suppose that it is true; and it is,
in fact, a less simple hypothesis,
viewed as a means of accounting for the facts of our own life,
than the common-sense hypothesis
that there really are objects independent of us, whose action on
us causes our sensations." [30]
However in VR theory objects could be independent of us but
still not objectively real. It suggests
that all physical entities, all events acting upon them, and the
context of space-time itself, arise
from information processing. That information is the basic
underlying “stuff” of the universe is
today not so easily dismissed. Given the big bang, what is
simpler, that an objective universe was
created out of nothing, or that a virtual reality was booted up?
Given the speed of light is a
universal maximum, what is simpler, that it depends on the
properties of featureless space, or that
represents a maximum network processing rate? Similar
questions can be asked for each of the
points summarized in Table 1. Modern physics increasingly
suggests that virtual reality is a
simpler theory, i.e. that Occam’s razor now favors virtual
reality over objective reality.
The physical world as a virtual reality, Brian Whitworth
14
VR theory does not change the mathematics of physics, but it
45. drastically changes its meaning, as
if the universe is virtual then so are we. This reduces us to
pixilated avatars in a digital world,
which hardly flatters the human ego, but then again, science has
done this before:
“Since our earliest ancestors admired the stars, our human egos
have suffered a series of blows.”
[14]
Copernicus first discovered that the Earth is not the center of
the universe, and we now know that
our tiny planet circles a mediocre star two-thirds of the way out
of a million, million star galaxy,
itself within a million, million galaxy universe. Darwin
discovered that we are not the center of
things biologically either, since over 99.9% of every species
that ever lived are now extinct. Even
the matter we are made of is only about 4% of the universe,
with the rest being dark matter (23%)
and dark energy (73%) [5, p246]. Freud found that the sub-
conscious has more impact than the
conscious, and neuroscientists find the brain “split” at the
highest (cortical) level [31], suggesting
our unitary “self” is also an illusion [32]. Science may be
preparing further disillusionments in
areas like dreams, genetics and consciousness. The trend is
clear: science finds us to actually be
less than we imagine, and we imagine ourselves to actually be
more than science finds we are.
Would one more ego blow, say that our reality didn’t exist
objectively at all, be a surprise?
For a century physicists have tried unsuccessfully to interpret
quantum and relativity theories with
traditional objective reality concepts. Quantum experiments on
46. Bell’s theorem flatly contradict
both the locality and reality assumptions of physical realism
[17]. It is time to try something new.
Yet even physicists who call for radical new views of reality
balk at the idea of virtual reality.
Modern physics implies a calculated world, but that such a
world is the case seems to offend. Yet
that we cannot imagine something is so, or that we would wish
it were not so, are not reasons for
it to actually be not so. Ultimately, whether our world is virtual
or real is not our choice, as we
must accept our reality whatever form it takes.
Theoretical physics is currently in a conundrum. On the one
hand, mathematical speculations
about unknowable dimensions, branes and strings seem
increasingly pointless and untestable [33].
On the other hand, objective realism seems to face paradoxes it
can never, ever, solve. This paper
applies computer knowledge to physics, and proposes virtual
reality theory as a real hypothesis
about the knowable world. This approach could open up new
ideas, as virtual objects need no
inherent properties or locations beyond those embodied in the
calculations that create them. A
virtual reality theory could reconcile the contradiction between
relativity and quantum theory, as
the former could be how information processing creates space-
time, and the latter how it creates
energy, matter and charge. It could also solve the quantum
measurement problem, as if our reality
is in effect a processing interface, an observer viewing an object
could indeed create it. Similarly
in an online virtual world the entire world is not calculated
onscreen at once. The computer, for
practical reasons, only calculates what the viewer chooses to
47. view after they choose to view it, i.e.
screen calculations are as required. If what we call reality is a
multi-dimensional space-time
interface, it would likewise be expected to be calculated only on
demand. The virtual reality
viewer would then be no more aware of this than a virtual game
player is, as everywhere they
looked the world would “exist”. Our reality could indeed be
only calculated when we “measure”
it. However there is a twist, as if our world is a virtual reality,
we are viewing it from within not
without. In a computer game, the player exists outside the
screen interface. However in the case
of our world, we are viewing it from within. This makes this
world a recursive interface, that both
sends to and receives from itself. If so, it is like no other
information interface that we know.
The physical world as a virtual reality, Brian Whitworth
15
Table 1. Virtual properties and physical outcomes
Virtual Property Physical Outcome
Virtual reality creation. Virtual worlds must
begin with an information influx from
“nothing”, that also begins VR time/ space.
The big bang. The universe was created out of
nothing by a “big bang” in a single event that also
48. created time and space.
Digital processing. All events/objects that
arise from digital processing must have a
minimum quantity or quanta.
Quantum minima. Light is quantized as photons.
Matter, energy, time, and space may be the same,
i.e. have a minimum amount.
Maximum processing rate. Events in a VR
world must have a maximum rate, limited by
a finite processor.
Light speed. The speed of light is a fixed
maximum for our universe, and nothing in our
space-time can move faster.
Non-local effects. A computer processor is
equidistance to all screen “pixels”, so its
effects can be “non-local” with respect to its
screen.
Wave function collapse. The quantum wave
function collapse is non-local - entangled photons
on opposite sides of the universe may instantly
conform to its requirements.
Processing load effects. If a virtual
processing network is overloaded, its
processing outputs must be reduced.
Matter and speed effects. Space curves near a
massive body and time dilates at high speeds.
Information conservation. If a stable VR is
49. not to gain or lose information it must
conserve it.
Physical conservation. Physical existence
properties like matter, energy, charge, spin etc are
either conserved or equivalently transform.
Algorithmic simplicity. Calculations repeated
at every point of a huge VR universe must be
simple and easily calculated.
Physical law simplicity. Core physical processes
are describable by relatively simple mathematical
formulae, e.g. gravity.
Choice creation. A random number function
in the VR processor could provide the
choices needed to create information.
Quantum randomness. The quantum “dice throw”
is to the best of our knowledge truly random, and
unpredictable by any world event.
Complementary uncertainty. Calculating one
property of a self-registering interface may
displace complementary data.
Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle. One cannot
know both a quantum object’s position and
momentum, as knowing either makes the other
unknown.
Digital equivalence. Every digital object
created by the same code is identical.
Quantum equivalence. All quantum objects, like
50. photons or electrons, are identical to each other.
Digital transitions. Digital processes
simulate event continuity as a series of state
transitions, like the frames of a film.
Quantum transitions. Quantum mechanics
suggests that reality is a series of state transitions
at the quantum level.
The physical world as a virtual reality, Brian Whitworth
16
Acknowledgements
Thanks to Professor Onofrio L. Russo, NJIT, for first arousing
my interest in this subject, and to
Professor Ken Hawick, Massey University, for listening to my
ramblings.
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