Orchid

1. SRI KONDA LAXMAN TELANGANA STATE
HORTICULTURE UNIVERSITY
COLLEGE OF HORTICULTURE- MOJERLA
CREDIT SEMINAR
PRESENTED BY:
A.MONIKA SRI NAGINI
MHM/21-01
DEPARTMENT OF
FLORICULTURE AND
LANDSCAPING

2. TOPIC:
Role of Light Quality and Duration
on Flowering of Orchids
College
of
Horticulture,
SKLTSHU,
Mojerla.

3. Introduction
❖ Orchids are one of the most beautiful and fascinating flower of God’s creation.
❖ Orchids belongs to one of the largest family of flowering plants ‘Orchidaceae’
❖ The flowers of orchids are extremely unique with an outer whorl of three sepals, an
inner whorl of three petals and a single large column called gynostemium in the
center, composed of the male stamens attached to the female pistil.
1
r
College
of
Horticulture,
SKLTSHU,
Mojerla.

4. Global Orchid Trade
֍Thailand is the largest world exporter of tropical orchids and China is the largest
consumer of the orchid cut flowers(7,493 tonnes from Thailand) followed by
Japan, USA, Italy, India Taiwan, Vietnam and the Netherlands.
Cut Orchid
Orchid genera Value shared(%)
Dendrobium 94.73
Mokara 3.69
Aranthera 0.52
Aranda 0.48
Oncidium 0.44
Vanda 0.13
Arachnis 0.01
Ascocenda 0.01
Source: NHB, (2015-2016)
2
College
of
Horticulture,
SKLTSHU,
Mojerla.

5. Important Genera of Orchids
♠ Cattleya
♠ Coelogyne
♠ Cymbidium
♠ Dendrobium
♠ Epidendrum
♠ Habenaria
♠ Laelia
♠ Lycaste
♠ Masdevallia
♠ Miltonia
♠ Odontoglossum
♠ Oncidium
3
College
of
Horticulture,
SKLTSHU,
Mojerla.

6. Orchids Suitable for Commercial
Cultivation
Orchid genera Varieties
Dendrobiums Sonia White, Sonia 17, Dark Purple, Drilon Pink, Genting Blue, Asahi Pink, Sakura Pink,
Burana Green, Burana Jade
Oncidiums Onc. Gower Ramsey Yellow, Onc. Golden Shower, Onc. Taka Yellow, Onc. Sharon Baby
Mokaras Mk Chark Kuan- pink, orange, red, Mk New Nora blue
Arandas Islander yellow, Christine, Christine alba
Vandas Miss Joaquim, Rothschildiana
Arachnis Maggie Oei
Arantheras James Storei, Anne Black
4
SOME POPULAR GENERAAND VARIETIES:
College
of
Horticulture,
SKLTSHU,
Mojerla.

7. Orchids Wealth of India
֍Orchids form 9% of our flora and are the largest family among higher plants in
India.
֍India is blessed with a wealth of orchid flora, and about 1300 species are
estimated to occur in the country (Arora, 1983)
֍The following is the distribution of orchids species in different regions of India
֍North-Western Himalayas-800 species
֍North-Eastern India- 200 species
֍Western Ghats- 300 species
5
College
of
Horticulture,
SKLTSHU,
Mojerla.

8. Classification Of Orchids
6

9. Warm Climate Orchids
Phalaenopsis Dendrobium Cattleya Aranda
Vanda Ascocenda Arachnis Mokara
7
College
of
Horticulture,
SKLTSHU,
Mojerla.

10. Cool Climate Orchids
Zygopatalum Laelia
Cymbidium Odontoglossum alliance Calanthe
Masdevallia Coelogyne
Calanthe
8
College
of
Horticulture,
SKLTSHU,
Mojerla.

11. Mode of Propagation
• Can be propagated by both seeds and vegetative means
9
College
of
Horticulture,
SKLTSHU,
Mojerla.

12. Cultivation
♦ Orchidarium: Orchid can not survive under direct sunlight with high intensity. They
require free air circulation and 40-100% relative humidity around.
♦ Orientation: North to south
♦ Ideal Height : 12 feet
♦ Netlon agro-shade of 30 % shade in case of temperate (Cymbidium, Paphiopedilum)
orchids and 50% shade net for tropical orchids (like Dendrobiums, Cattleya, Vanda,
Phalaenopsis etc.) is to be provided.
10
College
of
Horticulture,
SKLTSHU,
Mojerla.

13. Contd.
♦ Containers: Clay pots, wooden or galvanized wire baskets, tree fern blocks, logs of
wood, etc.
♦ Clay pots should consist of several cuts and holes to facilitate adequate aeration and
proper drainage
♦ Potting Media: The type of medium will vary according to the habit of the orchids.
♦ Epiphytic orchids: Wet Osmunda fibre or combination with moss, bark chips, by
products of timber industry and charcoal, with coconut husks, fern fibre and brick
pieces are suitable.
♦ Terrestrial orchids: Mixture of two parts of leaf mould, one part each garden soil and
coarse river sand are suitable.
11
College
of
Horticulture,
SKLTSHU,
Mojerla.

14. .
DIFFERENT TYPES OF
ORCHID HOUSES
12
College
of
Horticulture,
SKLTSHU,
Mojerla.

15. .
Orchid House at NRC Orchids, Sikkim
13
College
of
Horticulture,
SKLTSHU,
Mojerla.

16. Environmental Factors
• Cultivation practices are almost similar for most of the orchid species but
requirements for temperature, humidity, light etc. differs.
1.Temperature:
Types Night Temperature Day Temperature Orchid species
Warm orchids Not below 18 C
⁰ Not below 25 C
⁰
Dendrobium, Aranda,
Mokara, Arachnis, Vanda
and Phalaenopsis hybrids
Intermediate orchids Not below 15 C
⁰ Not beyond 30 C
⁰
Cattleya, Oncidium,
Paphiopedilum, few
Dendrobium species
Cool orchids Cool Between 10-12 C
⁰
Cymbidium,
Odontoglossum, Calanthe
14
College
of
Horticulture,
SKLTSHU,
Mojerla.

17. Contd.
2. Humidity:
❖ During day time humidity should be around 75-80%, while during night it is 30-
40%.
❖ Sympodials require less humidity 40-50%, while monopodials require high
humidity70- 80%.
3. Light:
❖ Optimum light requirement varies in different genera and it ranges between 1500-
3600 foot candles.
15
College
of
Horticulture,
SKLTSHU,
Mojerla.

18. Light spectrum
❑ Light is vital to a plant's growth and survival. Flowering plants use the full spectrum
of visible light, but some wavelengths are more important than others. The right light
spectrum, light intensity and light duration all work together to trigger plant
flowering, growth and reproduction
16
College
of
Horticulture,
SKLTSHU,
Mojerla.

19. Light Quality
Light quality, also called spectral composition and spectral energy distribution
(SED), refers to the composition of light as to wavelengths that are effective in
photosynthesis and other plant growth and development processes.
17
College
of
Horticulture,
SKLTSHU,
Mojerla.

20. Photosynthetically Active Radiation
(PAR)
18
College
of
Horticulture,
SKLTSHU,
Mojerla.
⮚Photosynthetically Active Radiation (PAR) is the amount of light available
for photosynthesis, which is light in the 400 to 700 nm wavelength range.
⮚PAR values range from 0 to 3,000 millimoles m-2
. At night, PAR is zero. During
mid-day in the summer, PAR often reaches 2,000 to 3,000 millimoles m-2
.

21. 19
College
of
Horticulture,
SKLTSHU,
Mojerla.

22. Light Duration
⮚ The duration of light in a 24-hour period is known as the daylength or photoperiod.
Photoperiod changes throughout the year, and the magnitude of the change depends on
the latitude.
⮚ Photoperiod is one of the few consistent environmental parameters and some plants use
the change in photoperiod as a signal to induce flowering at a favourable time of the
year.
⮚ Some orchids also flower in response to short days like species and hybrids of Cattleya,
Dendrobium and Phalaenopsis.
⮚ The photoperiod can more easily be extended by providing artificial lighting.
20
College
of
Horticulture,
SKLTSHU,
Mojerla.

23. EFFECT OF LIGHTING ON DIFFERENT ORCHIDS 21
College
of
Horticulture,
SKLTSHU,
Mojerla.

24. Phalaenopsis
• Phalaenopsis are popular for exquisite beauty, attractive size and shape and long
lasting quality of flowers.
• Warm type orchid.
• Native to Asia, Philippines and Indonesia.
• Commonly known as ‘moth orchids’.
• Temperature Requirement: 18-21⁰
C
• Relative Humidity: 60-80%
• Light Intensity: 1000-1500 ft. candles.
• Potting Media: Tree fern, osmunda and charcoal.
22
College
of
Horticulture,
SKLTSHU,
Mojerla.

25. Study 1: Light requirement for Phalaenopsis orchid during spike
induction.
Wang YT, 1995
֍Cultivar: ‘Joseph Hampton’
֍Temperature: Four growth chambers were maintained at spike-inducing
temperatures (20 ⁰
C day/15⁰
C night).
23
College
of
Horticulture,
SKLTSHU,
Mojerla.

26. Table 1: Effect of various levels of photosynthetic photon flux (PPF)
during 6 weeks of 20 ⁰
C day/15⁰
C night cycles on spiking of the
Phalaenopsis orchid.
PPF
(µmol m–2
s–1
)
Days to spiking Days to anthesis
Days from
spiking to
anthesis
Flower Count Leaf drop
160 28 b 156 b 128 a 10.4 a 0.2 b
60 34 b 167 b 134 a 14.0 a 0.2 b
8 88 a 211 a 123 a 10.8 a 0.4 b
0 95 a 216 a 123 a 11.1 a 1.3 a
Natural 89 a 213 a 124 a 10.0 a 0 b
Wang YT, 1995
Results
֍Plants under 160 or 60 µmol m–2
s–1
PPF spiked in approximate one month and
spiking was absent on plants placed under 8 µmol m–2
s–1
PPF during one month.
24
College
of
Horticulture,
SKLTSHU,
Mojerla.

27. Study 2: Effects of light intensity on flowering of Phalaenopsis hybrids
in Mediterranean greenhouses
֍ Cultivar: Phalaenopsis ‘Premium’
֍ Light Source: Two
• (i) The reference light ( ref), obtained by shading the canopy at the PPFD threshold
𝐿
of 200 µmol m–2
s–1
• (ii) Supplemental lighting( sup), provided by 400W HPS lamps, placed at 120 cm
𝐿
from the bench, to obtain a constant additional PPFD to the reference light of 150
µmol m–2
s–1
, at the plant level.
֍Duration: Lighting treatment lasted 6 hours per day (3 hours in the morning and 3
hours in the afternoon), within the natural day length of the period.
25
College
of
Horticulture,
SKLTSHU,
Mojerla.
Paradiso and Pascale, 2014

28. Table 1: Effects of the different treatments during the phase of flower
induction on the main flower stem characteristics in Phalaenopsis hybrids.
(0 blue:200 red) (20 blue:180 red) (40 blue:160 red) (80 blue:120 red)
26
College
of
Horticulture,
SKLTSHU,
Mojerla.
(Effects of light
intensity)
Stem length
(cm)
Stalk diameter
(mm)
Inflorescence
length
(cm)
Number of flowers
( /stem)
𝑛
𝐿ref 58.1 5.98 21.5 7.9
𝐿sup 61.8 5.96 22.5 8.6
Results
֍Flowering of Phalaenopsis ‘Premium’ was positively influenced by supplemental
lighting during the inductive phase.

29. Study 3: Effects of light quality on flower initiation in Phalaenopsis
֍Cultivar: ‘Otohine/taisuco fire bird’.
֍Greenhouse conditions: Temperature and humidity: 26˚C and 80%
֍Light quality treatment: 8/16 (light/ dark) per photoperiod.
֍Each bottle that contains 10 to 15 Phalaenopsis seedlings was placed in a
growth chamber with distance of 20 cm x 10 cm (column x row). The
bottle was subjected to light quality which consists of four different colors
of LED lamps namely red, blue, red and blue (1: 1), “white” and natural
light as control with the duration was for either 2 or 4 weeks. The distance
of light source to the bottles was 30 cm, and the plantlets received a 8/16
(light/dark) photoperiod
Dewi et al., 2014
27
College
of
Horticulture,
SKLTSHU,
Mojerla.

30. Phalaenopsis seedlings after grown in various light quality
Results
֍Blue or white light LEDs can act as trigger for flowering.
֍Expression of FT- like gene in the flower bud and stalk shows that this gene involves in
flower regulation of Phalaenopsis.
Dewi et al., 2014
28
College
of
Horticulture,
SKLTSHU,
Mojerla.

31. Magar et al., 2019
֍Species used: Phalaenopsis amabilis and Phalaenopsis Sogo Yukidian
֍Light Source: (LEDs) Warm white LED (WW-LED; 2700 K) and a cool white
LED (CW-LED; 5000 K).
Study 4: Effects of light quality during supplemental lighting on
Phalaenopsis flowering.
29
College
of
Horticulture,
SKLTSHU,
Mojerla.

32. Light Source
(Colour Temperature)
Flowering
(%)
No. of Scapes plant-1 Scape Length
(cm)
No. of Florets plant-1
Control (no supplement)
100 1.75b 19.6a 3.3b
Cool white LED (5,000
K)
100 3.33a 18.9a 12.0a
Warm white LED (2,700
K)
100 3.67a 19.5a 11.7a
Table 1: Effects of the light source for supplemental lighting (SL) on
Phalaenopsis amabilis flowering (Data were recorded 2 months after
the start of SL).
Magar et al., 2019
30
College
of
Horticulture,
SKLTSHU,
Mojerla.

33. Table 2: Effects of the light source for supplemental lighting (SL)
on the flowering in Phalaenopsis ‘Sogo Yukidian V3’ (Data were
recorded 4 months after the start of SL)
Light source
(colour
temperature)
Flowering
(%)
No. of florets per scape Diameter of
florets
(cm)
Opened Flower bud Total
Control (no
supplement)
0 0.0c 6.6a 6.6c 11.3b
Cool white
LED (5,000 K)
60 3.0b 4.6b 7.6b 13.3a
Warm white
LED (2,700 K)
100 9.0a 0.0c 9.0a 13.6a
Magar et al., 2019
31
College
of
Horticulture,
SKLTSHU,
Mojerla.

34. Figure. Flowering in the practical greenhouse at 3 months after the start
of supplemental lighting
Results
֍Warm white LED (WW-LED; 2700 K) was more effective in producing high-quality
potted flowering plants.
32
College
of
Horticulture,
SKLTSHU,
Mojerla.

35. Dendrobium
֍This is the second largest genus in the entire Orchidaceae and very popular throughout
the world, for the magnificent flowers of great delicacy and beauty.
֍Native to Western Pacific basin.
֍Temperature Requirement: 10-21⁰
C
֍Relative Humidity: 40-70%
֍Light Intensity: 2400-3600 foot candles.
֍Potting Media: Most common potting mixture consists of charcoal,
broken pieces of bricks and tiles, coconut husk and fibre.
֍Propagation: Division of clumps keikis, back bulbs and tissue culture plants.
33
College
of
Horticulture,
SKLTSHU,
Mojerla.

36. Study 5: Effect of light intensity during vernalization on flowering of
hybrid Dendrobium nobile cultivar
˚
֍Cultivar: Love Memory ‘Fizz’
֍Greenhouse conditions: Temperature ranging from 20 to 25⁰
C and a mean
photosynthetic daily light integral (DLI) of 9.6 mol m–2
d–1
.
֍The automatic thermal screen system was set to be pulled as needed to control the
light levels and prevent severe temperature increase in the greenhouse
Lin M and Starman T W. 2014
34
College
of
Horticulture,
SKLTSHU,
Mojerla.

37. Light intensity
(µmol m–2
s–1
)
Time to
flowering from
the end of
cooling
(d)
Time to full
flowering
(d)
Flowering node
percentage
(%)
Total
flower
number
Flower
diameter
(cm)
Flower
longevity
(d)
0 (darkness) 52.5 a 15.3 a 38.8 b 15.6 b 7.6 a 41.8 b
50 45.5 b 5.5 b 61.8 a 27.4 a 6.9 b
50.1 a
100 45.6 b 6.0 b 65.8 a 32.5 a 6.4 c
52.0 a
200 43.8 b 5.8 b 71.5 a 31.1 a 6.4 c
50.9 a
Table 1: Effect of light intensity during vernalization on time to flowering from the
end of cooling of Dendrobium Love Memory ‘Fizz’
Lin and Starman, 2014
35
College
of
Horticulture,
SKLTSHU,
Mojerla.

38. Results
֍Study shows that various light intensities, excluded darkness does not substantially
affect flowering time and most of the flower quality attributes of these Dendrobium
nobile cultivar.
36
College
of
Horticulture,
SKLTSHU,
Mojerla.

39. Cymbidium
֍Cymbidium produces commercially important colourful flowers
of spectacular appearance.
֍Native to Asia and Philippines.
֍Temperature Requirement: 10-21⁰
C
֍Relative Humidity: 40-70%
֍Light Intensity: 8000 foot candles for vegetative growth and
can be decreased up to 3000 foot candles.
Potting Media: Equal parts of red wood fir, peat and perlite mixture.
37
College
of
Horticulture,
SKLTSHU,
Mojerla.

40. Study 6: Photosynthetic changes in Cymbidium orchids grown under
different intensities of night interruption lighting
Kim et al., 2015
֍Cultivars: ‘Red Fire’ and ‘Yokihi’.
֍Greenhouse Environment: Average day/night temperature in the greenhouse
were 27/22 and 28/24 ⁰
C in summer and 21/12 and 22/13 ⁰
C in winter for the first
year (2009) and the second year (2010) of the experiment respectively.
֍Light Source: High Pressure Sodium (HPS) Lamps.
֍Average PPF during the day time inside the greenhouse in the first and second
years of the experiments were 563 and 500 µmol m–2
s–1
, respectively in summer
and 229 and 215 µmol m–2
s–1
, respectively, in winter.
38
College
of
Horticulture,
SKLTSHU,
Mojerla.

41. Cultivar NIa Fv/Fm ˚PSII ETR
‘Red Fire’
Control 0.73 abb 0.19 c 21.0 bc
LNI 0.73 ab 0.17 c 19.0 c
HNI 0.66 b 0.16 bc 17.3 bc
‘Yokihi’
Control 0.74 a 0.37 a 43.0 a
LNI 0.73 ab 0.41 a 39.3 a
HNI 0.74 a 0.29 ab 27.3 ab
Table 1: Maximum quantum yields (Fv/Fm), actual quantum yields (˚PSII) and electron
transport rates (ETR) measured during midday on week 48 after transplanting in
Cymbidium ‘Red Fire’ and ‘Yokihi’ grown under control or night-interruption (NI)
lighting at 3–7 (LNI) or 120µmolm–2
s–1
(HNI) photosynthetic photon flux
Kim et al., 2015
Results
Cymbidium ‘Red Fire’ and ‘Yokihi’ orchids photosynthesized under NI lighting at a low
intensity of at 3–7 µmol m–2
s–1
PPF.
39
College
of
Horticulture,
SKLTSHU,
Mojerla.

42. Study7: Night interruption and night temperature regulate flower
characteristics in Cymbidium
֍Experiment no.1 (NI Treatment)
֍Cultivar: Cymbidium ‘Red Fire’ and ‘Yokihi’
֍Location: The experiments were performed in a commercial greenhouse (Sang-Il
Orchid Farm) in Hwasung, Republic of Korea
֍Light Source : High-pressure sodium lamps from 22:00 to 02:00 HR for 16 weeks
֍Experiment no.2(Temperature Treatment)
֍Cultivar: Cymbidium ‘Red Fire’
֍Night temperature: set points of 6, 9, 12, or 15⁰
C for 16 h (18:00 to 09:00 HR)
֍Photoperiod: A 9 h (09:00 to 18:00 HR) with a temperature of 25⁰
C was maintained
within the chamber for the day condition
֍Relative humidity: 80%
Kim et al., 2012
40
College
of
Horticulture,
SKLTSHU,
Mojerla.

43. Table 1: Effect of night interruption (NI) during the finishing stage on
flowering percentage, numbers of days to visible buds and the first open flower,
numbers of visible buds and open flowers, and inflorescence length at the first
open flower of Cymbidium ‘Red Fire’ and ‘Yokihi’.
Cultivar NIz
Days to
visible buds
No. of
visible buds
Days to
first open
flower
No. of
flowers
y
Inflorescenc
e length (cm)
Percent
flowering
‘Red Fire’
Control 45.2 a x 40.3 ab -w - 72.6 a 13.8
LNI 38.0 ab 49.0 ab 67.3 b 35.5 ab 81.6 a 100
HNI 28.0 b 36.7 b 71.5 b 31.2 b 82.1 a 100
‘Yokihi’
Control 40.7 a 53.7 ab 85.3 a 7.3 c 75.8 a 41.5
LNI 40.0 a 61.5 a 65.7 b 49.0 a 79.4 a 100
HNI 28.0 b 56.3 ab 71.5 b 31.2 b 80.5 a 100
41
College
of
Horticulture,
SKLTSHU,
Mojerla.

44. Table 2: Effects of night temperature on the numbers of days to visible buds and the first open flower,
numbers of visible buds and open flowers, inflorescence length, and flowering percentage at the first open
flower in Cymbidium ‘Red Fire’.
Night
temperature
(⁰
C)
Days to
visible buds
No. of visible
buds
Days to first
open flower
No. of flowers
Inflorescence
length
(cm)
Percent
flowering
6 39.0 ay 51.3 a 109.2 a 4.0 b 80.3 a 67
9 32.5 b 41.0 a 93.2 ab 33.5 a 78.5 a 100
12 33.8 ab 54.7 a 94.8 ab 36.8 a 78.4 a 100
15 31.5 b 44.3 a 88.8 b 37.0 a 78.3 a 100
Results
֍The number of flowers per plant in Cymbidium ‘Red Fire’ was the lowest at 6⁰
C.
Cymbidium ‘Red Fire’ flowered under a wider range of night temperatures, but the
plants flowered earliest when exposed to 15⁰
C.
42
College
of
Horticulture,
SKLTSHU,
Mojerla.

45. Paphiopedilum
֍Paphiopedilum has a lurid beauty with the fascinating array of colours and forms.
֍It is cool climate orchid.
֍Native to South East Asia.
֍Temperature Requirement: 18-21⁰
C Relative Humidity: 65-70% Light Intensity: 1800-
2400 foot candles.
֍Potting Media: They can be gown in a compost consisting of
equal parts of loamy soil, white sand and leaf mould mixed with
little amount of old morter or broken pieces of limestone chips
and little charcoal.
43
College
of
Horticulture,
SKLTSHU,
Mojerla.

46. Study 8: Paphiopedilum flowering induction with light intensity and
growth regulator substance
Dahlia, 2016
֍Plant Material: Paphiopedilum
Luminous Intensity and Growth
Regulators
Light 60 % growmore and GA 0.5 mg · L–
1
Light 60 % liquinox bloom and AIA 0.5
mg · L–1
Light 30 % growmore and GA 0.5 mg · L–
1
Light 30 % liquinox bloom and AIA 0.5
mg · L–1
44
College
of
Horticulture,
SKLTSHU,
Mojerla.

47. Table 1: Average of flower number per stalk on three various locals
of Phapiopedilum species after treating with light and growth
regulator substance
Varieties, Luminous
Intensity and Growing
Regulatory Substances
Flower Number per Stalk Orchid Paphiopedilum sp.
Paphiopedilum glaucophyllum Paphiopedilum praestans Paphiopedilum mastersianum
Light 60 % growmore and
GA dose 0.5 mg L–1 2b 4a 3b
Light 60 % liquinox bloom
and AIA 0.5 mg L–1 4c 8c 6c
Light 30 % growmore and
GA dose 0.5 mg L–1 1a 3a 1a
Light 30 % liquinox bloom
and AIA 0.5 mg L–1 3bc 6c 4b
45
College
of
Horticulture,
SKLTSHU,
Mojerla.

48. Table 2: Average of flowering duration times on three various locals
of Paphiopedilum species after treating with light and growth
regulator substance
Varieties, Luminous Intensity
and Growing Regulatory
Substances
Flower Duration time of Orchid Paphiopedilum sp.
Paphiopedilum glaucophyllum Paphiopedilum praestans Paphiopedilum mastersianum
Light 60 % growmore and
GA dose 0.5 mg · L–1
35a 40a
37a
Light 60 % liquinox bloom
and AIA 0.5 mg · L–1
41b 48b
44b
Light 30 % growmore and
GA dose 0.5 mg · L–1
36a 42a
39a
Light 30 % liquinox bloom
and AIA 0.5 mg · L–1
42b 47b
45b
46
College
of
Horticulture,
SKLTSHU,
Mojerla.
RESULTS:Paphio. praestans (Rchb. F.) Pfitzer with light intensity 60 %, liquinox bloom and AIA 0.5 mg · L–1
had longer flowering duration time than others.

49. Mokara
֍Mokara orchid is a Trigeneric hybrid of (Ascocentrum ꓫ Vanda ꓫ Arachnis) and
was first grown in 1969 in Singapore.
֍Temperature Requirement: 18⁰
C during the day time and 13⁰
C at night.
֍Relative Humidity: 80%
֍Light Intensity: 2400-3600 foot candles.
47
College
of
Horticulture,
SKLTSHU,
Mojerla.

50. Study 9: Environmental consequences for better performances of
Mokara orchid
.
Ikbal et al., 2017
Propagating Plant material: Two years aged stem cuttings of Mokara orchid.
Experimental area: Sub-tropical climatic zone
The orchid plants grew under different treatments of temperature, humidity and sun
light levels adjusting the standard protocol for orchid cultivation.
48
College
of
Horticulture,
SKLTSHU,
Mojerla.

51. Table 1: Effect of sun light on the growth and flowering
characteristics of Mokara orchid
Sun
light
Growth of plants at 90 DAP Inflorescence characters at 135 DAP
Plant
height
(cm)
Diameter
of shoot
(cm)
No. of
leaves/
plant
Leaf length
(cm)
No. of
roots/
plant
Root
length
(cm)
Length
(cm)
Nos./
plant
No. of
flower
Flower
quality
25% 44.13b 6.19a 20.35a 41.5b 13.11a 7.79b 59.38a 4.97a 17.61a A+
50% 45.63a 6.33a 19.92b 43.3a 10.21c 8.25a 57.21a 4.15a 16.10b A+
60% 44.22b 6.18a 18.19b 41.6b 12.62b 8.23a 56.36c 2.52b 13.07c A+
75% 34.05c 5.92b 7.79c 29.0c 11.66cd 7.36b 33.99d 1.67c 7.05d A+
CV% 4.18 4.91 6.81 5.85 5.61 6.81 3.26 11.61 3.81 -
Ikbal et al., 2017
49
College
of
Horticulture,
SKLTSHU,
Mojerla.

52. Results
֍The study revealed that the lower sun light upto 60% produced the best quality
flowers. Orchid grows fast with sufficient sun light with shade cooler temperature
and do not let dry out.
֍The growth of orchid positively influenced by higher humidity and lower sun light
but showed minor response to temperature.
50
College
of
Horticulture,
SKLTSHU,
Mojerla.

53. Summary of Research Work Done on effect of light in other spp
Orchid Genera Results Citation
Vanda ‘Miss Joaquium’ In Hawaii, the seasonal flowering of Vanda was found to be
correlated with sunlight availability. Reduction in sunlight results
in late commencement of flowering and lower yields.
(Murashige et
al.,1967)
Cattleya Reported better performance under high light intensity (Krizek and
Lawson,1974)
Cattleya The plants were exposed to varying periods of direct sunlight in
Singapore and it was observed that inflorescence production was
dependent on the length of exposure to direct sunlight. Those
plants exposed longest, Flowered most profusely while those
exposed to only 4 hours of direct sunlight daily failed to flower.
(Goh and
Wan, 1974)
Cattleya, Cymbidium and
Phalaenopsis
Noted that Fluorescent light sources were better than high
intensity discharge lamp (HID) and greenhouse light for growth.
(Poole and
Seeley, 1977)
51
College
of
Horticulture,
SKLTSHU,
Mojerla.

54. Orchid Genera Results Citation
Bulbophyllum Reported that direct exposure of Bulbophyllum to
full sunlight results in sunburn injuries.
(Bhattacharjee
, 1977)
Cymbidium Suggested light intensity during the summer
preceding flowering to be critical factor for
flowering in Cymbidium.
(Roost, 1978)
Cymbidium Reported that a light intensity of 80,000 lux was
detrimental for growth of Cymbidium goeringii.
(Cho and
Kwack, 1996)
Arachnis, Ascocentrum,
Renanthera and Vanda
Repotred that many species of these genera require
full sun for free flowering andany shading delays or
suppresses the flowering process.
(Goh,1984)
52
College
of
Horticulture,
SKLTSHU,
Mojerla.

55. CONCLUSION
• Light is the most crucial factor governing orchid
cultivation.
• Light in terms of duration, intensity and quality
affects growth, flowering and overall production of
the orchids.
• However, different orchid spp and hybrids have
different light requirements which needs to be
standardized before starting a commercial venture.
53
College
of
Horticulture,
SKLTSHU,
Mojerla.

56. THANK
YOU….
College
of
Horticulture,
SKLTSHU,
Mojerla.