This document summarizes a thesis defense presentation given by Proyag Datta at Louisiana State University on April 3, 2001. The presentation covered the design, modeling, fabrication, and testing of a thermomechanical microactuator for controlling combustion in a trapped vortex combustor. Key points included the use of a "recurve" architecture utilizing materials with different coefficients of thermal expansion to achieve actuation, analytical and finite element modeling of the design, and development of fabrication processes for the nickel and nickel-iron materials.
IRJET- Seismic Analysis of Composite FramesIRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study on the seismic analysis of composite frames made of different materials. Finite element analysis was conducted using ANSYS software to determine the natural frequencies and mode shapes of frames made of steel, carbon fiber reinforced polymer, glass fiber reinforced polymer, and bamboo fiber reinforced polymer. Time history analysis was then performed by applying recorded earthquake acceleration data to determine the seismic response of each frame type. The results showed that the steel frame experienced the lowest maximum acceleration under seismic loading, while the glass fiber frame experienced the highest, indicating its relative seismic performance depends on the material properties of the composite.
This document provides a biography and curriculum vitae for Dr. Mohamed Benghanem. It includes the following key details:
- Dr. Benghanem is a professor who obtained his BE, MSc, and PhD in electrical engineering from universities in Algeria and Spain.
- He has held positions of professor, associate professor, and assistant professor at universities in Algeria and Saudi Arabia since 1987.
- His research interests include solar instrumentation, renewable energy systems, and modeling solar radiation data.
- He has published over 30 papers in refereed journals on topics related to solar energy modeling and prediction, photovoltaic systems, and renewable energies.
This document discusses the macroposition and microposition of electrical engineering. The macroposition summarizes that electrical engineering deals with the study and application of electricity, electronics, and electromagnetism. Electrical engineers design systems like computers, communication networks, and power grids to process information and transmit energy. The microposition then provides more specific areas within electrical engineering, including the generation and distribution of electricity, electrical control engineering, electronics circuit design, and telecommunications engineering.
This document contains the scheme and syllabus for the M.E. (Electrical Engineering) program offered at Osmania University in Hyderabad, India. It includes details about the full-time and part-time programs over 4 and 6 semesters respectively, with course codes, titles, credit details, and examination schemes. The document also provides sample course details for some core and elective subjects under the specializations of Industrial Drives and Control, Power Systems, and Power Electronic Systems. Overall, the document outlines the course structure and curriculum for the M.E. Electrical Engineering program at Osmania University.
Powerpoint presentation M.A. Thesis DefenceCatie Chase
This document summarizes a research study that examined self-determination in post-secondary students with learning disabilities based on whether they were identified as having an LD in primary/secondary school or as an adult. The study found no statistically significant differences in self-determination, as measured by a self-determination scale, between the two groups of students. The discussion considers limitations of the study related to measurement, sample size, and sampling biases. Implications are discussed for further examining the relationship between time of LD identification and self-determination with more reliable measures and larger sample sizes.
This study demonstrated a novel natural transformation mechanism in Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans (A.a.) that is independent of uptake signal sequences and the Tfox gene. The study showed that A.a. could be transformed with genomic and plasmid DNA present in microvesicles secreted into the growth medium of donor cells. This transformation occurred both in the presence and absence of components normally required for natural transformation in A.a. The results suggest outer membrane adhesion and fusion of donor microvesicles with recipient cells allows DNA delivery and homologous recombination. This novel mechanism could provide an easier method for genetically transforming A.a. compared to conventional techniques.
The document discusses research into developing more sustainable concrete materials through the use of alternative binding materials like geopolymers and reactive vitreous enamel coatings on steel fibers. Specimens were prepared by coating fibers in enamel and embedding them in fly ash or metakaolin-based geopolymer matrices. Pullout testing showed coatings improved bond strength but also weakened fibers. Push-out testing was found to better evaluate bond strengths, showing coatings increased bond strengths in fly ash matrices but decreased them in metakaolin matrices likely due to shrinkage cracking. SEM and EDX analysis provided information on microstructure and chemical composition at interfaces. Overall the research aimed to improve fiber reinforced concrete through more sustainable material selections.
Guestlecture Online & social media data, for masterstudents Business Administ...Danny Oosterveer
Presentation with inspiring examples of utilizing online data, and in particular social media data. The audience were students of the master Business Administration at Radboud Universiteit Nijmegen.
(22 October 2014)
IRJET- Seismic Analysis of Composite FramesIRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study on the seismic analysis of composite frames made of different materials. Finite element analysis was conducted using ANSYS software to determine the natural frequencies and mode shapes of frames made of steel, carbon fiber reinforced polymer, glass fiber reinforced polymer, and bamboo fiber reinforced polymer. Time history analysis was then performed by applying recorded earthquake acceleration data to determine the seismic response of each frame type. The results showed that the steel frame experienced the lowest maximum acceleration under seismic loading, while the glass fiber frame experienced the highest, indicating its relative seismic performance depends on the material properties of the composite.
This document provides a biography and curriculum vitae for Dr. Mohamed Benghanem. It includes the following key details:
- Dr. Benghanem is a professor who obtained his BE, MSc, and PhD in electrical engineering from universities in Algeria and Spain.
- He has held positions of professor, associate professor, and assistant professor at universities in Algeria and Saudi Arabia since 1987.
- His research interests include solar instrumentation, renewable energy systems, and modeling solar radiation data.
- He has published over 30 papers in refereed journals on topics related to solar energy modeling and prediction, photovoltaic systems, and renewable energies.
This document discusses the macroposition and microposition of electrical engineering. The macroposition summarizes that electrical engineering deals with the study and application of electricity, electronics, and electromagnetism. Electrical engineers design systems like computers, communication networks, and power grids to process information and transmit energy. The microposition then provides more specific areas within electrical engineering, including the generation and distribution of electricity, electrical control engineering, electronics circuit design, and telecommunications engineering.
This document contains the scheme and syllabus for the M.E. (Electrical Engineering) program offered at Osmania University in Hyderabad, India. It includes details about the full-time and part-time programs over 4 and 6 semesters respectively, with course codes, titles, credit details, and examination schemes. The document also provides sample course details for some core and elective subjects under the specializations of Industrial Drives and Control, Power Systems, and Power Electronic Systems. Overall, the document outlines the course structure and curriculum for the M.E. Electrical Engineering program at Osmania University.
Powerpoint presentation M.A. Thesis DefenceCatie Chase
This document summarizes a research study that examined self-determination in post-secondary students with learning disabilities based on whether they were identified as having an LD in primary/secondary school or as an adult. The study found no statistically significant differences in self-determination, as measured by a self-determination scale, between the two groups of students. The discussion considers limitations of the study related to measurement, sample size, and sampling biases. Implications are discussed for further examining the relationship between time of LD identification and self-determination with more reliable measures and larger sample sizes.
This study demonstrated a novel natural transformation mechanism in Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans (A.a.) that is independent of uptake signal sequences and the Tfox gene. The study showed that A.a. could be transformed with genomic and plasmid DNA present in microvesicles secreted into the growth medium of donor cells. This transformation occurred both in the presence and absence of components normally required for natural transformation in A.a. The results suggest outer membrane adhesion and fusion of donor microvesicles with recipient cells allows DNA delivery and homologous recombination. This novel mechanism could provide an easier method for genetically transforming A.a. compared to conventional techniques.
The document discusses research into developing more sustainable concrete materials through the use of alternative binding materials like geopolymers and reactive vitreous enamel coatings on steel fibers. Specimens were prepared by coating fibers in enamel and embedding them in fly ash or metakaolin-based geopolymer matrices. Pullout testing showed coatings improved bond strength but also weakened fibers. Push-out testing was found to better evaluate bond strengths, showing coatings increased bond strengths in fly ash matrices but decreased them in metakaolin matrices likely due to shrinkage cracking. SEM and EDX analysis provided information on microstructure and chemical composition at interfaces. Overall the research aimed to improve fiber reinforced concrete through more sustainable material selections.
Guestlecture Online & social media data, for masterstudents Business Administ...Danny Oosterveer
Presentation with inspiring examples of utilizing online data, and in particular social media data. The audience were students of the master Business Administration at Radboud Universiteit Nijmegen.
(22 October 2014)
Vlad Trifa - Final PhD Thesis Defense at ETH ZurichVlad Trifa
The final defense of my phd thesis at ETH Zurich. The final report will be posted soon on my personal Web site (vladtrifa.com), once accepted by the school commission and submitted.
Master's Thesis Defense - NG 9-1-1: Examiniation of Info Sec Management in Pu...njkyardley
This thesis examines information security management in public safety communication centers as they transition to Next Generation 9-1-1 (NG9-1-1) systems. The author conducted a survey of 225 agencies and received 56 responses. The study found that none of the responding agencies had implemented NG9-1-1 yet, so none were required to comply with the relevant NENA security standards (NG-SEC), but 7 agencies reported voluntarily complying. Common barriers to compliance for non-compliant agencies included cost, time constraints, and limited staffing. The author recommends further research with broader samples to better understand compliance rates among agency size and location categories.
Ph.D Thesis Defense: Magnetic Reconnection as a Chondrule Heating MechanismSamuel Lazerson
Samuel Lazerson defended his PhD thesis examining whether magnetic reconnection in a dusty plasma could explain the heating of chondrules. He conducted the first simulations of magnetic reconnection in a dusty plasma using the DENISIS code. The simulations initialized a Harris current sheet that underwent ballistic relaxation into an equilibrium state. Magnetic reconnection then occurred, and test particle simulations examined chondrule heating. The thesis aimed to provide a self-consistent model for chondrule formation via magnetic reconnection in a dusty plasma environment like the early solar nebula.
Thesis defence of Dall'Olio Giovanni Marco. Applications of network theory to...Giovanni Marco Dall'Olio
This is the presentation of my PhD thesis defence. It describes two applications of network theory to improve the methods to understand genetic adaptation in the human genome.
Thesis Defence for Doctor of Information ScienceYuma Inoue
This document summarizes Yuma Inoue's doctoral thesis defense presentation on permutation set manipulation based on decision diagrams. The presentation covered topics including reversible circuit debugging, cycle-type partitioning of permutations, enumeration of topological orders using rotation-based πDDs, and other applications of permutation decision diagrams (πDDs) and related data structures. It provided examples and outlined Inoue's contributions to algorithms for manipulating and analyzing permutation sets in an efficient manner using decision diagrams.
The document discusses the importance of conversations in developing relationships. It notes that while some advocate "selling the sizzle not the steak", engaging in meaningful conversations where common ground is found is better. The results of interviews with people on their dating experiences and favorite companies suggest that conversations matter because that's how relationships are formed. People are more inclined to connect with companies or products that fit their personality or lifestyle.
La tecnología multimedia combina diferentes tipos de archivos como imágenes, videos, animaciones, sonido y texto. Incluye texto, gráficos, imágenes, animación, video y sonido. Las creaciones multimedia buscan presentar la información de manera detallada y atractiva para mejorar la comprensión y motivación del usuario, y también mejorar la navegación de la información. Tiene muchas aplicaciones como presentaciones corporativas, páginas web, cursos de capacitación, simuladores y programas educativos.
Sam Hannah-Rankin, Public Sector Innovation Director, Dept of Premier & Cabin...B&T Magazine
The document outlines 5 lessons for disrupting from inside an organization. The lessons are: 1) Use pain and suffering as motivation for change, 2) Build the new system before dismantling the old, 3) Create controlled crises ("fireworks") to force change, 4) Rapidly test new ideas to avoid failure, and 5) Continuously evolve and adapt to stay relevant. The document is authored by Sam Hannah-Rankin and contains stock photo icons.
This document outlines the syllabus for the M.Tech Structural Engineering program at the National Institute of Technology in Tiruchirappalli, India. It includes details of the core courses and electives offered over 4 semesters, with course codes, titles, credit hours and brief descriptions. The program requires a total of 64 credits including coursework and a year-long project. Core courses cover topics in structural analysis, design, dynamics, stability, finite elements and specialized areas like concrete technology, deep foundations, steel structures and seismic design.
A Step By Step Approach to Predict Fatigue, Wear Failure and Remaining Useful...Sentient Science
When I request a Multi-physics DigitalClone model from Sentient Science, how exactly does their team develop and use the model?
Our technical approach to predict future contact-based fatigue and wear life with DigitalClone prognostic models. In this webinar, you will learn what inputs go into the model, how the model is built and parameterized, and how the model is deployed to solve problems. Engineers, tribologists, and material scientists who work with rotating equipment and components should join this webinar. An example of a bearing and a gear in a gearbox will be shown.
This document provides a summary of a systems engineering update presentation given to the International Council on Systems Engineering Colorado Front Range Chapter. It discusses:
1) The evolution of systems engineering from early space programs like Sputnik and Mercury through modern programs like the International Space Station.
2) An example case study of the Wake Shield Facility and the systems engineering approaches used in its development.
3) Recent government experience with systems engineering from the Director of Defense Research and Engineering and the Under Secretary of the Air Force.
4) Trends driving needs for systems engineering education and applications of systems engineering beyond aerospace to areas like energy and cybersecurity.
This thesis proposes advanced control strategies for photovoltaic and energy storage power conversion systems to improve energy harvesting, ensure grid compliance, and provide grid support. The first improvement extends the input voltage range of inverters to increase solar energy capture. A voltage-reactive power control strategy and modified modulation technique provide a lower voltage limit. Maximizing semiconductor utilization achieves a higher limit, improving energy capture by 30%. A second strategy integrates grid fault detection within control algorithms to enable compliance. The final contribution provides frequency and voltage support functions for grid stability beyond existing standards. Combined, these approaches develop high-performance, efficient, safe and grid-friendly solar power solutions.
This thesis proposes advanced control strategies for photovoltaic and energy storage power conversion systems to improve energy harvesting, ensure grid compliance, and provide grid support. The first improvement extends the input voltage range of inverters to increase solar energy capture. A voltage-reactive power control strategy and modified modulation technique provide a lower voltage limit. Maximizing semiconductor utilization achieves a higher limit, improving energy capture by 30%. A second strategy integrates grid fault detection within control algorithms to enable compliance. The final contribution provides frequency and voltage support functions for grid stability beyond existing standards. Combined, these methods create a high-performance, safe, and grid-friendly solar power system.
“Comparison of Maximum Stress distribution of Long & Short Side Column due to...IJMER
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) is Peer reviewed, online Journal. It serves as an international archival forum of scholarly research related to engineering and science education.
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) covers all the fields of engineering and science: Electrical Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Civil Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Computer Engineering, Agricultural Engineering, Aerospace Engineering, Thermodynamics, Structural Engineering, Control Engineering, Robotics, Mechatronics, Fluid Mechanics, Nanotechnology, Simulators, Web-based Learning, Remote Laboratories, Engineering Design Methods, Education Research, Students' Satisfaction and Motivation, Global Projects, and Assessment…. And many more.
Modeling and Simulation of Electrical Power Systems using OpenIPSL.org and Gr...Luigi Vanfretti
Title:
Modeling and Simulation of Electrical Power Systems using OpenIPSL.org and GridDyn
Presenters:
Luigi Vanfretti (RPI) & Philip Top (LNLL)
luigi.vanfretti@gmail.com, top1@llnl.gov
Abstract:
The Modelica language, being standardized and equation-based, has proven valuable for the for model exchange, simulation and even for model validation applications in actual power systems. These important features have been now recognized by the European Network of Transmission System Operators, which have adopted the Modelica language for dynamic model exchange in the Common Grid Model Exchange Standard (v2.5, Annex F).
Following previous FP7 project results, within the ITEA 3 openCPS project, the presenters have continued the efforts of using the Modelica language for power system modeling and simulation, by developing and maintaining the OpenIPSL library: https://github.com/SmarTS-Lab/OpenIPSL
This seminar first gives an overview of the origins of the OpenIPSL and it’s models, it contrasts it against typical power system tools, and gives an introduction the OpenIPSL library. The new project features that help in the OpenIPSL maintenance (use of continuous integration, regression testing, documentation, etc.) are also described.
Finally, the seminar will present current work at LNLL that exploits OpenIPSL in coordination with other tools including ongoing work integrating openIPSL models into GridDyn an open-source power system simulation tool, as well as a demos of the use of openIPSL libraries in GridDyn.
Bios:
Luigi Vanfretti (SMIEEE’14) obtained the M.Sc. and Ph.D. degrees in electric power engineering at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, USA, in 2007 and 2009, respectively.
He was with KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden, as Assistant 2010-2013), and Associate Professor (Tenured) and Docent (2013-2017/August); where he lead the SmarTS Lab and research group. He also worked at Statnett SF, the Norwegian electric power transmission system operator, as consultant (2011 - 2012), and Special Advisor in R&D (2013 - 2016).
He joined Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute in August 2017, to continue to develop his research at ALSETLab: http://alsetlab.com
His research interests are in the area of synchrophasor technology applications; and cyber-physical power system modeling, simulation, stability and control.
Philp Top (Lawrence Livermore National Lab)
PhD 2007 Purdue University. Currently a Research Engineer at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory in Livermore, CA. Philip has been involved in several projects connected with the DOE effort on Grid Modernization including projects on modeling and simulation, co-simulation and smart grid data analytics. He is the principle developer on the open source power system simulation tool GridDyn, and a key contributor to the HELICS open source co-simulation framework.
Experimental in Structural Dynamics Base Isolation System Modellingijtsrd
This project is to understand and have the ability to perform dynamic test. Furthermore in this project, the author can investigate how the dynamics of a multistory building is modified by base isolation. The dynamic properties are also very important for the dynamics analysis of the structure. The main task in this project is to determine the dynamic behavior of a 5 storey steel structure model with base isolation system and without base isolation system by experimentally and numerically. In this section the author examine the vibration properties, natural modes and the earthquake response of two systems 1 Five storey building on a fixed base, 2 Same five storey building supported on the isolation system. In this whole project, the following tasks have to do. First the five storey structure has to model in SAP2000 numerically. After that by the definition of reference sensor positions, sensor setups and excitation locations, the first experimental modal test has planned to do. Then the data assessments have to do like model identification, comparison of test results with the numerical model and also simulate the tests numerically. Again it needs to modify the structure in the numerical model and analyzed it again. In the second test, the system has to prepare with base isolation system. There also have to do second data assessments like model identification, comparison of test results with the numerical model with respect to base isolation system and braced system. Since the dynamic behavior of a linearly behaving structure can be described by its modal parameters natural frequencies, mode shapes, modal damping it is important to carry out tests to identify these parameters. From a numerical analysis study, how response of the building with proposed isolation system under multi direction excitation is then presented followed by the conclusion. Khin Thanda Htun | Kyaw Kaung Cho ""Experimental in Structural Dynamics (Base Isolation System: Modelling)"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-3 , April 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd21704.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/21704/experimental-in-structural-dynamics--base-isolation-system-modelling/khin-thanda-htun
This document provides the syllabus for the M.Tech program in Structural Engineering & Natural Disaster Management at GITAM University.
It outlines the courses offered in each semester, including the course code, name, credits, instruction scheme, and examination scheme for each. Some key courses include Theory of Elasticity, Advanced Reinforced Concrete Design, Finite Element Methods, Structural Dynamics, Earthquake Engineering, and Stability of Structures.
Students must complete a total of 82 credits over 4 semesters, including a research project in the third and fourth semesters. The document also lists recommended reference books for each course.
This document advertises a two-day master class on advance power system relaying theory and application to be held on November 28th and 29th 2014 in Mumbai, India. The class will cover topics such as power system faults, protection schemes, relaying applications, and new technologies impacting protective relaying. It provides contact information for nominations and lists the course speakers' qualifications.
Vlad Trifa - Final PhD Thesis Defense at ETH ZurichVlad Trifa
The final defense of my phd thesis at ETH Zurich. The final report will be posted soon on my personal Web site (vladtrifa.com), once accepted by the school commission and submitted.
Master's Thesis Defense - NG 9-1-1: Examiniation of Info Sec Management in Pu...njkyardley
This thesis examines information security management in public safety communication centers as they transition to Next Generation 9-1-1 (NG9-1-1) systems. The author conducted a survey of 225 agencies and received 56 responses. The study found that none of the responding agencies had implemented NG9-1-1 yet, so none were required to comply with the relevant NENA security standards (NG-SEC), but 7 agencies reported voluntarily complying. Common barriers to compliance for non-compliant agencies included cost, time constraints, and limited staffing. The author recommends further research with broader samples to better understand compliance rates among agency size and location categories.
Ph.D Thesis Defense: Magnetic Reconnection as a Chondrule Heating MechanismSamuel Lazerson
Samuel Lazerson defended his PhD thesis examining whether magnetic reconnection in a dusty plasma could explain the heating of chondrules. He conducted the first simulations of magnetic reconnection in a dusty plasma using the DENISIS code. The simulations initialized a Harris current sheet that underwent ballistic relaxation into an equilibrium state. Magnetic reconnection then occurred, and test particle simulations examined chondrule heating. The thesis aimed to provide a self-consistent model for chondrule formation via magnetic reconnection in a dusty plasma environment like the early solar nebula.
Thesis defence of Dall'Olio Giovanni Marco. Applications of network theory to...Giovanni Marco Dall'Olio
This is the presentation of my PhD thesis defence. It describes two applications of network theory to improve the methods to understand genetic adaptation in the human genome.
Thesis Defence for Doctor of Information ScienceYuma Inoue
This document summarizes Yuma Inoue's doctoral thesis defense presentation on permutation set manipulation based on decision diagrams. The presentation covered topics including reversible circuit debugging, cycle-type partitioning of permutations, enumeration of topological orders using rotation-based πDDs, and other applications of permutation decision diagrams (πDDs) and related data structures. It provided examples and outlined Inoue's contributions to algorithms for manipulating and analyzing permutation sets in an efficient manner using decision diagrams.
The document discusses the importance of conversations in developing relationships. It notes that while some advocate "selling the sizzle not the steak", engaging in meaningful conversations where common ground is found is better. The results of interviews with people on their dating experiences and favorite companies suggest that conversations matter because that's how relationships are formed. People are more inclined to connect with companies or products that fit their personality or lifestyle.
La tecnología multimedia combina diferentes tipos de archivos como imágenes, videos, animaciones, sonido y texto. Incluye texto, gráficos, imágenes, animación, video y sonido. Las creaciones multimedia buscan presentar la información de manera detallada y atractiva para mejorar la comprensión y motivación del usuario, y también mejorar la navegación de la información. Tiene muchas aplicaciones como presentaciones corporativas, páginas web, cursos de capacitación, simuladores y programas educativos.
Sam Hannah-Rankin, Public Sector Innovation Director, Dept of Premier & Cabin...B&T Magazine
The document outlines 5 lessons for disrupting from inside an organization. The lessons are: 1) Use pain and suffering as motivation for change, 2) Build the new system before dismantling the old, 3) Create controlled crises ("fireworks") to force change, 4) Rapidly test new ideas to avoid failure, and 5) Continuously evolve and adapt to stay relevant. The document is authored by Sam Hannah-Rankin and contains stock photo icons.
This document outlines the syllabus for the M.Tech Structural Engineering program at the National Institute of Technology in Tiruchirappalli, India. It includes details of the core courses and electives offered over 4 semesters, with course codes, titles, credit hours and brief descriptions. The program requires a total of 64 credits including coursework and a year-long project. Core courses cover topics in structural analysis, design, dynamics, stability, finite elements and specialized areas like concrete technology, deep foundations, steel structures and seismic design.
A Step By Step Approach to Predict Fatigue, Wear Failure and Remaining Useful...Sentient Science
When I request a Multi-physics DigitalClone model from Sentient Science, how exactly does their team develop and use the model?
Our technical approach to predict future contact-based fatigue and wear life with DigitalClone prognostic models. In this webinar, you will learn what inputs go into the model, how the model is built and parameterized, and how the model is deployed to solve problems. Engineers, tribologists, and material scientists who work with rotating equipment and components should join this webinar. An example of a bearing and a gear in a gearbox will be shown.
This document provides a summary of a systems engineering update presentation given to the International Council on Systems Engineering Colorado Front Range Chapter. It discusses:
1) The evolution of systems engineering from early space programs like Sputnik and Mercury through modern programs like the International Space Station.
2) An example case study of the Wake Shield Facility and the systems engineering approaches used in its development.
3) Recent government experience with systems engineering from the Director of Defense Research and Engineering and the Under Secretary of the Air Force.
4) Trends driving needs for systems engineering education and applications of systems engineering beyond aerospace to areas like energy and cybersecurity.
This thesis proposes advanced control strategies for photovoltaic and energy storage power conversion systems to improve energy harvesting, ensure grid compliance, and provide grid support. The first improvement extends the input voltage range of inverters to increase solar energy capture. A voltage-reactive power control strategy and modified modulation technique provide a lower voltage limit. Maximizing semiconductor utilization achieves a higher limit, improving energy capture by 30%. A second strategy integrates grid fault detection within control algorithms to enable compliance. The final contribution provides frequency and voltage support functions for grid stability beyond existing standards. Combined, these approaches develop high-performance, efficient, safe and grid-friendly solar power solutions.
This thesis proposes advanced control strategies for photovoltaic and energy storage power conversion systems to improve energy harvesting, ensure grid compliance, and provide grid support. The first improvement extends the input voltage range of inverters to increase solar energy capture. A voltage-reactive power control strategy and modified modulation technique provide a lower voltage limit. Maximizing semiconductor utilization achieves a higher limit, improving energy capture by 30%. A second strategy integrates grid fault detection within control algorithms to enable compliance. The final contribution provides frequency and voltage support functions for grid stability beyond existing standards. Combined, these methods create a high-performance, safe, and grid-friendly solar power system.
“Comparison of Maximum Stress distribution of Long & Short Side Column due to...IJMER
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) is Peer reviewed, online Journal. It serves as an international archival forum of scholarly research related to engineering and science education.
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) covers all the fields of engineering and science: Electrical Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Civil Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Computer Engineering, Agricultural Engineering, Aerospace Engineering, Thermodynamics, Structural Engineering, Control Engineering, Robotics, Mechatronics, Fluid Mechanics, Nanotechnology, Simulators, Web-based Learning, Remote Laboratories, Engineering Design Methods, Education Research, Students' Satisfaction and Motivation, Global Projects, and Assessment…. And many more.
Modeling and Simulation of Electrical Power Systems using OpenIPSL.org and Gr...Luigi Vanfretti
Title:
Modeling and Simulation of Electrical Power Systems using OpenIPSL.org and GridDyn
Presenters:
Luigi Vanfretti (RPI) & Philip Top (LNLL)
luigi.vanfretti@gmail.com, top1@llnl.gov
Abstract:
The Modelica language, being standardized and equation-based, has proven valuable for the for model exchange, simulation and even for model validation applications in actual power systems. These important features have been now recognized by the European Network of Transmission System Operators, which have adopted the Modelica language for dynamic model exchange in the Common Grid Model Exchange Standard (v2.5, Annex F).
Following previous FP7 project results, within the ITEA 3 openCPS project, the presenters have continued the efforts of using the Modelica language for power system modeling and simulation, by developing and maintaining the OpenIPSL library: https://github.com/SmarTS-Lab/OpenIPSL
This seminar first gives an overview of the origins of the OpenIPSL and it’s models, it contrasts it against typical power system tools, and gives an introduction the OpenIPSL library. The new project features that help in the OpenIPSL maintenance (use of continuous integration, regression testing, documentation, etc.) are also described.
Finally, the seminar will present current work at LNLL that exploits OpenIPSL in coordination with other tools including ongoing work integrating openIPSL models into GridDyn an open-source power system simulation tool, as well as a demos of the use of openIPSL libraries in GridDyn.
Bios:
Luigi Vanfretti (SMIEEE’14) obtained the M.Sc. and Ph.D. degrees in electric power engineering at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, USA, in 2007 and 2009, respectively.
He was with KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden, as Assistant 2010-2013), and Associate Professor (Tenured) and Docent (2013-2017/August); where he lead the SmarTS Lab and research group. He also worked at Statnett SF, the Norwegian electric power transmission system operator, as consultant (2011 - 2012), and Special Advisor in R&D (2013 - 2016).
He joined Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute in August 2017, to continue to develop his research at ALSETLab: http://alsetlab.com
His research interests are in the area of synchrophasor technology applications; and cyber-physical power system modeling, simulation, stability and control.
Philp Top (Lawrence Livermore National Lab)
PhD 2007 Purdue University. Currently a Research Engineer at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory in Livermore, CA. Philip has been involved in several projects connected with the DOE effort on Grid Modernization including projects on modeling and simulation, co-simulation and smart grid data analytics. He is the principle developer on the open source power system simulation tool GridDyn, and a key contributor to the HELICS open source co-simulation framework.
Experimental in Structural Dynamics Base Isolation System Modellingijtsrd
This project is to understand and have the ability to perform dynamic test. Furthermore in this project, the author can investigate how the dynamics of a multistory building is modified by base isolation. The dynamic properties are also very important for the dynamics analysis of the structure. The main task in this project is to determine the dynamic behavior of a 5 storey steel structure model with base isolation system and without base isolation system by experimentally and numerically. In this section the author examine the vibration properties, natural modes and the earthquake response of two systems 1 Five storey building on a fixed base, 2 Same five storey building supported on the isolation system. In this whole project, the following tasks have to do. First the five storey structure has to model in SAP2000 numerically. After that by the definition of reference sensor positions, sensor setups and excitation locations, the first experimental modal test has planned to do. Then the data assessments have to do like model identification, comparison of test results with the numerical model and also simulate the tests numerically. Again it needs to modify the structure in the numerical model and analyzed it again. In the second test, the system has to prepare with base isolation system. There also have to do second data assessments like model identification, comparison of test results with the numerical model with respect to base isolation system and braced system. Since the dynamic behavior of a linearly behaving structure can be described by its modal parameters natural frequencies, mode shapes, modal damping it is important to carry out tests to identify these parameters. From a numerical analysis study, how response of the building with proposed isolation system under multi direction excitation is then presented followed by the conclusion. Khin Thanda Htun | Kyaw Kaung Cho ""Experimental in Structural Dynamics (Base Isolation System: Modelling)"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-3 , April 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd21704.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/21704/experimental-in-structural-dynamics--base-isolation-system-modelling/khin-thanda-htun
This document provides the syllabus for the M.Tech program in Structural Engineering & Natural Disaster Management at GITAM University.
It outlines the courses offered in each semester, including the course code, name, credits, instruction scheme, and examination scheme for each. Some key courses include Theory of Elasticity, Advanced Reinforced Concrete Design, Finite Element Methods, Structural Dynamics, Earthquake Engineering, and Stability of Structures.
Students must complete a total of 82 credits over 4 semesters, including a research project in the third and fourth semesters. The document also lists recommended reference books for each course.
This document advertises a two-day master class on advance power system relaying theory and application to be held on November 28th and 29th 2014 in Mumbai, India. The class will cover topics such as power system faults, protection schemes, relaying applications, and new technologies impacting protective relaying. It provides contact information for nominations and lists the course speakers' qualifications.
Finite element analysis (FEA) is a simulation technique used to model physical systems and determine how they will react to forces. FEA breaks a model into small pieces called elements and uses equations to describe how each element responds to loads. The sum of all element responses gives the overall system response. ANSYS is a commercial FEA software that can perform structural, thermal, electromagnetic, and fluid analyses to help engineers design safer and more reliable products. It is used across many industries for both prototyping and final product testing.
The document provides details about the M.Tech 1st year 1st semester curriculum for Structural Engineering at Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University, Kakinada. It includes 7 subjects with credits ranging from 4-8. The subjects are Applied Mathematics, Theory of Elasticity, Matrix Analysis of Structures, Structural Dynamics, and two electives. It also includes an Advanced Structural Engineering Laboratory. Descriptions of the topics covered in each subject over the semester are provided.
The RaPId Toolbox for Parameter Identification and Model Validation: How Mode...Luigi Vanfretti
RaPId is a recursive acronym for Rapid Parameter Identification. The toolbox was built within WP3 of the FP7 iTesla project. It uses Modelica models compiled in FMUs compliant with the FMI standard, which are imported into Simulink using the FMI Toolbox for Matlab/Simulink from Modelon. Within the Matlab environment, we have developed a plug-in architecture that lets the user choose many different (or even their own) optimization solvers for parameter calibration. Not to mention, you can choose any simulation solver available in Simulink (not just trapezoidal integration!)
This document outlines the curriculum and syllabus for the M.Tech (Full Time) Power Systems program offered from 2013-2014 at SRM University. It includes:
- Details of core courses, program elective courses, and supportive courses offered across 4 semesters totaling 72 credits required for the degree.
- Syllabi and course objectives for 10 core courses covering topics like power system analysis, operation and control, protection, and project work.
- A list of 20 program elective courses on specialized power system topics that students can choose from.
- Information on contact hours, credits and references for each core course.
The curriculum is designed to provide students both theoretical knowledge and practical
This document provides information about an upcoming course on space power systems hosted by the Applied Technology Institute. The 5-day course will cover topics such as orbital mechanics, spacecraft propulsion, flight mechanics, attitude determination and control, structural design, and space power systems. It will be taught by experts in the field and provide attendees with a complete set of course notes and the textbook "Space Systems".
Finite Element Modeling On Behaviour Of Reinforced Concrete Beam Column Joint...IJERA Editor
Recent earthquakes have demonstrated that most of the reinforced concrete structures were severely damaged during earthquakes and they need major repair works. Beam column joints, being the lateral and vertical load resisting members in reinforced concrete structures are particularly vulnerable to failures during earthquakes. The existing reinforced concrete beam column joints which are not designed as per code IS13920:1993 must be strengthened since they do not meet the ductility requirements. The Finite element method (FEM) has become a staple for predicting and simulating the physical behaviour of complex engineering systems. The commercial finite element analysis (FEA) programs have gained common acceptance among engineers in industry and researchers. The details of the finite element analysis of beam column joints retrofitted with carbon fibre reinforced polymer sheets (CFRP) carried out using the package ANSYS are presented in this paper. Three exterior reinforced concrete beam column joint specimens were modelled using ANSYS package. The first specimen is the control specimen. This had reinforcement as per code IS 456:2000. The second specimen which is also the control specimen. This had reinforcement as per code IS 13920:1993. The third specimen had reinforcement as per code IS 456:2000 and was retrofitted with carbon fibre reinforced polymer (CFRP) sheets. During the analysis both the ends of column were hinged. Static load was applied at the free end of the cantilever beam up to a controlled load. The performance of the retrofitted beam column joint was compared with the control specimens and the results are presented in this paper.
Career History in Electrical EngineeringNing Chuang
Ning Chuang has extensive experience as an electrical engineer, having worked for four companies prior to earning a PhD. They have taught various electrical engineering courses at several universities, including signals and systems, power systems analysis, and power electronics. During their teaching career, they won a Rector's Commendations Teaching Award for Excellence in Classroom Teaching. They also designed new 3-phase transformers for undergraduate laboratory use. Their main research interests are in nonlinear systems, robust control, nano-positioning, power systems, electric machines, and robotics.
Dr. Zhu has over 25 years of experience in power systems, including transmission planning, power flow analysis, voltage stability, protection system development, and distributed generation. He has managed a wide range of power grid studies for utilities and system operators. Prior to joining Siemens, Dr. Zhu held roles developing protective relays and received several awards for his work in China. He currently provides consulting services to clients and teaches courses on power systems topics.
The document discusses power grid resilience analysis. It defines power grid resilience and outlines its importance. It discusses consequences of power grid disruptions and metrics used to evaluate resilience. The document also covers capabilities required for resilience, evaluation methods, pillars for enhancing resilience through strategies like smart grids, distributed generation and hardening infrastructure. It proposes planning and operational measures for both short and long-term resilience and outlines a research framework to study resilience under various conditions.
1. MicroSystems Engineering Team
Louisiana State University
1/78
Thesis Defense – April 3, 2001
Design and Fabrication
of a
Thermomechanical Microactuator
Proyag Datta
Department of Mechanical Engineering
Louisiana State University
April 3, 2001
Thesis Defense
3. MicroSystems Engineering Team
Louisiana State University
3/78
Thesis Defense – April 3, 2001
PRESENTATION OUTLINE
• Introduction
• Design and Modeling
• Fabrication Process Developement
• Conclusion
4. MicroSystems Engineering Team
Louisiana State University
4/78
Thesis Defense – April 3, 2001
INTRODUCTION
Trapped Vortex(TV) Combustors
• Continuous interest towards improving the
performance of aircraft propulsion systems
• Improved fuel efficiency, better specific energy
release, extended life, extended lean flammability
limit and reduced emission of environmental
pollutants
• A Trapped Vortex combustor is a means to
implement a stabilized combustion process in an
engine
5. MicroSystems Engineering Team
Louisiana State University
5/78
Thesis Defense – April 3, 2001
INTRODUCTION
Concept of ‘Breathing Wall’
• TV-combustors experience thermo-acoustic
instabilities and ‘hot spots’, which lead to
lowered efficiency in the combustor
• Hot spots can be controlled by injecting cooler air
through dilution holes on the combustor walls
• Distributed air injection would
– control local stoichiometry
– lead to uniform temperature distribution
– minimize wall temperature
– minimize NOx formation
7. MicroSystems Engineering Team
Louisiana State University
7/78
Thesis Defense – April 3, 2001
DESIGN and MODELING
Microvalves
• Properties of an ideal valve
– Low leakage
– Low power consumption
– Low dead volume
– Large differential pressure capability
– Insensitivity to particulate contamination
– Low response time
– Potential for linear operation
– Ability to handle fluids of any density/viscosity/chemistry
• Valves are designed for specific conditions of
operation
8. MicroSystems Engineering Team
Louisiana State University
8/78
Thesis Defense – April 3, 2001
DESIGN and MODELING
Microvalves
• Valves are classified as ‘passive’ or ‘active’
• Passive Valves
– No external power or control
– Usually one-way or check-valves
• Active Valves
– Powered actuation mechanism
– Driving Mechanisms
• Electrostatic
• Piezoelectric
• Magnetic
• Shape Memory
• Pneumatic
9. MicroSystems Engineering Team
Louisiana State University
9/78
Thesis Defense – April 3, 2001
DESIGN and MODELING
Overview
• Design Criteria
• Recurve Architecture
• Quasistatic Modeling
• Finite Element Analysis
• Dynamic Modeling
10. MicroSystems Engineering Team
Louisiana State University
10/78
Thesis Defense – April 3, 2001
DESIGN and MODELING
Design Criteria
• Survival at elevated temperatures
• Actuation distance (~500 µm)
• Force Required
• Compactness of design
• Integrable into combustor walls
• Frequency response (>100Hz)
• Rugged design for operation in harsh
environment
11. MicroSystems Engineering Team
Louisiana State University
11/78
Thesis Defense – April 3, 2001
DESIGN and MODELING
Design Considerations
• Most methods of active actuation fail due to high
temperature (e.g. piezoelectric, magnetic)
• Passive actuation chosen
• Temperature gradient as energy source to drive
the actuator
• Thermal expansion as method of actuation
• Array structure chosen
– Resistant to particulates
– Tailored to meet force and deflection requirements
12. MicroSystems Engineering Team
Louisiana State University
12/78
Thesis Defense – April 3, 2001
DESIGN and MODELING
Recurve Architecture
• Direct thermal expansion produces insufficient
deflection
• Deflection of a single bimetallic element is
insufficient for the amount of deflection reqd.
• Bimetallic elements cannot be stacked as tip
rotation nullifies deflection
• Recurve architecture suggested by Ervin and Brei
(1998) chosen
14. MicroSystems Engineering Team
Louisiana State University
14/78
Thesis Defense – April 3, 2001
DESIGN and MODELING
Recurve Architecture
• Basic building block - composite beam made of
two materials with different coefficients of
thermal expansion
• Produces a parallel displacement of the endpoint
relative to the base
• Can be combined into arrays to obtain greater net
deflections or forces
• By reversing positions of high and low CTE
materials, pull type actuators can be fabricated.
15. MicroSystems Engineering Team
Louisiana State University
15/78
Thesis Defense – April 3, 2001
DESIGN and MODELING
Behavior of a Recurve Element
3-D solid model of a recurve element shown
in undeformed(Left) and deformed(Right) state
17. MicroSystems Engineering Team
Louisiana State University
17/78
Thesis Defense – April 3, 2001
DESIGN and MODELING
Quasi-static Modeling
• Strain energy based analytical derivation using
Castigliano’s second theorem
• Equations derived for
– Displacement
– Force
18. MicroSystems Engineering Team
Louisiana State University
18/78
Thesis Defense – April 3, 2001
DESIGN and MODELING
Quasi-static Modeling
• Equation for Recurve
• Moment in bimetallic strip
D
LM
D
L
m
F
n
ez
412
.
23
+=
Δ
( )
IE
h
T
Me
Δ−
+
=
).(
.
12
24
.2 21 αα
ϕ
19. MicroSystems Engineering Team
Louisiana State University
19/78
Thesis Defense – April 3, 2001
DESIGN and MODELING
Quasi-static Modeling
Force vs Height
0.00
0.10
0.20
0.30
0.40
0.50
0.60
0.70
0 100 200 300 400 500 600
Height of Recurve(Micrometers)
BlockingForce(N)
Deflection vs Height
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
0 100 200 300 400 500 600
Height of Recurve(Micrometers)
Deflection
(Micrometers)
20. MicroSystems Engineering Team
Louisiana State University
20/78
Thesis Defense – April 3, 2001
DESIGN and MODELING
Quasi-static Modeling
Deflection vs Thickness
0
50
100
150
200
250
0 100 200 300
Thickness (Micrometers)
Deflection
(Micrometers)
Force vs Thickness
0.00
0.20
0.40
0.60
0.80
1.00
0 100 200 300
Thickness (Micrometers)
BlockingForce(N)
21. MicroSystems Engineering Team
Louisiana State University
21/78
Thesis Defense – April 3, 2001
DESIGN and MODELING
Quasi-static Modeling
Deflection vs Length
0
20
40
60
80
100
0 5000 10000 15000
Length (Micrometers)
Deflection
(Micrometers)
Force vs Length
0.00
0.50
1.00
1.50
2.00
2.50
0 5000 10000 15000
Length (Micrometers)
BlockingForce(N)
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Louisiana State University
22/78
Thesis Defense – April 3, 2001
DESIGN and MODELING
ANSYS Modeling
• 3-D ANSYS model created
• Steady state analysis carried out
• Alternate configurations simulated
• Coupled field analysis carried out
• Sequential Method of analysis used
23. MicroSystems Engineering Team
Louisiana State University
23/78
Thesis Defense – April 3, 2001
DESIGN and MODELING
ANSYS Modeling
• Meshed with Solid87 3-D, 10-Node
Tetrahedral elements for thermal analysis
• Uniform steady state temperature attained
• Nodal results read in for structural
analysis
• Elements changed to Solid92, a 10-node
tetrahedral structural solid
24. MicroSystems Engineering Team
Louisiana State University
24/78
Thesis Defense – April 3, 2001
DESIGN and MODELING
ANSYS Modeling – Model I
Meshed ANSYS Model - I
25. MicroSystems Engineering Team
Louisiana State University
25/78
Thesis Defense – April 3, 2001
DESIGN and MODELING
ANSYS Modeling – Model I
Deflection of Recurve Model- I
26. MicroSystems Engineering Team
Louisiana State University
26/78
Thesis Defense – April 3, 2001
DESIGN and MODELING
Comparison of Results
Comparison of Deflections Predicted by Analytical Model and ANSYS (Model I)
0
50
100
150
200
250
0 100 200 300 400 500
Temperature (C)
Deflection(micrometers)
Analytic
ANSYS
Error
27. MicroSystems Engineering Team
Louisiana State University
27/78
Thesis Defense – April 3, 2001
DESIGN and MODELING
ANSYS Modeling – Model II
Meshed ANSYS Model - II
28. MicroSystems Engineering Team
Louisiana State University
28/78
Thesis Defense – April 3, 2001
DESIGN and MODELING
ANSYS Modeling – Model II
Deflection of Recurve Model- II
29. MicroSystems Engineering Team
Louisiana State University
29/78
Thesis Defense – April 3, 2001
DESIGN and MODELING
Comparison of Results
Comparison of Deflections Predicted by Analytical Model and ANSYS(Model II)
0
100
200
300
400
500
0 100 200 300 400 500
Temperature (C)
Deflection(micrometers)
Analytic
ANSYS
Error
30. MicroSystems Engineering Team
Louisiana State University
30/78
Thesis Defense – April 3, 2001
DESIGN and MODELING
ANSYS Modeling-Max Stress
Max Stress predicted
by analytical model
=1.482E-5 kgf/sq µm
31. MicroSystems Engineering Team
Louisiana State University
31/78
Thesis Defense – April 3, 2001
DESIGN and MODELING
Dynamic Modeling
• Assess the order of dynamic response of the
passive actuator
• Graphical system-modeling tool
• Uniform treatment of various energy domains
• Lumped parameter pseudo bondgraph model of
heat transfer in the recurve elements developed
• Coupled with the mechanical system bond graph
using signal bonds
32. MicroSystems Engineering Team
Louisiana State University
32/78
Thesis Defense – April 3, 2001
DESIGN and MODELING
Bond Graph
R
..0
Thermal Part
RD
1..
CM2
0..
SET
RD
1..
RC RC
C RS
0.. 1..
C
..0
I
1..
SE
..
R
0..
0
SE
1..
CM1 I
RC RC
C
0..
RS C
1.. 0..
I
..1
SESE
1..
..
R
0..
0
I CM1
..
R
0..
0
CM2
Mechanical Part
35. MicroSystems Engineering Team
Louisiana State University
35/78
Thesis Defense – April 3, 2001
DESIGN and MODELING
Valve Design
‘Push-pull’ valve arrangement
36. MicroSystems Engineering Team
Louisiana State University
36/78
Thesis Defense – April 3, 2001
DESIGN and MODELING
Valve Design
Recurve Actuator
Buckling
Valve Cover
Motion of
Valve Cover
Motion of
Actuator
Recurve driven buckling valve cover
37. MicroSystems Engineering Team
Louisiana State University
37/78
Thesis Defense – April 3, 2001
FABRICATION PROCESS
Overview
• Ni-Fe Plating
• Mask Fabrication
• Prototype Fabrication
– Multi-layer fabrication process
– Photolithography
– LIGA
– Conventional Machining Processes
38. MicroSystems Engineering Team
Louisiana State University
38/78
Thesis Defense – April 3, 2001
FABRICATION PROCESS
Materials
• Nickel chosen as high CTE material
– High melting point
– High CTE
– Ease of electroplating
• Invar-like Ni-Fe alloy chosen as low CTE
material
– High melting point
– Low CTE
39. MicroSystems Engineering Team
Louisiana State University
39/78
Thesis Defense – April 3, 2001
FABRICATION PROCESS
Ni-Fe Electroplating
• Electrolyte formulated to electrodeposit an Invar-
like Ni-Fe alloy (64% Fe, 36% Ni)
• Hull cell experiments were carried out to
determine a suitable current density for plating
• 500 µm high, 120 µm X 120 µm cross section
posts were plated as test structures
• EDXRF and WDS on an electron microprobe were
used for analysis of composition
40. MicroSystems Engineering Team
Louisiana State University
40/78
Thesis Defense – April 3, 2001
FABRICATION PROCESS
Ni-Fe Electroplating
Composition of Deposit as a Function of FeCl
Concentration
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
0.1 0.12 0.14 0.16 0.18
Moles of Ferrous Chloride
PercentageComposition
Ni
Fe
41. MicroSystems Engineering Team
Louisiana State University
41/78
Thesis Defense – April 3, 2001
FABRICATION PROCESS
Ni-Fe Electroplating
Composition along post varies - Microprobe analysis
Ni-Fe Post 490 micron High
(Data points from bottom to top)
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
Length along post(in micrometers)
PercentageComposition
Fe
Ni
Total
42. MicroSystems Engineering Team
Louisiana State University
42/78
Thesis Defense – April 3, 2001
FABRICATION PROCESS
Image – Ni-Fe posts
Top view of posts Side view of single post
43. MicroSystems Engineering Team
Louisiana State University
43/78
Thesis Defense – April 3, 2001
FABRICATION PROCESS
Image – Stress in Ni-Fe posts (20 mA/sqcm)
44. MicroSystems Engineering Team
Louisiana State University
44/78
Thesis Defense – April 3, 2001
FABRICATION PROCESS
Image – Stress in Ni-Fe posts (10 mA/sqcm)
45. MicroSystems Engineering Team
Louisiana State University
45/78
Thesis Defense – April 3, 2001
FABRICATION PROCESS
Ni-Fe Electroplating
Polarization Curve
0.000
5.000
10.000
15.000
20.000
25.000
30.000
35.000
40.000
45.000
50.000
55.000
60.000
65.000
70.000
0.000 0.100 0.200 0.300 0.400 0.500 0.600 0.700 0.800 0.900
Negative Potential (V) vs SCE
NegativeCurrentDensity(mA/sqcm)
E0
Ni/Ni
2+
E0
Fe/Fe
2+
Ohmic corrected polarization curve for nickel-iron bath
46. MicroSystems Engineering Team
Louisiana State University
46/78
Thesis Defense – April 3, 2001
FABRICATION PROCESS
Ni-Fe Electroplating - Issues
• Stress generation – cracks, brittleness
• Passivation – required hard is hard to
obtain, plating stops/slows down for no
apparent reason
• Composition varies from top to bottom
• Rusting
47. MicroSystems Engineering Team
Louisiana State University
47/78
Thesis Defense – April 3, 2001
FABRICATION PROCESS
Mask Fabrication – Optical Mask
• Autocad drawings
– Multilayered
• Optical Mask
– Autocad file conversion
– 5x5 inch commercial wafer with Chrome &
Positive resist
– Exposure on MANN 3600 pattern generator
– Development
– Chrome etch
– Resist removal
49. MicroSystems Engineering Team
Louisiana State University
49/78
Thesis Defense – April 3, 2001
FABRICATION PROCESS
Mask Fabrication – X-Ray Mask
• X-Ray Mask Fabrication
– Glass ring cut by waterjet
– DFP3 graphite cleaned and stuck to glass ring using UV-
cured glue
– 50 A of Chrome and 300 A of gold E-beam deposited
– SU-8 spun on wafer and baked
– Wafer exposed using optical mask
Glass Ring
Evaporated Chrome & Gold
SU-8
DFP-3 Graphite
Glass UV
Chromium Mask
UV Exposure
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Louisiana State University
50/78
Thesis Defense – April 3, 2001
FABRICATION PROCESS
Mask Fabrication
– Post-bake and developed
– Gold and chrome etched from around alignment marks
– Plasma ashing to clean wafer
– 20 µm of gold electrodeposited in SU-8 mold
– Mask mounted on standard NIST ring
– Process was used to manufacture two X-Ray masks
Gold and Chrome etched
from around alignment
mark
Gold Plated into pattern
Alignment Mark
Developed Pattern
51. MicroSystems Engineering Team
Louisiana State University
51/78
Thesis Defense – April 3, 2001
FABRICATION PROCESS
Image – Mask on Glass Ring
Gold on Graphite X-Ray mask mounted on glass ring
52. MicroSystems Engineering Team
Louisiana State University
52/78
Thesis Defense – April 3, 2001
FABRICATION PROCESS
Image – Close up on mask
SU-8 structures with gold plated around them
53. MicroSystems Engineering Team
Louisiana State University
53/78
Thesis Defense – April 3, 2001
FABRICATION PROCESS
Image – Alignment Marks on Mask
Complementary alignment marks on mask
54. MicroSystems Engineering Team
Louisiana State University
54/78
Thesis Defense – April 3, 2001
FABRICATION PROCESS
Mask Fabrication - Issues
• Glass surface should be clean & blemish-free
• Alignment marks need not be complementary –
two crosshairs work better
• Distance of alignment marks from structures is
critical
• SU-8 layer sinks into graphite, depending on
graphite density
• SU-8 removal still a problem
55. MicroSystems Engineering Team
Louisiana State University
55/78
Thesis Defense – April 3, 2001
FABRICATION PROCESS
Substrate Preparation
• 4 inch Titanium plate
– Clean with HF for 1 min
– Rinse in DI
• Oxidation
– Sodium Hydroxide and Hydrogen Peroxide
– 65°C for 20 min
• Copper Plating
– Copper Sulphate based bath
– 20mA/sqcm for 30 min
• Hand polished to improve surface
Titanium
Titanium
Titanium Oxide
Copper
56. MicroSystems Engineering Team
Louisiana State University
56/78
Thesis Defense – April 3, 2001
FABRICATION PROCESS
Photolithography
• Spin coat photoresist
– SJR-5740 positive photoresist
– 2000 rpm for 30 sec to give 10
µm thick coat
– Bake at 95 °C for 8 min
• Exposure
– G-line UV-exposure station at
CAMD
– 400 mJ/sqcm
– Only alignment marks
exposed
• Development
– Microposit 354 developer for
8-12 min
Copper
Titanium Oxide
Photoresist
UV Exposed Photoresist
57. MicroSystems Engineering Team
Louisiana State University
57/78
Thesis Defense – April 3, 2001
FABRICATION PROCESS
Photolithography
• Nickel plating
– Activation using C-12
– Sulphamate Bath
– 20 mA/sqcm for 20 min
• Strip photoresist
– Acetone
• Oxidation
– Better visibility & adhesion
Copper
Nickel Alignment Marks
Copper
Copper Oxide
58. MicroSystems Engineering Team
Louisiana State University
58/78
Thesis Defense – April 3, 2001
FABRICATION PROCESS
Image – Visible Alignment Marks
Wafer after oxidation – alignment marks visible
59. MicroSystems Engineering Team
Louisiana State University
59/78
Thesis Defense – April 3, 2001
FABRICATION PROCESS
Photolithography - Issues
• Contact printing process – optical mask has to be
cleaned regularly
• Perfect contact essential for good exposures
• Optical mask should have as much clear field as
possible
• Sacrificial electrode essential for controlling
plating into small areas
61. MicroSystems Engineering Team
Louisiana State University
61/78
Thesis Defense – April 3, 2001
FABRICATION PROCESS
LIGA
• Bond PMMA
– 500 µm thick stock PMMA sheet
– MMA based glue
– 20 psi bonding pressure
• Alignment
– X,Y displacement and rotation adjustments
• Exposure
– X-ray exposure on CAMD beamline XRLM3
Copper
PMMA
62. MicroSystems Engineering Team
Louisiana State University
62/78
Thesis Defense – April 3, 2001
FABRICATION PROCESS
LIGA
X, Y - Displacement
Setscrews
Alignment Mark
on Mask
Alignment Mark
on Substrate
Glass
Rotational Displacement
Setscrew
Optical Microscope
Schematic of Alignment ProcessAlignment Jig
63. MicroSystems Engineering Team
Louisiana State University
63/78
Thesis Defense – April 3, 2001
FABRICATION PROCESS
LIGA
• Development
– GG developer
– 20 min in Developer, 40 min in Rinse
– 1 cycle for every 100 µm of PMMA
– Rinse in DI
• Etch Copper Oxide
– Vacuum wafer under etch solution
Exposed PMMA
Copper oxide etched to expose
copper
64. MicroSystems Engineering Team
Louisiana State University
64/78
Thesis Defense – April 3, 2001
FABRICATION PROCESS
LIGA
• Nickel-Iron Electroplating
• Polishing
• Bond 500 µm thick PMMA sheet
• Flycut down to 100 µm above previous layer
Exposed PMMA
Electroplated nickel-iron,
polished down to level
Second layer of PMMA flycut down
to 100 µm
65. MicroSystems Engineering Team
Louisiana State University
65/78
Thesis Defense – April 3, 2001
FABRICATION PROCESS
Image – Post 1st Electroplating
Wafer after electroplating for 1st layer
66. MicroSystems Engineering Team
Louisiana State University
66/78
Thesis Defense – April 3, 2001
FABRICATION PROCESS
Image - Post 1st Electroplating
Part of structure after Nickel-Iron electroplating and polishing
67. MicroSystems Engineering Team
Louisiana State University
67/78
Thesis Defense – April 3, 2001
FABRICATION PROCESS
LIGA
• Alignment and 2nd exposure
• Development
• Copper oxide etch
• Nickel electroplating
– Nickel Sulfamate bath
– Current density of 20 mA/sqcm
Second Exposure of PMMA
Nickel plated into exposed PMMA mold
Copper oxide etched to expose
copper
68. MicroSystems Engineering Team
Louisiana State University
68/78
Thesis Defense – April 3, 2001
FABRICATION PROCESS
LIGA
• Polish Nickel
• Strip PMMA
– Acetone
– Heat & Stir
• Etch Copper
– 50% NH4OH and 50% H202
• Etch Titanium
– HF
Nickel polished down to level
with nickel-iron
PMMA removed using Acetone
Copper oxide and copper etched to
release structures
73. MicroSystems Engineering Team
Louisiana State University
73/78
Thesis Defense – April 3, 2001
FABRICATION PROCESS
Issues
• Accurate alignment is difficult
• Unpredictable X-ray exposure results
– Mask setting faulty
• Electroplated Ni-Fe has poor mechanical
properties
• Bond strength between Ni & Ni-Fe suspect
• Adhesion on titanium is poor
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Louisiana State University
74/78
Thesis Defense – April 3, 2001
FABRICATION PROCESS
Future Work
• Alignment Issues
– Reduce alignment steps by fabricating alignment marks
with first PMMA layer
– Use better alignment marks
– Use better alignment system
• Ni-Fe plating
– Additives
– Varied pulse times at lower currents
– Better understanding of material properties of
electroplated Ni & Ni-Fe alloy
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Louisiana State University
75/78
Thesis Defense – April 3, 2001
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Dr. Michael Murphy
• Committee Members:
– Dr. Elizabeth J. Podlaha
– Dr. Sumanta Acharya
– Dr. Wajun Wang
• CAMD Staff
– Yohannes Desta
– Zhong Geng Ling
– Kun Lian
– Jost Gottering
– Harish Manohara
76. MicroSystems Engineering Team
Louisiana State University
76/78
Thesis Defense – April 3, 2001
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
• Kevin Zanca
• Abhinav Bhushan
• Kabseog Kim
• John Fuller
• Tracy Morris
• Summer Dann-Johnson
• Dawit Yemane
• Jason Sevin